DOCSLIB.ORG

Initial Environmental Examination for Nam Pua Representative Subproject

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Initial Environmental Examination for Nam Pua Representative Subproject Sustainable Rural Infrastructure and Watershed Management Sector Project (RRP LAO 50236) Initial Environmental Examination for Nam Pua Representative Subproject Project Number: 50236-002 April 2019 Lao PDR: Sustainable Rural Infrastructure and Watershed Management Sector Project CURRENCY EQUIVALENTS (as 5 April 2019) Currency Unit – Kip (KN) KN1.00 = $0.000116 $1.00 = KN8,600 ABBREVIATIONS ADB : Asian Development Bank CCA : climate change adaptation CIFOR : Center for International Forestry Research COL : Concessional OCR lending DAFO : District Agriculture and Forestry Office DALAM : Department of Agricultural Land Management DDMCC : Department of Disaster Management and Climate Change DMF : Design and Monitoring Framework DRR : disaster risk reduction EIA : Environment Impact Assessment ERP : Emissions Reduction Program FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization (of the United Nations) GCF : Green Climate Fund GDP - Gross Domestic Product GIZ : Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (German International Cooperation Agency) GMS : Greater Mekong Subregion IEE : Initial Environment Examination IMT : irrigation management transfer IPM : Integrated pest management ISF : irrigation service fee IUCN : International Union for the Conservation of Nature IWMI : International Water Management Institute LDC : least developed country MAF : Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry MONRE : Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment NGO : Non-governmental Organisation NRI : Northern Rural Infrastructure Development Project NSEDP : National Socio-Economic Development Plan NTFP : non-timber forest product O&M : Operations & Maintenance OCR : Ordinary Capital Resources ODA : Overseas Development Assistance PAFO : Provincial Agriculture and Forestry Office PAM : Project Administration Manual PDR : People’s Democratic Republic (of Lao ) PGT : Project Governance Team PLUP : participatory land use planning PPIT : Provincial Project Implementation Team PONRE : Provincial Office of Natural Resources and Environment PRAP : Provincial REDD+ Action Plans PRC : People’s Republic of China PRI : productive rural infrastructure PRT : pesticide reduction training RRP : Report & Recommendations to the President RSP : representative subproject SME : Small-Medium Enterprises SRIWSM : Sustainable Rural Infrastructure and Watershed Management TRTA : Transaction Technical Assistance VDF : village development fund WUA : water users association WUG : water user group GLOSSARY Catchment In its totality a catchment is equivalent to a watershed, however a watershed may comprise of micro-catchments and sub-catchments. In this document a catchment refers to a subset of the larger watershed. Watershed A topographically delineated area from which rainwater drains as surface run-off via a river or stream to a common outlet point (e.g. a large river, lake or the sea). Watershed management Securing watershed functions in a sustainable manner. Broadly these functions include: ➢ Ecological function: availability of sufficient good quality water over time, space; erosion control, soil fertility, biodiversity, clean air, carbon sequestration; ➢ Economic function: sufficient natural resource products like food, fuel wood, timber, water, fish, energy required for basic needs of the local population; income generating opportunities; ➢ Social function: maintenance of social structures; protection and development of knowledge and lifestyle arrangements; maintenance and revitalisation of cultural identity and values, recreational facilities. NOTE(S) (i) In this report, “$” refers to US dollars unless otherwise stated. This initial environmental examination is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “terms of use” section on ADB’s website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. CONTENTS Page I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. Overall Project Area and Scope 1 B. Location of the Nam Poua Subproject 3 C. Catchment description 6 D. Rationale for the Overall Project 6 II. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT COVERED BY THIS INITIAL ENVIRONMENTAL EVALUATION 8 A. Purpose of the Initial Environmental Evaluation 8 B. Subproject Rationale and Design 8 C. Subproject Design 14 D. Implementation Arrangements 14 E. Analysis of Alternatives 21 III. LEGAL AND POLICY FRAMEWORK OF THE IEE 22 A. Lao PDR Environmental Law and Policy 22 B. Categorization of the Nam Poua Subproject 25 C. Environmental Standards 25 IV. DESCRIPTION OF THE SUBPROJECT ENVIRONMENT 30 A. Topography and Geology 30 B. Climatic Conditions 35 C. Water Resources 40 D. Command Area Land Resources 42 E. Habitat, Ecology and Wildlife 44 F. Air Quality 46 G. Ambient Noise 46 H. Infrastructure 46 I. Climate Change Considerations 54 J. Environmental Impacts and their Mitigation 57 K. Consultation 75 L. Environmental Management and Monitoring 81 Reference Documents List of Appendixes Appendix 1. Records of Consultations Appendix 2. Photographs from Consultation and Field Visits I. INTRODUCTION A. Overall Project Area and Scope 1. The geographic scope of the Sustainable Rural Infrastructure and Watershed Management - Sector Project (SRIWSM) extends to the four provinces of Houaphan, Xieng Khouang, Louang Prabang and Xayaboury. The project will finance subprojects in three agreed districts in each province, see Table 1 and Figure 1. Table 1: Project Area Province District Houaphan 1. Nam Xeua 2. Vengxiay 3. Sop Bao Xieng