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Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations in Lao P.D.R

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Profile on Environmental and Social Considerations in Lao P.D.R. December 2013 Japan International Cooperation Agency ER JR 13-003 Table of Contents Table of Contents i List of Figures v List of Tables vii Abbreviations and Acronyms x Executive Summary xvi Chapter 1. Country Overview 1.1 Overview 1 - 1 1.1.1 Map of the Country 1 - 1 1.1.2 Location and Topography 1 - 2 1.1.3 Climate 1 - 3 1.1.4 River Systems 1 - 6 1.1.5 Land Use 1 - 10 1.1.6 Demographics 1 - 12 1.2 Legal and Political Systems: Environmental and Social Considerations 1 - 13 1.2.1 Administrative Divisions 1 - 16 1.2.2 National Socio-Economic Plans 1 - 20 1.2.3 Relevant Organisations 1 - 22 1.3 Overview and Contact Details of Relevant Organisations 1 - 24 1.3.1 Governmental Organisations and Research Institutions 1 - 24 1.3.2 Donors 1 - 26 1.3.3 NGOs 1 - 30 Chapter 2. Natural Environment 2.1 Overview 2 - 1 2.2 Regulations and Policies 2 - 1 2.2.1 International Conventions 2 - 1 2.2.2 Domestic Laws 2 - 2 2.3 Wildlife Species 2 - 4 2.3.1 Endemic Species 2 - 5 2.3.2 Endangered Species 2 - 5 i 2.3.3 Internationally Protected Species 2 - 6 2.4 Important Ecosystems and Habitats 2 - 7 2.4.1 Protected Areas 2 - 7 2.4.2 Ramsar Sites 2 - 11 2.4.3 Biodiversity Hotspots 2 - 12 2.4.4 Important Bird Areas 2 - 12 2.5 Forests 2 - 15 Chapter 3. Pollution and Environmental Issues 3.1 Overview 3 - 1 3.2 Regulations and Policies 3 - 2 3.2.1 International Agreements 3 - 2 3.2.2 Domestic Laws 3 - 3 3.3 Air Pollution 3 - 4 3.3.1 Current Situation 3 - 4 3.3.2 Relevant Laws and Organisations 3 - 9 3.4 Water Pollution 3 - 11 3.4.1 Current Situation 3 - 11 3.4.2 Relevant Laws and Organisations 3 - 12 3.5 Soil Pollution 3 - 14 3.5.1 Current Situation 3 - 14 3.5.2 Relevant Laws and Organisations 3 - 14 3.6 Solid Waste 3 - 15 3.6.1 Current Situation 3 - 15 3.6.2 Relevant Laws and Organisations 3 - 20 3.7 Noise and Vibration 3 - 21 3.7.1 Current Situation 3 - 21 3.7.2 Relevant Laws and Organisations 3 - 21 3.8 Climate Change 3 - 23 3.8.1 Current Situation 3 - 23 3.8.2 Relevant Laws and Organisations 3 - 24 Chapter 4. Social Environment 4.1 Overview 4 - 1 4.2 Regulations and Policies 4 - 3 4.3 Relevant Organisations for Protection of Basic Human Rights 4 - 4 4.4 Protection of Rights for Socially Vulnerable 4 - 5 4.4.1 Poverty 4 - 5 ii 4.4.2 Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minority Groups 4 - 7 4.4.3 Gender 4 - 7 4.4.4 Children 4 - 9 4.4.5 Persons with Disabilities 4 - 11 4.4.6 Sexual Minorities 4 - 12 4.5 Protection of Rights of Workers 4 - 12 4.6 Cultural Heritage 4 - 14 4.6.1 Relevant Regulations and Government Agencies 4 - 14 4.6.2 Major Cultural Heritage Sites in Lao PDR 4 - 17 4.6.3 Issues Related to the Protection of Cultural Heritage 4 - 19 4.7 Gap Analysis Between the Existing Domestic Regulations, the JICA 4 - 20 Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations, and the World Bank Safeguard Policy Chapter 5. Environmental Assessment 5.1 Legal Framework 5 - 1 5.2 Initial Environmental Examination (IEE) and Environmental Impact 5 - 7 Assessment (EIA) 5.2.1 Projects Subject