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MAX LANE’S INDONESIAN-ENGLISH HONORIFICS TRANSLATION OF PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER’S RUMAH KACA

A THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Magister Humaniora (M.Hum.) Degree in English Language Studies

by

by

Prabarini Dwi Pangestu 156332003

THE GRADUATE PROGRAM OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE STUDIES SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2018

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MAX LAhIE' S INDONESIAN-ENGLISH HONORIFICS TRA}{SLATION OF PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER'S R{-ld,L4H K4CA

Dr^ E.Suaarto"M.Hum Ad'risor

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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY

This is to certify that all ideas, phrases, sentences, unless otherwise stated, are the ideas, phrases, and sentences of the thesis writer. I understand the full consequences including degree cancellation if I took somebody else's ideas, phrases, or sentences without proper references.

Yogyakarta, 2 April 2018

~..

Prabarini Dwi Pangestu

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LEMBARPERNYATAANPERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang be11anda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Prabarini Dwi Pangestu NIM : 156332003 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma, karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

MAX LANE'S INDONESIAN-ENGLISH HONORIFICS TRANSLAnON OF PRAMOEDYA ANANTA TOER'S RUMAH KACA beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dhanna hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencanturnkan saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 2 April 2018

Yang menyatakan, 1f;2.

Prabarini Dwi Pangestu

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

First of all, I want to say alhamdulillah and thank Allah SWT for this great part of my life journey.

This thesis is the result of others' help and support. I would like to express my gratitude to my thesis super supervisor Dr. E.Sunarto,M.Hum, for his time, patience and help. I will not be in this phase without my KBI lecturers too, Dr.

B.B. Dwijatmoko,M.A, Pak Sarwoto, Dr. Novita Dewi,M.S.,M.A.(Hons) and Pak

Pomo. My gratitude also goes to my KBI batch 2015 friends who have been great examples in reaching this M.Hum.

My prayers and hopes also go to the late Pramoedya Ananta Toer as a great author of Rumah Kaca and Max Lane as the humble translator. Max Lane helped me to reveal his considerations and reasons beyond translating honorifics in Rumah Kaca by inviting me to have several meetings. Their works and dedication have inspired me a lot. I am also grateful to be surrounded by great friends and women, Tia 'Meme', 'Mamak' Awang, 'Papah' Titus, and 'Meli' Hehen.

Thank you for always being there when I need you.

My last gratitude belongs to people back at home, Bapak, Mama, Mbak

Dita, and Ade. I cannot thank you enough for the love and support. Without all names mentioned above, I am nothing.

Prabarini Dwi Pangestu

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ...... i APPROVAL PAGE ...... ii THESIS DEFENSE APPROVAL PAGE ...... iii STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ...... iv LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ...... v ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ...... vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ...... vii LIST OF FIGURES ...... ixx LIST OF TABLES ...... x APPENDICES ...... xii LIST OF CODES AND ABBREVIATIONS ...... xii ABSTRACT ...... xiii ABSTRAK ...... xiv CHAPTER I ...... 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Background of the Study ...... 1 1.2. Research Questions ...... 8 1.3. Research Objectives ...... 8 1.4. Research Benefits ...... 9 CHAPTER 2 ...... 10 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE ...... 10 2.1 Theoretical Review ...... 10 2.1.1 Definition of Translation ...... 10 2.1.2 Translation Strategies ...... 11 2.1.2.1 Definition of Translation Strategies ...... 12 2.1.2.2 The Types of Translation Strategies ...... 15 2.1.3 Honorifics ...... 17 2.1.3.1 Definition and Types of Honorifics ...... 17 2.1.3.2 Honorifics and Cultural-Specific Items ...... 19 2.1.3.3 The Principles of Honorifics in English ...... 20 2.1.4 Translation Quality Assessment ...... 24 2.2 Review of Previous Studies ...... 29 2.3 Theoretical Framework ...... 31

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CHAPTER 3 ...... 35 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY ...... 35 3.1 Type of Study ...... 35 3.2 Data Collecting Techniques ...... 36 3.3 Data Analysis ...... 37 CHAPTER 4 ...... 39 RESEARCH RESULTS ...... 39 4.1 Translation Strategies ...... 39 4.2 Translation Quality...... 63 4.2.1 Translation Accuracy ...... 63 4.2.2 Acceptability ...... 71 4.2.3 Readability ...... 74 4.3 The Impacts of Translation Strategies towards Translation Quality ...... 76 CHAPTER 5 ...... 81 CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS ...... 81 5.1 Conclusions ...... 81 5.2 Implications ...... 83 5.3 Recommendation...... 83 BIBLIOGRAPHY ...... 84 APPENDICES ...... 88

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LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. The Continuum between Domestication and Foreignization ...... 16 Figure 2. Theoretical Framework adopted from Graham et al (2006) ...... 34

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LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Translation Accuracy ...... 25 Table 2. Translation Readability ...... 26 Table 3. Translation Acceptability ...... 27 Table 4. Category of Average Score ...... 27 Table 5. Percentage of Translation Strategies ...... 40 Table 6. Localization ...... 41 Table 7. Addition ...... 45 Table 8. Preservation ...... 47 Table 9. Alteration ...... 49 Table 10. Localization and Alteration ...... 52 Table 11. Omission ...... 53 Table 12. Omission and Localization ...... 55 Table 13. Globalization ...... 56 Table 14. Preservation and Alteration ...... 57 Table 15. Alteration and Addition ...... 59 Table 16. Localization and Addition ...... 60 Table 17. Addition and Globalization ...... 60 Table 18. Creation and Addition ...... 61 Table 19. Preservation and Addition ...... 62 Table 20. Translation Quality Assessment ...... 102

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APPENDICES

APPENDIX A ...... 88

APPENDIX B ...... 102

APPENDIX C ...... 120

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LIST OF CODES AND ABBREVIATIONS

SL : Source Language TL : Target Language RK : Rumah Kaca

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ABSTRACT

Prabarini Dwi Pangestu. 2018. Max Lane's Indonesian-English Honorific Translation of Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Rumah Kaca.. Yogyakarta: The Graduate Program in English Language Studies, Sanata Dharma University.

Honorifics are one way of an author to give short descriptions about the characters. This cultural specific item is the focus of this research. With many choices of translated works, Rumah Kaca written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer was chosen along with its translation version by Max Lane called House of Glass. There objectives of this research are to find out the most adopted strategies, to reveal the translation quality, and to find out the impacts of strategies towards the quality. This research applied quantitative method. The data gathered by comparing original novel and translated novel to find honorifics. The translation strategies were applied based on the classification. Each data was given a code and counted by one item. The most used strategy until the least used were classified by percentage. In order to assess the translation quality, the gathered data were categorized again using scales for accuracy, acceptability, and readability. The final score defines the result of the assessment. After that, the impacts of translation strategies towards the translation quality are revealed. From the data, there are 120 honorifics found in the translated novel. There are 14 strategies from the gathered data. Localization strategy was the most adopted strategy, followed by addition and alteration. Secondly, honorifics in the translated work happen to be accurate, acceptable, and readable by score of 2.68. Thirdly, the strategies affect the translation are localization, omission, and alteration. From the research, it can be concluded that strategies affect the translation. It is revealed that academic, army, and royal honorifics are better localized when the equal relevance can be found. Otherwise, the translator can omit the honorifics and replace it to an alternative that will still cope with target readers' capacity and need.

Keywords: translation, translation strategies. accuracy, semantic changes, literary works, translated works, Source Language, Target Language

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ABSTRAK

Prabarini Dwi Pangestu. 2018. Max Lane's Indonesian-English Honorific Translation of Pramoedya Ananta Toer's Rumah Kaca. Yogyakarta: Kajian Bahasa Inggris, Program Pasca Sarjana, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Honorifik adalah satu cara dari penulis untuk memberi deskripsi tentang para karakter. Salah satu dari item spesifik kultural ini adalah fokus dari penelitian. Rumah Kaca yang ditulis oleh Pramoedya Ananta Toer menjadi sumber data bersama dengan versi terjemahan yang ditulis oleh Max Lane, dengan judul House of Glass. Penelitian ini memiliki tiga tujuan penelitian, yaitu untuk mengetahui strategi yang paling banyak digunakan, untuk meneliti kualitas terjemahan, dan untuk melihat dampak dari strategi penerjemahan bagi kualitas. Penelitian ini menerapkan metode kualitatif. Data dikumpulkan dengan membandingkan novel asli dengan novel terjemahan untuk menemukan honorifik. Strategi penerjamahan diterapkan sebagai klasifikasi. Masing-masing data diberikan kode dan dihitung sebagai satu item. Strategi yang paling banyak digunakan dilihat dari persentase. Kemudian, untuk meneliti kualitas terjemahan, data yang dikumpulkan diberikan nilai menggunakan skala keakuratan, keberterimaaan, dan keterbacaan. Nilai akhir menentukan hasil dari penilaian. Setelah itu dampak dari strategi dapat dilihat mempengaruhi kualitas terjemahan. Dari data yang dikumpulkan, ada 120 honorifik pada novel terjemahan. Hasil pertama adalah 14 strategi ditemukan pada data yang terkumpul. Pelokalan adalah strategi yang paling banyak digunakan, diikuti oleh penambahan, dan alterasi. Hasil kedua, honorifik yang ditemukan memiliki skor 2.68 yang berarti akurat, dapat diterima, dan memiliki tingkat keterbacaan yang tinggi. Hasil yang ketiga, strategi yang paling banyak berpengaruh adalah pelokalan, pengurangan, dan alterasi. Dari penelitian ini, dapat disimpulkan bahwa strategi berpengaruh pada terjemahan. Ditemukan bahwa honorifik akademis dan bersifat kerajaan lebih baik diterjemahkan menggunakan strategi pelokalan jika terjemahan yang sama dapat ditemukan. Jika tidak, penerjemah dapat menghilangkan dan mengganti dengan honorifik alternatif selama masih mencukupi kebutuhan pembaca.

Kata kunci: translasi, strategi dalam translasi, keakuratan, perubahan makna, karya sastra, translasi karya sastra, Bahasa Sumber, Target Bahasa

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

The first chapter consists of introduction which includes background of the study, research questions, objectives of the study, and research benefits. In the background of the study, the reasons of choosing the topics and data are explained. The simple framework is also discussed. This research has two research questions and two objectives of the study. While in research benefits, theoretical and practical benefits are described for further research.

1.1 Background of the Study

Bahasa Indonesia has many loanwords from Dutch caused by the colonization from centuries ago. The words such as tas ‘bag’, rekening ‘account’, kantor ‘office’, wortel ‘carrot’, wastafel ‘washbasin’, boontjes/buncis ‘green beans’, dasi ‘necktie’ and bioskop ‘cinema’, have been used until nowadays.

Compared to Malaysia which was colonialized by British colony, it embraces some words such as bag ‘bag’, akuan ‘account’, projek ‘project’, tesis ‘thesis’, tayar ‘tyre’, botani ‘botany’, imigresen ‘immigration’, and wad ‘ward-hospital’

(Burhanudeen, et al., 2007). The effect from colonization is that English is still learned as foreign language in Indonesia.

Many authors then wrote their works based on colonization. One of them is Pramoedya Ananta Toer. Pram's works have been known internationally since they were translated into English by Max Lane. In this case, translators hold an

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important role to bring stories to the world. Translation can be one facility that helps literature to be promoted. According to Dewi (2016), “when promoting literature through translation, each society does not only aim at improving its literary culture but also attempts to satisfy the curiosity of knowing different cultures from different countries, bearing in mind that the main mission is the enrichment of the target culture”.

Translation is needed as the bridge from the Source Language (SL) to the

Target Language (TL). Robinson (2004) defines that a good translator must be reliable and fast. According to Larson (1998), translation is a study consists of the lexicon, grammatical structure, communication situation, and cultural context of the source language, analyzing to determine the meaning, and reconstructing the same meaning using lexicon and grammatical structure which are appropriate to the target language (p.3). Since there are a lot of requirements studies, this means that to be reliable and fast, a translator must take a very long time to have the title a good translator, not to mention the difficulties he encountered during the process.

Meanwhile, a translator cannot hide from facing difficult obstacles to translate. What the text type is and what the specific part make the translation is explorable and interesting. From all text types, literary works are mentioned to be the most complicated. Bassnett (2002) admits that translating prose or novel is easier compared to poetry which has more complicated structure. However, she adds, translating prose or novel becomes difficult due to the limitation of the theories. Besides, there are a lot of determining criteria for undertaking a

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translation that need to be learned.

Translating literary works also will face the reality because every translator has his own style to write or construct the sentences (Gutt, 1991).

However, according to Savory (1997, in Hassan, 2011) states “literature allows multiple interpretation; there should be freedom in literary translations to consider a wide range of implicatures. Thus, rendering the equivalent effect of the original requires freedom to explore different interpretations”. When it comes to the style of the translator, one thing that must be taken care of is the equivalence. It is said that the more the translator finds out the equivalence, the more successful he is.

Translating literary works will also step up to the next level when combined with cultural terms. Therefore “translator has to pay attention also to such factor as additions, omissions, pronoun referents, evaluative adjectives, etc.”

(Dewi, 2016). In literary works, character’s names hold important roles to keep the stories alive. However, only few who care about honorifics. In fact, if they are incorrectly translated from the source language, the message to the target language will be ruined. In linguistics, titles of address are called as honorifics.

They are introduced by Brown and Levinson (1978) along with Tu and Vous.

Honorifics are part politeness strategies where these directly or indirectly convey a status deferential between speaker and addressee or referent, where they indirectly convey such a status deferential. Richard et al (1985) define titles or honorifics as “politeness formulas in a particular language which may be specific affixes, words, or sentence structure”. In general form, honorifics with regards to status depend on the degree of difference. For examples, Professor Smith,

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indicates someone who has reached the highest academic rank in education and

Monsignor Basnett, a title which indicates a Roman Catholic of high rank.

Honorifics may affect the text, it is because they may describe racial, ethnic, national, and religious identity (Tymoczko, 1999). In addition, honorific titles are also possible to have meanings semantically, historically, or geographically (Jaleniauskiene and Cicelyte, 2009). The authors can have certain purposes to introduce stories and somehow, cultures behind the them. There are some languages according to Richard et al (1985) that have complicated systems of titlings. They are Japanese, Madurese (a language of Eastern Java), Hindi, and

Arabic. While English has no complex system but there are few cases of compound honorifics; e.g. professor doctor, dear sir.

Pramoedya Ananta Toer is an author from Indonesia whose works are translated into English and the other languages. His most famous work is Pulau

Buru or Bumi Manusia quartet. The last series called Rumah Kaca and it was translated to House of Glass which was released in 1988 becomes the source of the research. House of Glass was translated by Max Lane tells a story about Mr.

Pangemanann and not Minke, like the previous series, even though he appeared in the storyline. This novel is also told by Mr Pangemanann points of view as the

Indie’s right hand to conduct rebellion among the natives. Mr Pangemanann saw

Minke as an enemy and used all evil ways to trap him. Unfortunately, Minke was a smart-brained native, Mr Pangemanann made another plan by using Minke’s wife, Princess van Kasiruta to finish what he had started. Lucky for Mr

Pangemanann, he succeeded to trap Minke and caused him to get exiled for five

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years. However, after five years, Minke’s wicked life had not ended yet, he suffered from illness and disappointment coming from his own country and people who did not want to help him.

House of Glass is chosen as the source of data since the language on the novel is still affected by colonial era. Meaning that the translator, besides has to deal with honorifics in Bahasa Indonesia, he would have another language to cross before the target language, such as Nyai Ontosoroh, Meneer Pangemanann, and Patih Meester Cornelis.

(1) 0082/RK/SL.341/TL.177 SL: Tulisan itu juga mengingatkan aku pada naskah Minke tentang Nyai Ontosoroh, seorang gadis Jawa totok, buta huruf. TL: Marco’s article also reminded me of what Minke wrote about Nyai Ontosoroh, a Native Javanese girl, who could not read or write.

(2) 00017/RK/SL.43/TL.23-24 SL:“Bisa saja. Tapi rupa-rupanya Tuan perlu tahu, Tuan Pangemanann, kertas Tuan bukanlah kertas untuk umum.” TL:‘Yes, I could. But it seems that you do not realise, Meneer Pangemanann, that your report is not for the general public.’

(3) 0077/RK/SL.293/TL.153 SL: Aku teringat pada kemenakan Patih Meester Cornelis dalam tulisan Raden Mas Minke yang tertangkap basah sedang membacai kertas Algemeene Secretarie. TL: I was reminded of how Raden Mas Minke wrote in one of his books about Patih Meester Cornelius’ nephew being caught reading papers in the Algameene Secretariat.

From example (1) above, the translator does a strategy to translate the name. In order to keep the target language readers in track with the story from source language. Max Lane does not translate nyai. This preservation proves that Max

Lane wants to introduce original name from Indonesia. However, this honorific is not fully preserved as the meaning is provided in the glossary. It is actually

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defined as addition. In example (2) Tuan is translated into meneer. This strategy is called alteration as the translator understands that the target readers will soon be familiar with male gender honorifics in Dutch. In example (3) uses preservation.

What makes it different from addition is that preservation does not provide any meanings or additional information on footnote, next sentences or glossary.

Rumah Kaca by Pramoedya Ananta Toer also belongs to a controversial yet phenomenal literary work. It was banned by Attorney General, some months after its release and allowed to continue its publishing in the same year Max Lane published the translated version. The previous series also had been banned for being too provoking. Despite this reality, Toer got many local and international awards from this Buru Quartet, such as UNESCO Madanjeet Singh Prize in 1996, and New York Foundation for the Arts Award in 2000. It was almost nominated for Pulitzer, but it was cancelled due to the banning.

Rumah Kaca including the whole quartet was written when he was still a prisoner in Buru Island. After one of four series was released, the other three series were banned by attorney general for bringing up race and ethnicity. Rumah

Kaca is a portrayal of how Indonesia suffered from Dutch colonial and how the people were trying to keep the traditions. The way Toer tells the story is inspired of what was actually happening in the past. He uses so many foreign names from

Europe or Chinese. The highest achievement he got beside other awards is to be a candidate for noble prize in literature, as his works are related to cultural themes.

Besides, in this novel, honorific titles are important to show someone’s position, as people in the colonial era tend to socialize among other people who also have

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the same positions.

In checking the translation result as the part of the process, it is also important to make sure the translation quality. Schaffner (1997, as cited in

Nababan, 2012) states quality in translation is result is a main priority. Since translation is a result of the translator’s decision from inters language communication, it must carry the same message even though in different language. Therefore, parameters are necessary to measure the result (Nababan,

2012).

The phenomena of translation in literary works prove that through words, people can recognize and learn many things from other countries. Schaffner

(1995) mentions “translation wields enormous power in constructing representations of foreign cultures”. She also states that a domestic representation for a foreign text and culture which is constructed by translations will simultaneously construct a domestic subject, a position of intelligibility that is also an ideological position, shaped by the codes and canons, interests and agendas of certain domestic social groups (p.10).

Honorifics in Toer’s Rumah Kaca translated to House of Glass by Max

Lane would be one example that Bahasa Indonesia is cultured. Moreover, it is affected by Dutch from the colonial era. Translation and culture are closely related. As languages are also part of the culture, the translators need to master many aspects. Therefore translation is a life-long learning. Robinson (2004) states that “translators are forever stumbling upon words they have never seen before, words that appear in no dictionary they own, words for which they must find

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exact target-language equivalents by tomorrow”. Honorifics as part of cultural words define hierarchy in the colonial era. Being able to translate honorifics means the translators must keep learning and balancing between the strategies, the quality, impacts and the whole cultures. These aspects are important since language and culture are always developing. However it does not mean that the old language or culture will be forgotten. On the other hand, they will be considered as heritage and become something challenging for the translators.

1.2. Research Questions

Based on the background of the study, this research would like to answer these following questions. First, what strategies are mostly adopted in translating

Indonesian’s honorifics in Max Lane’s House of Glass? Second, how is the quality of honorifics translated in Lane’s House of Glass? Third, how do translation strategies give impacts to the translation quality?

1.3. Research Objectives

Since this thesis has two research questions, there will be two research objectives as well. Firstly, this research is aimed to reveal the mostly used strategies of translating Indonesian’s honorifics into English in Pramoedya Ananta

Toer’s Rumah Kaca ‘House of Glass’. Secondly, regarding to the second research question, this research is also aimed to find out how qualified is the honorifics translated in House of Glass.

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1.4. Research Benefits

There are two research benefits of this research. They are theoretical benefits and practical benefits. As for theoretical benefits, the theories of translation strategies are already updated by some new theorists. Mostly, the researchers will only mention Baker (1992). The older theories used are Newmark (1988), Brill

(1964), and Catford (1965). Therefore, the future researchers must be eager to find out latest references as the supportive theories.

