THE SOCIO-CULTURAL IMPACT OF TRANSFORMATION OF THE RUMOH

Erna Meutia, ST.MT.1,a, Dr. Ir. Izziah Hasan, M.Sc1,b,*

1 Architecture Department, Engineering Faculty, Universitas Syiah Kuala, E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] (Corresponding author)

Abstract. The Traditional Acehnese house is one of the traditional dwellings with the wooden poles round that shaped stage called Rumoh Aceh. The dwelling can still be found in the outskirts of and the villages in rural districts in the Aceh Province. Lubok Sukun Village, which is located on the outskirts of Banda Aceh, is a village that still retains a traditional settlement village, namely Rumoh Aceh. Nevertheless, the procedures for daily life, people prefer to a modern life, which has an impact on changes in Rumoh Aceh. The socio-cultural factor is one of the factors that have changed the pattern of rumoh Aceh in Lubuk Sukun Village so that formed the typology of rumoh Aceh on the current context. This condition makes Rumoh Aceh have an adaptive concept of housing in accordance with cultural development. This study was conducted to examine how socio- cultural impact affected the development of Rumoh Aceh at this time. This research method used descriptive qualitative method. The data collected in the form of observations and interviews were conducted to discuss the socio-cultural development that caused the transformation of the rumoh Aceh, and it can reveal how the formed patterns changing of the rumoh Aceh in the Lubuk Sukun village.

Keywords: The Socio-Cultural, Transformation, Rumoh Aceh, Impact, shape

1. Introduction

The formation of traditional architecture cannot be separated from society wisdom in responding the local geographical conditions and culture that flourished in the community. The local geographical and cultural conditions greatly influence the formation process and the building method. Rapopot (1969), The architectural formation is influenced by socio-cultural factors, such as climate factors, the availability of local materials, the technology used at that time. Roxana Waterson (1993) also studies that the influence of nature, location and geography as well as human behavior impact the traditional houses forms. The Traditional Acehnese house is one of the works of architecture that emerged from the cultural and local knowledge. This building has a function, shape, decoration, structure, and how to build it from generation to generation. Traditional House of Aceh is a house built on round wooden poles that shaped the stage. The building orientation extends to the East-West direction. The Roof coverings using sago palm leaves. Carvings decorate each part of the walls and gables. The building construction does not use the nails to connect each element that formed the structure of rumoh Aceh.

SIMPORA X PROCEEDING ISSN NO: 978-967-5741-XXXX Page no SEPTEMBER 2019 The building form and construction methods that used in rumoh Aceh indicated the rules that apply in the formation of the traditional architecture. The Acehnese Houses which are in the Aceh settlement are able withstand to the earthquakes and floods that often occur in Aceh (Hugronje, 1985), especially in the Banda Aceh area (called Kutaradja) and Aceh Besar. Geographically, the location of Banda Aceh city was in the mouth of the Krueng Aceh River, which was frequently flooded, and swampy areas (lombard, 2006). The shape and the construction of rumoh Aceh are able to provide the geographical problem that the location and condition of the Banda Aceh city often occurs the floods and the earthquakes. Architecture development is inseparable of the influences of the Acehnese traditional cultural and traditions that live in the community. To find out how the development of the Acehnese Architecture Traditional, especially Rumoh Aceh, this study will refer to the history and cultural traditions of the that is an acculturation of the Malay, Indian, Chinese and Middle Eastern regions. As explained by Hasan, I (2010) who examined how a dialogical frame of socio-cultural processes had affected the built environment of Aceh. a diversity of influences that has shaped Acehnese history, conditioned the Acehnese society, and created a unique urban environment. which is shown by showing the cross-cultural interactions between indigenous people and foreigners that also contribute to the shaping of the Acehnese identity. Similarly to the development of rumoh Aceh affected by the socio-cultural at the time that contribute the patterns changes of rumoh Aceh. The modernization has changed the people's choice of their occupancy from rumoh Aceh to modern houses. As explained by Peter J.M. on his script "Ethnic Identity in Urban Architecture: Generation of Architects in Banda Aceh," published in Indonesian Houses: Tradition and Transformation in . This study reveals the reason of rumoh Aceh began to left out, the first, the timber of the construction materials required are too expensive, the second is related to daily activities in rumoh Aceh which are not practical, which should step up and down and to do the activities inside and outside (Nas, 2001). Furthermore Nas (2001) describes the modern house is considered more convenient for daily living. More over, people living in rumoh Aceh are associated with backwardness and poverty, especially in the context of the Big City. Lubuk Sukun Village, located in the outer part of Banda Aceh City, is a village that still maintains the traditional settlement. This village has a settlement and a residential pattern that contains the local cultural values. Most of the people in the lubuk sukun village was still occupied rumoh Aceh that they have as inheritance. Modernization has changed the traditional life of Aceh. The Timber price is very expensive and the thatched roof is increasingly difficult to find which has the impact on the changing use of these materials. Meanwhile, in terms of cultural change, local people in modern times tend to choose practical ways of life that have an impact on changes in the housing. In recent years, the economic development and social-cultural changes in society caused a shift towards traditional values that have an impact on the occupancy patterns of the local community. J. Nas in Hasan, I (2004) explains that the changes of social values among the Acehnese have stimulated them to move away from tradition yet to appeal for a modern built environment adorned with traditional forms. How to realize the Aceh Rumoh that is adaptive to the needs Acehnese people is a challenge that needs to be realized to preserve Rumoh Aceh as an identity and to enrich the of modern Acehnese architecture variety. Therefore it is necessary to do the study on how the socio-cultural impact that shaped Rumoh Aceh patterns that are developing at this time in Lubuk Sukun the village. The socio- cultural factors are among the factors that change the pattern of rumoh Aceh in Lubuk Sukun village, that shaped the typology rumoh Aceh in the present context. This condition makes rumoh Aceh have an adaptive residential concept in according to the cultural development.