to the IEE/EIA 5 - 7 5.2.2 Procedures and Relevant Organisations 5 - 16 5.2.3 Public Participation 5 - 24 5.2.4 Participation of Experts, NGOs, and Other Third Parties 5 - 26 5.2.5 Information Disclosure 5 - 26 5.3 Environmental Compliance Certificates (ECCs) 5 - 28 5.4 Environmental Management and Monitoring Plan (EMMP) 5 - 28 5.5 Social Management and Monitoring Plan (SMMP) 5 - 30 5.6 Strategic Environmental Assessment 5 - 31 5.7 Monitoring 5 - 32 5.8 Major Issues and Challenges in the Current System 5 - 34 5.9 Gap Analysis Between the Present Domestic Regulations, the JICA 5 - 35 Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations, and the World Bank Safeguard Policy Chapter 6. Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement 6.1 Legal Framework 6 - 1 6.2 Procedures and Relevant Organisations 6 - 9 6.3 Grievance Redress Mechanism, Information Disclosure, and Monitoring 6 - 14 6.3.1 Grievance Redress Mechanism (GRM) 6 - 14 iii 6.3.2 Information Disclosure and Public Participation 6 - 17 6.3.3 Monitoring 6 - 20 6.4 Major Issues and Challenges in the Current System 6 - 26 6.5 Gap Analysis Between the Present Domestic Regulations, the JICA 6 - 27 Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations, and the World Bank Safeguard Policy Chapter 7. Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Minority Groups 7.1 Social and Economic Situation 7 - 1 7.2 Legal Framework and Relevant Organisations 7 - 7 7.3 Procedures and Relevant Organisations 7 - 10 7.4 Affirmative Actions 7 - 11 7.5 Major Issues and Challenges in the Current System 7 - 12 7.5.1 Legislative Issues 7 - 12 7.5.2 Physical Wellbeing 7 - 12 7.5.3 Social Issues 7 - 14 7.5.4 Land Concession Issues 7 - 14 7.6 Gap Analysis Between the Existing Domestic Regulations, the JICA 7 - 15 Guidelines for Environmental and Social Considerations, and the World Bank Safeguard Policy Chapter 8. Environmental and Social Considerations in Other Donors’ Projects 8.1 World Bank 8 - 1 8.1.1 Environmental Assessment 8 - 1 8.1.2 Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement 8 - 7 8.1.3 Indigenous Peoples 8 - 11 8.1.4 Monitoring 8 - 16 8.1.5 Information Disclosure 8 - 17 8.2 Asian Development Bank 8 - 17 8.2.1 Environmental Assessment 8 - 17 8.2.2 Land Acquisition and Involuntary Resettlement 8 - 21 8.2.3 Indigenous Peoples 8 - 25 8.2.4 Monitoring 8 - 29 8.2.5 Information Disclosure 8 - 30 Appendix References iv List of Figures Figure 1.1.1 Map of Lao PDR 1-1 Figure 1.1.2 Three Physiographic Units in Lao PDR 1-3 Figure 1.1.3 Average Minimum and Maximum Temperatures 1-4 Figure 1.1.4 Average Humidity 1-4 Figure 1.1.5 Average Monthly Precipitation 1-4 Figure 1.1.6 Average Monthly Hours of Sunshine 1-5 Figure 1.1.7 Distribution of Annual Rainfall 1-5 Figure 1.1.8 Map of River Systems in Lao PDR 1-10 Figure 1.1.9 Land use Distribution in Lao PDR 1-11 Figure 1.1.10 Land Use Map of Lao PDR 1-12 Figure 1.1.11 Ethnic Groups in Lao PDR 1-13 Figure 1.1.12 Religion in Lao PDR 1-13 Figure 1.2.1 Overview of Central-Local Party-State Institution 1-16 Figure 1.2.2 Administrative Divisions of Lao PDR 1-17 Figure 1.2.3 National Growth and Poverty Eradication Strategy (NGPES) 1-21 Process Figure 1.2.4 MONRE Organisational Chart 1-22 Figure 1.2.5 DONRE Organisational