For practical benefits, this research hopefully will motivate the future researchers to take local products as the data source. As another option, they can explore more cultural terms inside the same novels or even the whole quartet. This is the form of Indonesia’s cultural diplomation to go global, otherwise many famous masterpieces from Indonesia cannot be recognized by people in the entire world.

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CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This section reviews the theories related to this current research. The theories are about translating strategies, honorifics, how personal honorifics related to the culture, the accuracy of translation, and the relation with semantic change. Besides, the relations between those constructs are also presented in the theoretical framework.

2.1 Theoretical Review

Theoretical review consists of some sub chapters. They are translation strategies, honorifics or address terms, and translation’s accuracy. In each sub chapters, there are still sub sub-chapters in order to specify the theories needed.

2.1.1 Definition of Translation

As one media or bridge from Source Language to Target Language, translation can create better understanding for readers especially for cultural words and terms. According to culture Munday (2001) “translation is the most obviously recognizable type of rewriting and it is potentially the most influential because it is able to project the image of an author and/or those works beyond the boundaries of their culture of origin.” However in translating cultural words, the translator must be aware of the equivalent of the Target Language. 259). Vianu (as cited in Kohn 1983:106) says that a good translation stands for the product of equivalence between what is national and what is foreigner, between the ways in

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which both source and target languages express themselves.

Newmark (1988) states that cultural words may be difficult and the translator can use literal translation. However, it will cause other problems.

Indeed, translation deals with cultural categories. Some theorists like Rubel and

Rosman (2003) has found a problem about how important kinship terminologies and kinship concept should be translated.

Translating address terms or honorifics are believed to have its level of difficulties. Many other cultural words are also obstacles for the translators.

However, through pragmatic translation of address terms of simple deictic equivalent, it will become possible (Methven, 2006).In one line with it, Song

(2015) defined that translating address terms or honorific titles mean paraphrasing under three circumstances. First, “if both the source language and the target language have the same complex honorific system”. Second circumstance is, “if the source language has rich honorifics, and the target language places an honorific constraint on only pronouns”. Third, “if the source language employs rich honorifics and the target language has no honorific formed e.g. English”.

2.1.2 Translation Strategies

This sub chapter is divided into three more sub sub chapters, namely definition of translation strategies, the types of translation strategies, and the need to distinguish among the terms translation techniques, procedures, methods, and strategies.

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2.1.2.1 Definition of Translation Strategies

In analyzing translation problems, many theories are needed to support the findings. Since the topic of this research is techniques of translating proper names, the theories on translation strategies will be the starter. According to Molina and

Albir (2002), translation techniques are always along with translation strategies.

In other words, they will be used when the translators meet problems in the process of translating. Albir (1999, in Molina and Albir, 2002) states “strategies are the procedures used by the translator to solve problems that emerge when carrying out the translation process with a particular objective in mind”. However,

Molina and Albir (2002) describe that the term strategies and techniques are applied differently. Strategies are for comprehension, such as distinguishing main and secondary ideas, establishing conceptual relationships, or searching for information and reformulation including paraphrasing, retranslating, saying out loud, avoiding words that are close to the original. Therefore, they open the way to find solution for the problems. Sun (2012) also agrees that inside the strategies, they must involve problem solving while techniques will materialize the solution

(Molina and Albir, 2002). Again, the adjustment of solution in the strategies and techniques must be clear.

Strategies and techniques occupy different places in problem solving: strategies are part of the process, techniques affect the result. However, some mechanisms may function both as strategies and as techniques. For example, paraphrasing can be used to solve problems in the process (this can be a reformulation strategy) and it can be an amplification technique used in a translated text (a cultural item paraphrased to make it intelligible to TT readers) (Molina and Albir, 2002).

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Furthermore, Molina and Albir (2002) state that translation strategies will appear whenever either there is a gap in the translator’s skill or knowledge or the translator encounter difficult unit. Strategies may be conscious or unconscious, or verbal or nonverbal. Compared to techniques, strategies hold more important roles in solving translation problems because they are a central part of the sub competencies that make up translation competence.

Related to translation strategies, misunderstanding about translation techniques, procedures, methods, and strategies are still commonly found. Some researchers even are somehow still vague of defining translation techniques, how they are different from methods, procedures, and strategies (Molina and Albir,

2002). They think procedures, strategies, methods, and techniques are the same and use them one way to the others. Newmark (1988, p.81) defines translation procedures and techniques as the same, but translation method is different.

Translation procedures and techniques terms are used for sentences and the smaller units of language while translation method is used when translating the whole texts. A bit different view coming from Molina and Albir (2002), they state that translation techniques are used to describe the result of translation functions, related to the corresponding units in the source text. They use translation techniques as the tool to study the result of the translation. Some categories in translation techniques are also describet to help the translators to study how the translation works.

According to Sun (2012) the term translation strategy is also often used synonymously with translation principle, translation method or translation

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technique. What makes the terms different is the categories or divisions, Nida

(1964) mentions that there are two translation procedures, namely technical and organizational procedures. For translation methods and procedures, Newmark

(1988) has his various types of them to translate the whole texts, sentences or smaller units. For translation techniques, despite the overlapping term of them,

Molina and Albir (2002) also have more complete version. They develop the theories from Newmark (1988) for taking the same terms such as adaptation, literal translation, and modulation and put them all together as techniques. In fact,

Newmark (1988) put them differently, adaptation and literal translation belong to translation methods, but modulation belongs to translation procedures. While for translation strategies, theorists such as Bell (1998, in Sun 2012), Venuti (1998, in

Sun 2012), and Jaaskelainen (1999, in Sun 2012) have things in common related to them. For these theorists, translation strategies are both choosing basic steps of process to deal with various kinds of problems in translation and develop the methods as well.

In the end, it is all the matters of terms. The treatment of specific translation problems, for example how to deal with wordplays or ambiguity, how to translate proper names, how to translate metaphors, or how to overcome lexical gaps, are also sometimes discussed under the heading of translation strategies

(Nord, 1994, in Schroter, 2005).

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2.1.2.2 The Types of Translation Strategies

For years, theorists have been developing their own types of translation strategies such as Aixelá (1996), Vinay and Darbelnet (1995), Schäffner and

Wiesemann (2001), Fernandes (2006) and Davies (2003). Among these theorists, only Davies (2003, p.65-100) who involves her own lists regarding to Cultural-

Specific Items or CSI. The strategies are preservation, addition, omission, globalization, localization, alteration or distortion of the original, and creation.

Preservation happens when the translator transfers the words without any explanations, or in other words, he does not change and add anything relating to the names. The translator may add something as an adjustment in the footnote, gloss, introduction and notes. This strategy is called addition. The translator must need a good knowledge of the background of their target audiences when adding necessary information, in order to avoid overlapping explanation.

The opposite of addition is omission. In omitting certain information, the translator decides to “omit a problematic CSI altogether, so that no trace of it is found in the translation”. This strategy may be taken when the translator has any doubt relating to the cultural-specific items he does not understand. Davies mentions that “the inclusion of a problematic culture-specific item might create a confusing or inconsistent effect,” therefore it is alright to omit it.

The next strategy is called globalization. It means “the process of replacing culture-specific references with the ones which are more neutral or general”. This strategy is inspired by Baker (1992), translating into more general words (superordinate) or more neutral words while localization is the opposite of

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globalization strategy. When globalization makes the words become more neutral, localization is taken when the translator decides to “try to anchor a reference firmly in the culture of the target audience”. Localization also involves phonological and grammatical adaptation of names and the use of gender endings.

Davies (2003) calls the next strategy as alteration or distortion of the original. This strategy reveals how the translator understands the taste, aptitudes, and capacities of the target audiences. The last type is creation. The last strategy proposed by Davies (2003) is the least used by the translators because of the total difference from source language into target language. In translating, when the translator chooses this strategy, he is supposed to combine it with compensation.

For example, translator can modify the jokes or alliterations in one place and put them elsewhere.

Figure 1. The Continuum between Domestication and Foreignization (Davies,

2003)

When it comes to the relationship between the strategies and foreignization and domestication, there are some differences on the places of each strategy. The illustration is shown as follows.

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Based on the illustration above, preservation is the closest strategy to foreignization because the readers on the target language would feel reminded that the words they read belong to foreign terms. Addition is still close to foreignization because some explanations are still possible to be added to make the source culture more clear. Globalization and omission are in the middle between foreignization and domestication, because, when a word gets globalized or omitted it will change the sense of belonging from source culture to a certain degree, without going too far from the source language. On the other hand, localization, is closer to domestication because the translator still can give synonyms to the selected item or spell it according to the rules of the TL. While creation and alteration of the original are closest to domestication, since the words from the source language are replaced by the words that belong to the target language.

2.1.3 Honorifics

Honorifics sub chapter consists of definition and types of honorifics, honorifics and cultural specific items, and principles of honoring in English.

2.1.3.1 Definition and Types of Honorifics

Titles of address or addressing forms are often called as honorifics in linguistics especially sociolinguistics as they have relations with politeness remarks. According to Irvine (1995)“linguistic honorifics are forms of speech that signal social deference, through conventionalized understandings of some aspects,

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of the form meaning relationship”. Al-Ni'aymi (2007) mentions “honorifics are grammatical forms utilized in speaking to express social superiority. The part of speech affected is different from one language to another, and the honorifics may be distinguishable from simply very polite forms used in formal address".

According to Levinson (1981) there are two types of titles or honorifics.

They are relational and absolute honorifics. Relational is more important than the second one and mainly concerned with the socially deictic information in languages of the world. Within this relational system of honorifics, three subcategories are distinguished. They are addressee honorifics in which they refer to the relationship between the speaker and the hearer (Comrie, 1976), referent honorifics which are used to convey speaker's respect to persons or things actually referred to (Sifianou, 1992) and by-stander honorifics or a relational type of honorifics which express the relationship between the speaker and the bystander

(Levinson, 1983)

Absolute honorifics express the relationship between the speaker (with other possible participants) and the setting (or social activities) through formality levels. Absolute honorifics are categorized into authorized speakers and authorized recipients according to the perspectives of the speakers and recipients

(Levinson, 1983). Farghal and Shakir (1994) consider the absolute social honorifics are certain forms reserved for authorized speakers and recipients.

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2.1.3.2 Honorifics and Cultural-Specific Items

There is no more doubt that address forms and names may describe racial, ethnic, national, and religious identity (Tymoczko, 1999). Not only names, honorifics are very close to culture, it may cause problems in translation.

Newmark (1988) mentions that “the more specific a language becomes for natural phenomena (e.g., flora and fauna) the more it becomes embedded in cultural features” (p.95).Honorifics and names cannot be separated, they complete one another. Newmark (1988) does not include names into cultural categories, but he mentions such as ecology, social culture, material cultures, organizations or activities, and gestures or habits. Knowing this issue, therefore, some theories such as Davies (2003), Hagfors (2003), Brondsted and Dollerup (2004), and

Aixela (1996) consider names with the honorifics as Cultural-Specific Items

(CSI).

All languages have ways of honoring people in which they are rooted in the culture of the speakers of the specific language. It means they can possess unique difficulties in the comprehension of culture-specific texts, especially when personal names have specific connotations, and omitting them will imply information results in unacceptable translation (Pour, 2009).

The treatment of cultural-specific items in literary works cause the texts foreignized or domesticized in which the most general strategies in translating

(Davies, 2003; Hagfors, 2003, as cited in Jaleniauskiene and Cicelyte, 2009).

Foreignization means preserving all the cultural elements, and domestication is bringing the text closer to the readers by adopting or even leaving out many of

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these elements (Jaleniauskiene and Cicelyte, 2009). The term foreignization is close to a literal translation and “attempts to bring out the foreign in the target text itself” when ST syntax and lexis are maintained in order to “preserve source language items in the target text”. While domestication, “involves downplaying the foreign characteristics of the language and culture of the source text” (Venuti cited in Munday, 2001, pp.230-231).

Indonesian, as the language of Indonesia, has been known as a remarkable success for centuries. It is caused by Dutch colonial policies and practises, they never wanted to inculcate their language until 20th century when invading

Indonesia. Instead, missionaries and local officials relied on Malay language and standardized high varieties of language, enforcing grammar, phonological forms, and vocabularies (Keane, 2003, in Rubel and Rosman, 2003). Therefore, there should be no language varieties such as puns or difficulty of phrasing possesses syntactic peculiarities. Even for proper nouns or pronouns indexical of interaction-relative status, where personal names exist, clash with sense-less reference due to their semantic senses (Keane, 2001, in Rubel and Rosman, 2003).

2.1.3.3 The Principles of Honorifics in English

English as the target language in the topic has certain rules in writing personal names. Surely, every country has its own rules for addressing. According to World Heritage Encyclopedia (n.d.) in English titles are divided into common titles, formal titles, academic titles, and religious titles. Common titles are referred to marital status and gender such as ‘Mr,’ ‘Ms’, ‘Miss’, or ‘Mrs’. Formal titles

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include people who have high social ranks or people who come from royal family.

The examples of formal titles are ‘Sir’, ‘Madame’, ‘Lord’, or ‘Lady’ including

‘Your Highness’ or ‘His Excellency’. While academic titles are obtained by education or special trainings such as ‘Doctor’, ‘Professor’, ‘Lieutenant’,

‘General’, etc. Religious titles are related to members of religious orders or communities. In English, religious titles usually involve more in Christian or

Catholic rather than other religions, such as ‘Rev as Reverend’, ‘Brother’or

‘Father’.

The general components of a name according to A Guide to Names and

Naming Practices (2006) are only personal name and family name. In English, there are barely any specific names compared to some other countries such as

Armenia with ending –ian in the family names or –ez for Spain or Columbia.

However, English has some principles in giving honorifics. According to English

Style Guide (2016), in addressing with personal names there are some rules that need to be obeyed.

First, rule is for general names. Surnames or forenames are not normally uppercased in the texts, unless showing the specialty or highliting the names. As an example, ‘Mr Juncker’ is the right way instead of ‘MR JUNCKER’, unless there is an emphasis on the characters’ names or the owners agree. For non-

English names, the non-English practice of using the initial for the first name in running text should be avoided. Wherever possible spell out the first name the first time round and contract thereafter. The first mention is ‘Federica Mogherini’, thereafter, ‘Ms Mogherini’ is fine or ‘Tony Blair’ in first mention, becomes ‘Mr

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Blair’ in the next mention. This rule is also under circumstances of possibility to track down the first name, and then drop the initial.

For addressing women’s names such as ‘Ms - Mme – Frau’, in English the courtesy use ‘Ms’is what the person concerned to prefer. While the French Mme and German Frau are likewise courtesy honorifics: a Mme or Frau is not necessarily a ‘Mrs’ (i.e. married).

Rumah Kaca novel is affected by some foreign-language honorifics from

Dutch, which is necessary to find the rules. “Avoid honorifics is not customary in

English, but note that if you use Mr or Ms, you must obviously be sure of the gender of the person in question”.

(4) Examples :

For Write Prof. Dr. H. Schmidt Prof. H. Schmidt Dipl.-Ing. W. Braun Mr W. Braun Drs. A. Baerdemaeker Ms A. Baerdemaeker Ir. B. De Bruyn Ms B. De Bruyn Mr Reuter Mr Reuter

While for ‘doctor’, “the title ‘Dr’should be given when it appears in the original (except in combined honorifics, as above), regardless of whether the holder is a doctor of medicine or not”.

University of Oxford Style Guide (2014) specifies the principles of personal names with honorifics.

For general honorifics, “use capitals for honorifics prefixing names, but not for job descriptions. Note that some job descriptions are never used with names, such as ‘prime minister’, example, ‘Although being president of the

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United States is stressful, President Obama was glad to be re-elected’. While in writing specific honorifics, positions and to people’s work in this role, but not when referring to any holder of that role unless it is a statutory position, use capitals.

(5) Examples: Andrew Hamilton became Vice-Chancellor in 2009.

He invited Wadham’s Head of House, Lord Macdonald, to

attend the event.

When referring to or writing to people entitled to call themselves ‘Sir’/’Dame’/

‘Lord’/’Lady’ or members of the peerage, make sure that the correct form of address for that individual is used. Otherwise, there is a preference from the person to be written in particular ways, the author may obey him.

In writing honorifics for knights or dames, the authors should use first names honorifics, whether or not you are using surnames as well.

(6) Example: ‘Are you going to hear Sir John Smith’s speech? Sir John is

always a good public speaker.’

The exact status of anyone verbally addressed as ‘Lord X’ or ‘Lady Y’ as these honorifics may be used by many types of peer (e.g. earls, barons, viscounts, sons of dukes etc) whose honorifics in writing are different. Therefore, the writings must be checked.

(7) Example: Lady Benjamin was the best Playschool presenter.

There are also some rules for combining honorifics. If someone is entitled to a

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styling such as Sir/Dame as well as an academic title, the academic title always precedes the Sir/Dame if both are used.

(8) Example: Professor Sir John Smith, not Sir Professor John Smith

For ‘Reverends’, ‘Right Reverends’, ‘Very Reverends’ etc, the religious title precedes the academic title. A capitalised ‘The’ before the title is used.

(9) Example: The Revd Dr Giles Fraser resigned from St Paul’s, not Dr

Revd Giles Fraser spoke to the press about his decision to resign.

2.1.4 Translation Quality Assessment

Many translation theorists agree that accuracy is an important aspect in translation and not easy as it may cause the change of meaning. However, they have different perspectives of how the translation products can be considered accurate. Shuttleworth and Cowie (1997) state translation accuracy refers to the extent in which the translation matches the original. Nababan et al (2012) argues in his research, all theorists have come in one agreement that a qualified translation product must cover three aspects. They are, 1) the translation texts must be accurate, in other words, the Target Language (TL) texts must contain the right messages from the Source Language (SL). 2) The texts are translated properly according to the principles and obeying the norms or culture from the

TL. 3) The translated texts must be understood easily by the TL readers.

Melis and Albir (2001) mention that in evaluating translation there are three areas, namely published translation, translation practice, and translation teaching.

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Literary works such as novels, poetry, or essay belong to the published translation. The aims of evaluating them are to judge, to discuss its advantages and disadvantage, and, also, to propose solutions.

In order to decide a text is accurate or not, some theorists propose tests or measurements. Anglelli (2006) is one of them. She proposes testing using rubric to test translation competency. She states that by using rubric the descriptives statements of behaviors will be provided to constitute the construct. She also adds, rubrics may let the graders see the elements assessed in the test.

A description of the best work that meets these criteria and the best performance that can be expected will describe the top score. The worst work that can be expected using the same criteria constitutes the lowest acceptable score. Intermediate level work is assigned intermediary scores, and the number of intermediary levels determines the number of levels of a scale. For example, a rubric can have a scale that runs from one to six (e.g. unacceptable translation, inadequate translation, barely adequate translation, competent translation, very competent translation, and outstanding translation), or from one to three (unacceptable, barely acceptable, clearly acceptable) or any other set that is meaningful for the organization that is developing the test (p.39).

In the same line as Anglelli (2006), Nababan et al (2012) mentions that there are three measurements of a valid translation, namely translation’s accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

Table 1. Translation Accuracy Score Translation Qualitative Parameters Category 3 Accurate The meaning of the source language sentences is accurately conveyed into target language text. There is no meaning distorted. 2 Less Accurate The meaning of the source language sentences is less accurately conveyed into target language text. There are some distorted meanings. 1 Inaccurate The meaning of the source language sentences

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is definitely not conveyed into target language text. There are a lot of omissions or deletion.

The rubric of assessing translation’s accuracy has 1 to 3 scales. The higher score is given by the tester, the higher the accuracy will be as well. The same thing happens to the less and inaccurate scores. The lower the score is given to the translated texts, the lower the accuracy will be (Nababan et al, 2012).

The second measurement of translation quality is readability. It affects punctuation, spelling, or any format related. In order to create naturalness, the consistency of the translation also needs an extra attention especially when it comes to borrowing foreign words. The use of different vocabularies for similar word can bring the readers out from boredom. However, the translator should also adjust the target readers’ level before deciding to use unfamiliar choice of words.

Table 2 Translation Readability

Score Translation Qualitative Parameters Category 3 High level readability Words, technical terms, phrases, clauses, sentences translated can be understood easily by the readers 2 Medium level In general readers understand the translated readability version, but there are some parts that need more reading 1 Low lever readability The translation is difficult to read

Similar to accuracy, there are also three scores of translation readability. The higher the score is, the higher the readability level will be.

The last measurement of Nababan's quality assessment is acceptability.

The score and qualitative parameters can be seen below.