Khouang 1. Peak 2. Khoan 3. Kham Louang 1. Nan Prabang 2. Nguen 3. Louang Prabang Xayaboury 1. Xayaboury 2. Phieng 3. Paklai 2 Figure 1: Agreed Project Provinces and Districts 2. The ADB SRIWSM project is part of a wider investment by Government into more sustainable intensification and diversification of the agriculture sector. The investment is being supported by parallel cofinancing from IFAD (for output 1 and output 3 - WUG support) and GIZ for output 2 (with the exception of Xieng Khuoang province). ADB will invest in the establishment of irrigation headworks, conveyance systems to the command areas, and water control structures within the command areas along with the provision of improved access. IFAD will support WUGs to intensify and diversify land use during the dry season. GIZ will invest in more sustainable land uses in the upper catchments with the SRIWSM catchments prioritized. For safeguards IFAD have committed to apply ADB safeguard policy whilst GIZ is applying the required WB safeguards from the emission reduction program into which GIZ is investing. 3. Within the IEE the parallel financed activities are considered as part of associated facilities (see ADB (2012) Environmental Safeguards – A Good Practice Sourcebook. Associated facilities are those “that are not funded as part of a project but whose viability and existence depend exclusively on the Project, or where goods and services are essential for successful operation of the Project.” The guidance for these facilities or linkages (see Para 68 bullet 2) states “Even though the impacts and mitigation measures from the development of associated facilities do not have to be analysed in detail in the EIA/IEE of the project financed by ADB, basic information about the main design features, their location, the significance of potential impacts, the required 3 approval process and institutional arrangements need to be outlined in the IEE. ADBs due diligence on the levels of impacts and risks to the environment will recognize the borrower/client’s control and influence over the associated investments. 4. The implication of this on the environment of the subproject catchments is intended to have a net positive impact. This is mainly because it will reduce the risk from dry season cropping of the irrigation command areas and the potential increased income leading to both intensification and diversification. This will reduce the pressure on land conversion for upland cropping. Such land conversion is identified as a major driver of forest loss as crops are grown on steep, bare ground subject to high rates of soil erosion in the wet season. 5. The risks associated with intensification relate to (i) increased use of agrichemicals and fertilizer, and (ii) increased demand for irrigation water during the dry season. 6. For this IEE the risks linked to the “associated facilities” are the risk of intensification of agricultural inputs for the production of high value crops. The IEE incorporates the requirements to address, where necessary, risks arising from inappropriate pesticide and herbicide use through the Government Pesticide Management Training programs and where warranted IPM training within the IFAD support program. Nutrient management will be incorporated into the IFAD WUG training, farm to farm extension and on-farm demonstrations. In the situation that the timing of IFAD cofinancing is delayed the Subproject costing includes ADB financing to ensure the provisions of the EMP are covered as well as the costs of the intensification of irrigated dry season cropping. 7. Further to the impacts of the intensification that fall under the associated facilities the IEE requires that the borrower/client will not use products that fall in World Health
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Aspects of Language Change in Iu Mien and Their Implication for Language Maintenance: a Case Study of the Iu Mien Students’ Story Writing Workshop1
    Volume 3 Number 1, January-June 2015 Aspects of Language Change in Iu Mien and Their Implication for Language Maintenance: A Case Study of the Iu Mien Students’ Story Writing Workshop1 T. Daniel Arisawa The Faculty of Humanities, Chiang Rai Rajabhat University, Thailand. ABSTRACT reveals their unfamiliarity with the This paper discusses some treatment of the tone sandhi, the low aspects of language change rise falling tone, and legitimate Thai happening in Iu Mien in Thailand. tone rules. Besides the phonology and The changes were found in the Iu orthography, the proofreading and Mien stories written by the students revision process of the book by seven of Chiang Rai Rajabhat University mature speakers of Iu Mien (in their 40‟ 70‟ and others who attended the Story s to s) has revealed that Writers Workshop organized by the language change is underway among Linguistics Institute, Payap Univer- the young generation through contact sity, Chiang Mai. Nine stories, with Standard Thai. The aspects of including legends and newly written shift include wrong lexical choice ones, were compiled into a 46 page due to lack of cultural knowledge, book. It was a significant phrase level word order change, achievement in that it was the first unnaturalness and wrong colloquia- attempt by the Iu Mien at the lism, unnecessary insertion of university level to document tradi- complement clause introducer k‟ tional legends and to write stories of (gorngv „spea ), lack/redundancy of their own creation. discourse particles, and distortion of As such, their use of Thai- narrative formulaic expression. The based Iu Mien orthography therein original and correct forms of these grammatical and usage changes are 1I would like to express my gratitude to Dr.