2. The Acehnese Traditional Architecture: Rumoh Aceh

Rumoh Aceh as one of the Acehnese traditional architecture has a simple shape. Several studies on Traditional Acehnese house as described by Hadjad (1982), Smith (1997), Dall (1982), Leigh (1989) hasan, I (2009), and Meutia (2015) which examines the concept, form, philosophy and the construction.

SIMPORA X PROCEEDING ISSN NO: 978-967-5741-XXXX Page no SEPTEMBER 2019 Smith in "Aceh: Art and Culture" describes the shape of rumoh Aceh which is influenced by the natural conditions of the Aceh region. Rumoh Aceh was built from hardwood with a thatched roof. It raised on the poles to avoid flooding in the rainy season and provide air flow through the underneath.

Fig. 1 Rumah Aceh: Building structure, three-dimensional form and Motif Carving on Gable

The Airflow is also going through the carvings found on gable called tulak angen placed in the east and the west and also going through the underneath to the floor on the stage. Rumoh Aceh was built on columns whit the number of coloumn 12-16 main coloumn, each about up to 3 meters. The columns are placed freely to absorb storm-related landslides, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes. hasan, I (2009), in "Architecture and the Politic of Indonesia: Astudy of Cultural History of Aceh" explains the shape of the Aceh House Based on the notes from Peter Mundy, a traveler from the west who described how the shape of the house Aceh people's homes in the 17th century. Mundy described the house as an enclosed wooden structure, with frames and posts built of wood, walls of mat or bamboo, and roof covering of thatch. The house was raised on a poles of about eight feet in height, with a free passage underneath it.

Fig. 2 An Traditional Acehnese house, sketched by Peter Mundy in the seventeenth century

Furthermore, Hasan, I (2007), explained Mundy's records related to the Acehnese Houses concepts which are in according to the climatic and the Aceh's poor geography conditions. The floor was made of bamboo or timber slats spaced at certain intervals. The floor construction allowed cooling breezes to pass underneath while it keeps the dwelling high enough to avoid flooding during the rainy season. Its position at the mouth of a river has resulted in a sequence of major and minor floods, which has been recorded in the notes of several travelers who came to Banda Aceh. Related to this, the shape of the house on stilts was built because the river water often overflowed when it was high tide or heavy

SIMPORA X PROCEEDING ISSN NO: 978-967-5741-XXXX Page no SEPTEMBER 2019 rain. Flooding occurs almost every year and people have to move from one place to another by boat (Lombard, 1991). In another study, written by Greg Dall, "The Traditional Acehnese House" (1982) this type of construction was designed not only to protect residents from wild animals, but also to address climatic needs. Building a house upon stilts raises the house floor, allowing the cool moist water to be drawn up through the slatted floor to reduce the hot currents created from heated roof space. Similarly, a study conducted by Meutia (2010, 2011), describes the shape of the Acehnese house, which have the local knowledge elements that forming the building concept, responds to the climate. The carving on the wall and gable as well as the thatched roof are the material that have the ability to restrain the rate of heat and release it more quickly to allow a fresh flow into the space (Meutia, 2010).

Fig 3 The Local Knowledge element of Acehnese House

Besides flooding, Beaulieu (1620-30) also noted the recurrence of the earthquake three to four times a year (Lombard, 1991). Although the earthquake happened repeatedly, the Traditional Acehnese houses remain strong. The construction of Traditional Acehnese houses used continuous joint and pegs that can be assembled. All joints were held together without using iron nails; they were lashed with palm fiber from the sugar palm twine and supported by wooden pegs and wedges. According to Dall (1982), this construction method made it easier for the owners to dismantle their houses, move them to other places and rebuild them again. Each connection makes the construction elements able to respond the earthquake and can survive the destructive force of earthquakes (Meutia, 2015).