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Table 3 Translation Acceptability

Score Translation Qualitative Parameters Category 3 Acceptable The translations are natural; technical terms are familiar for readers; phrase, clause, and sentences used fit Bahasa Indonesia's principles 2 Less Acceptable In general the translations are quite natural; but there are some terms technical issues or grammatical mistakes 1 Inacceptable The translations are not natural, there are a lot unfamiliar terms for readers; phrase, clause, and sentences used, don't fit Bahasa Indonesia's principle

As mentioned, in order to measure the quality of a translation work, accuracy, readability, and acceptability have to be defined. However, according to

Nababan (2012, p.51-52), accuracy is the highest among all of them with score 3.

Followed by acceptability with score 2 is on the second place. Lastly, it is readability with score 1.

After counting the three measurements, the numbers obtained are the average value. The category whether the translation belongs to which parameter can be found in the following table.

Table 4 Category of Average Score

Scale Translation Quality Assessment Category

2.68 - 3 Accurate; Acceptable; High level of readability 1.68 – 2.67 Quite accurate; Quite Acceptable; Medium Level of readability 1 – 1.67 Inaccurate; Inacceptable; Low level or readability

Before Nababan, Larson (1984) also has proposed the accuracy of translation

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theory. Larson’s has three criteria to define particular translated work as accurate or not without scales, while Nababan’s theory has been refined with scales too.

Every accuracy theory proposed by experts is aimed to create equivalence relation. This is somehow avoided by the cultural terms that every language contains. As a result the translators must find the best strategies to keep their readers from the Target Language comprehend. Larson (1984) divides translation work as accurate, inaccurate, and unclear.

When the message from Source Language is completely diverting to the

Target Language and does not have distortion in the sentence, then the translation is accurate. In this case, the translators have chosen the right strategie(s) without omitting, adding, and preserving (p.55).

If there are found some distortions of the meaning and the message are delivered imprecisely, the translation will become inaccurate. Further Larson explains that inaccuracy is caused by multilingual language and culture. Larson also adds that there are four ways to check inaccuracy. Firstly, there is some additional information that does not exist in the Source Language. Secondly, the meaning from Source Language and Target Language is different. Thirdly, some parts which exist in the Source Language are omitted. Lastly, there is zero meaning or lack of communication.

Larson does not only propose two measurements, accurate and inaccurate translation, but he also adds unclear translation as the lowest stage of inaccuracy.

When a word or sentence is translated not clearly, the readers from Target

Language do not catch the meanings. It is essential for the translator to find the

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correct substitute in the Target Language. Therefore, Lane also provides five ways to test translation.

The translators can compare with the source text. By comparing the meanings from Source Language and Target Language, they can figure out whether the choice of words has been correct. Larson explains that in order to check the equivalence meaning of content and dynamics of source text. Another way, translators can back-translate into the source language. Some translated works somehow only work one way. By using this method, the translators can see if switched, the meanings can still make sense.

Comprehension check is another part of Lane’s ways to test translated work. This type of test involves people retelling the content of the translation and answering questions about it. The results can help to improve the translation becomes clearer and uses more natural language form.

2.2 Review of Previous Studies

Translating proper nouns or names are a quite common topic among the scholars. However, researchers of honorific translation are not as many as scholars who are interested in translating proper nouns or names. For example,

Jaleniauskiene and Cicelyte (2009) discuss proper names in children’s literature,

Harry Potter. Another one, Shirinzadeh and Mahadi (2014) have proper nouns discussed in song lyrics. Pietarinen (2010) reviews on proper names from pragmatic side without any source of data shows how they are applied. While the rest research found have different topic, which is Indonesian translation in Harry

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Potter novels (Yuliasri and Allen, 2006). Another one has a different source of data which are brochures of tourism object in Tanah Datar Regency (Sari et al,

2012).

The similarities of those five previous studies are also varied. Some of them analyze popular references such as Harry Potter, the English version and song lyric called Hafez, except for Sari et al (2012) who are interested to take

Indonesian as the Source Language (SL). However, still, none of them is attracted to translate other parts of names, which are honorifics. If seen from their backgrounds, the reasons behind choosing their sources of data are due to the popularity and the stories which is familiar to the readers (Jaleniauskiene and

Cicelyte, 2009; Yuliasri and Allen, 2006). Pietarinen (2010), who discuss proper names differently than the others, has given another view of underrated proper names theories proposed by Peirce (1901). Despite of Peirce’s old theory, he suggests that Peirce’s proper names theories could be an alternative for analyzing causal-historical names.

Unfortunately, for Indonesia’s literatures, there are barely any researcher takes them as the source of data. In fact, many literary works coming from

Indonesia authors have been translated into English or any other languages, such as Pramoedya Ananta Toer, Sapardi Djoko Damono, Chairil Anwar, and even some new authors like Andrea Hirata and Ahmad Fuadi. While Sari et al (2012), she and her team choose brochures because they are curious about the weaknesses of English translation version, despite the brochures were translated by Culture and Tourism Service of Tanah Datar Regency. The results show them that the

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highest percentage goes to the less accurate measurement.

Besides the topics which are different, the focus is also different.

Jaleniauskiene and Cicelyte (2009) and Shirinzadeh and Mahadi (2014) use the same terms strategies to translate the proper names. However, they do not include translation accuracy after finding how the proper or personal nouns are translated.

She directly analyzes the ideology tendency instead. This fact makes her analysis is shaking, since she also jumps to foreignization and domestication of the translation. Yuliasri and Allen (2006) also take foreignization and domestication in one of Harry Potter series. They only focus on the Indonesian’s translation approaches and techniques in which become too broad.

In this research, the object of data is not only searched and discuss, but they are also rated for the accuracy. Furthermore, the developments of the meanings are also discussed under the semantic change. In the end, there will always be different arguments on research. In this case, the previous studies related to the topic have different opinion on terms used, source of data, and also the research focus. This is where research benefits are needed, to give a better idea for future researchers to do a better research.

2.3 Theoretical Framework

This research is about translation strategies in translating honorifics from

Indonesian’s novel to English and also the accuracy of translated version.The translator, Max Lane translates the title into ‘House of Glass’. This is the last sequel of Buru Quartet written by Indonesia’s author, Pramoedya Ananta Toer.

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Even though ‘House of Glass’ is part of the quartet, it is possible to read this part separately. However, some of the characters are still the same, the way Toer tells the story is not from the previous main character, Minke, but from Jacques

Pangemanann’s perspective. He was the chief commissioner of Betawi Police

Department, who was also an archivist. Pangemanann had a plan to rebel through the natives and worked together with Dutch. He was a native who was adopted by

French pharmacist and luckily got educated in Sorbonne University while Minke, as the center of the story in the last three chapters, got exiled and forgotten. Sadly, no one could ever help him in his old days. People were made to forget that he had fought the Dutch in some points. Until his death, he was all alone because of

Pangemanann. The title Rumah Kaca or ‘House of Glass’ indicates his archives of all notes and files that were related to Minke. He gave them back to Madame La

Boucq, Minke’s mother. He was ready to be punished.

All theories needed for analyzing this research have been mentioned and reviewed. The applications are started from honorifics, including types of honorifics, the principles and the rules of writing honorifics. This step is done by comparing the Source Language text which is in Indonesian to English as the

Target Language. When finding the honorifics, it will be seen that they can bring cultural matter. Indonesian has known to be very cultural, even it is only seen by the honorific titles. The mystic and hierarchy are contained in the novel’s characters. Moreover, the novel takes place in colonial era when Indonesia was invaded by Dutch. There are a lot of characters who came from Dutch and became lords or ladies here. Their honorifics are more varied than natives. However, only

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in Indonesia certain people own honorifics such as raden mas or nyi while the

Dutch own the honorifics from education they pursued. How they are translated to

English is interesting since it has a total different style with Indonesian in honorifics. Additional foreign language will be a challenge to translate them into

Target Language.

Along with categorizing the honorifics, there will also be checking on the strategies used by the translator. What he decides will give effects to the translated version in Target Language. The translated version reflects the translator’s knowledge of the Target Language culture, since translation is not only translating words or sentence but also cultures.

After finding all of the above, the next step is finding out the translation quality of the data. The rubrics from Nababan (2012) will be used. There are three elements of this test, they are translation accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

The score given will be from 1 to 3. The higher the score is, the more accurate, acceptable, and readable the honorific is. After that, the total average will be given as the final score.

The last step is by revealing how strategies chosen affect the translation quality. The table is provided on the appendix to see how each strategy and score work together.

The framework of this research can be seen in the following figure.

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Honorifics (SL)

Translation’s Types of Titles Translation’s Strategies Principle of Writing Quality Titles Assessment

Honorifics (TL)

Figure 2. Theoretical Framework adopted from Graham et al (2006)

From the figure above, Bahasa Indonesia as the Source Language of the source data is where the research starts. It can be seen that the aim is honorifics in Target

Language which is English. There are inside and outside components to see the translation result. The inside components consist of types of honorifics and principles of writing the honorifics. The types of honorifics and principles of the writing work together to ensure the translation result in the TL. The outside components are translation strategies and translation quality. Translation strategies to label any honorifics in names found in the data. The translation quality is measured by the translation accuracy, acceptability, and readability.

After knowing the strategy and score of each datum, how they affect each other will be figured out.

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CHAPTER 3

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY

This section describes the methodology used in this research. It consists of type of study, data collection, data analysis, and result verification. In the type of study, it is explained that this research belongs to translation study.

3.1 Type of Study

This study belongs to a Translation Study. Having translation field as the topic of a research means one should understand that it also has problems.

However, as long as there is an attempt to understand that translation must involve theory and practice at the same time, it will no longer be a big problem anymore.

Bassnett (2002) mentions theories without practice are imbalance, especially in translating literary works. The translator deals with pragmatics and cultural elements which cause problems to target readers (Hassan, 2011). Literary translation belongs to one of most decisive sub-fields of Translation Studies (TS)

(Jamshidian and Mohammadi, 2012).

Literary translations, according to Belhaag (1997, in Landers, 2001), has some of the characteristics, such as expressive, connotative, symbolic, focusing on both form and content, subjective, allowing multiple interpretation, timeless and universal, using special devices to ‘heighten’ communicative effect, and tendency to deviate from the language norms.

Along with theories above, Newmark (1988) states that translating literary

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works is the most testing type of translation because “the first, basic articulation of meaning (the word) is as important as the second (the sentence or, in poetry, the line) and the effort to make word, sentence and text cohere requires continuous compromise and readjustment” (p.162). He also states that of all literary works, short story or novel is the second most difficult type of texts to translate after poetry.

3.2 Data Collecting Techniques

The data involved are the names of Indonesian and foreign characters. As

English is the Target Language, there are some differences in writing the names and the honorifics from the Source Language. There are some honorifics affected from Dutch, causing the translator must choose. There are originally 120 numbers of data. Each data that contains a title was listed as 0001/SL.1/TL.1 meaning that

0001 indicated the number of data, SL.1 means Source Language on page 1, and

TL.1 is Target Language on page 1. The listing is made in detail in order to ease the identification.

The data of this research are selected from sentences containing names with honorifics or only honorific titles. They are gathered by comparing the honorific titles in the SL and TL. Every title that has been mentioned will not be repeated, but for honorifics which have different translation will be counted as a new item. If in one sentence contains more than one title, the data will be considered as different data. The data are presented in order, based on their page numbers.

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The source of this research is a literary work, which was a novel entitled

Rumah Kaca or ‘House of Glass’ as the English translated version. Rumah Kaca was written by Pramoedya Ananta Toer and was released in 1988. In 1992 Max

Lane translated this book into ‘House of Glass’. Rumah Kaca has 646 pages, while ‘House of Glass’ has 338 pages. Honorifics are taken as the type of data.

Rumah Kaca and ‘House of Glass’ had different publisher. Rumah Kaca was published by Lentera Dipantara in East Jakarta, while ‘House of Glass’ was by

Penguin Books Australia Ltd.

3.3 Data Analysis

After the data gathered, they were then analyzed. The next process consists of presenting the data, coding the data, and categorizing them. Then, the results would be obtained and they were ready to be analyzed. The data of this research are honorifics within sentences.

The first category created was based on translation strategies by Davies

(2003). There are seven types of strategies and each sentence used at least one strategy. However, there were also some sentences having two strategies within one sentence. Then strategies found were counted using percentage from the highest to the lowest including the number of the sentences. The most often used strategy would be the most adopted strategy. The result of the data is presented on a table. In order to reveal and support the strategies used, a personal interview with Max Lane was conducted.

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The second step after finding out the most adopted strategy is assessing the quality of the translation. Translation quality assessment is proposed by Nababan

(2012). There are three measurements namely translation accuracy, readability, and acceptability. The score given is from 1 to 3. The higher the score is the more accurate, readable, and acceptable the translation will be. The average score of each measurement will be counted and categorized into final category whether they are a qualified translation.

The third step is to see the impacts of translation strategies towards the translation quality. It is to see how strategy affects the quality of the translation.

The table of each strategy with translation accuracy, acceptability, and readability will be provided in the appendix.

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CHAPTER 4

RESEARCH RESULTS

This chapter presents the research results and the analysis. The results consist of three main problems of this research namely translation strategies, translation accuracy, and semantic change. Then, the analysis of each main topic follows covering the most adopted translation strategies in translating honorifics, the accuracy of translated honorifics, and the relation between semantic change and the accuracy of honorifics.

4.1 Translation Strategies

The categories of honorifics in the novel are varied, from royal honorifics, occupation domain (army and police officers), government officials, social rank, until honorifics that are given because the people have certain mystique power and not everyone can have it. This phenomenon can be found in many old novels of Indonesia and Rumah Kaca or House of Glass is one of them. In this novel, the characters are from cross nationalities, Indonesia including Javanese, Betawi

(Batavia), and other provinces, Dutch, France, and other Europe countries.

The translator has options to alter the words following the readers' need.

He can also choose to omit certain information and add it. Footnote or index can be a place where the translator puts additional information. When there is no word to omit or add, his next alternative is to create something new to the Target

Language.

Translation strategies by Davies (2003) have seven original types. After

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these being applied to House of Glass, these strategies have expanded to fifteen types. The ranks from most to the least adopted strategies found in the data will be further explained below.

After doing analysis in this novel, 14 strategies are obtained. Those strategies are from 120 data sentences that contain honorifics and they are not repeated. The strategies have more number than the original number of strategies from the expert because in the analysis there are some new strategies which are combined.

In the following are the strategies found and their percentage shows which strategies which are the most used in the novel.

Table 5 Percentage of Translation Strategies

No. Translation Strategies Number of Percentage sentences 1. Localization 54 45% 2. Addition 20 16.6% 3. Preservation 11 9% 4. Alteration 10 6.6% 5. Localization and Alteration 7 5.8% 6. Omission 5 4 % 7. Localization and Omission 3 2.5% 8. Globalization 3 2.5% 9. Preservation and Alteration 2 1.6% 10. Alteration and Addition 1 0.8% 11. Localization and Addition 1 0.8% 12. Addition and Globalization 1 0.8% 13. Addition and Creation 1 0.8% 14. Preservation and Addition 1 0.8% Total 120 100%

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The first and highest percentage based on the result is Localization. It is the strategy where the translator brings more understandable words and general for the readers' on Target Language. Localization is the most adopted strategy in the findings. The translator has attempted to anchor almost half the culture of to the

Target Readers. The honorifics that are localized by Lane are mostly army related or academic, royal, and gendered honorifics. These types that are also a lot found in Rumah Kaca. The systems of army or academic honorifics terms in Bahasa

Indonesia as the Source Language to English as Target Language are similar.

There should be a translation of each position in English. The data numbers of this strategy can be seen on table below.

Table 6 Localization

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

0001/RK/SL.1/TL.1 0002/RK/SL.1/TL.1 0006/RK/SL.5/TL.3 0008/RK/SL.7/TL.4 0009/RK/SL.9/TL.5 0010/RK/SL.9/TL.5 0012/RK/SL.10/TL.6 0013/RK/SL.19/TL.11 00015/RK/SL.24/TL.13 0020/RK/SL.53/TL.29 0022/RK/SL.64/TL.35 0023/RK/SL.65/TL.35 0024/RK/SL.70/TL.38 0025/RK/SL.72/TL.39 0026/RK/SL.74/TL.40 0031/RK/SL.79/TL.43 0032/RK/SL.80/TL.43 0040/RK/SL.96/TL.52 0042/RK/SL.96/TL.52 0044/RK/SL.119/TL.63 0048/RK/SL.128/TL.68

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0050/RK/SL.132/TL.70 0055/RK/SL.170/TL.90 Localization 0062/RK/SL.244/TL.128 54 0063/RK/SL.245/TL.128 0064/RK/SL.247/TL.130 0067/RK/SL.259/TL.136 0068/RK/SL.262/TL.137 0069/RK/SL.262/TL.137 0070/RK/SL.276/TL.145 0072/RK/SL.277/TL.145 0074/RK/SL.280/TL.147 0076/RK/SL.288/TL.151 0078/RK/SL.293/TL.153 0081/RK/SL.338/TL.176 0084/RK/SL.361/TL.188 0085/RK/SL.362/TL.188 0087/RK/SL.362/TL.188 0092/RK/SL.367/TL.191 0096/RK/SL.369/TL.192 0097/RK/SL.377/TL.196 0098/RK/SL.397/TL.192 0100/RK/SL.426/TL.222 0101/RK/SL.426/TL.225 0102/RK/SL.426/TL.225 0108/RK/SL.449/TL.236 0110/RK/SL.462/TL.243 0111/RK/SL.462/TL.243 0112/RK/SL.464/TL.244 0115/RK/SL.502/TL.265 0116/RK/SL.522/TL.275 0119/RK/SL.575/TL.302 0120/RK/SL.610/TL.320 0122/RK/SL.635/TL.333

Here are some examples of localization found in the novel.

(10) 0001/RK/SL.1/TL.1 SL: 1912: Tahun terberat untuk pribadi Gubernur Jenderal Idenburg. TL: 1912. This was the year that brought the greatest burdens for Governor General Idenburg.

(11) 0013/RK/SL.19/TL.11 SL: “Tentu saja, Tuan. Siapa tidak mengenal Tuan Komisaris Pangemanann? Orang bilang Tuanlah kepolisian Betawi.”

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TL: ‘Of course, Tuan. Everyone knows Chief Inspector Pangemanann. People say that you are the Betawi Police!’

(12) 0055/RK/SL.170/TL.90 SL: Letnan Swie menyambut aku bertanya, “Heran, Tuan Pangemanann, datang mengontrol membawa Rientje.” TL: Lieutenant Swie welcomed me, asking: ‘I’m surprised, Commissioner Pangemanann, you have brought Rientje here with you on an inspection.’

Two examples above are examples of Localization and mostly they can be found in the honorifics of government officials or army and police titles.

According to Lane (personal communication, June 1st 2018), in Rumah Kaca the hierarchy is shown clearly especially on the dialogue. It implies in colonial era, the highest position was owned by Dutch including the honorifics system. On example (10) and (12) show the simplicity of the translation and the similarity of army titles in Indonesia and English. The examples also show that in Indonesia the titles are absorbed from English and adjusted to be easily pronounced by

Indonesia people. Another example, number (11) also got localized by the translator with some changes. However, the meaning of SL and TL are actually rather different. The word komisaris in SL could have been translated into

‘commissioner to the closest possibility to translate. However, the meaning will not be the same as in the sentence, the honorific is around Betawi Police or police domain while ‘commissioner’ is someone who has an important position in a government department. Therefore, the word ‘inspector’ added with ‘chief ‘ in front of it which also means important or high is chosen. Lane (Personal

Communication, June 1st 2018) adds that the consideration to translate the academic honorifics is so the target readers will be familiar with the terms

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whether the characters are police or an army.

The examples below are also some samples of localization strategies found in royal honorifics.

(13) 0023/RK/SL.65/TL.35 SL: Pada Prinses Kasiruta aku kirimi surat palsu pada waktu suaminya baru meninggalkan Buitenzorg menuju Bandung. TL: I sent Princess Kasiruta an anonymous letter just after her husband left Buitenzorg for Bandung.

(14) 0062/RK/SL.244/TL.128 SL: Mereka sudah cukup senang dan terjamin di bawah naungan Sri Ratu. TL: They were happy enough and felt secure enough under the protection of Her Majesty.

On example (13) from SL, the word used is Prinses which is actually an

English word which got localized. The author could have used Puteri Kasiruta in

SL. The translator then, translates it back to the original word in the TL. The way of writing honorifics in Indonesia and English are also the same, honorifics followed by the name. For example (14), the words in SL is quite cultural coming from Javanese, sri which means pretty is combined with an Indonesian word ratu which means ‘queen’. According to Lane (personal communication, June 1st

2018), 'her majesty' seems to be the only possible choice to replace sri ratu since the context is a queen. If it were translated to 'her grace', the characters being told would be a princess.

