A Preliminary Assessment of the Native Fish Stocks of Jasper National Park

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

A Preliminary Assessment of the Native Fish Stocks of Jasper National Park A Preliminary Assessment of the Native Fish Stocks of Jasper National Park David W. Mayhood Part 3 of a Fish Management Plan for Jasper National Park Freshwater Research Limited A Preliminary Assessment of the Native Fish Stocks of Jasper National Park David W. Mayhood FWR Freshwater Research Limited Calgary, Alberta Prepared for Canadian Parks Service Jasper National Park Jasper, Alberta Part 3 of a Fish Management Plan for Jasper National Park July 1992 Cover & Title Page. Alexander Bajkov’s drawings of bull trout from Jacques Lake, Jasper National Park (Bajkov 1927:334-335). Top: Bajkov’s Figure 2, captioned “Head of specimen of Salvelinus alpinus malma, [female], 500 mm. in length from Jaques [sic] Lake.” Bottom: Bajkov’s Figure 3, captioned “Head of specimen of Salvelinus alpinus malma, [male], 590 mm. in length, from Jaques [sic] Lake.” Although only sketches, Bajkov’s figures well illustrate the most characteristic features of this most characteristic Jasper native fish. These are: the terminal mouth cleft bisecting the anterior profile at its midpoint, the elongated head with tapered snout, flat skull, long lower jaw, and eyes placed high on the head (Cavender 1980:300-302; compare with Cavender’s Figure 3). The head structure of bull trout is well suited to an ambush-type predatory style, in which the charr rests on the bottom and watches for prey to pass over. ABSTRACT I conducted an extensive survey of published and unpublished documents to identify the native fish stocks of Jasper National Park, describe their original condition, determine if there is anything unusual or especially significant about them, assess their present condition, outline what is known of their biology and life history, and outline what measures should be taken to manage and protect them. Sixteen species and subspecies are native to the park, three more are known from questionable records, and as many as 22 others occupy adjacent drainages, so ultimately may be found, with various degrees of probability, in park waters. One proposed subspecies, the Jasper longnose sucker, is endemic to Jasper National Park (i.e., found nowhere else); two other proposed endemic subspecies, a rainbow trout and a pearl dace, were described long ago but require taxonomic confirmation. The Talbot Lake stock of lake whitefish is genetically unusual (unique in the presently available dataset), as is a stock of rainbow trout immediately adjacent to the park and probably native also to Jasper waters. Pygmy whitefish, apparently rare in Alberta, are found in the Snake Indian River. Lake trout populations in two Jasper lakes were among fewer than a dozen that were native to the Rocky Mountains in Canada. A morphologically peculiar stock of lake whitefish may once have inhabited Lac Beauvert. Evidence is examined suggesting that some Alberta fish stocks could have survived in the vicinity of Jasper National Park in local glacial refugia (e.g., the Ice-free Corridor between the Continental and Cordilleran ice sheets, and associated ice-free areas) since the recession of the early Wisconsinan ice sheets more than 64,000 years ago. If true, we should expect to find other unusual fish stocks in Jasper National Park. Native stocks of rainbow trout, bull trout, lake trout, northern pike, mountain whitefish and lake whitefish are (or were) actually or potentially important sport fish. Stocks of bull trout, mountain whitefish, longnose sucker, burbot and spoonhead sculpin are valuable as representative fish stocks characteristic of the East Slopes Rocky Mountain region in Canada. All native fish stocks in the park are of scientific importance as carriers of information concerning the zoogeography of the region. Fish in general must be important in the ecology of Jasper National Park as a supplemental or critical food supply for fish-eating wildlife such as otter, mink, mergansers and several other ducks, loons, ospreys, kingfishers, terns, bald eagles, garter snakes and many others. Historical evidence suggests that trout, whitefish and northern pike were locally abundant (i.e., in certain waters) in the lower Athabasca valley and tributary waters accessible to fish, the area to which most native stocks are restricted. Native rainbow, lake and bull trout were abundant in certain waters in the early days of the park. The condition of the stocks at the time the park was formed would have reflected the influence of thousands of years of at least light use by aboriginal peoples, and approximately 100 years of perhaps locally significant domestic fishing to supply nearby fur trade posts. Firm data are not available on the status of any native stock, but some general assessments can be made. Native lake trout probably have been extirpated, as have certain stocks of native lake whitefish. Native rainbow trout are endangered, possibly extirpated, by introgressive hybridization with introduced non-native stocks. The Jasper longnose sucker, a proposed endemic subspecies, is considered