Chart 1-23 Figure 2.4.1 National Protected Areas in Lao PDR 2-10 Figure 2.4.2 Map of Ramsar Sites in Lao PDR 2-11 Figure 2.4.3 IBAs in Lao PDR 2-15 Figure 3.3.1 TSP Monitoring in Seven Locations in Vientiane 3-6 Figure 3.3.2 PM10 Monitoring in Seven Locations in Vientiane 3-6 Figure 3.3.3 SO2 Monitoring in Seven Locations in Vientiane 3-7 Figure 3.3.4 NO2 Monitoring in Seven Locations in Vientiane 3-7 Figure 3.8.1 Greenhouse Gas Inventory of Four Sectors (1990 level) 3-24 Figure 3.8.2 Organisational Chart for Climate Change 3-25 Figure 4.1.1 Ethnic Groups in Lao PDR 4-1 Figure 4.1.2 Religion in Lao PDR 4-1 Figure 4.4.1 Comparison of Poverty Lines 4-6 Poverty Headcount by Border, Altitude, and Ethnicity, 2002/3 and Figure 4.4.2 4-7 2007/8 Figure 4.6.1 World Heritage Sites in Lao PDR 4-19 Figure 5.2.1 MONRE Organisational Chart 5-16 Figure 5.2.2 DONRE Organisational Chart 5-17 v Figure 5.2.3 IEE Process in Lao PDR 5-19 Figure 5.2.4 EIA Process in Lao PDR 5-20 Figure 6.2.1 Project Process Cycle and Resettlement Activities 6-12 Figure 7.1.1 Ethnic Groups in Lao PDR 7-1 Geographical Distribution Map of Indigenous Peoples and Ethnic Figure 7.1.2 7-4 Minority Groups in Lao PDR Figure 7.5.1 Map of UXO Impact and Bombing Data 1965-1975 7-13 vi List of Tables Table 1.1.1 River Basin Areas and Annual Runoff of the Major River Basin in 1-8 Lao PDR Table 1.1.2 Distribution of Land Use Types in Lao PDR 1-11 Table 1.2.1 Provinces and Prefectures in Lao PDR 1-18 Table 1.2.2 Lao PDR’s Provinces and Districts 1-18 Table 1.3.1 Governmental Organisations and Research Institutions related to 1-24 Environmental and Social Considerations in Lao PDR Table 1.3.2 Major Donors in Lao PDR 1-26 Table 1.3.3 NGOs Active in the Environmental and Social Sectors in Lao 1-30 PDR Table 2.2.1 Laws Relevant to Natural Environment Protection in Lao PDR 2-2 Table 2.2.2 Decrees and Regulations Relevant to Natural Environment 2-3 Protection in Lao PDR Table 2.3.1 Endemic Species in Lao PDR (by taxonomic group) 2-5 Table 2.3.2 The Conservation Status of Biological Species in Lao PDR 2-6 Table 2.3.3 Threatened Species in Lao PDR (by taxonomic group) 2-6 Table 2.3.4 CITES-listed Species in Lao PDR 2-7 Table 2.4.1 Protected Areas in Lao PDR 2-8 Table 2.4.2 List of Ramsar Sites in Lao PDR 2-11 Table 2.4.3 Important Bird Areas in Lao PDR 2-13 Table 2.5.1 Trends in the Extent of Forest areas, 1990–2010 2-16 Table 2.5.2 Classifications of Forests 2-16 Table 2.5.3 Status of Forests in Lao PDR (by type) 2-16 Ownership Patterns and Holders of Management Rights Table 2.5.4 2-17 of Public Forests in Lao PDR Table 2.5.5 Forest Management and Legal Status (as of 2010) 2-17 Table 2.5.6 Categories of Forests 2-18 Forest Categories in Lao PDR According to Traditional Forest Table 2.5.7 2-19 Management Major Relevant International Agreements Signed by the Table 3.2.1 3-2 Government of Lao PDR Air Quality Monitoring, Location of Sampling Sites, and Table 3.3.1 3-5 Corresponding Sampling Dates in Vientiane Estimated Numbers of Motor Vehicles for Lao PDR Compared Table 3.3.2 3-8 with Asia in 2000 Table 3.3.3 Summary of Estimated National Emissions of Each Substance in 3-9 vii Lao PDR Compared with Asia in 2000 (in gigagrams) National Ambient Air Quality Standards of Lao PDR vs.