The second translation strategies used is addition. As there are a lot of cultural honorifics from Rumah Kaca novel, the translator, Max Lane decided to keep the original word from Source Language in the novel in order to keep the story on track and add the further information in the glossary. What makes this

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strategy different from preservation is on the further explanation provided.

Preservation will not be translated at all and there is no additional information.

In the following are the numbers of data found as addition strategy.

Table 7 Addition

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

0014/RK/SL.19/TL.11 00018/RK/SL.51/TL.27 0027/RK/SL.75/TL.40 0029/RK/SL.76/TL.41 0030/RK/SL.76/TL.41 0049/RK/SL.132/TL.70 0052/RK/SL.146/TL.77 0056/RK/SL.176/TL.93 0057/RK/SL.189/TL.99 Addition 0059/RK/SL.216/TL.103 20 0079/RK/SL.317/TL.165 0082/RK/SL.341/TL.177 0083/RK/SL.349/TL.182 0090/RK/SL.365/TL.190 0091/RK/SL.365/TL.190 0095/RK/SL.367/TL.191 0099/RK/SL.424/TL.222 0103/RK/SL.435/TL.228 0104/RK/SL.435/TL.228 0113/RK/SL.480/TL.253

The honorifics that need further explanation are usually traditional and royal honorifics coming from Javanese and a way of addressing from lower to higher position. These honorifics are kept as original in the novel in order to keep the Javanese vibes.

Here are some examples of addition strategy found in the novel.

(15) 0027/RK/SL.75/TL.40

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SL: Salah seorang di antaranya adalah Nyi Juju. TL : One of them was called Nyi Juju.

(16) 0049/RK/SL.132/TL.70 SL:...terkait dalam pelaksanaan pembuangan orang yang kuanggap guruku sendiri-Raden Mas Minke. TL:...the exile of somebody whom I considered to be my teacher-Raden Mas Minke.

(17) 0056/RK/SL.176/TL.93 SL:...dan Raden Mas Minke dengan Njai Purwana-nya. TL:...and Raden Mas Minke’s Nyai Permana.

(18) 0090/RK/SL.365/TL.190 SL: “Ndoro Wedana Kota,” jawab salah seorang di antaranya.

TL: ‘Ndoro Wedana,’ one of them asnwered.

In Indonesia, honorifics are somehow given by people not based on one self’s education or position. Instead, people give honorifics to other people who have certain mystical power. They can also own a special honorific after getting married with someone who has high social rank in the society. As an example, sentence number (15) and (17), the word nyi or nyai meant ‘Mrs’ or a woman, especially when she was married as a concubine or slave to a wealthy man. This meaning existed on Dutch’s invasion period. However, in Pesantren or islamic missionary school Nyai is the wife of Kyai or the leader. Until now, this meaning still exists and is still used in Pesantren. For example (16), raden mas is obtained by royal family members in Java. As in Indonesia some provinces still have royal ranks, this factor causes the local government are ruled by kings. Example (18) shows a proper call name for a boss or from someone from lower rank to higher rank. This honorific is also most likely used in Java. The word ndoro is followed by the name and can be used for both male and female. In English, ndoro is the

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same as ‘Your Highness’.

The third strategy found is Preservation. When addition strategy has the definitions provided, preservation means the readers do not have any grips at all.

According to Lane (personal communication, June 1st 2018), the reason why preservation has been done often is due to the clarity of the meaning from the context. Therefore, no translation or additional information is added. The list of preservation strategy found on this research can be seen in the following table.

Table 8 Preservation

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

00016/RK/SL.29/TL.16 0033/RK/SL.83/TL.45 0041/RK/SL.99/TL.53 0046/RK/SL.120/TL.64 Preservation 0047/RK/SL.126/TL.67 11 0061/RK/SL.232/TL.122 0077/RK/SL.293/TL.153 0080/RK/SL.333/TL.174 0109/RK/SL.457/TL.240 0117/RK/SL.549/TL.289 0123/RK/SL.645/TL.337

The positive side of preservation strategy is to let the readers find new knowledge and find their independence in finding the meaning. Preservation also trains the readers to be more creative and independent. Even though providing further information will ease them and can avoid overlapping explanations.

In the following are examples of honorifics preserved.

(19) 0057/RK/SL.189/TL.99 SL: Contohnya : Sutan Casayangan. TL: An example is Sutan Casayangan.

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(20) 0080/RK/SL.333/TL.174 SL: Dipimpin oleh Pak Samin, seorang dari desa lain, sebuah pemberontakan terjadi. TL: They were led by Pak Samin, a man from another village.

(21) 0061/RK/SL.232/TL.122 SL: Dan Tjokro mulai disebut-sebut sebagai Ratu Adil, itu messiasnya orang Jawa. TL: And people speak of Tjokro as the Ratu Adil, the ‘just prince’, the messiah of the Javanese.

The examples above prove that some honorifics in Indonesia are better preserved. The translator could translate 'sutan' on example (23) to ‘king’ or

‘prince’. Lane (personal communication, June 1st 2018) mentions that the translation of sutan is the same as Bahasa Indonesia. Honorifics sutan or title of

Minangkabau nobility is better preserved. If this honorific were brought to

English, the essence would disappear and would not show any sign of cultural diversity. The same case also appears on example (24), Lane could have translated pak to 'mister' or 'sir'. The consideration to preserve this is honorific pak in Bahasa

Indonesia has different sense with the equal translation due to biological logic.

Honorific pak will not be similar to 'father' or 'daddy' in English. Besides, by looking at the context, the target readers should know what pak is (Lane, personal communication, June 1st 2018). While on example (25), there is a bias on the translation because 'Ratu Adil' can be transferred to 'Queen of Justice' or 'King of

Justice' as the character is a male in which does not really represent specific cultures. Lane (Personal Communication, June 1st 2018) mentions that in ratu adil there is a sense of a savior. Besides, 'queen of justice' does not sound right for

Lane and it will neutralize the sense of savior on ratu adil. Preservation strategy is

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somehow taken not because the words cannot be translated or there is no equal words in Target Language (Lane, personal communication, June 1st 2018).

However, it happens this phenomenon is never described in other languages or cultures, Lane adds. He would rather not to force to translate honorifics which clearly have different context in the Target Language such as translating pak to

'father'.

The fourth strategy is alteration. It is a strategy when a translator knows the taste, aptitudes, and capacities of the target audiences (Davies, 2003).

Table 9 Alteration

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

0034/RK/SL.86/TL.46 0035/RK/SL.87/TL.47 0036/RK/SL.87/TL.47 0037/RK/SL.91/TL.49 Alteration 0038/RK/SL.94/TL.50 10 0039/RK/SL.96/TL.52 0058/RK/SL.195/TL.103 0060/RK/SL.222/TL.117 0073/RK/SL.277/TL.145 0093/RK/SL.367/TL.191

Lane (Personal Communication, June 1st 2018) amends the honorifics to fit the capacities of the target audiences. The story’s background is on the colonial era where many people from Europe lived in Indonesia. Through this alteration,

Lane helps the readers to recognize where the characters came from. Lane also tries to fit the phenomena of various types of tuan in colonial era due to hierarchy system (Personal Communication, June 1st 2018).

(22) 00017/RK/SL.43/TL.23-24

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SL: “Bisa saja. Tapi rupa-rupanya Tuan perlu tahu, Tuan Pangemanann, kertas Tuan bukanlah kertas untuk umum.” TL: ‘Yes, I could. But it seems that you do not realise, Meneer Pangemanann, that your report is not for the general public.’

(23) 0035/RK/SL.87/TL.47 SL: Semua orang diam, tak mencoba membongkar tembok batu pembisuan Mr.K. TL: Everyone was silent, not trying to break through the wall of silence from Meneer K-.

(24) 0039/RK/SL.96/TL.52 SL:...tak tulus terhadap segala didikan Tuan De Cagnie dan istri, terhadap oom dan tante Pangemanann. TL:...no longer faithful to what I was taught by Monsieur De Cagnie and his wife, by Uncle and Aunt Pangemanann.

(25) 0058/RK/SL.195/TL.103 SL: Perintah telah dikeluarkan oleh Gubermen, Mr.Hendrik Frischboten harus keluar dari India. TL: The Government had issued an order – Meester Hendrik Frischboten was to be deported from the Indies.

From all examples above, it can be seen the variation of honorifics of the characters. There are meneer, meester, and monsieur. Those honorifics clearly depict different meanings for the target readers. On the Source Language, Toer also wrote differently honorifics that mean ‘Mr’ in the Target Language. The honorific 'Mr' in Rumah Kaca stands for 'meneer' (Lane, Personal

Communication, June 1st 2018). On example (29), the word tuan is translated into meneer by Lane. This shows that Pangemanan, the main character is attached to

Dutch even though he was a native. In the story, he was always helping the Dutch to rule. The same translation is also shown on example (20) to depict this

Pangemanann’s Dutch friend. However, as it has been mentioned before, Toer had used the word ‘Mr.’ Already in the SL and Lane didn’t keep it as ‘mister’ but

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amended this word to meneer. If Lane had not changed it to meneer, the readers would not have thought that he actually had an important role to remind

Pangemanann on his mission.

While for example (21), the word monsieur is aimed to show that De

Cagnie was from French and it was the family where Pangemanann was raised.

As there are only few French characters in this novel, so Lane leads the readers from TL to recognize them as Pangemanann’s family. Besides monsieur, there is also Madame Paulette. The readers will directly recognize her as Pangemanann’s colleague or relative.

Lane decided to make some variations of these honorifics leads the readers to better comprehension towards the story. He also would like to emphasize some characters by giving specific honorifics from their background. As an example

(22), the word meester on a glance, looks like the Dutch’s version of ‘mister’. In fact, this word is shown a person who has graduated from law. This honorific is rarely found on the novel and has further description given both by Toer and

Lane, “...This lawyer, much beloved by the Natives-....”. In order to introduce this minor character, Lane used meneer since the beginning of Frischboten’s description.

Some findings are found to have double strategies as the sentences embody two elements that cannot be separated. The fifth strategy happens to be double strategies. They are localization and alteration.

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Table 10 Localization and Alteration

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

0051/RK/SL.146/TL.77 0053/RK/SL.162/TL.85 Localization and 0054/RK/SL.169/TL.89 7 Alteration 0065/RK/SL.247/TL.130 0071/RK/SL.277/TL.145 0075/RK/SL.282/TL.147 0086/RK/SL.362/TL.188

As it has been explained before, localization is the opposite of the globalization which really aims to cope the target audiences’ culture. Combined with alteration, the translator understands his audiences’ capacities by using some new vocabularies.

In the following are examples of localization and alteration strategies found in the novel.

(26) 0054/RK/SL.169/TL.89 SL: Tidak, Tuan Komandan, aku bukannya hendak menemui Tuan. TL: No, Meneer Commandant, I do not want to see you.

(27) 0075/RK/SL.282/TL.147 SL: “Aku harap Tuan dokter dapat menolong Tuan.” TL: ‘I hope Meneer Doctor can help you.’

(28) 0086/RK/SL.362/TL.188 SL: “Tuan Komandan,” jawab Strooman, “apa karena itu dia lantas bukan inlander?...” TL: ‘Meneer Commander,’ answered Strooman, ‘does that make him no longer an Inlander?... ’

What is meant by localization can be found on translated words, ‘commandant’,

‘doctor’, and ‘commander’. Those words have the exact same meanings as in

Target Language. These somehow prove that they are absorbed words since the

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source words sounds more simple. The readers are also believed that they understand these honorifics coming from army rank and medical school. Army rank is rather complicated to define as people do not normally know which rank is higher or whether it depends on hot it is called in certain countries. At glance, examples (26) and (28) do not have any difference. However, it is clearly that even though the Source Language is the same, the translations are different. Both

‘commandant’ and ‘commander’ is a person who is in charge in military operation. What makes them different, ‘commander’ is commonly used in British

Army while ‘commandant’ is used for a high military rank in a certain organization or building.

Alteration strategy can be seen on how Max Lane translated tuan as meneer. Again, Lane used meneer to show that this honorific is said by characters from Dutch. Example (26) is for Meneer Knor, (27) is part of paragraph with the opening sentence “The Adjutant returned with a Dutch doctor”(p.147). Example

(28) shows a character named Strooman, one of Pangemanann’s colleague he met in Surabaya (p.88) who was also from Dutch.

The sixth strategy is omission. In English, redundancy is common to happen on sentences. The authors have an important role not to repeat the same words by using other alternative synonyms or omitting the words.

Table 11 Omission

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

0003/RK/SL.3/TL.2 0004/RK/SL.3/TL.2 Omission 0005/RK/SL.4/TL.2 5

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0011/RK/SL.10/TL.6 0066/RK/SL.247/TL.130

In translating, this strategy is chosen by the translators to avoid misunderstanding if certain cultural words are translated to TL. However, Lane does not seem to choose this strategy because he could not find better words for TL. Instead, he omitted the words and changed a bit to avoid boredom (Lane, Personal

Communication, June 1st 2018). The examples of omission are in the following.

(29) 0004/RK/SL.3/TL.2 SL: Gubernur pusing. TL: Idenburg did not know what to do.

(30) 0005/RK/SL.4/TL.2 SL: Gubernur Jenderal memang dapat menyerahkan kesulitan-k esulitannya yang dihadapi pada Kabinet Belanda. TL: It was true, however, that he could pass on most of these problems to the Dutch Cabinet.

(31) 0066/RK/SL.247/TL.130 SL: “Tuan Direktur yang sekarang serba sebaliknya daripada Tuan Van Aberon.” TL: “This Director is completely the opposite to Meneer van Aberon.”

Example (29), Lane did not directly translate gubernur as ‘governor’. Instead, he omitted any governor related and used the name, Idenburg. This novel has many characters as governors. Besides, Governor Idenburg has been mentioned several times and Lane assumed that the readers have been familiar with this character.

The same omission to the honorifics also happened on example (30). Lane totally changed and only used ‘he’. He also dropped the honorifics tuan on example (31) and only translated ‘director’ as the readers may have known already the gender of the director.

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Still related to previous strategy, omission, the seventh strategies found are omission and localization. The honorifics are omitted and their meanings are transferred to the Target Language.

Table 12 Omission and Localization

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

Omission 0021/RK/SL.63/TL.34 2 And Localization 0043/RK/SL.115/TL.61

(32) 0021/RK/SL.63/TL.34 SL: Dan Prinses van Kasiruta, perempuan garang itu, melengking- lengking kehilangan suami yang dipujanya selama ini. TL: And the Princess of Kasiruta, that resolute woman, wouldbe crying out for the husband she so much admired.

(33) 0043/RK/SL.115/TL.61 SL: Setelah empat jam membacai surat-surat aku temukan instruksi Tuan Besar Gubernur jenderal Rooseboom… TL: After four hours reading through the papers, I came accross an Instruction of Governor-General Rosenboom…

(34) 0045/RK/SL.120/TL.64 SL: “Tentu saja, Edeleer-edeleer Dewan Hindia juga?” tanyaku. TL: “The members of the Indies Council too, yes?” I asked.

On example (32) Lane does not translate the honorifics entirely. He omits 'van' and changes it to of in which their meanings are different. When he chooses of to substitute 'van', it creates an assumption that Kasiruta is locative while it should have been part of a family name. Lane confirms that Kasiruta is also a place where the princess ruled (Personal Communication, June 1st 2018). The next omission can also be seen on example (33) where Lane omits 'Tuan Besar' which can be translated to Your Honor or Your Highness. While on example (34), Lane

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omits one honorific that can be a new vocabulary for the Target Readers edeleer- edeleer. This honorific means your highness in English. Then after being translated, he omits it and only localizes it to be part of Indies Council.

The eighth strategy found is globalization. In some translation, Lane seems to do his work dynamically. Sometimes he keeps some words like the original, translates the words exactly like what available in the Target Language, or neutralize the words.

Table 13 Globalization

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

Globalization 0088/RK/SL.363/TL.189 3 0089/RK/SL.363/TL.189 0121/RK/SL.635/TL.332

(35) 0088/RK/SL.363/TL.189 SL: Tuan Bupati, seorang terpelajar yang dapat menggunakan beberapa bahasa modern,… TL: The Bupati, an educated man who spoke several modern languages,...

(36) 0089/RK/SL.363/TL.189 SL: Di sini pula terjadi pertemuan antara aku, Tuan Residen dan Tuan Bupati. TL: It was here that I held a meeting with the Bupati and the Resident.

(37) 0121/RK/SL.635/TL.332 SL: Waktu Tuan Konsul memperkenalkan aku padanya dan aku menjabat tangannya,… TL: When the Consul intorduced me to her and we shook hands,...

As it can be seen above, Lane simply changed residen to ‘resident’ and konsul to

‘consul’ or kept bupati. What he globalized or generalized is the word tuan. All examples above use tuan which is used for male honorifics and Lane only

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translated to 'the'. The translation may not affect the readers from Target

Language as they would think the writer was pointing at specific people who have certain ranks in the society. Besides, with the expectation from both the author and the translator, the audience will have guessed that the bupati, resident, and consul are males. Even though it might not be exactly the same in comparison, the choice of 'the' adds another variation on how Lane translated tuan. Lane mentions in the interview that he uses the on sentences above as they are not dialogues and the necessity is not as high as direct sentences (Personal Communication, June 1st

2018).

The ninth strategies found is preservation and alteration. Previously, the examples of preservation and alternation have been explained separately. These strategies still show as one strategy that is used at the same time in the following examples.

Table 14 Preservation and Alteration

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

Preservation and 0094/RK/SL.367/TL.191 2 Alteration 0114/RK/SL.492/TL.244

(38) 0094/RK/SL.367/TL.191 SL: Ia bersaluir pada Tuan Residen, mengangguk pada Tuan Bupati dan kepadaku. TL: He saluted Meneer Resident, nodded to Meneer Bupati and to me.

(39) 0114/RK/SL.492/TL.244 SL: Madame pada Monsieur Pangemanann berdasarkan suka sama suka,… TL: Madame to Monsieur Pangemanann was based on mutual affection,...

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On example (38), it is clearly shown that Lane kept bupati and translated tuan in which he could simply translate it to ‘mister’ rather than meneer. Again, he is challenging the readers’ knowledge about this honorifics and assumed that they should know that meneer is ‘mister’ in Dutch. The same thing also happened for honorifics bupati. He kept it original since the meaning may cause confusion for the readers. Lane, in the back of Target Language novel, ‘House of Glass’ had prepared a glossary for difficult words found in the novel. He gave a definition of bupati as the title of the Native Javanese official appointed by the Dutch to assist the Dutch Assistent Resident to administer a region. Most bupatis could lay some claim to noble blood. Honorifics bupati cannot be equalized with mayor, duke, or even governor.

The case on example (39) is the same. Lane could have translated monsieur to only ‘sir’or ‘mister’. However, he decided to preserve it as the audiences should have known this popular honorifics. Lane left the audiences to dig more information about the other difficult words as when the readers choose this novel to read, they should be ready to find new vocabularies.

If the translator is able to omit some words, then he or she is more than capable to add some more information. When it comes to adding information, the translator is already ahead the readers as he will provide the information directly with brief explanations. The translator should also be able to clarify the meanings and tell the story at the same time.

In the last five strategies used by translator found in the novels show some effort of introducing cultural specific terms on honorifics. The tenth strategies are

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alteration and addition as shown in the following table.

Table 15 Alteration and Addition

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

Alteration and 0007/RK/SL.6/TL.4 1 Addition

(40) 0007/RK/SL.6/TL.4 SL: Di setiap kabupaten, Gubermen hanya mendirikan satu Sekolah Dasar Umum dengan dua bagian. TL: In each Regency, under the control of a Dutch Resident, assisted by a Native bupati, the Government established only one public primary school,...

On example (40), it can be seen the honorifics gubermen has been elaborated into a specific long term to give the readers an idea. The word gubermen is different from ‘governor’ or bupati. It is the Dutch word for ‘government’ in English. Even though the Target Language it has been mentioned, the translator still explained that the Dutch government was not working alone but they got a help from other parts. This shows how ruling Dutch government was at that time and natives were clearly controlled by them. While example (38), there is another explanation about one character that once worked as a police. The meaning would have been different if the translator did not change kepolisian only to ‘police’ but ‘police commissioner’ instead. The honorifics ‘police’ sounds general, mean while when it was translated to ‘police commissioner’, the readers are led to a high rank of a police officer.

Translators cannot always avoid imperfections of his work. Somehow, his strategies mislead the audiences and create confusions. One example below brings

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to the eleventh strategies called localization and addition.