    [Show full text]
  • Suford Niko Kaj 1
    LAO PEOPLE’S DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC Peace Independence Democracy Unity Prosperity Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry Department of Forestry Sustainable Forestry for Rural Development Project ‐ Additional Financing (SUFORD ‐ AF) Traditional Ecological Knowledge of Ethnic Groups in SUFORD AF Production Forest Areas: A Rapid Assessment Nikolas Århem 2010 2 CONTENTS Abbreviations 4 Executive Summary 5 1. Introduction____________________________________________________________ 9 1.1. Background 9 1.2. Terminology 9 1.2.1. Indigenous or ethnic group 9 1.2.2. Lao Lum, Lao Theung, Lao Sung 10 1.2.3. Shifting cultivation 10 1.2.4. Resettlement or spontaneous migration 11 1.3. What is Traditional Ecological Knowledge 11 1.3.1. Indigenous “technology”, land use and settlement patterns 12 1.3.2. Indigenous taboos and regulations 13 1.3.3. Indigenous knowledge regarding plants and animals 13 1.4. Objectives 14 2. Methodology___________________________________________________________15 2.1. Study Site Selection 15 2.2. Field Methods 19 2.2.1. Interviews and questionnaires 19 2.2.2. Community mapping 20 Part One: RESULTS 3. Village Profiles 22 3.1. Xayabouli Province 22 3.2. Vientiane and Bolikhamxay Provinces 27 3.2.1. Vientiane 27 3.2.2. Bolikhamxay 28 3.3. Attapeu and Xekong Provinces 31 3.3.1. Attapeu province 31 3.3.2. Xekong province 32 3.4. Comparative Observations 39 3.4.1. Villages in northern/central provinces 39 3.4.2. Villages in southern provinces 42 4. Local Forest Managment and Traditional Ecological Knowledge 44 4.1. Shifting Cultivation 44 4.2. Some Notes on Landscape Terminology in Kaleum 47 4.3. Sacred Forests 49 4.4.
    [Show full text]
  • Operation China
    Iu Mien, Luoxiang May 14 Location: Approximately 3,900 Luoxiang Iu History: The Iu Mien and Kim Mun were the HUNAN Mien people live in the Dayaoshan (Big Yao last two groups to migrate into the Dayao GUIZHOU Mountains) of the Jinxiu Yao Autonomous Mountains. They found the best land was Libo • •Guilin County within the Guangxi Zhuang already taken by the Ao Biao and the • Rongshui Autonomous Region in southern China. Lakkia. The Iu Mien struggled in extremely Liuzhou • •Jinxiu Jinxiu is one of the most fascinating areas harsh conditions for many years, were GUANGXI Scale in all of China for anthropologists and forbidden to own land, and forced to live in 0 KM 160 linguists. Five distinct Yao subgroups, each bamboo sheds while rendering manual 2 Population in China: speaking a different language, live in a labor to the original inhabitants. Another 3,000 (1990) small area. source states the Iu Mien “came to the 3,870 (2000) 4,990 (2010) Dayaoshan Mountains rather late and found Location: Guangxi Identity: The Luoxiang Iu Mien are part of no space for settlement in the wooded hills Religion: Polytheism the Yao nationality in China. The Chinese or river valleys suitable for farming. So they Christians: 15 call them Pan Yao, meaning “Yao who had to live in scattered mountain villages at worship Pan.” The other Yao groups in a high altitude. Earlier, they did not even Jinxiu County are the Kiong Nai, Lakkia, Ao have a fixed place to live in and, like Overview of the Biao, and Kim Mun.