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    www.nature.com/scientificreports OPEN Distribution of vascular epiphytes along a tropical elevational gradient: disentangling abiotic and Received: 23 June 2015 Accepted: 16 December 2015 biotic determinants Published: 22 January 2016 Yi Ding1, Guangfu Liu2, Runguo Zang1, Jian Zhang3,4, Xinghui Lu1 & Jihong Huang1 Epiphytic vascular plants are common species in humid tropical forests. Epiphytes are influenced by abiotic and biotic variables, but little is known about the relative importance of direct and indirect effects on epiphyte distribution. We surveyed 70 transects (10 m × 50 m) along an elevation gradient (180 m–1521 m) and sampled all vascular epiphytes and trees in a typical tropical forest on Hainan Island, south China. The direct and indirect effects of abiotic factors (climatic and edaphic) and tree community characteristics on epiphytes species diversity were examined. The abundance and richness of vascular epiphytes generally showed a unimodal curve with elevation and reached maximum value at ca. 1300 m. The species composition in transects from high elevation (above 1200 m) showed a more similar assemblage. Climate explained the most variation in epiphytes species diversity followed by tree community characteristics and soil features. Overall, climate (relative humidity) and tree community characteristics (tree size represented by basal area) had the strongest direct effects on epiphyte diversity while soil variables (soil water content and available phosphorus) mainly had indirect effects. Our study suggests that air humidity is the most important abiotic while stand basal area is the most important biotic determinants of epiphyte diversity along the tropical elevational gradient. Understanding the mechanisms of species distributions at different spatial scales remains a central question of community ecology and biogeography1.
  • Phytogeographic Review of Vietnam and Adjacent Areas of Eastern Indochina L

    Phytogeographic Review of Vietnam and Adjacent Areas of Eastern Indochina L

    KOMAROVIA (2003) 3: 1–83 Saint Petersburg Phytogeographic review of Vietnam and adjacent areas of Eastern Indochina L. V. Averyanov, Phan Ke Loc, Nguyen Tien Hiep, D. K. Harder Leonid V. Averyanov, Herbarium, Komarov Botanical Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, Prof. Popov str. 2, Saint Petersburg 197376, Russia E-mail: [email protected], [email protected] Phan Ke Loc, Department of Botany, Viet Nam National University, Hanoi, Viet Nam. E-mail: [email protected] Nguyen Tien Hiep, Institute of Ecology and Biological Resources of the National Centre for Natural Sciences and Technology of Viet Nam, Nghia Do, Cau Giay, Hanoi, Viet Nam. E-mail: [email protected] Dan K. Harder, Arboretum, University of California Santa Cruz, 1156 High Street, Santa Cruz, California 95064, U.S.A. E-mail: [email protected] The main phytogeographic regions within the eastern part of the Indochinese Peninsula are delimited on the basis of analysis of recent literature on geology, geomorphology and climatology of the region, as well as numerous recent literature information on phytogeography, flora and vegetation. The following six phytogeographic regions (at the rank of floristic province) are distinguished and outlined within eastern Indochina: Sikang-Yunnan Province, South Chinese Province, North Indochinese Province, Central Annamese Province, South Annamese Province and South Indochinese Province. Short descriptions of these floristic units are given along with analysis of their floristic relationships. Special floristic analysis and consideration are given to the Orchidaceae as the largest well-studied representative of the Indochinese flora. 1. Background The Socialist Republic of Vietnam, comprising the largest area in the eastern part of the Indochinese Peninsula, is situated along the southeastern margin of the Peninsula.