threatened on the evidence of low recent catches. Bull trout are recognized as vulnerable throughout their range, primarily because of their many biological and life history characteristics that render them especially sensitive to overfishing. Several highly migratory species are of special concern because of potential toxic contamination from a pulpmill outside the park. The biology, life history and critical habitat of native fish stocks is almost completely undocumented within the park. Abundant evidence in the literature supports the view that separate stock development is common in many species, and that stocks have different biological and life history attributes and different habitat requirements. An important element of fish conservation and management in Jasper National Park will be to identify the stocks that are present, and obtain basic data on their biology, life history and critical habitat requirements. More detailed summaries of these points are available in the Conclusion to each section, in the Summary of each species account, and in the General Discussion. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am greatly indebted to the many individuals who gave me ideas, unpublished material and other assistance for this report. Most are acknowledged individually in the text and in the list of Personal Communications at the end of the volume. In particular, L. M. Carl, D. B. Donald, C. Hunt and B. Gadd were especially helpful and patient in answering requests for information. D. E. McAllister generously provided his important unpublished manuscript concerning the Jasper longnose sucker. L. M. Carl and C. Hunt allowed me to use their initial biochemical genetic data on the Wampus Creek rainbow trout. B. Coad provided valuable information on Jasper fishes in the collection of the Canadian Museum of Nature. R. Saunders permitted me to use his Salmasellus records. J. Taylor and W. Bradford, Project Manager and Acting Project Manager, respectively, did their level best to manage the unmanageable. They and the remaining members of the Advisory Committee for this project (D. B. Donald, P. Galbraith, M. Gilmour, C. Hunt and P. Wiebe) tested my ideas in numerous discussions. D. B. Donald and C. Hunt reviewed the draft, contributing many detailed written criticisms and observations which improved this final version. H. Johnson and D. Palmer helped with literature searches. The maps were drafted by M. Croot of Sun Mountain Graphics Services. This report was prepared under Canadian Parks Service contract number KJP-01290. The views expressed herein are mine and are not necessarily shared by the Canadian Parks Service, the Advisory Committee or the reviewers. Any errors of fact or omission are mine. J. C. (Cliff) Ward, retired since 1972, was Western Region fisheries biologist for two decades, and held a special fondness for Jasper. A more decent and amiable colleague would be difficult to find: in 1967, Cliff helped me get my first job in fisheries. I have referred frequently in these pages to his work, especially his many important observations on the distribution of the park’s native fishes. This volume is dedicated to Cliff Ward. CONTENTS GENERAL INTRODUCTION . 1 THE STUDY AREA History and Significance of Jasper National Park . 5 The Park Environment Weather and Climate . 6 Geology . 7 Water Resources . 8 Vegetation . 9 Wildlife . 9 Sources of Information on Fish and Their Habitats . 11 SECTION I: ORIGINS OF THE NATIVE FISH STOCKS Introduction . 15 Pleistocene Glaciation and Deglaciation . 16 Refugia and Postglacial Dispersal . 18 The Ice-free Corridor and Local Refugia Glacial History . 21 Biological Evidence of a Corridor Refugium . 27 Bow-Oldman Refugium . 27 Banff-Jasper Refugium . 33 Postglacial Dispersal in the Ice-free Corridor . 41 Conclusion . 42 SECTION II: HISTORY OF FISHES AND FISHING IN JASPER PARK Introduction . 45 Aboriginal Fishing . 45 Historical Records of Fishes and Fishing . 47 Conclusion . 68 SECTION III: SPECIES ACCOUNTS OF THE NATIVE FISHES Introduction . 71 Goldeye . 76 Lake chub . 80 Pearl dace . 93 Spottail shiner . 101 Flathead chub . 105 Longnose sucker . 110 Jasper longnose sucker . 117 White sucker . 127 Northern pike . 133 Lake whitefish . 138 Pygmy whitefish . 148 Mountain whitefish . 157 Rainbow trout . 167 Bull trout . 186 Lake trout . 206 Arctic grayling . 215 Trout-perch . 222 Burbot . 227 Spoonhead sculpin . 235 Records from Adjacent Areas . 242 GENERAL DISCUSSION . 253 REFERENCES CITED . 261 PERSONAL COMMUNICATIONS . 295 TABLES, FIGURES & MAPS Tables Table 1. Names of fishes mentioned in the report . 3 Table 2. Timing of glacial and nonglacial periods in western Canada . 17 Table 3. Two views of the origins of the fishes of Jasper National Park . 22 Table 4. Lateral line scale counts in pearl dace . 95 Table 5. Allele frequencies in Wampus Creek rainbow trout . 172 Table 6. Bull trout angling catch in streams, 1947-53 . 198 Table 7. Bull trout angling catch per angler-hour, 1947-53 . 198 Table 8. Bull trout catch data, Jacques Lake 1943-77 . 199 Table 9. Bull trout catch data, various lakes, 1941-62 . 199 Figures Cover & Title Page: Bull trout from Jacques Lake Figure 1.