Table 16 Localization and Addition

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

Localization and 0028/RK/SL.75/TL.40 1 Addition

(41) 0028/RK/SL.75/TL.40 SL: “Karta bin Dusun, Tuan Besar.” TL: “Karta bin Dusun, Tuan, Sir.”

It can be seen above that Lane could have translated tuan besar to only tuan which means he preserves it or ‘sir’ which means he chooses localization strategy.

Both words tuan and ‘sir’ have the same meanings in Source Language and

Target Language. The use of translation ‘Tuan, Sir’ implies that there may be two male bosses at the same time and they come from different places as Lane did previously to meneer or ‘mister’. Lane adds that the use either one of them will not be enough to describe the character (Personal Communication, June 1st 2018).

The twelfth strategies found in the novels are the combination between addition and globalization. In the following example, Lane translated the honorifics to a neutral version in the Target Language and gave some more information of the character who was talking about at the same.

Table 17 Addition and Globalization

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

Addition and 0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 1 Globalization

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(42) 0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 SL: Asisten residen Pekalongan merasa puas dengan percakapan itu. TL: The Assistant Resident of Pekalongan was very satisfied when the Kontrolir of Pemalang reported this conversation.

Example (41) shows that the honorifics are asisten residen pekalongan in the beginning of the sentence which was translated generally to The Assistant

Resident of Pekalongan. However, there is another honorifics added, ‘Kontrolir of

Pemalang’. In this case, there are actually multiple strategies inside these new added honorifics. Clearly, this is preserved from the Source Language from the word kontrolir. The preposition ‘of’ makes the translated word unstable as it cannot be said as localization or other strategy. The main strategy of this sentence is globalization and the sub strategy is addition which is aimed as the readers will not be lost in where the story is going.

The only single strategy not found in this research is creation. However, it appears on the thirteenth and is combined with addition.

Table 18 Creation and Addition

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

Creation and 0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 1 Addition

(43) 0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 SL: Asisten residen Pekalongan merasa puas dengan percakapan itu. TL: The Assistant Resident of Pekalongan was very satisfied when the Kontrolir of Pemalang reported this conversation.

In the glossary, Lane does not put any definition of 'kontrolir'. This means he has left the Target Readers find the definition of their own. With him putting preposition of after 'kontrolir', it has created one alternative honorific that has

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forced the honorific to be part of English word. This type of creation, however, is hoped to give the Target Readers a hint that it is Bahasa Indonesia of controller and it fits better to be an honorific. For both examples (42) and (43) , Lane states that the addition of Kontrolir of Pemalang is one way to remind the readers of the character's description in the early conversation on the scene (Personal

Communication, June 1st 2018).

The last strategies are preservation and addition. There is only one datum for these strategies.

Table 19 Preservation and Addition

Strategy Numbers of Data Total

Preservation and 0105/RK/SL.439/TL.230 1 Addition

Even though in the glossary Lane has put 'ndoro's definition, he should also put an explanation that 'bendoro' is the complete honorific. In the following example,

Lane preserves 'bendoro' however, he has added the information about 'raden mas'.

(44) 0105/RK/SL.439/TL.230 SL: “Dengarkan, Ibu, barangkali Ibu belum pernah dengar nama Bendoro Raden Mas Minke?” TL: ‘Listen, Ibu, perhaps Ibu has never heard the name Bendoro Raden Mas Minke?’

From the highest percentage and most found strategies, to lowest and rarest strategies have been explained. As for the findings, there are fifteen strategies, with single and some combinations Lane is not only maintaining the readers to understand or even introduces some cultural-specific honorifics in the

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Target Language but also he keeps them on the stories’ track even though some strategies should have been considered better as choices.

4.2 Translation Quality

Translation Quality consists of three sub sub chapters, namely translation accuracy, translation acceptability, and translation readability. Due to the high number of the data, the complete table can be seen on Appendix Table 19.

4.2.1 Translation Accuracy

In order to send the messages from Source Language to Target Language, translators must be extra careful in bringing them. Translator is the second author and holds an important role. The target readers expect to experience the same stories the source language’s readers have. However, culture difference somehow separates and takes away this hope. The translator can use index or footnote every time there are cultural specific terms. These methods are not really challenging the translators to build creativity.

A lot of theorists and translating experts have made measurements and rubrics to define whether or not a translated work is accurate. In this research, as advised, Nababan's scale (2012) is used.

Accurate translation on House of Glass comes from strategies that convey the meanings in Target Language without distortions. The average score for accurate translation is 2.68 – 3. According to the result of translation accuracy

(See Table 19), the score is 2.9 which belong to accurate translation.

Some examples of accurate honorifics translated from the Source

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Language to Target Language are in the following.

(45) 0024/RK/SL.70/TL.38 SL: Ia adalah Pangeran Van Son. TL: He was the Prince Van Son.

SL = Pangeran = gelar anak raja atau gelar orang besar dalam kerajaan (keluarga raja) (KBBI p.822) TL = Prince = the son of a monarch (Oxford p.1347)

On example above, the SL word pangeran is smoothly and accurately translated into ‘prince’ in TL. It is clearly known that pangeran or ‘prince’ is the king’s son.

The translator does not translate anything else except the honorifics. The similar example is also stated below.

(46) 0025/RK/SL.72/TL.39 SL: Komandanku, komisaris Van Dam tot Dam, seorang yang membanggakan diri Belanda tulen, tanpa campuran darah Inggris atau Yahudi,… TL: My commander at that time, Commissioner Van Dam tot Dam, who was so proud of being a pure Dutchman, free of the taint of either English or Jewish blood,...

SL = Komisaris = pejabat pemerintah yang ditunjuk dan ditugasi sebagai wakil pemerintah suatu negara menjadi anggota persatuan negara (KBBI p.583) TL = Commissioner = a person appointed as a member of government commission (Oxford p.342)

The army’s honorifics in Bahasa Indonesia usually appear similar to English. On the example above komisaris is translated to ‘commissioner’. Other honorifics that appear to be similar are letnan-lieutenant, sersan-sergeant, jenderal-general, kolonel-colonel. Bahasa Indonesia adopts many English words and changes the pronunciation to be simpler. Indonesia people tend to have difficulties to pronounce difficult words and make their own versions. This also happens on some absorbed Dutch words such as sepur-spoohr, buncis-boontjes, anyelir-

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anjelier, or sablon-sjabloon.

Another example of word in Bahasa Indonesia impersonates foreign language can be seen on the example below.

(47) 0116/RK/SL.522/TL.275 SL: Kembali ke ruang kerjaku terbaca olehku dalam koran pagi sebuah berita yang mendesak berita-berita lainnya : Tsar Nicholas dari Rusia terguling. TL: Back in my office, I read a report in the paper that pushed all other news off the front page : Czar Nicholson of Russia had been overthrown.

Tsar = gelar bagi kaisar Rusia (KBBI p. 1073) Czar = a person with great authority or power in a particular area (from Rusia) (Oxford, p.423)

In the Target Language of this translated work, English, the term for a person with great authority or power in a particular area (from Rusia) has two versions. They are ‘czar’ as for British English and ‘tsar’ or ‘tzar’ as for American English. The word ‘tsar’ is absorbed and directly used in Bahasa Indonesia. The same case also happens to other words such as global, editor, audit, or trailer. Vocabularies in

Bahasa Indonesia are majority obtained from foreign languages. The words can be absorbed or adopted, adapted, translated, or created.

Bahasa Indonesia is very open when it comes to language. It absorbs and adopts from Dutch, Arabic, English, even Sanskrit. Javanese language which is strongly affected by Sanskrit also adopts from this language. In the novel, Rumah

Kaca uses some honorifics from Javanese. One example is in the following.

(48) 0101/RK/SL.426/TL.225 SL:...ia tak tahu bagaimana kelak harus melaporkan pada Kanjeng Bupati Pemalang. TL:...and he didn’t know what he would say now to His Honour the Bupati of Pemalang.

SL = Kanjeng = pangkat atau gelar yang diberikan Sultan Yogyakarta atau

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Sunan Surakarta kepada orang yang kedudukannya sepangkat bupati (KBBI, p.441) TL = His Honour = a title of respect given to or used in addressing a judge or mayor (Oxford, p.812)

Being accurate also does not always have to be the same from Source Language dictionary to Target Language. In the following, Lane translated Gubernur

Jenderal Idenburg into several variations.

(49) 0001/RK/SL.1/TL.1 SL: 1912: Tahun terberat untuk pribadi Gubernur Jenderal Idenburg. TL: 1912. This was the year that brought the greatest burdens for Governor General Idenburg.

(50) 0002/RK/SL.1/TL.1 SL: Sekarang sang Gubernur Jenderal gelisah. TL: Now His Excellency the Governor-General was anxious.

(51) 0003/RK/SL.3/TL.2 SL: Tapi bukan itu saja yang bikin Sang Gubernur Jenderal kurang nyenyak tidur. TL: But it was not only this that was disturbing the sleep of His Excellency!

(52) 0004/RK/SL.3/TL.2 SL: Gubernur pusing. TL: Idenburg did not know what to do.

(53) 0005/RK/SL.4/TL.2 SL: Gubernur Jenderal memang dapat menyerahkan kesulitan- kesulitannya yang dihadapi pada Kabinet Belanda. TL: It was true, however, that he could pass on most of these problems to the Dutch Cabinet.

The honorifics Gubernur Jenderal – Bahasa Indonesia is translated into Governor

General-English while Gouverneur-Generaal is in Dutch. It means a title of respect for the highest rank given to a person in all areas of Colonial era in

Indonesia. In the KBBI, this honorific cannot be found in one phrase, but a separated honorifics instead as gubernur and jenderal. The meaning of gubernur

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in the is kepala pemerintah tingkat propinsi (KBBI, p.326) or the same as

‘governor’. While jenderal is kelompok pangkat tertinggi dalam angkatan darat dan kepolisian yang meliputi jenderal, letnan jenderal, mayor jenderal, dan brigadir jenderal (KBBI, p.409-410) or in English, it is called ‘general’. By combining the words gubernur and general in Bahasa Indonesia, the Source

Language readers can get that the Dutch leaders of areas or provinces in the colonial era also came from military force.

As shown in the examples (49) to (53) the translator has changed honorifics of the character, Governor General Idenburg into several variations. In example (48), the honorifics are translated directly to basic meaning in the Target

Language. As there is additional honorifics in the Source Language, sang, another honorifics ‘His Excellency’ is added to example (50). After ‘His Excellency’, gubernur jenderal is translated like the first version, which is ‘governor general’.

An omission happens in example (51) where the translator no longer includes

‘governor general’ but only uses ‘His Excellency’ instead. At the first glance, the

Target Language readers might find the correct reference for this. They should know that the character being told is ‘Governor General Idenburg’. An omission and a bit creation are seen in example (52) where the translator only uses

‘Idenburg’ to substitute gubernur or ‘governor’. The last variation in example (53) shows the translator changes ‘governor general’ into deixis ‘he’ as for a male pronoun.

The translator comes up with these variations as ‘Governor General

Idenburg’ is being told several times on the same 3 pages to avoid the Target

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Readers’ boredom. Those five results above still have not included the translator’s decision to repeat the same honorifics ‘Governor General Idenburg’.

These variations come from various ways, the author and the translator to keep the reading interesting. Having several different ways of saying a word reflects creativity and means they do not really depend on accuracy. An accurate translation does not have to be exactly the same. The translator can have his language styles shown on his works. Besides, avoiding translating the same word for many times can keep the readers away from boredom.

Being able to translate a literary work is a lifetime learning which means the translators cannot avoid making mistake or, in this case, choosing a meaning that is not entirely correct. However, just because the meaning is distorted or less conveyed, the meaning is moved from the Target Language. As mentioned, the second stage of accuracy is less accurate. The score of less accurate is 1.68 – 2.67.

(54) 0028/RK/SL.75/TL.40 SL: “Karta bin Dusun, Tuan Besar.” TL: “Karta bin Dusun, Tuan, Sir.”

(55) 0029/RK/SL.76/TL.41 SL: “Mana saya tahu, Tuan Besar. Orang-orang bilang saya anak Tuan Piton” TL: “How would I know, Tuan? People say I am the daughter of Tuan Piton.”

(56) 0030/RK/SL.76/TL.41 SL: “Mana saya tahu, Tuan Besar. Orang-orang bilang saya anak Tuan Piton” TL: “How would I know, Tuan? People say I am the daughter of Tuan Piton.”

(57) 0088/RK/SL.363/TL.189 SL : Tuan Bupati, seorang terpelajar yang dapat menggunakan beberapa bahasa modern,…

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TL: The Bupati, an educated man who spoke several modern languages,...

(58) 0089/RK/SL.363/TL.189 SL: Di sini pula terjadi pertemuan antara aku, Tuan Residen dan Tuan Bupati. TL: It was here that I held a meeting with the Bupati and the Resident.

In this level of accuracy, most of the examples are found on how Lane translates

'tuan'. The unstable choice to translate tuan has affected the assessment less accurate. On example (54), honorifics 'tuan besar' become double and quite redundant when it is translated into tuan,sir. The preservation of 'tuan' also affects the honorific less accurate. However, according to Lane (Personal

Communication, June 1st 2018), his consideration to translate tuan, sir is to emphasize how high the position of the character is. There is an omission on example (55) and it becomes less than the previous example. While on example

(56), honorific tuan is preserved. Lane on the interview advises that when tuan is not translated, it means the characters being told are natives (personal communication, June 1st, 2018). It is also a way of him to describe the nationality from only the honorifics. Different translation on example (58) makes tuan become gender less. According to Lane (personal communication, June 1st, 2018), there is no need to be specific on translating honorifics when it is indirect sentences as the hierarchy cannot be identified.

The last level of accuracy according to Nababan’s scale is inaccurate.

Inaccurate translation has range score of 1 – 1.67. Some examples of inaccurate translation can be found on this novel.

(59) 0033/RK/SL.83/TL.45 SL: ...di tanah partikelir Inggris di Curug di bawah pimpinan Bang Komeng.

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TL: The leader was Bang Komeng.

(60) 0117/RK/SL.549/TL.289 SL:...,dari Sultan Agung sampai raja-raja terakhir di Jawa. TL:..., from Sultan Agung through the rajas of more recent times.

(61) 0123/RK/SL.645/TL.337 SL: “Tjeu,” panggilku, “lebih baik kawinlah dengan lelaki baik-baik.” TL: ‘Tjeu,’ I said. ‘you should marry a good man. ’

On examples (59), (60), and (61), the honorifics do not seem to change.

Inaccurate translation is usually found when the words are preserved without further explanation. The target readers who have no sort of knowledge from

Source Language's honorifics will think that they are parts of names. Besides, if the words also exist both in Source Language and Target Language, it may also create confusion. Honorifics bang on example (59) could be translated to male honorifics like mister in order to avoid misinterpretation of the same word in

English. On example (60), honorifics sultan is also preserved. However, this decision is acceptable due to cultural honorifics which could be meaningless if it were translated. The last example (61) is not replaced to any other female honorifics and the explanation is not provided.

An accurate or inaccurate translation comes with responsibilities. The translators can be creative to make the literary work interesting. However, being creative does not mean they can forget the principles of translation accuracy.

Preservation and creation in this case, are strategies chosen by the translator when it comes to cultural words. These two strategies tend to show the translator’s creativity and knowledge towards the Source Language. Preservation can also challenge the readers’ curiosity by looking at the real meanings themselves.

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However, without additional information whether it is written as footnotes, on the next sentences, or on the last pages, this helps readers a lot.

The perfect translated word from Source Language to Target Language does not mean it is accurate. Also, when the word is not translated does not mean that it is not accurate. The bottom line of accuracy is equivalence relation.

4.2.2 Acceptability

Based on the result Table 19, the translation belongs to acceptable by mean 2.4. In assessing acceptability, the honorifics chosen are the focus whether the target readers can accept them if they are preserved or replaced by honorifics which are close to Bahasa Indonesia. In Rumah Kaca, Pramoedya uses a lot of honorifics to show the position of each character. This principle is kept by Max

Lane in translating the novel to be House of Glass. Acceptability consists of acceptable, less acceptable, and inacceptable with score 1 to 3. In the following each category will be explained along with the examples.

Acceptable translation is found when the translated words or sentences sound natural and precise in the Target Language. The score for this category has to be 2.68 – 3. The examples can be found below.

(62) 0009/RK/SL.9/TL.5 SL:...Tapi atasanku, Komisaris Besar Donald Nicolson, berbangsa Inggris, berkata, TL:...But my boss, Chief Commissioner Donald Nicholson, an Englishman, said to me:

(63) 0011/RK/SL.10/TL.6

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SL: “... Hanya Tuan yang mampu melakukannya, Tuan Pangemanann....” TL: “...You are the only who can handle it, Mr Pangemanann. ...”

(64) 0050/RK/SL.132/TL.70 SL: Pada akhir catatanku sendiri aku tulis : Hamba Gubermen! TL: At the end of these notes, I wrote : A Servant of the Government!

On example (62), honorific komisaris besar is naturally translated to 'chief commissioner' which is the correct and equal translation. For academic and army honorifics, both English and Bahasa Indonesia are similar. Therefore, when it comes to translating these types of honorifics, they usually come up as acceptable.

Despite many variations of tuan translation, on example (63) this most used honorific is correctly transferred 'Mr' which can be referred to 'mister'. However, this somehow can also be defined as meneer according to Lane (personal communication, June 1st 2018). The same acceptable result is seen on example

(64) where hamba is translated to 'a servant'. Another possibility is by changing it to 'a slave'. Honorific ‘hamba’ is used to address 'I' or saya by someone inferior to those who are more superior. Even though the meaning is slightly different, the meaning is still equal.

The next category is quite or less acceptable translation. It happens when the translated work sounds actually natural, however some there are some error in the use technical terms. The average score is 1.68 – 2.67.

(65) 00018/RK/SL.51/TL.27 SL: Begitu Raden Mas kita tiada, organisasinya pasti buyar, karena organisasi menurut pengertian Eropa, belum lagi ada di Hindia. TL: Once our raden mas was no longer with us, his organisation would also vanish, because organisations in the European sense did not yet exist in the Indies.

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(66) 0034/RK/SL.86/TL.46 SL: Setiap pertanyaan dijawab dengan terbuka oleh Tuan Mr.K. TL: Meneer Lawyer K answered every question openly.

(67) 0121/RK/SL.635/TL.332 SL: Waktu Tuan Konsul memperkenalkan aku padanya dan aku menjabat tangannya,… TL: When the Consul introduced me to her and we shook hands,...

Preservation is commonly found in translating cultural words due to different phenomena between Source Language and Target Language. It does not define that the translators have no sort of knowledge of them. Somehow cultural words are better preserved to keep the vibe and avoid misunderstanding to unequal word replacement. Honorific raden mas on example (65) cannot be replaced to prince, king, or even duke and it is quite acceptable to leave it as original. Double honorifics on example (66) are also one example of quite acceptable translation.

The translator wants the target readers experience the same event from the original novel. The translated honorific also shows more clear depiction of the character from tuan mr to meneer lawyer. Even though there is an omission of gender honorific on example (67), the replacement with 'the' is still acceptable as the target readers will usually guess that the character is a male.

Similar to accuracy, acceptability also has the lowest category, it is called inacceptability. The range score is 1 -1.67. It happens when the technical terms are not familiar to the readers. There are also some principles that do not match with the Target Language.

(68) 0047/RK/SL.126/TL.67 SL: “...Penyair besar di masa Hayam Wuruk, Mpu Tantular, Tuan telah merumuskan watak penyesuaian ini dalam sebuah bait dari syair-

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syairnya.” TL: “...A poet from the time of Hayam Wuruk, Mou Tantular, described this compromising personality in a verse of one of his poems.” (69)0113/RK/SL.480/TL.253 SL: “Siapakah noni Rientje?” tanyaku. TL: ‘Who is Noni Rientje’ I asked. (70)0118/RK/SL.549/TL.289 SL:...,dari Sultan Agung sampai raja-raja terakhir di Jawa. TL:..., from Sultan Agung through the rajas of more recent times. According to Lane on the interview (personal communication, June 1st 2018), honorific mou as shown on example (68) is part of mistyping. However this mistake has created confusion for the target readers since mou is neither Bahasa

Indonesia nor English. Besides, there is no further explanation on the glossary as well. On example (69) and (70), the honorifics should have been translated to the words in English, 'miss' and 'kings' as they are not cultural words that may not have equal references. Changing them into the precise translation also does not change the meaning especially for rajas which uses the plural system of noun to a word in Bahasa Indonesia.