    [Show full text]
  • LCSH Section Y
    Y-Bj dialects Yaʻar Ḥanitah-Shelomi (Israel) subdivision. USE Yugambeh-Bundjalung dialects USE Ḥanitah-Shelomi Forest (Israel) UF Yabuta Yakushi Iseki (Himi-shi, Japan) Y-cars Yaʻar Ḳadimah (Israel) BT Japan—Antiquities USE General Motors Y-cars USE Ḳadimah Forest (Israel) Yacambú National Park (Venezuela) Y chromosome Yaʻar Yerushalayim (Jerusalem) USE Parque Nacional Yacambú (Venezuela) UF Chromosome Y USE Jerusalem Forest (Jerusalem) Yacan (Philippine people) BT Sex chromosomes Yaayuwee dialect (May Subd Geog) USE Yakan (Philippine people) — Abnormalities (May Subd Geog) BT Cameroon—Languages Yacan language BT Sex chromosome abnormalities Gbaya language (Ubangi) USE Yakan language Y Fenai (Wales) Yaba-kei (Japan) Yacarana River (Brazil and Peru) USE Menai Strait (Wales) USE Yaba Valley (Japan) USE Javari River (Brazil and Peru) Y-G personality test Yaba Valley (Japan) Yacare caiman USE Yatabe-Guilford personality test UF Yaba-kei (Japan) USE Caiman yacare Y.M.C.A. libraries Yabakei (Japan) Yacatas Site (Mexico) USE Young Men's Christian Association libraries BT Valleys—Japan BT Mexico—Antiquities Y maze Yabakei (Japan) Yaccas BT Maze tests USE Yaba Valley (Japan) USE Xanthorrhoea Ý Mia (Asian people) Yabarana Indians (May Subd Geog) Yachats River (Or.) USE Lati (Asian people) UF Yaurana Indians BT Rivers—Oregon Y Mountain (Utah) BT Indians of South America—Venezuela Yachats River Valley (Or.) BT Mountains—Utah Yabbie culture UF Yachats Valley (Or.) Wasatch Range (Utah and Idaho) USE Yabby culture BT Valleys—Oregon Y-particles Yabbies
    [Show full text]
  • Hmong-Mien Languages - Linguistics - Oxford Bibliographies
    Hmong-Mien Languages - Linguistics - Oxford Bibliographies http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/view/document/obo-97801997... Hmong-Mien Languages David Mortensen LAST MODIFIED: 13 JANUARY 2014 DOI: 10.1093/OBO/9780199772810-0173 Introduction Hmong-Mien is a compact language family of East and Southeast Asia. Its speakers are found primarily in southern China and the northern highlands of Vietnam, Thailand, Laos, and Myanmar (Burma). Most speakers of Hmong-Mien languages belong to the so-called Miao and Yao ethnicities (or nationalities). Due to geopolitical circumstances, many speakers of two Hmong-Mien languages from Laos—Hmong and Iu Mien—emigrated to Western countries (the United States, Canada, Australia, Argentina, France, French Guyana, and Germany) between 1970 and 1998, leading to the current worldwide distribution of this language family. Hmong-Mien has two primary branches: Hmongic and Mienic. Hmongic is larger (in terms of number of speakers) and has greater internal diversity. It has also been the focus of more efforts at documentation. As a result, more literature is available on Hmongic languages than Mienic languages. This bibliography represents an attempt to include as many resources on Mienic as possible but nevertheless reflects this fundamental imbalance in sources. General Overviews There are several useful overviews of Hmong-Mien languages, all of which are either lamentably brief or not available in English. An early overview that still may be useful is given in Strecker 1987. Hmong-Mien studies have developed considerably since this article was published, particularly with regard to the classification of Ho Ne (Ho Nte or She), but Strecker 1987 still provides a useful guide to the terminology used for major language varieties in Hmong-Mien.