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Fig. 4 The Construction Method of the Traditional Acehnese House

Philosophy and tectonic construction of Aceh rumoh, divided into three main sections: upper, middle and lower. As in most Southeast Asian domestic buildings, these three sections were considered as representing the sacred, the human and the nether worlds (Dall in hasan, I, 2010). Based on studies conducted by Leigh, Dall, Nas, and the travel accounts of Mundy, Davis and Bowrey, it can be inferred that the traditional method of house construction did not change radically until the nineteenth century. Dall giving a detailed explanation of the individual sections of traditional Acehnese house. The lower section, underneath the house, was used for several functions. It is used to be used for storage and keeping pets and animals. This place is also used for joint activities when there are ceremonies. In the middle is used for daily activities. This section is divided into three divisions. The divisions were the male veranda (seuramoe agam), the central area (in) and the female veranda (seuramoe inong). The male veranda was considered as a public space and was used for performing daily prayers and holding social gatherings. In the Seuramoe Inong division there is a difference in floor height, with a difference of two steps. Seuramoe inong is more privacy. The place of the kitchen was in the female veranda since this was considered as a female domain.

Fig. 5 elevation, floor plan, horizontal division of a traditional Acehnese house

SIMPORA X PROCEEDING ISSN NO: 978-967-5741-XXXX Page no SEPTEMBER 2019 The Traditional Acehnese House, as a form of Traditional Architecture is a building that was built based on local knowledge of the community that developed at that time. According that, Nichols (2017) explain briefly that the building traditions of Acehnese houses bring to light many principal socio-cultural practices, which have endured in Aceh prior to the arrival of Islam in the thirteenth century. These practices inform the organization of social space as well as building methods, spiritual parameters of the internal domestic spatiality together with material availability and response to climatic conditions. Aceh traditional house building techniques based only on knowledge and intuition that can be from local natural conditions and experience passed down from generation to generation. rumoh Aceh build by traditional craftsmanship that called utoeh. He got the knowledge through hands-on practice in the field or poem that carried out from generation to generation. Based on the narrative Abdullah, a "utoeh" (artisan) rumoeh Aceh, which describes the shape of a traditional Acehnese house construction in the form of rhyme: “Na saboeh cieceum di poe u barat sayep jieh dua, gaki jieh namlah ”. This poem has a meaning that a traditional Acehnese house is analogy to a flying bird that flew toward the west, which has two wings and sixteen feets (poles). This knowledge means determining the direction of building orientation based on the location of the longitudinal building from east to west (to determine the direction of Qibla, the direction of Prayer). The analogy of a bird wing shows construction of the building has two rooms on both side, and the number of poles forming building construction amount to 16 pieces. This narrative describes the basic shape of a traditional Acehnese house construction, which has 3 rueng (space between the poles in a longitudinal direction), where then this form develops into 4 rueng, 5 rueng and 7 rueng. Certainly, this is related to the social, cultural and economic the owners (Meutia, 2017).

3. Research Methodology

This study is uses qualitative descriptive as a research approach. Data collection is done through observation, documentation, and interviews with several resource persons. Data analysis qualitatively based on data reduction, data presentation, and the conclusions based on verification. The study area is Lubuk Sukon village, Want Jaya as a sub-district, Aceh Besar. The village is located about 13.8 km from the city of Banda Aceh. The area covers 112 Ha, this area is passed by the Krueng Aceh river with a width of 30-50 meters which limits the village of Lubuk Sukun with the main road.

Fig. 6 the Research Location Map

SIMPORA X PROCEEDING ISSN NO: 978-967-5741-XXXX Page no SEPTEMBER 2019 The data collection is conducted by observation, documentation, and interviews. Observation and documentation is done by observing directly traditional houses within the area of study as a sample of traditional houses. Based on an interview with one of stakeholders in Lubuk Sukun village, there are 56 traditional houses. These houses are undergoing changes. There are 12 traditional houses selected for this study.This section provides details for typesetting your manuscript according to the formatting guidelines set for Engineering Journal. Use 11-point Times New Roman regular font for typesetting of the main text in the document.

4. Rumoh Aceh in Lubuk Sukun Village

Lubuk Sukun Village is one of the traditional settlements in Aceh Besar, located 13.2 km from the capital city of Aceh Province. The village has typical settlement characteristics, which still preserve its culture and customs as well as the traditional home architecture Aceh, namely rumoh Aceh. At present Rumoh Aceh has been replaced by modern houses with concrete construction due to infrastructure development, education levels, and changes in livelihoods. During the goverment Muzakir Walad, Governor of Aceh (1967-1978), who was a native son of the of Lubuk Sukun village, who provided direction to organize and maintain the existing settlement patterns. The roads and bridges construction made it easier for community access to the city. The existence of Lubuk Sukun Village is more open that will certainly have an impact on enter the foreign cultures. Occupancy in the village of Lubuk Sukun is still dominated by Aceh Traditional Houses. Rumoh Aceh in the village of Lubuk Sukun is estimated to be over 50 years old, and some houses have even been moved from other villages and are now 100 years old. The conditions of Rumoh Aceh are still well maintained. There are two types of Rumoh Aceh in Lubuk Sukun village, namely Rumoh Santeut and Rumoh Rambat.