Recommended publications
  • Road Biking Guide
    SUGGESTED ITINERARIES QUICK TIP: Ride your bike before 10 a.m. and after 5 p.m. to avoid traffic congestion. ARK JASPER NATIONAL P SHORT RIDES HALF DAY PYRAMID LAKE (MAP A) - Take the beautiful ride THE FALLS LOOP (MAP A) - Head south on the ROAD BIKING to Pyramid Lake with stunning views of Pyramid famous Icefields Parkway. Take a right onto the Mountain at the top. Distance: 14 km return. 93A and head for Athabasca Falls. Loop back north GUIDE Elevation gain: 100 m. onto Highway 93 and enjoy the views back home. Distance: 63 km return. Elevation gain: 210 m. WHISTLERS ROAD (MAP A) - Work up a sweat with a short but swift 8 km climb up to the base MARMOT ROAD (MAP A) - Head south on the of the Jasper Skytram. Go for a ride up the tram famous Icefields Parkway, take a right onto 93A and or just turn back and go for a quick rip down to head uphill until you reach the Marmot Road. Take a town. Distance: 16.5 km return. right up this road to the base of the ski hill then turn Elevation gain: 210 m. back and enjoy the cruise home. Distance: 38 km. Elevation gain: 603 m. FULL DAY MALIGNE ROAD (MAP A) - From town, head east on Highway 16 for the Moberly Bridge, then follow the signs for Maligne Lake Road. Gear down and get ready to roll 32 km to spectacular Maligne Lake. Once at the top, take in the view and prepare to turn back and rip home.
    [Show full text]
  • Field Trip Guide Soils and Landscapes of the Front Ranges
    1 Field Trip Guide Soils and Landscapes of the Front Ranges, Foothills, and Great Plains Canadian Society of Soil Science Annual Meeting, Banff, Alberta May 2014 Field trip leaders: Dan Pennock (U. of Saskatchewan) and Paul Sanborn (U. Northern British Columbia) Field Guide Compiled by: Dan and Lea Pennock This Guidebook could be referenced as: Pennock D. and L. Pennock. 2014. Soils and Landscapes of the Front Ranges, Foothills, and Great Plains. Field Trip Guide. Canadian Society of Soil Science Annual Meeting, Banff, Alberta May 2014. 18 p. 2 3 Banff Park In the fall of 1883, three Canadian Pacific Railway construction workers stumbled across a cave containing hot springs on the eastern slopes of Alberta's Rocky Mountains. From that humble beginning was born Banff National Park, Canada's first national park and the world's third. Spanning 6,641 square kilometres (2,564 square miles) of valleys, mountains, glaciers, forests, meadows and rivers, Banff National Park is one of the world's premier destination spots. In Banff’s early years, The Canadian Pacific Railway built the Banff Springs Hotel and Chateau Lake Louise, and attracted tourists through extensive advertising. In the early 20th century, roads were built in Banff, at times by war internees, and through Great Depression-era public works projects. Since the 1960s, park accommodations have been open all year, with annual tourism visits to Banff increasing to over 5 million in the 1990s. Millions more pass through the park on the Trans-Canada Highway. As Banff is one of the world's most visited national parks, the health of its ecosystem has been threatened.