    [Show full text]
  • LAO PDR Indigenous Peoples' Movements As a Platform for Solidarity and Cooperation
    AIPP at a glance The Asia Indigenous Peoples Pact (AIPP) is a regional organization founded in 1988 by LAO PDR indigenous peoples' movements as a platform for solidarity and cooperation. AIPP is actively promoting and defending indigenous peoples' rights and human rights, sustainable develop- Indigenous Peoples in ASEAN ment and management of resources and environment protection. Through the year, AIPP has developed its expertise on grassroots capacity building, advocacy and networking from local to global levels and strengthening partnerships with indigenous organizations, support NGOs, UN agencies and other institutions. At present, AIPP has 47 members from 14 countries in Asia with 7 indigenous peoples' national alliances/ networks and 35 local and sub-national organizations including 16 are ethnic-based organizations, five (5) indigenous women and four (4) are indigenous youth organizations.. Through our Indigenous Women (IW) programme, AIPP aims to empower indigenous women through networking, education and capacity building activities with the overall goal for indigenous women to assert, promote and protect their rights as women and as indigenous peoples. Our Vision Indigenous peoples in Asia are fully exercising their rights, distinct cultures and identities, are living with dignity, and enhancing their sustainable management systems on lands, territories and resources for their own future and development in an environment of peace, justice and equality. Our Mission AIPP strengthens the solidarity, cooperation and capacities of indigenous peoples in Asia to promote and protect their rights, cultures and identities, and their sustainable resource management systems for their development and self-determination. AIPP Programmes Our main areas of work among the different programmes are information dissemination, awareness raising, capacity building, advocacy and networking from local to global.
    [Show full text]
  • Poverty Alleviation for All
    FEBRUARY 2003 • ASIA DIVISION Laos Poverty Alleviation for all Contents Foreword by Sida ....................................................................................... I Preface ..................................................................................................... II Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................. 5 1.0 Lao as a national language and culture .................................... 5 1.1 The Anthropology of development and development anthropology ............................................................................. 8 1.1.1 Traditional applications of anthropology ................................. 8 1.1.2 Anthropological views of development..................................... 9 1.2 What kind of anthropologhy to pursue in relation to development? .......................................................................... 10 1.3 Physical versus mental in research and analysis...................... 12 1.4 Finally, what is cultural change? ............................................. 14 Chapter 2 Upland population, density and land use ........................ 16 2.0 Population in relation to forests .............................................. 16 2.1 Demography in the uplands.................................................... 17 2.2 Ethnolinguistic composition .................................................... 25 2.3 Migration trends ..................................................................... 29 2.4 Conclusion .............................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • 41924-014: Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower Project
    Resettlement and Ethnic Development Plan Project Number: 41924 June 2014 Document Stage: Final Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower Project (Lao People’s Democratic Republic) Main Report Prepared by Nam Ngiep 1 Power Company Ltd. for the Asian Development Bank The final report is a document of the borrower. The views expressed herein do not necessarily represent those of ADB's Board of Directors, Management, or staff, and may be preliminary in nature. Your attention is directed to the “Terms of Use” section of this website. In preparing any country program or strategy, financing any project, or by making any designation of or reference to a particular territory or geographic area in this document, the Asian Development Bank does not intend to make any judgments as to the legal or other status of any territory or area. Resettlement and Ethnic Development Plan for Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower Project Updated Version, June 2014 REDP of The Nam Ngiep 1 Hydropower Project List of Contents EXECUTIVE SUMMARY .................................................................................................................................. VI LIST OF TABLES ......................................................................................................................................... XXIV LIST OF FIGURES ..................................................................................................................................... XXVIII ABBREVIATIONS .........................................................................................................................................
    [Show full text]
  • Information to Users
    INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microSlm master. UMI film s the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality of this reproduction is dependent upon the quality of the copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, colored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough, substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author did not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the deletion. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and continuing from left to right in equal sections with small overlaps. Each original is also photographed in one exposure and is included in reduced form at the back of the book. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6" x 9" black and white photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustrations appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. University Microfilms International A Beil & Howell Information Company 300 North Zeeb Roac. Ann Arbor. Ml 48106-1346 US4 313/761-4700 300.521-0600 Order Number 912069S Artistry and authenticity: Zhao Shuli and his fictional world Matthews, Josephine Alzbeta, Ph.D. The Ohio State University, 1991 300 N.
