Poverty Alleviation for All

FEBRUARY 2003 • ASIA DIVISION Laos Poverty Alleviation for all Contents Foreword by Sida ....................................................................................... I Preface ..................................................................................................... II Chapter 1 Introduction .................................................................. 5 1.0 Lao as a national language and culture .................................... 5 1.1 The Anthropology of development and development anthropology ............................................................................. 8 1.1.1 Traditional applications of anthropology ................................. 8 1.1.2 Anthropological views of development..................................... 9 1.2 What kind of anthropologhy to pursue in relation to development? .......................................................................... 10 1.3 Physical versus mental in research and analysis...................... 12 1.4 Finally, what is cultural change? ............................................. 14 Chapter 2 Upland population, density and land use ........................ 16 2.0 Population in relation to forests .............................................. 16 2.1 Demography in the uplands.................................................... 17 2.2 Ethnolinguistic composition .................................................... 25 2.3 Migration trends ..................................................................... 29 2.4 Conclusion .............................................................................. 31 Chapter 3 Government policy ....................................................... 32 3.0 Brief history of economic policy ............................................ 32 3.1 Land allocation ....................................................................... 33 3.2 Rural development and socioeconomic planning ................... 34 3.3 Ethnic minority policy ............................................................ 35 3.4 Resettlement ............................................................................ 36 3.5 Conclusions ............................................................................. 37 Chapter 4 The market in relation to the uplands ............................. 38 4.1 Introduction ............................................................................ 38 4.2 Ethno-economics..................................................................... 39 4.3 Typology of ethnic groups with respect to maximization ...... 46 4.4 Conclusions ............................................................................. 49 1 Chapter 5 Language, poverty and development ............................. 51 5.0 Language and intellectual poverty .......................................... 51 5.1 Language planning and policy ................................................ 53 5.1.1 Multilingualism and cognitive capacity .................................. 56 (Economic approaches to language and bilingualism) 5.2 Language and the environment .............................................. 59 5.3 Conclusions ............................................................................. 60 Chapter 6 Conclusions and recommendations ............................... 62 6.0 Setting the scene ...................................................................... 62 6.1 Sectoral implications and general recommendations ............. 66 6.2 Intellectual infrastructure and upland development............... 68 6.2.1 Some specific recommendations and postures........................ 68 Acronyms/Abbreviations .............................................................. 71 References .................................................................................. 72 Appendix 1 Ethnic minorities in the Lao PDR .................................. 76 Appendix 2 Bibliography of languages and the environment and multilingualism............................................................ 82 Appendix 3 Bibliography of Lao minorities and minority issues ........ 98 Appendix 4 An example of ethnic diversity and niche-ing ............... 112 Figures Figure 1 Villages by slope .................................................................... 18 Figure 2 Northern Lao villages (1) ...................................................... 19 Figure 3 Northern Lao villages (2) ...................................................... 20 Figure 4 Upland villages in Phongsaly ................................................ 21 Figure 5 Population distribution by ethnicity ...................................... 26 Figure 6 Map of Lao minorities .......................................................... 28 Figure 7 Typology of uplanders with respect to maximization .......... 47 Figure 8 Indicators of societal type ..................................................... 47 Published by Sida 2003 The Asia Department Author: James R. Chamberlain Print: Elanders Novum AB, 2003 Articlenumber: SIDA2226en ISBN: 91-586-8606-8 2 3 Preface In thinking and writing on such matters as poverty in the uplands of Laos one is led to consider the elusive and discursive, not to mention the often contradictory nature of this rubric which has yet to become a discipline. Relations between the disciplines upon which poverty touches are in a constant state of renewal and are the subject of on-going discov- eries, and critiques. Having shifted from an essentially philosophical and religious concept into one that has come to be dominated by physiocrats and economists who speak of measurements and imputed values, the study of poverty has now arrived at a bifurcation in the road between quantitative and qualitative directions, and this might be spoken of roughly as the gap between signifiers of well-being defined in biochemi- cal terms, and those which are defined in terms of mental process. There is a humorous saying, “when you come to a fork in the road, take it.” And in keeping with this sentiment we have opted in the present study to adopt the vantage point of the gap, the place that is usually overlooked, and it might be thought of, following Bateson (1979) as the point of view of the eco-mental system. The presuppositions used are essentially the findings of the PPA, especially the finding that poverty emerges in Laos almost entirely from the disruption of production systems that are embedded in religion, or what in the broad sense we call livelihood. These disruptions have taken the form of war, of resettlement, of epidemic disease in humans and animals, and of poorly implemented development policies such as land- forest allocation. The result are systemic pathologies that affect the well- being of the eco-mental system. We might also venture that all of these sets of causations ultimately result from epistemological errors, errors in thinking and analysis, sometimes introduced from the outside, and sometimes implicit in development approaches. Whatever the source, we may broadly remark that the problems of upland poverty alleviation cannot be resolved solely through a focus on the upland villages, for it is the relationship between uplanders and lowlanders which is at the root of the misunderstandings and which have lead to the conditions of poverty that exist there today. Poverty, as was made explicit in the PPA, is not an endemic condition of the uplands, and one has only to read the ethnographies of upland groups to see that this was not the case. What is lacking is a means through which the misunderstandings can be corrected. Our study has therefore been framed in this way in order to overcome certain elementary difficulties which are grounded in conventional thinking and it is only the wisdom of the terms of reference by Sida that has permitted this focus and this analytical vantage point. It has allowed for the dispelling of some myths associated with population, for the natural history of social systems to emerge with respect to markets, and for the focus on the gap that is the concern of language and interethnic relationships. It is our sincere hope that this study will, in this way, enhance our understanding and in so-doing contribute to the alleviation of poverty for all. James R. Chamberlain Panh Phomsombath 4 Chapter 1 Introduction It is neither objectively identified organic well-being nor ecosystemic integrity but culturally constructed value and meaning that the cybernetics of human social systems tend, in the first instance, to preserve. The relationship of these culturally constructed meanings and values to organic well-being and ecosystemic integrity is the central problem for ecological anthropology. – Roy Rappaport 1.0 Lao as a national language and culture 1. Although the greater portion of this study will focus on ethnic minorities in the upland areas of Laos, there is often a decided lack of consen- sus on the nature and definition of the group in comparison to which the upland peoples are considered as ‘minorities.’ The problem is interest- ingly enough, not a new one. Early European colonists and missionaries who remained and worked in Laos often found they had more difficulties communicating with and understanding the lowland cultures of South- east Asia than they did with those of the uplands. The hard working maximizing uplanders shared many values with the foreigners, the work ethic being primary among them, along with a perceived ‘honest’ and ‘simple’ approach to life. One directly observable result has been that throughout the main- land, especially

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