4.2.3 Readability

The last part of translation quality assessment is readability. It figures out the level of readability of the translation, whether they are high, medium, or low by giving scores 1 to 3. However in this research, low level of readability is not found. Based on Table 19 (see Appendix), House of Glass belongs to readable by mean of 2.6. Even so, the discussion some examples of each category are still

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necessary. The first is high level of readability with examples as follows.

(71) 0040/RK/SL.96/TL.52 SL:...tak tulus terhadap segala didikan Tuan De Cagnie dan istri, terhadap oom dan tante Pangemanann. TL : ...no longer faithful to what I was taught by Monsieur De Cagnie and his wife, by Uncle and Aunt Pangemanann.

(72) 0063/RK/SL.245/TL.128 SL: “Apakah menurut pikiran Tuan, mereka tak perlu didorong untuk juga membentuk organisasi tandingan terhadap Indische Partij menjadi sebuah partai yang loyal terhadap Sri Ratu?” TL: “Do you think they should be encouraged to establish a rival organisation to the Indische Partij, one advocating loyalty to the Queen?”

(73) 0098/RK/SL.397/TL.192 SL: “Sekolah Tinggi Kepolisian, Yang Mulia.” TL : ‘The Police Academy, Your Excellency.’

High level of readability is found when the readers can understand easily the translated words or sentences. As explained, academic or army honorifics tend to be correct and so do royal honorifics in general. While for family honorifics, they are sometimes correctly or incorrectly translated. However, on example (71), the honorifics are just spot on. Honorifics oom and tante are absorbed by Dutch and they exactly mean uncle and aunt which make the translation readable. Example

(72), sri ratu has been previously translated to her majesty. On this example, the translation is precise which is 'queen'. Similar royal honorific is also found example (73) where the readers should understand easily what 'your excellency' is.

After high level of readability, the next category is medium level of readability. Even though they may be correct, the target readers somehow still need to read them more than once to get the meanings.

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(74) 0053/RK/SL.162/TL.85 SL: “Tuan Mr De Lange.” TL: “Meneer Mister De Lange.”

(75) 0060/RK/SL.222/TL.117 SL: Dan, Tuan Raden Mas Minke, kau akan lihat betapa anak sulungmu akan tersobek-sobek… TL: And, Meneer Raden Mas Minke, you will witness how this youngest child of yours will be torn apart,…

(76) 0105/RK/SL.439/TL.230 SL: “Dengarkan, Ibu, barangkali Ibu belum pernah dengar nama Bendoro Raden Mas Minke?” TL: ‘Listen, Ibu, perhaps Ibu has never heard the name Bendoro Raden Mas Minke?’

The three examples provided above are quite longer than the others. They all own double strategies within the sentences. Example (74) is has meneer and mister.

Even though they have been mentioned many times in the novel, by reading it at glance may cause the readers assume the redundancy. For both examples (75) and

(76), the honorifics are also double before Raden Mas Minke. They are bendoro and meneer. By giving two different additional honorifics on different parts of acts, the readers can speculate raden mas is actually parts of name and not honorifics. This can also cause confusion whether Minke is a native or a Dutch person since other character addresses him as meneer.

4.3 The Impacts of Translation Strategies towards Translation Quality

There are seven original strategies according to Davies (2003). In this research, the number has been expanded to 14 strategies. Based on the translation quality result, the total average of translation quality is 2.68. As mentioned the

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range to be accurate is 2.68 – 3 and the result is in the first range. It implies the translation is quite tight to be in accurate, acceptable, and high level of readability.

Strategies chosen by the translator affect the result in average. The table which shows the scores of each strategy can be seen on Appendix B.

Localization as the highest strategy is also found to contain the highest score of each translation quality assessment. There are barely score 2 for this strategy. Based on Appendix B, there are only 5 numbers out of 54 that have score

2. This defines that by localizing honorifics will help a lot in delivering messages from Source Language to Target Language. Besides, the major types of honorifics used such as academic, army, and royal help the translator due to similar system in addressing. Some examples can be seen below.

(77) 0085/RK/SL.362/TL.188 SL: Tuan Pangemanann adalah pensiunan Komisaris Polisi, pejabat tinggi pada Algameene Secretarie, … TL: Meneer Pangemanann is a retired Police Commissioner, a high official at the Algameene Secretariat,...

(78) 0076/RK/SL.288/TL.151 SL: Pemuka-pemukanya adalah pelarian-pelarian politik dari perpecahan partai di Nederland, Sneevliet dan Ir.Baars. SL : Its founders were political exiles from a party split in the Netherlands- Engineer Baars and Sneevliet.

(79) 0101/RK/SL.426/TL.225 SL:...ia tak tahu bagaimana kelak harus melaporkan pada Kanjeng Bupati Pemalang. TL : ...and he didn’t know what he would say now to His Honour the Bupati of Pemalang.

Example (77) above contains police honorifics while example (78) comes from

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acedemic honorifics. These are well-translated into equal honorifics in the Target

Language. Example (79) is one example that shows equal relevance coming from

Javanese honorific kanjeng to 'his honor'. By translating the honorifics correctly, the target readers should get the message and precise descriptions of the characters.

The second effective strategy based on Appendix B is omission. It contains more score 3 compared to other major strategies used. Even though this strategy can lead to inaccuracy at some point, in this research, the reality is quite the opposite. The omission has saved the sentences from redundant use of honorifics.

(80) 0011/RK/SL.10/TL.6 SL: “... Hanya Tuan yang mampu melakukannya, Tuan Pangemanann....” TL: “...You are the only who can handle it, Mr Pangemanann. ...”

(81) 0066/RK/SL.247/TL.130 SL: “Tuan Direktur yang sekarang serba sebaliknya daripada Tuan Van Aberon.” TL: “This Director is completely the opposite to Meneer van Aberon.”

In translating, what matters is equality from Source Language to Target

Language. They somehow do not require exact translation if it will lead to confusion due to different word class or losing the cultural vibes. On example

(80), tuan is omitted and replaced by 'you' which makes the sentence more direct to Tuan Pangemanann. Othewise, there will be redundant use of similar honorifics within one sentence. Almost similar case happens on example (81) where honorific tuan is also ommited. If tuan were translated to other male honorific, the quality would be slightly different as there is also another honorific mentioned in the sentence. The decision of omitting tuan has created the translation accurate,

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acceptable, and readable for target readers.

The third strategy chosen that leads to high score is alteration. As its definition adjusting readers' capacity, needs, and aptitude, this strategy is also effective to be applied in the translation. However, the weakness of this strategy based on Appendix B is to be somehow low in acceptability. Some of the examples can be seen below.

(82) 0034/RK/SL.86/TL.46 SL: Setiap pertanyaan dijawab dengan terbuka oleh Tuan Mr.K. TL: Meneer Lawyer K answered every question openly.

0073/RK/SL.277/TL.145 SL: Hanya Tuan R. Dan Tuan Gr. Dan pemuka-pemuka kantorku yang datang menyambut aku sebagai adat kesopanan. TL: It was only Monsieur R- and Meneer Gr- and the other senior officials who came to see me out of politeness.

When target readers choose to read certain translated novel, they should be ready to accept new words from different language. The same reality is seen in House of

Glass. The novel is affected by Javanese, Indonesia, Dutch and even France. The way Lane helps the readers to identify characters' nationality from their honorifics are appreciated. However, when they are unstable in use, the target readers may confuse with the actual information. On example (82), the translation implies the character is a lawyer. By looking at the original honorific, it is somewhat difficult to accept that the character is a lawyer. According to Lane (personal communication, June 1st 2018), Mr can stand for meneer or meester in Dutch. For target readers who have no knowledge of this, will still assume 'mister'. Lack of further information can be a domino effect on translation work. What makes example (83) is also less acceptable by the inconsistency of using honorifics. The

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translator could add more sentences to describe the characters further.

To sum up, the strategies that cause the honorifics accurate, acceptable, and readable are localization, omission, and alteration. Localization helps target readers to find the equal translation. Omission avoids confusion if the words are forced to be kept and alteration can enrich the target readers' vocabularies towards other languages. The three strategies happen to give more positive impacts compared to the others. However, it does not mean the other strategies should be avoided. Various strategies applied can give colorful and dynamic touch in the translated work.

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CHAPTER 5

CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS, RECOMMENDATIONS

This chapter presents the conclusions of the analysis of this research.

Then the implication and the recommendation are proposed for the contribution to the English linguistics.

5.1 Conclusions

Based on the research done on honorifics in House of Glass by Max Lane, there are three conclusions derived from the research questions. Firstly, the most adopted strategy in translating honorifics is localization. This strategy is close to domestication which means Lane has put efforts to fill the target text, target language, and target culture. Despite the difficulties in translating cultural specific words, localization is one strategy that can anchor a reference in the culture of the target audience. While other major adopted strategies are addition and alteration.

Even though a lot preserved honorifics seem to be found in Rumah Kaca, they are actually addition strategy. There are further meanings and information in the glossary to honorifics preserved on the translated novel. This facility should help the Target Readers to understand some cultural words that Lane does not translate in the novel. He decides to preserve them in the story as the literal meaning in

English does not have the same word class and they tend to be a long explanation.

In order to keep the story on track, he adds the explanation later. Besides localization and addition, Lane also uses alteration where he translates the honorifics following the Target Readers' need and capacity.

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The second point to conclude from this research is the translation quality of the translated novel. The assessment used is Nababan's scale. From the test on accuracy, acceptability, and readability, it can be revealed that honorifics in House of Glass are accurate, acceptable, and high level of readability by 2.68. The strategies that support are localization, omission, and alteration. By mentioning the three strategies, it brings to their concluded point of this research which is the impacts. Localization which is mostly found on academic, army, and royal honorifics help the target readers to get similar information from Source

Language. Even though omission or deletion can cause inaccuracy, in this research, this strategy helps to reach the good assessment. It saves the readers from redundant honorifics if they are force to be equally translated. Alteration is also part of strategy that helps. However, in acceptability, this strategy is not quite high.

Through House of Glass, Max Lane seems to introduce a lot of honorifics from the Source Language and create alternatives for the Target Language.

Honorifics belong the cultural specific items that can cause confusion for the readers. As long as the translator provides further information and the equal meanings, these strategies should help the readers comprehend the story being told. With careful help from the translator, novels with a lot of cultural aspects can still be enjoyed by the target readers.

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5.2 Implications

The results of this research have revealed that translation strategies chosen by the translators affect the quality of the translation. The translators at some point do not have to force to translate all words to Target Language. When a certain word is preserved, it does not always mean no equal word available. It only implies that the same phenomena do not exist in Target Language. Cultural words exist not to be an obstacle for translators. However, they are meant to invite the translator and target readers to learn together by their real meanings.

5.3 Recommendation

Looking at how potential translation field is, it is recommended for future researchers doing similar research with different literary works. They can use poetry as one example. They also can pay attention more to other underrated literary works. There are many classics literary works written by old authors that are translated to English or even other languages. Future researchers can also see comparison the other way around from literary works written in English then translated to Bahasa Indonesia. They can also dig out other cultural specific items such as idioms, names or traditional songs.

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APPENDICES

Appendix A List of Honorifics Numbers of Data Indonesia English Translation Pramoedya Ananta Max Lane Strategies Toer 0001/RK/SL.1/TL.1 1912: Tahun terberat 1912. This was the Localization untuk pribadi year that brought the Gubernur Jenderal greatest burdens for Idenburg. Governor General Idenburg. 0002/RK/SL.1/TL.1 Sekarang Now His Excellency Localization sangGubernur the Governor- Jenderal gelisah. General was anxious. 0003/RK/SL.3/TL.2 Tapi bukan itu saja But it was not only Omission yang bikin Sang this that was Gubernur Jenderal disturbing the sleep of kurang nyenyak tidur. His Excellency! 0004/RK/SL.3/TL.2 Gubernur pusing. Idenburg did not Omission know what to do. 0005/RK/SL.4/TL.2 Gubernur Jenderal It was true, however, Omission memang dapat that he could pass on menyerahkan most of these kesulitan-kesulitannya problems to the Dutch yang dihadapi pada Cabinet. Kabinet Belanda. 0006/RK/SL.5/TL.3 Dua-duanya yang dari It was the Governor- Localization dalam maupun luar General’s desire to hendak disalurkan channel both these oleh Gubernur movements, from Jenderal dalam outside and within, ... keadaan tidak sekeras mungkin,... 0007/RK/SL.6/TL.4 Di setiap kabupaten, In each Regency, Alteration and Gubermen hanya under the control of a Addition mendirikan satu Dutch Resident, Sekolah Dasar Umum assisted by a Native dengan dua bagian. bupati, the Government established only one public primary school,... 0008/RK/SL.7/TL.4 Sedang menurut Yet, according to Localization ketentuan Gubermen, Government

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di dalam masyarakat regulations, wherever Hindia di mana ada there were forty empat puluh anak European children, Eropa sebuah E.L.S the Government was harus ada. obliged to establish an ELS school. 0009/RK/SL.9/TL.5 ...Tapi atasanku, Komisaris Besar Donald Nicolson, ...But my boss, Chief Localization berbangsa Inggris, Commissioner berkata, Donald Nicholson, an Englishman, said to me : 0010/RK/SL.9/TL.5 “Tugas ini berdasarkan kertas Tuan sendiri, Tuan ‘We are giving you this Localization Pangemanann....” task based on your own report, Mr Pangemanann....’ 0011/RK/SL.10/TL.6 “... Hanya Tuan yang “...You are the only Omission mampu who can handle it, Mr melakukannya, Tuan Pangemanann. ...” Pangemanann. ...” 0012/RK/SL.10/TL.6 “... Hanya Tuan yang “...Youare the only Localization mampu who can handle it, Mr melakukannya, Tuan Pangemanann. ...” Pangemanann. ...” 0013/RK/SL.19/TL.11 “Tentu saja, Tuan. ‘Of course, Tuan. Localization Siapa tidak mengenal Everyone knows Tuan Komisaris Chief Inspector Pangemanann? Pangemanann. Orang bilang Tuanlah People say that you kepolisian Betawi.” are the Betawi Police!’ 0014/RK/SL.19/TL.11 “Mengapa zihhh, ‘Why zihhh, Tuan? Addition Tuan? Robert Robert Suurhof is not Suurhof ini belum lagi a dog! ’ protested this jadi anjing,” protes rotten bandit. bandit tengik itu. 00015/RK/SL.24/TL.13 Nampak Tuan dan I saw the man’s Localization Nyonya Frischboten friends Mr and Mrs keluar dari rumah itu Frischboten leave the dengan pengiring- house with Native pengiringnya orang escorts. Pribumi. 00016/RK/SL.29/TL.16 Pokok pertama : The main subjuect Preservation

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Hikayat Siti Aini was the story The karangan Haji Tale ofSiti Ainiby Moeloek, yang dalam Haji Moeloek, which waktu pendek telah in recent days was on jadi buah bibir di everybody’s lips in Jawa. Java. 00017/RK/SL.43/TL.23- “Bisa saja. Tapi rupa- ‘Yes, I could. But it Alteration 24 rupanya Tuan perlu seems that you do not tahu, Tuan realise, Meneer Pangemanann, kertas Pangemanann, that Tuan bukanlah kertas your report is not for untuk umum.” the general public.’ 00018/RK/SL.51/TL. Begitu Raden Mas Once our raden mas Addition kita tiada, was no longer with organisasinya pasti us, his organisation buyar, karena would also vanish, organisasi menurut because organisations pengertian Eropa, in the European sense belum lagi ada di did not yet exist in the Hindia. Indies. 0019/RK/SL.53/TL.29 ...”Tuan tidak usah ...”You need not Localization ragu-ragu, Tuan worry, Meneer Chief Komisaris Besar.” Commissioner”

0020/RK/SL.53/TL.29 ...”Tuan tidak usah ...”You need not Localization ragu-ragu, Tuan worry, Meneer Chief Komisaris Besar.” Commissioner” 0021/RK/SL.63/TL.34 Dan Prinses van And the Princess of Omission and Kasiruta, perempuan Kasiruta, that Localization garang itu, resolute woman, melengking-lengking wouldbe crying out kehilangan suami for the husband she so yang dipujanya selama much admired. ini. 0022/RK/SL.64/TL.35 ...ia telah memanggil ..., even to the extent Localization datangnya kekuatan, that the Governor- sampai-sampai mulai General himself was menguatirkan worried. Gubermen.

0023/RK/SL.65/TL.35 Pada Prinses I sent Princess Localization Kasiruta aku kirimi Kasiruta an surat palsu pada waktu anonymous letter just suaminya baru after her husband left meninggalkan Buitenzorg for Buitenzorg menuju Bandung.

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Bandung. 0024/RK/SL.70/TL.38 Ia adalah Pangeran He was the Prince Localization Van Son. Van Son.

0025/RK/SL.72/TL.39 Komandanku, My commander at Localization komisaris Van Dam that time, tot Dam, seorang Commissioner Van yang membanggakan Dam tot Dam, who diri Belanda tulen, was so proud of being tanpa campuran darah a pure Dutchman, free Inggris atau Yahudi,... of the taint of either English or Jewish blood, …

0026/RK/SL.74/TL.40 Tiap kali seorang Every time we got rid Localization anggota gerombolan of a member of the roboh, kuikuti dengan gang, I would praise puji syukur pada the Heavenly Father, Tuhan Bapak, ...... 0027/RK/SL.75/TL.40 Salah seorang di One of them was Addition antaranya adalah Nyi called Nyi Juju. Juju. 0028/RK/SL.75/TL.40 “Karta bin Dusun, “Karta bin Dusun, Localization and Tuan Besar.” Tuan, Sir.” Addition

0029/RK/SL.76/TL.41 “Mana saya tahu, “How would I know, Addition Tuan Besar. Orang- Tuan? People say I orang bilang saya am the daughter of anak Tuan Piton” Tuan Piton.” 0030/RK/SL.76/TL.41 “Mana saya tahu, “How would I know, Addition Tuan Besar. Orang- Tuan? People say I orang bilang saya am the daughter of anak Tuan Piton” Tuan Piton.”

0031/RK/SL.79/TL.43 Dalam upacara During the ceremony Localization pengangkatanku appointing me sebagai Ajung Adjutant Komisaris hampir- Commissioner I was hampir tak dapat aku almost unable to stop mencegah myself from trying to keinginanku untuk shoo that image of menggerakan tangan Pitung. mengusir bayangan di Pitung ini. 0032/RK/SL.80/TL.43 ... di sekitar jembatan ...around the Harmoni Localization Harmonie dan daerah Bridge and the land

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tuan-tanah owned by the Alaydrus. landlord Alaydrus. 0033/RK/SL.83/TL.45 ...di tanah partikelir The leader was Bang Preservation Inggris di Curug di Komeng. bawah pimpinan Bang Komeng. 0034/RK/SL.86/TL.46 Setiap pertanyaan Meneer Lawyer K Alteration dijawab dengan answered every terbuka oleh Tuan question openly. Mr.K. 0035/RK/SL.87/TL.47 Semua orang diam, Everyone was silent, Alteration tak mencoba not trying to break membongkar tembok through the wall of batu pembisuan silence from Meneer Mr.K. K-. 0036/RK/SL.87/TL.47 Di perjalanan pulang All the way home Alteration dalam keadaan through the drizzle, gerimis tipis, dingin cold and mud, I could dan becek, tak dapat not escape either aku terbebas dari kata- Meneer K-‘s words kata Tuan Mr.K. or the vision of Pitung. 0037/RK/SL.91/TL.49 Peringatan Tuan K Meneer K-‘s warning Alteration berarti juga : keadaan had another meaning. seperti itu tidak dapat dipertahankan terus menerus. 0038/RK/SL.94/TL.50 Menjelang lulus E.L.S ...I was taken as the Alteration di Menado, diambil foster child of anak pungut oleh Meneer De Cagnie, a Tuan De Cagnie. Frenchman, an apothecary. 0039/RK/SL.96/TL.52 ...tak tulus terhadap ...no longer faithful to Alteration segala didikan Tuan what I was taught by De Cagnie dan istri, Monsieur De Cagnie terhadap oom dan and his wife, by tante Pangemanann. Uncle and Aunt Pangemanann. 0040/RK/SL.96/TL.52 ...tak tulus terhadap ...no longer faithful to Localization segala didikan Tuan what I was taught by De Cagnie dan istri, Monsieur De Cagnie terhadap oom dan and his wife, by tante Pangemanann. Uncle and Aunt Pangemanann. 0041/RK/SL.99/TL.53 Madame Paulette Madame Paulette Preservation Pangemanann dan Pangemanann and

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anak-anak, ... children, ... 0042/RK/SL.96/TL.52 ...Baik sebagai ...Whether as an Localization Inspektur maupun Inspector or as Komisaris Polisi, Commissioner, my pekerjaanku tak lain work has been terus mengawasi nothing other than to ketat... monitor closely my own people…

0043/RK/SL.115/TL.61 Setelah empat jam After four hours Omission and membacai surat-surat reading through the Localization aku temukan instruksi papers, I came accross Tuan Besar an Instruction of Gubernur jenderal Governor-General Rooseboom... Rosenboom... 0044/RK/SL.119/TL.63 “...terima kasih dariku “...he was hoping a Localization dan mendapatkan gratitude from me and imbalan kata-kata some words of tribute yang baik dari Tuan from His Excellency Besar Gubernur Governor General.” Jenderal.” 0045/RK/SL.120/TL.64 “Tentu saja, Edeleer- “The members of the Localization - edeleer Dewan Hindia Indies Council too, Omission juga?” tanyaku. yes?” I asked. 0046/RK/SL.120/TL.64 “Bagaimana kalau “What about with Preservation dengan Mevrouw?” Mevrouw?” he desaknya terus. continued to press me.