    [Show full text]
  • Canmore Nordic Centre Provincial Park Nordic Centre Area
    Tear Sheet Canmore Nordic Centre Provincial Park March 2020 Mount Nordic Centre Area Map Canmore Lady MacDonald Bow Valley Wildland Nordic Centre Cougar Creek Canmore Canmore Nordic Centre Horseshoe 19.3 km Day Lodge Loop to Banff 1 To Banff Grotto Grassi Lakes 19.2 km Mountain Lake Louise Alpine Club (2706 m) Grassi Lakes of Canada Quarry 80 km Lake 742 Powerline Grotto Pond Grotto Canyon 1A 1A Whiteman’s Highline Pond Trail East Connector Goat Creek Ha Ling Peak (2407 m) Gap Lake 0.9 km Ha Ling 1 Lac High Peak Bow 1 Des Arcs Highline River Gap Rockies Trail Lake Old Camp Lac Des Arcs Three Sisters To Calgary, Hwy 40 & Kananaskis Country Banff Gate Bow Valley Wildland Mountain Resort Heart Mountain (2135 m) 7 km 742 Little Sister (2694 m) Pigeon Mountain (2394 m) High Middle Sister (2769 m) Rockies Windy Point (Closed Dec. 1 - June 15) Bow Valley Wildland Big Sister (2936 m) Goat Pond Smith-Dorrien/ Spray Lakes Road 7.3 km Skogan Pass Spray 742 Lakes West Centennial Ridge Wind West Driftwood (Closed April 1 - June 21) Pass Mount Windtower (2695 m) Spurling Creek Mount Collembola High (2758 m) Banff Rockies Mount National Park Spray Valley Lougheed (3105 m) Mount Allan (2819 m) 10.4 km Wind Mountain (3153 m) Boat Hiking Trail Launch Evan-Thomas Backcountry Parking Camping Bow Valley Wildland Centennial Bicycle Trail Information Sparrowhawk Ridge Camping Interpretive Area Trail Mount Sparrowhawk (3121 m) Cross-Country Snowshoeing Skiing Day Use Sleeping Mount Nestor Area Shelter (2974 m) Spray Lake Fishing Viewpoint Provincial Easy Trail 742 Ribbon Park Ribbon Peak Creek Provincial Park Intermediate Trail (2880 m) (Day Use) Difcult Trail Spray High Rockies Provincial Road (Closed Nov.
    [Show full text]
  • Imagination, Innovation and Commitment the Next Generation of Visitor Services and Operations at Maligne Lake
    Imagination, Innovation and Commitment The Next Generation of Visitor Services and Operations at Maligne Lake A Conceptual Proposal for Responsible Experiential Enhancement at Maligne Lake submitted to Jasper National Park by Maligne Tours Ltd. Conceptual Proposal for Responsible Experiential Enhancement at Maligne Lake Maligne Lake is an authentic Canadian heritage destination which will be sustained as a pristine place offering the best heritage and adventure experiences in Canada. - Maligne Tours New Vision Conceptual Proposal for Responsible Experiential Enhancement at Maligne Lake The people of Maligne Tours: Always remember that it is the setting, the sanctity and sense of place of Maligne Lake which drive visitor experiences and interest. Conceptual Proposal for Responsible Experiential Enhancement at Maligne Lake Table of Contents Preamble 1. Executive Summary ................................................................................................................. i 2. Introduction ............................................................................................................................. 1 2.1 Maligne Lake – A History ......................................................................................... 1 2.2 Maligne Tours Ltd. .................................................................................................... 2 2.3 A New Era at MTL .................................................................................................... 2 2.4 Vision ........................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Maligne Canyon - Jasper National Park
    MALIGNE CANYON - JASPER NATIONAL PARK Rating: Easy Hike Length: 1+ hours Season: Spring, Summer, Fall Waypoints: Upper Parking Area 11U 432731mE 5863916mN N52° 55' 14" W118° 00' 02" Lower Parking Area 11U 431666mE 5864010mN N52° 55' 17" W118° 00' 59" Hype One of the must-do sights near Jasper is Maligne Canyon. A short hike visits a stunning canyon section where the Maligne River has cut deeply into the limestone layer, eroding a gorge that is, in spots, only 2 meters (6 feet) wide and 50 meters (160 feet) deep. A trail follows along the top of the gorge, crossing at several points to give close views of the tumultuous waters ragging in the canyon floor below. Maligne Canyon is one of the most popular hikes in the area, and quite busy. Those wanting a short walk should start at the upper trailhead. The most dramatic sections of the canyon are near the upper trailhead and within just a few minutes of the parking lot. For those looking for a bit longer journey, I recommend hiking from the lower trailhead to the upper trailhead and back. Hike from the bottom and back sees the full canyon twice and a nice outing. Tags: hike, family friendly, access: paved Trailhead Lower Trailhead Head north out of Jasper on 16A to its junction with AB-16. Turn left on AB-16 toward Edmonton. After 1.8km, turn right onto Maligne Lake Rd. The Malign Lake road crosses the Athabasca River. Follow it for 3.1km to a signed Malign Canyon Trailhead sign. Turn left and follow the side road 700 meters to its end at the trailhead.