    [Show full text]
  • Annex 12: Environmental and Social Action Plan
    Annex 12: Environmental and Social Action Plan Building resilience of urban populations with ecosystem-based solutions in Lao PDR July 2019 Houay Khi La Meng urban stream in Savannakhet 1 Table of Contents 1.Introduction 4 2. Proposed project 4 3. Relevant policies and regulation 15 4. Assumptions 17 5. Background and context 18 Country background 18 Demographic Characteristics 19 Ethnic groups 20 Education 22 Biophysical and Human Ecology Approaches 23 Communities’ Profiles 23 Baseline Assessment of Nong Peung wetland in Paksan 24 6. Assessment of Risks based on the IFC Performance Standards and the UN Environment Safeguards Standards 28 PS 1: Assessment and Management of Environmental and Social Risks and Impacts 28 PS 2: Labour and Working Conditions 28 PS 3: Resource efficiency, pollution prevention and management of chemicals and wastes 28 PS 4: Community Health, Safety and Security 29 PS 5: Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement 29 PS 6: Biodiversity Conservation and Sustainable Management of Living Natural Resources 29 PS 7: Indigenous Peoples 30 PS 8: Cultural Heritage 31 Additional UN Environment Safeguard Standards 31 Safeguard Standard 8: Gender Equity 31 Safeguard Standard 9: Economic Sustainability 31 7. Potential Impacts of Project Activities 32 8. Monitoring and reporting 36 Community wetland and stream management committees 36 8. Stakeholder Engagement Plan 37 Community-Level Consultations Framework 37 9. Complaints Register Grievance Redress Mechanism 40 2 Complaints Register 40 Grievance Redress Mechanism 41 Annex 1: UNEP Environmental, Social and Economic Review Note (ESERN) 44 Annex 2: Ethnic Groups: Lao Front for National Construction Classification 55 Annex 3 Village consultation report 63 Introduction 63 Champasak: Pakse 63 Ban Kae, 28 March 2019 63 Ban Tha Hay, 28 March 2019 64 Ban Koung, 29 May 2019 65 Ban Pakse.
    [Show full text]
  • UAX #29: Unicode Text Segmentation
    Technical Reports Proposed Update Unicode Standard Annex #29 Version Unicode 6.2.0 (draft 2) Editors Mark Davis ([email protected]) Date 2012-06-01 This Version http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/tr29-20.html Previous http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/tr29-19.html Version Latest http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/ Version Latest http://www.unicode.org/reports/tr29/proposed.html Proposed Update Revision 20 Summary This annex describes guidelines for determining default segmentation boundaries between certain significant text elements: grapheme clusters (“user-perceived characters”), words, and sentences. For line break boundaries, see [UAX14] Status This is a draft document which may be updated, replaced, or superseded by other documents at any time. Publication does not imply endorsement by the Unicode Consortium. This is not a stable document; it is inappropriate to cite this document as other than a work in progress. A Unicode Standard Annex (UAX) forms an integral part of the Unicode Standard, but is published online as a separate document. The Unicode Standard may require conformance to normative content in a Unicode Standard Annex, if so specified in the Conformance chapter of that version of the Unicode Standard. The version number of a UAX document corresponds to the version of the Unicode Standard of which it forms a part. Please submit corrigenda and other comments with the online reporting form [Feedback]. Related information that is useful in understanding this annex is found in Unicode Standard Annex #41, “Common References for Unicode Standard Annexes.” For the latest version of the Unicode Standard, see [Unicode]. For a list of current Unicode Technical Reports, see [Reports].
    [Show full text]
  • Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations in Lao P.D.R
    Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations in Lao P.D.R. December 2013 Japan International Cooperation Agency ER JR 13-003 Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Figures v List of Tables vii Abbreviations and Acronyms x Executive Summary xvi Chapter 1. Country Overview 1.1 Overview 1 - 1 1.1.1 Map of the Country 1 - 1 1.1.2 Location and Topography 1 - 2 1.1.3 Climate 1 - 3 1.1.4 River Systems 1 - 6 1.1.5 Land Use 1 - 10 1.1.6 Demographics 1 - 12 1.2 Legal and Political Systems: Environmental and Social Considerations 1 - 13 1.2.1 Administrative Divisions 1 - 16 1.2.2 National Socio-Economic Plans 1 - 20 1.2.3 Relevant Organisations 1 - 22 1.3 Overview and Contact Details of Relevant Organisations 1 - 24 1.3.1 Governmental Organisations and Research Institutions 1 - 24 1.3.2 Donors 1 - 26 1.3.3 NGOs 1 - 30 Chapter 2. Natural Environment 2.1 Overview 2 - 1 2.2 Regulations and Policies 2 - 1 2.2.1 International Conventions 2 - 1 2.2.2 Domestic Laws 2 - 2 2.3 Wildlife Species 2 - 4 2.3.1 Endemic Species 2 - 5 2.3.2 Endangered Species 2 - 5 i 2.3.3 Internationally Protected Species 2 - 6 2.4 Important Ecosystems and Habitats 2 - 7 2.4.1 Protected Areas 2 - 7 2.4.2 Ramsar Sites 2 - 11 2.4.3 Biodiversity Hotspots 2 - 12 2.4.4 Important Bird Areas 2 - 12 2.5 Forests 2 - 15 Chapter 3.
    [Show full text]