0047/RK/SL.126/TL.67 “...Penyair besar di “...A poet from the Localization masa Hayam Wuruk, time of Hayam Mpu Tantular, Tuan Wuruk, Mpu telah merumuskan Tantular, described watak penyesuaian ini this compromising dalam sebuah bait dari personality in a verse syair-syairnya.” of one of his poems.”

0048/RK/SL.128/TL.68 “Adakah Tuan “Will you be Localization bermaksud mengambil presenting this thesis gelar Doctor dengan for a Doctorate?” thesa itu?” 0049/RK/SL.132/TL.70 ...terkait dalam ...the exile of Addition pelaksanaan somebody whom I pembuangan orang considered to be my yang kuanggap guruku teacher-Raden Mas sendiri-Raden Mas Minke. Minke.

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0050/RK/SL.132/TL.70 Pada akhir catatanku At the end of these Localization

sendiri aku tulis : notes, I wrote : A Hamba Gubermen! Servant of the Goverment!

0051/RK/SL.146/TL.77 “...Tuan anak angkat “...You are the Localization and Tuan apoteker De adopted child of the Alteration Cagnie, bukan? Dari chemist, Monsieur Lyon?” De Cagnie, yes? From Lyons?”

0052/RK/SL.146/TL.77 Jadi pekerjaanku tidak My work would be no Addition beda dengan di different from that I kepolisian dulu. carried out as a Police Commissioner. 0053/RK/SL.162/TL.85 “Tuan Mr De “Meneer Mister De Localization and Lange.” Lange.” Alteration 0054/RK/SL.169/TL.89 Tidak, Tuan No, Meneer Localization and Komandan, aku Commandant, I do Alteration bukannya hendak not want to see you. menemui Tuan. 0055/RK/SL.170/TL.90 Letnan Swie Lieutenant Swie Localization menyambut aku welcomed me, asking bertanya, “Heran, : ‘I’m surprised, Tuan Pangemanann, Commissioner datang mengontrol Pangemanann, you membawa Rientje.” have brought Rientje here with you on an inspection.’ 0056/RK/SL.176/TL.93 ...dan Raden Mas ...and Raden Mas Addition Minke dengan Njai Minke’s Nyai Purwana-nya. Permana. 0057/RK/SL.189/TL.99 Contohnya : Sutan An example is Sutan Addition Casayangan. Casayanag. 0058/RK/SL.195/TL.103 Perintah telah The Government had Alteration dikeluarkan oleh issued an order – Gubermen, Meester Hendrik Mr.Hendrik Frischboten was to Frischboten harus be deported from the keluar dari India. Indies. 0059/RK/SL.216/TL.103 “...Dia bernama Mas “...His name is Mas Addition Tjokro, seorang krani Tjokro, an employee Borsumij Surabaya....” of the Surabaya Borsumij...” 0060/RK/SL.222/TL.117 Dan, Tuan Raden And, Meneer Raden Alteration

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Mas Minke, kau akan Mas Minke, you will lihat betapa anak witness how this sulungmu akan youngest child of tersobek-sobek... yours will be torn apart,... 0061/RK/SL.232/TL.122 Dan Tjokro mulai And people speak of Preservation disebut-sebut sebagai Tjokro as the Ratu Ratu Adil, itu Adil, the ‘just prince’, messiasnya orang the messiah of the Jawa. Javanese. 0062/RK/SL.244/TL.128 Mereka sudah cukup They were happy Localization senang dan terjamin di enough and felt bawah naungan Sri secure enough under Ratu. the protection of Her Majesty. 0063/RK/SL.245/TL.128 “Apakah menurut “Do you think they Localization pikiran Tuan, mereka should be encouraged tak perlu didorong to establish a rival untuk juga organisation to the membentuk organisasi Indische Partij, one tandingan terhadap advocating loyalty to Indische Partij the Queen?” menjadi sebuah partai yang loyal terhadap Sri Ratu?” 0064/RK/SL.247/TL.130 Sekretaris He summoned the Localization Departemen department dipanggil untuk secretary to help me. membantu aku. 0065/RK/SL.247/TL.130 Dan kami berjalan ke And we set off for Localization and tempat lain another office, Alteration meninggalkan Tuan leaving behind Direktur dan Meneer Director and ruangannya. his office.

0066/RK/SL.247/TL.130 “Tuan Direktur “This Director is Omission yang sekarang serba completely the sebaliknya daripada opposite to Meneer Tuan Van Aberon.” van Aberon.” 0067/RK/SL.259/TL.136 Dan kau, dokter And you, Dr Tjipto, Localization Tjipto, si pemenung! the day dreamer! 0068/RK/SL.262/TL.137 ...dan bahwa Raja ...and that King Localization Belanda Lodewijk Napoleon, LodewijkNapoleon, the brother of saudara kandung Emperor Napoleon, Kaisar Napoleon, had accepted this

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menerima baik annexation. aneksasi itu. 0069/RK/SL.262/TL.137 ...dan bahwa Raja ...and that King Localization Belanda Lodewijk Lodewijk Napoleon, Napoleon, saudara the brother of kandung Kaisar Emperor Napoleon, Napoleon, menerima had accepted this baik aneksasi itu. annexation. 0070/RK/SL.276/TL.145 Dan semangat itu And this necessary Localization ditiupkan ke dalam spirit was blown into tubuhku karena me-by the arrival of kedatangan Ajudan His Excellency the Tuan Besar Governor-General’s Gubernur Jenderal. Adjutant. 0071/RK/SL.277/TL.145 “Aku tidak sakit Tuan “I am not ill, Meneer Localization and Ajudan. Hanya terlalu Adjutant, just Alteration lelah. ...” exhausted. ...” 0072/RK/SL.277/TL.145 Kata-kata itu pasti Such words would be Localization akan mewakili Sri from Her Majesty Ratu, khusus and be addressed ditujukan padaku. especially to me. 0073/RK/SL.277/TL.145 Hanya Tuan R. Dan It was only Monsieur Alteration Tuan Gr. Dan R- and Meneer Gr- pemuka-pemuka and the other senior kantorku yang datang officials who came to menyambut aku see me out of sebagai adat politeness. kesopanan. 0074/RK/SL.280/TL.147 Sepucuk untukku, One was for me, the Localization sepucuk untuk other was for the Panglima KNIL di KNIL commander in Bandung. Bandung. 0075/RK/SL.282/TL.147 “Aku harap Tuan ‘I hope Meneer Localization and dokter dapat Doctor can help you.’ Alteration menolong Tuan.” 0076/RK/SL.288/TL.151 Pemuka-pemukanya Its founders were Localization adalah pelarian- political exiles from a pelarian politik dari party split in the perpecahan partai di Netherlands- Nederland, Sneevliet Engineer Baars and dan Ir.Baars. Sneevliet. 0077/RK/SL.293/TL.153 Aku teringat pada I was reminded of Preservation kemenakan Patih how Raden Mas Meester Cornelis Minke wrote in one of dalam tulisan Raden his books about Patih Mas Minke yang Meester Cornelius’

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tertangkap basah nephew being caught sedang membacai reading papers in the kertas Algemeene Algameene Secretarie. Secretariat. 0078/RK/SL.293/TL.153 “Bukan, bukan karena “It’s not that we want Localization Paman atau dokter our people to set this Roemengan atau up just because of advokat Pangkey, Uncle or Dr maka orang kita lantas Roemengan or lawyer mendirikan organisasi. Pangkey....” ...” 0079/RK/SL.317/TL.165 Aku mendapat kesan, It was my impression Addition bahwa di luar Nji that, except for Nyai Permana, naskah- Permana, they were naskah itu bertautan- all connected. tautan satu dengan yang lain. 0080/RK/SL.333/TL.174 Dipimpin oleh Pak They were led by Pak Preservation Samin, seorang dari Samin, a man from desa lain, sebuah another village. pemberontakan terjadi. 0081/RK/SL.338/TL.176 Dengan sedikit Because I could give Localization kepandaian bermain a bit of a display of gontok aku berhasil fist fighting, the Oil dise-gani polisi-polisi Police liked me. minyak. 0082/RK/SL.341/TL.177 Tulisan itu juga Marco’s article also Addition mengingatkan aku reminded me of what pada naskah Minke Minke wrote about tentang Nyai Nyai Ontosoroh, a Ontosoroh, seorang Native Javanese girl, gadis Jawa totok, buta who could not read or huruf. write. 0083/RK/SL.349/TL.182 ...,kecuali, bahwa ia ...,except the Addition salah seorang anak information that he Bupati Bojonegoro. was a son of the Bupati of Bojonegoro. 0084/RK/SL.361/TL.188 “Komandan Polisi ‘The Chief of the Localization Malang, Tuan Malang Police, Roedentaal,” jawabku Meneer Roedentaal,’ dalam Belanda. I answered in Dutch. 0085/RK/SL.362/TL.188 Tuan Pangemanann Meneer Pangemanann Localization adalah pensiunan is a retired Police Komisaris Polisi, Commissioner, a

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pejabat tinggi pada high official at the Algameene Secretarie, Algameene ... Secretariat,... 0086/RK/SL.362/TL.188 “Tuan Komandan,” ‘Meneer Localization and jawab Strooman, “apa Commander,’ Alteration karena itu dia lantas answered Strooman, bukan inlander?...” ‘does that make him no longer an Inlander?... ’ 0087/RK/SL.362/TL.188 “...Tak patutkah ‘...And there is Localization seorang Komandan something wrong in a Polisi membawa Police Commander seorang pejabat tinggi bringing a high kemari?” Government official to the club?’ 0088/RK/SL.363/TL.189 Tuan Bupati, seorang The Bupati, an Globalization terpelajar yang dapat educated man who menggunakan spoke several modern beberapa bahasa languages,... modern,... 0089/RK/SL.363/TL.189 Di sini pula terjadi It was here that I held Globalization pertemuan antara aku, a meeting with the Tuan Residen dan Bupati and the Tuan Bupati. Resident. 0090/RK/SL.365/TL.190 “Ndoro Wedana ‘Ndoro Wedana,’ Addition Kota,” jawab salah one of them seorang di antaranya. asnwered. 0091/RK/SL.365/TL.190 “Siapa dikirimkan ‘Who was sent here Addition oleh Tuan Residen?” by Tuan Resident?’Addition 0092/RK/SL.367/TL.191 Justru pada waktu itu It was that moment Localization Komandan Polisi that the Madiun Madiun datang Chief of Police dengan sepeda motor arrived on his Harley Harley Davidson. Davidson. 0093/RK/SL.367/TL.191 Ia bersaluir pada He saluted Meneer Alteration Tuan Residen, Resident, nodded to mengangguk pada Meneer Bupati and to Tuan Bupati dan me. kepadaku. 0094/RK/SL.367/TL.191 Ia bersaluir pada Tuan He saluted Meneer Preservation and Residen, mengangguk Resident, nodded to Alteration pada Tuan Bupati Meneer Bupati and dan kepadaku. to me. 0095/RK/SL.367/TL.191 “...Sepantasnya dia ‘...She should be the Addition jadi Raden Ayu raden ayu of a bupati

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seorang Bupati di in one of the very rich kabupaten yang kaya.” districts. ’ 0096/RK/SL.369/TL.192 Seorang Inspektur A Police Inspector Localization Polisi datang arrived and handed menghadap dan the Resident a big menyampaikan pada envelope. Tuan Residen sebuah amplop besar. 0097/RK/SL.377/TL.196 Wajahnya memang Her face was like that Localization berbentuk daun sirih of a sirih leaf, just as seperti dikatakan oleh the Madiun Police Kepala Polisi Chief had said, with a Madiun dengan dagu pointed chin. meruncing. 0098/RK/SL.397/TL.192 “Sekolah Tinggi ‘The Police Academy, Localization Kepolisian, Yang Your Excellency.’ Mulia.” 0099/RK/SL.424/TL.222 “Ya, Meener, ‘Yes, Meener, Addition Juffrouw Soendari Juffrouw Soendari sudah keluar dari lefct our school a little sekolah kami.” while ago.’Addition 0100/RK/SL.426/TL.222 Kusir itu memanggil- The driver called out: Localization manggil, “Jeng, ‘Mistress! Mistress!’ Jeng!” 0101/RK/SL.426/TL.225 ...ia tak tahu ...and he didn’t know Localization bagaimana kelak harus what he would say melaporkan pada now to His Honour Kanjeng Bupati the Bupati of Pemalang. Pemalang. 0102/RK/SL.426/TL.225 Semua ini justru yang It was precisely these Localization tidak dikehendaki oleh sorts of goings-on that Kanjeng Gubermen. the Honourable Government. 0103/RK/SL.435/TL.228 “Wah, Jeng, begitu ‘Wah, Jeng Soendari, Addition lama baru kelihatan. it’s been so long since Rindu sangat sahaya.” we’ve seen you. I have missed you greatly, Jeng. ’ 0104/RK/SL.435/TL.228 “Ya, Ibu, beratnya ‘Yes, there are many Addition orang cari difficulties in finding penghidupan. ways to make a Ampunilah sahaya.” living, Ibu. Forgive me.Addition 0105/RK/SL.439/TL.230 “Dengarkan, Ibu, ‘Listen, Ibu, perhaps Preservation and barangkali Ibu belum Ibu has never heard Addition pernah dengar nama the name Bendoro

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Bendoro Raden Mas Raden Mas Minke?’ Minke?” 0106/RK/SL.440/TL.230 Asisten residen The Assistant Localization Pekalongan merasa Resident of puas dengan Pekalongan was very percakapan itu. satisfied when the Kontrolir of Pemalang reported this conversation. 0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 The Assistant Addition and Resident of Creation Pekalongan was very satisfied when the Kontrolir of Pemalang reported this conversation. 0108/RK/SL.449/TL.236 “Maaf Tuan, mungkin ‘Excuse me, Sir, Localization suatu permintaan yang perhaps I am asking berlenih-lebihan....” too much....’ 0109/RK/SL.457/TL.240 Kegiatan Mr.Van The activities of Mr Preservation Aberon, bekas Van Aberon, the Direktur O & E former director of Hindia, ... Education and Culture,... 0110/RK/SL.462/TL.243 Kepala Departemen The Head of the Localization O & E tak Department of menjanjikan sesuatu Education and karena memang tidak Culture did not mengajukan kesulitan- actually promise kesulitannya. anything. 0111/RK/SL.462/TL.243 Sekretaris The Departmental Localization Departemen mencatat Secretary noted semua hal yang down all the penting. suggestions. 0112/RK/SL.464/TL.244 “Senang sekali ‘I amvery pleased to Localization bertemu dengan Tuan meet Meneer Sekretaris Oemoem General Secretary of Boedi Moeljo....” the Boedi Oetomo...’ 0113/RK/SL.480/TL.253 “Siapakah noni ‘Who is Noni Addition Rientje?” tanyaku. Rientje’ I asked. 0114/RK/SL.492/TL.244 Madame pada Madame to Monsieur Preservation and Monsieur Pangemanann was Alteration Pangemanann based on mutual berdasarkan suka affection,... sama suka,... 0115/RK/SL.502/TL.265 Kurang apakah puji- What praise has not Localization

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pujian pada keadilan been heaped on the Ratu Shima? just rule of Queen Shima? 0116/RK/SL.522/TL.275 Kembali ke ruang Back in my office, I Localization kerjaku terbaca olehku read a report in the dalam koran pagi paper that pushed all sebuah berita yang other news off the mendesak berita-berita front page : Czar lainnya : Tsar Nicholson of Russia Nicholas dari Rusia had been overthrown. terguling. 0117/RK/SL.549/TL.289 ...,dari Sultan Agung ..., from Sultan Preservation sampai raja-raja Agung through the terakhir di Jawa. rajas of more recent times. 0118/RK/SL.549/TL.289 ...,dari Sultan Agung ..., from Sultan Agung Localization and sampai raja-raja through the rajas of Addition terakhir di Jawa. more recent times. 0119/RK/SL.575/TL.302 Pemburu The maid, Auntie Localization rumahtangganya itu Marientje, had Tante Marientje, accompanied him to telah the ship, ... mengantarkannya sampai ke kapal... 0120/RK/SL.610/TL.320 Bukan sampai situ Just as it had been Localization saja, seperti halnya with Dr Snouck dengan Doktor Hurgonje, and with Snouck Hurgonje, the Resident of sama halnya dengan Bojonegoro,... residen Bojonegoro,... 0121/RK/SL.635/TL.332 Waktu Tuan Konsul When the Consul Globalization memperkenalkan aku intorduced me to her padanya dan aku and we shook menjabat tangannya,... hands,... 0122/RK/SL.635/TL.333 Cepat-cepat aku I quickly prayed that Localization berdoa memohon the Virgin Mother perlindungan Ibunda would protect me and Maria, untuk that I would find the mendapatkan Maria, strength to go on. untuk mendapatkan kekuatan secukupnya. 0123/RK/SL.645/TL.337 “Tjeu,” panggilku, ‘Tjeu,’ I said. ‘you Preservation “lebih baik kawinlah should marry a good dengan lelaki baik- man. ’ baik.”

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Appendix B Translation Quality Assessment

Translation Quality Data Numbers Assessment M

Acc Acp Rdb

0001/RK/SL.1/TL.1 3 3 3 3 SL : 1912: Tahun terberat untuk pribadi Gubernur Jenderal Idenburg.

TL :1912. This was the year that brought the greatest burdens for Governor General Idenburg. 0002/RK/SL.1/TL.1 3 3 3 3 SL : Sekarang sang Gubernur Jenderal gelisah.

TL : Now His Excellency the Governor-General was anxious. 0003/RK/SL.3/TL.2 3 3 3 3 SL : Tapi bukan itu saja yang bikin Sang Gubernur Jenderal kurang nyenyak tidur.

TL : But it was not only this that was disturbing the sleep of His Excellency! 0004/RK/SL.3/TL.2 3 3 3 3 SL : Gubernur pusing.

TL : Idenburg did not know what to do. 0005/RK/SL.4/TL.2 3 3 3 3 SL : Gubernur Jenderal memang dapat menyerahkan kesulitan-kesulitannya yang dihadapi pada Kabinet Belanda.

TL : It was true, however, that he could pass on most of these problems to the Dutch Cabinet. 0006/RK/SL.5/TL.3 3 3 3 3 SL : Dua-duanya yang dari dalam maupun luar hendak disalurkan oleh Gubernur Jenderal dalam keadaan tidak sekeras mungkin,… TL : It was the Governor-General’s desire to channel

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both these movements, from outside and within, ... 0007/RK/SL.6/TL.4 3 3 3 3 SL : Di setiap kabupaten, Gubermen hanya mendirikan satu Sekolah Dasar Umum dengan dua bagian.

TL : In each Regency, under the control of a Dutch Resident, assisted by a Native bupati, the Government established only one public primary school, ... 0008/RK/SL.7/TL.4 3 3 3 3 SL : Sedang menurut ketentuan Gubermen, di dalam masyarakat Hindia di mana ada empat puluh anak Eropa sebuah E.L.S harus ada.

TL : Yet, according to Government regulations, wherever there were forty European children, the Government was obliged to establish an ELS school. 0009/RK/SL.9/TL.5 3 3 3 SL : ...Tapi atasanku, Komisaris Besar Donald Nicolson, berbangsa Inggris, berkata, 3

TL : ...But my boss, Chief Commissioner Donald Nicholson, an Englishman, said to me : 0010/RK/SL.9/TL.5 3 3 3 SL : “Tugas ini berdasarkan kertas Tuan sendiri, Tuan Pangemanann....” 3

TL : ‘We are giving you this task based on your own report, Mr Pangemanann....’ 0011/RK/SL.10/TL.6 3 3 3 3 SL : “... Hanya Tuan yang mampu melakukannya, Tuan Pangemanann. ...”