    [Show full text]
  • Jasper National Park Winter Visitor Guide 2019-2020
    WINTER 2019 - 2020 Visitor Guide Athabasca River (Celina Frisson, Tourism Jasper) Athabasca River (Celina Frisson, Tourism Marmot Meadows Également offert en français Winter Walking and Events Welcome Top Winter Walking Destinations Extending over 11,000 square kilometres, Jasper is the largest national park in the Canadian Rockies. Connect to this special place by discovering our four spectacular regions. From snowshoeing and cross country-skiing to fat Enjoy the fresh air and unique winter scenery by exploring the biking and trail walking, the options for winter activities are endless. following areas. Be prepared for snowy, icy and slippery conditions. Check the trail conditions. We respectfully acknowledge that Jasper National Park is located in Treaty Six and Eight territories as well as the traditional territories of the Beaver, Cree, Ojibway, Shuswap, Stoney and Métis Nations. We mention this to honor and be thankful for these contributions to building our park, province and nation. Around Town: Maligne Valley: Icefields Parkway: Trail 15 Maligne Canyon Athabasca Falls Parks Canada wishes you a warm welcome and hopes that you enjoy your visit! Pyramid Bench Mary Schäffer Loop Sunwapta Falls Lake Annette Moose Lake Loop Wilcox trail (Red Chairs) Jasper Townsite Lac Beauvert Valley of the Five Lakes Legend See legend on p. 5 and p. 19 Winter Walking Do’s and Don’ts • Do not snowshoe or walk on groomed ski tracks. • Keep dogs on leash at all times. • Pick up after your dog. • Read all safety signage before proceeding. • Wear appropriate footwear and ice cleats for extra grip on winter trails (see p. 19 for rental info).
    [Show full text]
  • ES3 - Rivers, Creeks and Streams Waterbody Waterbody Detail Season Bait WALL NRPK BURB GOLD MNWH RNTR BKTR Athabasca River Upstream of Sec
    Legend: As examples, ‘3 over 63 cm’ indicates a possession and size limit of ‘3 fish each over 63 cm’ or ‘10 fish’ indicates a possession limit of 10 for that species of any size. An empty cell indicates the species is not likely present at that waterbody; however, if caught the default regulations for the Watershed Unit apply. SHL=Special Harvest Licence, BKTR = Brook Trout, BNTR=Brown Trout, BURB = Burbot, CISC = Cisco, CTTR = Cutthroat Trout, DLVR = Dolly Varden, GOLD = Goldeye, LKTR = Lake Trout, LKWH = Lake Whitefish, MNWH = Mountain Whitefish, NRPK = Northern Pike, RNTR = Rainbow Trout, SAUG = Sauger, TGTR = Tiger Trout, WALL = Walleye, YLPR = Yellow Perch. Regulation changes are highlighted blue. Waterbodies closed to angling are highlighted grey. ES3 - Rivers, Creeks and Streams Waterbody Waterbody Detail Season Bait WALL NRPK BURB GOLD MNWH RNTR BKTR Athabasca River Upstream of Sec. Rd. 658 (near Whitecourt) to Jasper National Park OPEN APR. 1 to AUG. 31 Bait ban 0 fish 0 fish 0 fish 0 fish 5 over 30 cm 0 fish 2 fish Boundary mainstem river only (including Brule Lake) Upstream of Sec. Rd. 658 (near Whitecourt) to Jasper National Park OPEN SEPT. 1 to OCT. 31 Bait ban 0 fish 0 fish 0 fish 0 fish 5 over 30 cm 0 fish 0 fish Boundary mainstem river only (including Brule Lake) Berland River Mainstem only - downstream of Hwy 40 OPEN APR. 1 to OCT. 31 Bait ban 3 over 3 over 5 over 30 cm 0 fish 50 cm 63 cm Bigoray River Mainstem including tributaries OPEN JUNE 16 to OCT.
