SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT in Cross-Border Rural and Coastal Areas of South Eastern Europe CONTENT
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SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT In cross-border rural and coastal areas of South Eastern Europe CONTENT ASSESSMENT METHOD FOR CROSS-BORDER ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT 03-26 ASSESSMENT REPORT ON THE CROSS BOARDER ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT IN TARA-DRINA-SAVA REGION 27-86 ASSESSMENT REPORT ON THE CROSS-BORDER ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT IN SHARRA REGION 87-133 INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT MODEL IN TARA-DRINA-SAVA REGION 134-192 INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT MODEL IN SHARRA REGION 193-246 ASSESSMENT REPORT ON THE CROSS-BORDER ADVERSE ENVIRONMENTAL AND ECONOMIC IMPACT IN ADRIATIC COAST 247-289 INTEGRATED SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT MODEL IN ADRIATIC COAST REGION 290-343 ASSESSMENT METHOD for cross-border adverse environmental and economic impact Contents Executive Summary ................................................................................................................................. 3 1. Background ....................................................................................................................................... 5 2. Goals and Objectives ...................................................................................................................... 5 3. The Pilot Regions ............................................................................................................................. 6 4. The Approach .................................................................................................................................. 11 4.1 Introducing the Marine Litter / Floating Debris .......................................................................... 11 4.2 Method`s Overview ....................................................................................................................... 13 4.2.1 The Root Problems ................................................................................................................ 14 4.2.2 The Sources ............................................................................................................................ 17 4.2.3 The Pathways ......................................................................................................................... 18 4.2.4 The Endpoints ......................................................................................................................... 18 4.2.5 Environmental and Economic Impacts ................................................................................ 19 5. Conclusions ....................................................................................................................................... 24 Figure 1 “Sharra” Pilot region ....................................................................................................................... 7 Figure 2 “Drina – Tara” Pilot Region ............................................................................................................. 8 Figure 3 Drina-Sava Pilot Region ................................................................................................................... 9 Figure 4 Reservoirs along the Lim and Drina River ..................................................................................... 10 Figure 5 Adriatic Sea Coastal Region ........................................................................................................... 11 Figure 6 Origins, pathways and sinks of marine litter / floating debris ...................................................... 13 Figure 6 Method for Environmental and Economic Impact Assessment.................................................... 14 Table 1"Sharra " Pilot region (Macedonia-Albania-Kosovo*1): .................................................................... 6 Table 2"Drina - Tara” River (Bosnia and Herzegovina-Serbia-Montenegro) ................................................ 8 Table 3 “Drina - Sava" Pilot Region ............................................................................................................... 9 Table 4 Adriatic Sea Coastal region (Albania – Montenegro – BiH – Croatia) ............................................ 10 Table 5 Policy and Legislation ..................................................................................................................... 16 Table 6 Waste Generation .......................................................................................................................... 16 Table 7 Economic Issues ............................................................................................................................. 16 Table 8 Sources of Marine Litter / Floating Debris ..................................................................................... 17 Table 9 Pathways of Marine Litter / Floating Debris .................................................................................. 18 Table 10 List of responsible institutions for environment and fisheries .................................................... 21 Table 11 Tentative List of Protected Areas in the Pilot Regions ................................................................. 21 1 *This designation is without prejudice to positions on status, and is in line with UNSCR 1244/1999 and the ICJ Opinion on the Kosovo declaration of independence Executive Summary Floating debris (both marine and transported by rivers), regardless of the size, means any persistent, manufactured or processed solid material discarded, disposed of or abandoned in the marine, coastal and riverine environment.The majority of marine litter / floating debris consists of synthetic materials such as plastic, metal, glass and rubber. It originates from many different sources, circulates through a range of pathways, and accumulates at various locations known as endpoints - litter sinks or stranded waste. It is often (sometimes erroneously) assumed that much of the litter in seas / rivers / reservoirs arises from foreign sources. It is due to the current lack of understanding of litter in the marine and riverine environment, which contributes to a continued lack of co-ordination and impetus to organise a coherent strategy to deal with the issue. The Environmental and Economic Impact Assessment Method (hereinafter “The Method”) is developed to help in assessing the marine litter / floating debris lifecycle and potential adverse effects of mismanagement of solid waste in three pilot regions (“Sharra, “Tara-Drina-Sava” and “Adriatic “Coast”), in order to formulate suitable precautions which could prevent these effects from taking place. Application of the Method and the development of regional Environmental and Economic Impact Assessment Reports based on it should foster the stakeholder dialogue, facilitation and identification of knowledge gaps in the course of the project and possibly beyond. The Method covers the municipal2 waste, as it contains light fractions (mainly plastics) which constitute the major share3 in the marine litter / floating debris. This Method attempts to cover the full lifecycle of the marine litter / floating debris by incorporating the following issues: 1. Root problem identification, answering the question “why” and “how” the marine litter / floating debris is generated; 2. Identification of sources of marine litter / floating debris, to answer the question “who is responsible” (i.e. impacting municipalities / countries) and “where it comes from” (i.e. locations); 3. Identification of pathways to answer the question “how the marine litter / floating debris is transported in the transboundary context”; 4. Identification of “endpoints” (sinks) of marine litter / floating debris to answer the question “who is suffering” the effects (i.e. impacted municipalities / countries); 2http://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/web/waste/transboundary-waste-shipments/key-waste-streams/municipal-waste Municipal waste consists of waste collected by or on behalf of municipal authorities, or directly by the private sector (business or private non-profit institutions) not on behalf of municipalities. The bulk of the waste stream originates from households, though similar wastes from sources such as commerce, offices, public institutions and selected municipal services are also included. It also includes bulky waste but excludes waste from municipal sewage networks and municipal construction and demolition waste. 3A study of Öko-Institut (2012; figures mainly from UNEP 2009) derives the following figures of the plastics` shares monitored at: beaches: 37-80% plastics; floating: 60-83% plastics; sea-floor: 36-90% plastics. 5. Identification and assessment of environmental and economic impacts and assessment of associated costs; the latter will help answering the question “what are the costs incurred to the society” to tackle the marine litter / floating debris” effects. The transboundary impacts deriving from the floating waste in the pilot regions can be environmental and economic. The entanglement by and ingestion of marine litter by organisms are the most noticeable environmental impacts. Marine litter / floating debris can cause serious economic losses to various sectors and authorities. Among the most seriously affected are coastal communities (increased expenditure on beach cleaning, public health and waste disposal), tourism (loss of income, bad publicity), fishing (reduced and lost catch, damaged nets and other fishing gear, fouled propellers, contamination) and shipping (costs associated with fouled propellers, damaged engines, litter removal and