Fig. 7 Rumoh Rambat dan Rumoh Santeut the livelihoods of the population changed from farmers to civil servants also influenced the form of community housing, with appearances of the modern houses replace the Acehnese houses. The existence of this modern house appeared in 1980. Nevertheless there are still some traditional Acehnese houses will be retained, but for the convenience of daily life activities they add the concrete buildings, which are located at the back or the sides of the Acehnese House.

Rumoh Aceh in Lubuk Sukun village is a stilt house built on round post and has a variety of heights. In general, the post have 2.5m - 3m height from the ground level. Most of the Aceh housing models in Lubuk Sukun village are the Acehnes houses with 3 rueng and 4 rueng models. Some of these Aceh rumohs still use the spaces in the middle section. Although not all of the space in this section is used, some activities are still carried out according to their function.

Seuramoe keu in Aceh rumoh function for men who are used to receive guests or meetings. There is a friction of the space usage that intended for men, in which women use this space also. Along with the progress of the times there was a change in interior space in seuramoe finance. They put chairs to receive guests and add some decorative cabinets to touch up the room.

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Fig. 8 Seuramoe Keu seuramoe likot is a space that is intended for women in carrying out daily activities. These functions used as the kitchen and educate their children. Traditionally, the site of the kitchen is in Seuramoe Likot, but nowday the people in the Lubuk Sukun village built the kitchens in modern buildings annex to the Acehnese house. Thus this space also changed its function into classrooms for their children.

Fig. 9 Seuramoe Likot and Rumoh inong

Significantly, there is no change the space in the middle section, which are fundamental, where the room is still divided into three divisions. Space function changes occur to meet the demands of space requirements, which are caused by the addition of family members and the need for more privacy. Rumoh Inong or Seuramoe Teungoh was also defended as a distinctive feature of the division of space in Aceh's house, this is because traditionally and the relationship of Aceh houses belonged to women.

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Fig. 10 Underneath and its Function The lower part of the Acehnese house, called the yub moeh, is an open area. This section is usually used as a place to store agricultural products and pets. But there is a change in the function of this room, which is currently used as a meeting place, garage, and additional room. Although seuramoe keu still retained its function as a place to receive guests, the bottom of the house also functioned as a place to receive guests.

Fig. 11 used of glass window and zinc roof

Some elements on the building facade such as doors, windows and gables (tuelak angen) are still required for thermal comfort. The shape of the window has changed, by replacing the use of wooden windows into glass windows. Lighting needs as a factor of visual comfort that causes these changes. The roof covering elements in the Aceh houses in Lubuk Village have experienced very significant changes, most of the Aceh houses in the Lubuk Sukun village using zinc roof. This is also a factor of thermal discomfort for residents so that the Acehnese house does not function as a residence during the day.

5. Conclusion

Traditional architecture is formed from the local wisdom of the community that is very closely related to the local environment. To build traditional buildings, traditional societies use knowledge that has been passed down through generations and undergone improvements (trials and errors) and changes in accordance with natural conditions, symbols, technological advancements and others. As a result of a shift in traditional values causes a change in the pattern of local community occupancy. This is caused by factors of economic development and cultural change in Aceh. At present, local people in the modern era tend to choose practical ways of life that have an impact on housing changes, so that traditional Aceh houses are formed in Lubuk Sukun village that are adaptive to the current needs of the community.

The results of this study indicate that the Lubuk Sukon village community still using traditional dwelling as a heritage that must be preserved. Although daily activities are uncomfortable to do in the rumoh Aceh, inconvenience to step up and down all the time cause modern buildings more comfortable. Therefore they add concrete buildings to facilitate their daily life activities, which are located at the back and side attached to the Aceh House. Several generations of homeowners closed the section under the bottom of Rumoh Aceh, which was used as a bedroom. This is done because they need space more privacy. Technological advances also have an impact on changes in the use of

SIMPORA X PROCEEDING ISSN NO: 978-967-5741-XXXX Page no SEPTEMBER 2019 zinc roofs and glass windows. Local knowledge of traditional patterns of settlement also experienced development, so that formed a variety of modern Architecture Rumoh Aceh in Lubuk Sukun.village

Acknowledgement

Thank you very much to all those who have helped with this research. Thank you also to the Ministry of Research, Technology and Higher Education for providing research funding.

References

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