    [Show full text]
  • Acari: Oribatida) of Canada and Alaska
    Zootaxa 4666 (1): 001–180 ISSN 1175-5326 (print edition) https://www.mapress.com/j/zt/ Monograph ZOOTAXA Copyright © 2019 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5334 (online edition) https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4666.1.1 http://zoobank.org/urn:lsid:zoobank.org:pub:BA01E30E-7F64-49AB-910A-7EE6E597A4A4 ZOOTAXA 4666 Checklist of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) of Canada and Alaska VALERIE M. BEHAN-PELLETIER1,3 & ZOË LINDO1 1Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, Canadian National Collection of Insects, Arachnids and Nematodes, Ottawa, Ontario, K1A0C6, Canada. 2Department of Biology, University of Western Ontario, London, Canada 3Corresponding author. E-mail: [email protected] Magnolia Press Auckland, New Zealand Accepted by T. Pfingstl: 26 Jul. 2019; published: 6 Sept. 2019 Licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution License http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/3.0 VALERIE M. BEHAN-PELLETIER & ZOË LINDO Checklist of oribatid mites (Acari: Oribatida) of Canada and Alaska (Zootaxa 4666) 180 pp.; 30 cm. 6 Sept. 2019 ISBN 978-1-77670-761-4 (paperback) ISBN 978-1-77670-762-1 (Online edition) FIRST PUBLISHED IN 2019 BY Magnolia Press P.O. Box 41-383 Auckland 1346 New Zealand e-mail: [email protected] https://www.mapress.com/j/zt © 2019 Magnolia Press ISSN 1175-5326 (Print edition) ISSN 1175-5334 (Online edition) 2 · Zootaxa 4666 (1) © 2019 Magnolia Press BEHAN-PELLETIER & LINDO Table of Contents Abstract ...................................................................................................4 Introduction ................................................................................................5
    [Show full text]
  • Summits on the Air – ARM for Canada (Alberta – VE6) Summits on the Air
    Summits on the Air – ARM for Canada (Alberta – VE6) Summits on the Air Canada (Alberta – VE6/VA6) Association Reference Manual (ARM) Document Reference S87.1 Issue number 2.2 Date of issue 1st August 2016 Participation start date 1st October 2012 Authorised Association Manager Walker McBryde VA6MCB Summits-on-the-Air an original concept by G3WGV and developed with G3CWI Notice “Summits on the Air” SOTA and the SOTA logo are trademarks of the Programme. This document is copyright of the Programme. All other trademarks and copyrights referenced herein are acknowledged Page 1 of 63 Document S87.1 v2.2 Summits on the Air – ARM for Canada (Alberta – VE6) 1 Change Control ............................................................................................................................. 4 2 Association Reference Data ..................................................................................................... 7 2.1 Programme derivation ..................................................................................................................... 8 2.2 General information .......................................................................................................................... 8 2.3 Rights of way and access issues ..................................................................................................... 9 2.4 Maps and navigation .......................................................................................................................... 9 2.5 Safety considerations ..................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Published Local Histories
    ALBERTA HISTORIES Published Local Histories assembled by the Friends of Geographical Names Society as part of a Local History Mapping Project (in 1995) May 1999 ALBERTA LOCAL HISTORIES Alphabetical Listing of Local Histories by Book Title 100 Years Between the Rivers: A History of Glenwood, includes: Acme, Ardlebank, Bancroft, Berkeley, Hartley & Standoff — May Archibald, Helen Bircham, Davis, Delft, Gobert, Greenacres, Kia Ora, Leavitt, and Brenda Ferris, e , published by: Lilydale, Lorne, Selkirk, Simcoe, Sterlingville, Glenwood Historical Society [1984] FGN#587, Acres and Empires: A History of the Municipal District of CPL-F, PAA-T Rocky View No. 44 — Tracey Read , published by: includes: Glenwood, Hartley, Hillspring, Lone Municipal District of Rocky View No. 44 [1989] Rock, Mountain View, Wood, FGN#394, CPL-T, PAA-T 49ers [The], Stories of the Early Settlers — Margaret V. includes: Airdrie, Balzac, Beiseker, Bottrell, Bragg Green , published by: Thomasville Community Club Creek, Chestermere Lake, Cochrane, Conrich, [1967] FGN#225, CPL-F, PAA-T Crossfield, Dalemead, Dalroy, Delacour, Glenbow, includes: Kinella, Kinnaird, Thomasville, Indus, Irricana, Kathyrn, Keoma, Langdon, Madden, 50 Golden Years— Bonnyville, Alta — Bonnyville Mitford, Sampsontown, Shepard, Tribune , published by: Bonnyville Tribune [1957] Across the Smoky — Winnie Moore & Fran Moore, ed. , FGN#102, CPL-F, PAA-T published by: Debolt & District Pioneer Museum includes: Bonnyville, Moose Lake, Onion Lake, Society [1978] FGN#10, CPL-T, PAA-T 60 Years: Hilda’s Heritage,
    [Show full text]
  • Conservation Actions
    CHAPTER 4 Conservation Actions Table of Contents Take Action! Get Involved! ................................................................................................................... 5 Introduction ......................................................................................................................................... 9 Background and Rationale ................................................................................................................. 9 Conservation Action Classification System .................................................................................... 11 Conservation Action Description ........................................................................................................ 12 Best Practices for Conservation Actions ............................................................................................. 15 International Conservation Actions ................................................................................................ 15 Overview ........................................................................................................................................... 15 Regional Conservation Actions ........................................................................................................ 19 Regional Conservation Needs Program .............................................................................................. 19 Regional Action .............................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Canadian Rockies Hiking Trail List
    Canadian Rockies Hiking Trail List The following hiking trails are detailed in the Canadian Rockies Trail Guide: BANFF NATIONAL PARK Banff—Lake Minnewanka Sunshine Meadows 25. Sunshine Meadows Loop 1. C Level Cirque Trail 26. Quartz Hill—Citadel Pass Trail 2. Johnson Lake Trail 27. Simpson Pass—Healy Meadows Trail 3. Lake Minnewanka Trail 4. Alymer Lookout Trail Bow Valley Highline 5. Cascade Amphitheatre Trail 28. Healy Pass—Egypt Lake Trail 6. Elk Lake Trail 29. Egypt Lake via Pharaoh Creek Trail 7. Stoney Squaw Trail 30. Redearth Creek—Shadow Lake Trail 8. Fenland Trail 31. Twin Lakes Trail 9. Tunnel Mountain Trail 32. Arnica Lake—Twin Lakes Trail 10. Sulphur Mountain Trail 33. Bow Valley Highline Trail 11. Sundance Canyon Trail 34. Boom Lake Trail 12. Mount Rundle Trail 35. Smith Lake Trail 13. Spray River Circuit Trail 36. Taylor Lake Trail 14. Goat Creek Trail 15. Rundle Riverside Trail Lake Louise—Moraine Lake 37. Lake Louise Lakeshore Trail Bow Valley Parkway—Sawback Range 38. Fairview Lookout Trail 16. Cory Pass—Mt. Edith Trail 39. Lake Agnes Trail 17. Edith Pass via Forty Mile Creek Trail 40. Plain of the Six Glaciers Trail 18. Muleshoe Trail 41. Saddleback Trail 19. Johnston Canyon—Ink Pots Trail 42. Paradise Valley Loop 20. Sawback Trail 43. Larch Valley—Sentinel Pass Trail 21. Sawback Range Circuit 44. Eiffel Lake—Wenkchemna Pass Trail 22. Rockbound Lake Trail 45. Consolation Lakes Trail 23. Castle Lookout Trail 46. Moraine Lakeshore Trail 24. Bourgeau Lake Trail Boulder Pass—Skoki Valley 47. Boulder Pass—Skoki Valley Trail 48.
    [Show full text]