TL : “...You are the only who can handle it, Mr Pangemanann. ...” 0012/RK/SL.10/TL.6 3 3 3 3 SL : “... Hanya Tuan yang mampu melakukannya, Tuan Pangemanann. ...”

TL : “...Youare the only who can handle it, Mr Pangemanann. ...” 0013/RK/SL.19/TL.11 3 3 3 3 SL : “Tentu saja, Tuan. Siapa tidak mengenal Tuan Komisaris Pangemanann? Orang bilang Tuanlah

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kepolisian Betawi.”

TL : ‘Of course, Tuan. Everyone knows Chief Inspector Pangemanann. People say that you are the Betawi Police!’ 0014/RK/SL.19/TL.11 3 1 2 2 SL : “Mengapa zihhh, Tuan? Robert Suurhof ini belum lagi jadi anjing,” protes bandit tengik itu.

TL : ‘Why zihhh, Tuan? Robert Suurhof is not a dog! ’ protested this rotten bandit. 00015/RK/SL.24/TL.13 3 3 3 3 SL : Nampak Tuan dan Nyonya Frischboten keluar dari rumah itu dengan pengiring-pengiringnya orang Pribumi.

TL : I saw the man’s friends Mr and Mrs Frischboten leave the house with Native escorts. 00016/RK/SL.29/TL.16 3 2 2 2.3 SL : Pokok pertama : Hikayat Siti Aini karangan Haji Moeloek, yang dalam waktu pendek telah jadi buah bibir di Jawa.

TL : The main subjuect was the story The Tale ofSiti Ainiby Haji Moeloek, which in recent days was on everybody’s lips in Java. 00017/RK/SL.43/TL.23-24 3 2 2 2.3 SL : “Bisa saja. Tapi rupa-rupanya Tuan perlu tahu, Tuan Pangemanann, kertas Tuan bukanlah kertas untuk umum.”

TL : ‘Yes, I could. But it seems that you do not realise, Meneer Pangemanann, that your report is not for the general public.’ 00018/RK/SL.51/TL.27 3 2 2 2.3 SL : Begitu Raden Mas kita tiada, organisasinya pasti buyar, karena organisasi menurut pengertian Eropa, belum lagi ada di Hindia.

TL : Once our raden mas was no longer with us, his organisation would also vanish, because organisations in the European sense did not yet exist in the Indies. 0019/RK/SL.53/TL.29 3 2 2.3

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SL : ...”Tuan tidak usah ragu-ragu, Tuan Komisaris 2 Besar.”

TL : ...”You need not worry, Meneer Chief Commissioner” 0021/RK/SL.63/TL.34 2 3 3 2.67 SL : Dan Prinses van Kasiruta, perempuan garang itu, melengking-lengking kehilangan suami yang dipujanya selama ini.

TL : And the Princess of Kasiruta, that resolute woman, wouldbe crying out for the husband she so much admired. 0022/RK/SL.64/TL.35 2 3 3 2.67 SL : ...ia telah memanggil datangnya kekuatan, sampai- sampai mulai menguatirkan Gubermen.

TL : ..., even to the extent that the Governor-General himself was worried. 0023/RK/SL.65/TL.35 3 3 3 3 SL : Pada Prinses Kasiruta aku kirimi surat palsu pada waktu suaminya baru meninggalkan Buitenzorg menuju Bandung.

TL : I sent Princess Kasiruta an anonymous letter just after her husband left Buitenzorg for Bandung. 0024/RK/SL.70/TL.38 3 3 3 3 SL : Ia adalah Pangeran Van Son.

TL : He was the Prince Van Son. 0025/RK/SL.72/TL.39 3 3 3 3 SL : Komandanku, komisaris Van Dam tot Dam, seorang yang membanggakan diri Belanda tulen, tanpa campuran darah Inggris atau Yahudi,…

TL : My commander at that time, Commissioner Van Dam tot Dam, who was so proud of being a pure Dutchman, free of the taint of either English or Jewish blood, ... 0026/RK/SL.74/TL.40 3 3 3 3 SL : Tiap kali seorang anggota gerombolan roboh, kuikuti dengan puji syukur pada Tuhan Bapak, …

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TL : Every time we got rid of a member of the gang, I would praise the Heavenly Father, ... 0027/RK/SL.75/TL.40 3 2 2 2.33 SL : Salah seorang di antaranya adalah Nyi Juju.

TL : One of them was called Nyi Juju. 0028/RK/SL.75/TL.40 2 1 2 1.67 SL : “Karta bin Dusun, Tuan Besar.”

TL : “Karta bin Dusun, Tuan, Sir.” 0029/RK/SL.76/TL.41 2 2 2 2 SL : “Mana saya tahu, Tuan Besar. Orang-orang bilang saya anak Tuan Piton”

TL : “How would I know, Tuan? People say I am the daughter of Tuan Piton.” 0030/RK/SL.76/TL.41 2 2 2 2 SL : “Mana saya tahu, Tuan Besar. Orang-orang bilang saya anak Tuan Piton”

TL : “How would I know, Tuan? People say I am the daughter of Tuan Piton.” 0031/RK/SL.79/TL.43 3 3 3 3 SL : Dalam upacara pengangkatanku sebagai Ajung Komisaris hampir-hampir tak dapat aku mencegah keinginanku untuk menggerakan tangan mengusir bayangan di Pitung ini.

TL : During the ceremony appointing me Adjutant Commissioner I was almost unable to stop myself from trying to shoo that image of Pitung. 0032/RK/SL.80/TL.43 3 3 3 3 SL : ... di sekitar jembatan Harmonie dan daerah tuan- tanah Alaydrus.

TL : ...around the Harmoni Bridge and the land owned by the landlord Alaydrus. 0033/RK/SL.83/TL.45 1 1 2 1.33 SL : ...di tanah partikelir Inggris di Curug di bawah pimpinan Bang Komeng.

TL : The leader was Bang Komeng.

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0034/RK/SL.86/TL.46 3 2 2 2.33 SL : Setiap pertanyaan dijawab dengan terbuka oleh Tuan Mr.K.

TL : Meneer Lawyer K answered every question openly. 0035/RK/SL.87/TL.47 3 2 3 2.67 SL : Semua orang diam, tak mencoba membongkar tembok batu pembisuan Mr.K.

TL : Everyone was silent, not trying to break through the wall of silence from Meneer K-. 0036/RK/SL.87/TL.47 3 2 3 2.67 SL : Di perjalanan pulang dalam keadaan gerimis tipis, dingin dan becek, tak dapat aku terbebas dari kata-kata Tuan Mr.K.

TL : All the way home through the drizzle, cold and mud, I could not escape either Meneer K-‘s words or the vision of Pitung. 0037/RK/SL.91/TL.49 3 2 3 2.67 SL : Peringatan Tuan K berarti juga : keadaan seperti itu tidak dapat dipertahankan terus menerus.

TL : Meneer K-‘s warning had another meaning. 0038/RK/SL.94/TL.50 3 2 3 2.67 SL : Menjelang lulus E.L.S di Menado, diambil anak pungut oleh Tuan De Cagnie.

TL : ...I was taken as the foster child of Meneer De Cagnie, a Frenchman, an apothecary. 0039/RK/SL.96/TL.52 3 3 3 3 SL : ...tak tulus terhadap segala didikan Tuan De Cagnie dan istri, terhadap oom dan tante Pangemanann.

TL : ...no longer faithful to what I was taught by Monsieur De Cagnie and his wife, by Uncle and Aunt Pangemanann.

0040/RK/SL.96/TL.52 3 3 3 3 SL : ...tak tulus terhadap segala didikan Tuan De Cagnie dan istri, terhadap oom dan tante Pangemanann.

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TL : ...no longer faithful to what I was taught by Monsieur De Cagnie and his wife, by Uncle and Aunt Pangemanann. 0041/RK/SL.99/TL.53 3 3 3 3 SL : Madame Paulette Pangemanann dan anak-anak, …

TL : Madame Paulette Pangemanann and children, ... 0042/RK/SL.96/TL.52 3 3 3 3 SL : ...Baik sebagai Inspektur maupun Komisaris Polisi, pekerjaanku tak lain terus mengawasi ketat…

TL : ...Whether as an Inspector or as Commissioner, my work has been nothing other than to monitor closely my own people... 0043/RK/SL.115/TL.61 3 3 3 3 SL : Setelah empat jam membacai surat-surat aku temukan instruksi Tuan Besar Gubernur jenderal Rooseboom…

TL : After four hours reading through the papers, I came accross an Instruction of Governor-General Rosenboom... 0044/RK/SL.119/TL.63 3 3 3 3 SL : “...terima kasih dariku dan mendapatkan imbalan kata-kata yang baik dari Tuan Besar Gubernur Jenderal.”

TL : “...he was hoping a gratitude from me and some words of tribute from His Excellency Governor General.” 0045/RK/SL.120/TL.64 2 3 3 3 SL : “Tentu saja, Edeleer-edeleer Dewan Hindia juga?” tanyaku.

TL : “The members of the Indies Council too, yes?” I asked. 0046/RK/SL.120/TL.64 3 1 3 2.33 SL : “Bagaimana kalau dengan Mevrouw?” desaknya terus.

TL : “What about with Mevrouw?” he continued to press me.

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0047/RK/SL.126/TL.67 3 1 2 2 SL : “...Penyair besar di masa Hayam Wuruk, Mpu Tantular, Tuan telah merumuskan watak penyesuaian ini dalam sebuah bait dari syair-syairnya.”

TL : “...A poet from the time of Hayam Wuruk, Mpu Tantular, described this compromising personality in a verse of one of his poems.” 0048/RK/SL.128/TL.68 3 3 3 3 SL : “Adakah Tuan bermaksud mengambil gelar Doctor dengan thesa itu?”

TL : “Will you be presenting this thesis for a Doctorate?” 0049/RK/SL.132/TL.70 3 2 2 2.33 SL : ...terkait dalam pelaksanaan pembuangan orang yang kuanggap guruku sendiri-Raden Mas Minke.

TL : ...the exile of somebody whom I considered to be my teacher-Raden Mas Minke. 0050/RK/SL.132/TL.70 3 3 3 3 SL : Pada akhir catatanku sendiri aku tulis : Hamba Gubermen!

TL : At the end of these notes, I wrote : A Servant of the Goverment! 0051/RK/SL.146/TL.77 3 3 3 3 SL : “...Tuan anak angkat Tuan apoteker De Cagnie, bukan? Dari Lyon?”

TL : “...You are the adopted child of the chemist, Monsieur De Cagnie, yes? From Lyons?” 0052/RK/SL.146/TL.77 3 .3 3 3 SL : Jadi pekerjaanku tidak beda dengan di kepolisian dulu.

TL : My work would be no different from that I carried out as a Police Commissioner. 0053/RK/SL.162/TL.85 3 2 2 2.33 SL : “Tuan Mr De Lange.”

TL : “Meneer Mister De Lange.” 0054/RK/SL.169/TL.89 3 2 2 2.33

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SL : Tidak, Tuan Komandan, aku bukannya hendak menemui Tuan.

TL : No, Meneer Commandant, I do not want to see you. 0055/RK/SL.170/TL.90 3 3 3 3 SL : Letnan Swie menyambut aku bertanya, “Heran, Tuan Pangemanann, datang mengontrol membawa Rientje.”

TL : Lieutenant Swie welcomed me, asking : ‘I’m surprised, Commissioner Pangemanann, you have brought Rientje here with you on an inspection.’ 0056/RK/SL.176/TL.93 3 1 2 2 SL : ...dan Raden Mas Minke dengan Njai Purwana- nya.

TL : ...and Raden Mas Minke’s Nyai Permana. 0057/RK/SL.189/TL.99 3 1 2 2 SL : Contohnya : Sutan Casayangan.

TL : An example is Sutan Casayangan.. 0058/RK/SL.195/TL.103 3 1 2 2 SL : Perintah telah dikeluarkan oleh Gubermen, Mr.Hendrik Frischboten harus keluar dari India. TL ; The Government had issued an order – Meester Hendrik Frischboten was to be deported from the Indies. 0059/RK/SL.216/TL.103 3 1 2 2 SL : “...Dia bernama Mas Tjokro, seorang krani Borsumij Surabaya....”

TL : “...His name is Mas Tjokro, an employee of the Surabaya Borsumij...” 0060/RK/SL.222/TL.117 3 1 2 2 SL : Dan, Tuan Raden Mas Minke, kau akan lihat betapa anak sulungmu akan tersobek-sobek…

TL : And, Meneer Raden Mas Minke, you will witness how this youngest child of yours will be torn apart,... 0061/RK/SL.232/TL.122 3 1 2 2 SL : Dan Tjokro mulai disebut-sebut sebagai Ratu Adil, itu messiasnya orang Jawa.

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TL : And people speak of Tjokro as the Ratu Adil, the ‘just prince’, the messiah of the Javanese. 0062/RK/SL.244/TL.128 3 3 3 3 SL ; Mereka sudah cukup senang dan terjamin di bawah naungan Sri Ratu.

TL : They were happy enough and felt secure enough under the protection of Her Majesty. 0063/RK/SL.245/TL.128 3 3 3 3 SL : “Apakah menurut pikiran Tuan, mereka tak perlu didorong untuk juga membentuk organisasi tandingan terhadap Indische Partij menjadi sebuah partai yang loyal terhadap Sri Ratu?”

TL : “Do you think they should be encouraged to establish a rival organisation to the Indische Partij, one advocating loyalty to the Queen?” 0064/RK/SL.247/TL.130 3 3 3 3 SL : Sekretaris Departemen dipanggil untuk membantu aku.

TL : He summoned the department secretary to help me. 0065/RK/SL.247/TL.130 3 2 2 2.33 SL : Dan kami berjalan ke tempat lain meninggalkan Tuan Direktur dan ruangannya.

TL : And we set off for another office, leaving behind Meneer Director and his office. 0066/RK/SL.247/TL.130 3 3 2 2.67 SL : “Tuan Direktur yang sekarang serba sebaliknya daripada Tuan Van Aberon.”

TL : “This Director is completely the opposite to Meneer van Aberon.” 0067/RK/SL.259/TL.136 3 3 3 3 SL : Dan kau, dokter Tjipto, si pemenung!

TL : And you, Dr Tjipto, the day dreamer! 0068/RK/SL.262/TL.137 3 3 2 2.67 SL : ...dan bahwa Raja Belanda LodewijkNapoleon, saudara kandung Kaisar Napoleon, menerima baik

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aneksasi itu.

TL : ...and that King Lodewijk Napoleon, the brother of Emperor Napoleon, had accepted this annexation. 0069/RK/SL.262/TL.137 3 3 2 2.67 SL : ...dan bahwa Raja Belanda Lodewijk Napoleon, saudara kandung Kaisar Napoleon, menerima baik aneksasi itu.

TL : ...and that King Lodewijk Napoleon, the brother of Emperor Napoleon, had accepted this annexation. 0070/RK/SL.276/TL.145 3 3 3 3 SL : Dan semangat itu ditiupkan ke dalam tubuhku karena kedatangan Ajudan Tuan Besar Gubernur Jenderal.

TL : And this necessary spirit was blown into me-by the arrival of His Excellency the Governor-General’s Adjutant. 0071/RK/SL.277/TL.145 3 2 3 2.67 SL : “Aku tidak sakit Tuan Ajudan. Hanya terlalu lelah. ...”

TL : “I am not ill, Meneer Adjutant, just exhausted. ...” 0072/RK/SL.277/TL.145 3 3 3 3 SL : Kata-kata itu pasti akan mewakili Sri Ratu, khusus ditujukan padaku.

TL : Such words would be from Her Majesty and be addressed especially to me. 0073/RK/SL.277/TL.145 3 2 3 2.67 SL : Hanya Tuan R. Dan Tuan Gr. Dan pemuka- pemuka kantorku yang datang menyambut aku sebagai adat kesopanan.

TL : It was only Monsieur R- and Meneer Gr- and the other senior officials who came to see me out of politeness. 0074/RK/SL.280/TL.147 3 3 3 3 SL : Sepucuk untukku, sepucuk untuk Panglima KNIL di Bandung.

TL : One was for me, the other was for the KNIL

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commander in Bandung. 0075/RK/SL.282/TL.147 3 2 3 2.67 SL : “Aku harap Tuan dokter dapat menolong Tuan.”

TL : ‘I hope Meneer Doctor can help you.’ 0076/RK/SL.288/TL.151 3 3 3 3 SL : Pemuka-pemukanya adalah pelarian-pelarian politik dari perpecahan partai di Nederland, Sneevliet dan Ir.Baars.

SL : Its founders were political exiles from a party split in the Netherlands- Engineer Baars and Sneevliet. 0077/RK/SL.293/TL.153 3 2 2 2.33 SL : Aku teringat pada kemenakan Patih Meester Cornelis dalam tulisan Raden Mas Minke yang tertangkap basah sedang membacai kertas Algemeene Secretarie.

TL : I was reminded of how Raden Mas Minke wrote in one of his books about Patih Meester Cornelius’ nephew being caught reading papers in the Algameene Secretariat. 0078/RK/SL.293/TL.153 3 3 3 3 SL : “Bukan, bukan karena Paman atau dokter Roemengan atau advokat Pangkey, maka orang kita lantas mendirikan organisasi. ...”

TL : “It’s not that we want our people to set this up just because of Uncle or Dr Roemengan or lawyer Pangkey....” 0079/RK/SL.317/TL.165 3 1 2 2 SL : Aku mendapat kesan, bahwa di luar Nji Permana, naskah-naskah itu bertautan-tautan satu dengan yang lain.

TL : It was my impression that, except for Nyai Permana, they were all connected. 0080/RK/SL.333/TL.174 3 1 2 2 SL : Dipimpin oleh Pak Samin, seorang dari desa lain, sebuah pemberontakan terjadi.

TL : They were led by Pak Samin, a man from another village.

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0081/RK/SL.338/TL.176 3 3 3 3 SL : Dengan sedikit kepandaian bermain gontok aku berhasil dise-gani polisi-polisi minyak.

SL : Because I could give a bit of a display of fist fighting, the Oil Police liked me. 0082/RK/SL.341/TL.177 3 1 2 2 SL : Tulisan itu juga mengingatkan aku pada naskah Minke tentang Nyai Ontosoroh, seorang gadis Jawa totok, buta huruf.

TL : Marco’s article also reminded me of what Minke wrote about Nyai Ontosoroh, a Native Javanese girl, who could not read or write. 0083/RK/SL.349/TL.182 3 1 2 2 SL : ...,kecuali, bahwa ia salah seorang anak Bupati Bojonegoro.

TL : ...,except the information that he was a son of the Bupati of Bojonegoro. 0084/RK/SL.361/TL.188 3 3 3 3 SL : “Komandan Polisi Malang, Tuan Roedentaal,” jawabku dalam Belanda.

TL : ‘The Chief of the Malang Police, Meneer Roedentaal,’ I answered in Dutch. 0085/RK/SL.362/TL.188 3 3 3 3 SL : Tuan Pangemanann adalah pensiunan Komisaris Polisi, pejabat tinggi pada Algameene Secretarie, …

TL : Meneer Pangemanann is a retired Police Commissioner, a high official at the Algameene Secretariat,... 0086/RK/SL.362/TL.188 3 2 3 2.67 SL : “Tuan Komandan,” jawab Strooman, “apa karena itu dia lantas bukan inlander?...”

TL : ‘Meneer Commander,’ answered Strooman, ‘does that make him no longer an Inlander?... ’

0087/RK/SL.362/TL.188 3 3 3 3 SL : “...Tak patutkah seorang Komandan Polisi membawa seorang pejabat tinggi kemari?”

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TL : ‘...And there is something wrong in a Police Commander bringing a high Government official to the club?’ 0088/RK/SL.363/TL.189 2 1 2 1.67 SL : Tuan Bupati, seorang terpelajar yang dapat menggunakan beberapa bahasa modern,…

TL : The Bupati, an educated man who spoke several modern languages,... 0089/RK/SL.363/TL.189 2 2 3 2.33 SL : Di sini pula terjadi pertemuan antara aku, Tuan Residen dan Tuan Bupati.

TL : It was here that I held a meeting with the Bupati and the Resident. 0090/RK/SL.365/TL.190 3 1 2 2 SL : “Ndoro Wedana Kota,” jawab salah seorang di antaranya.

TL : ‘Ndoro Wedana,’ one of them asnwered. 0091/RK/SL.365/TL.190 2 1 2 1.67 SL : “Siapa dikirimkan oleh Tuan Residen?”

TL : ‘Who was sent here by Tuan Resident?’ 0092/RK/SL.367/TL.191 3 3 3 3 SL : Justru pada waktu itu Komandan Polisi Madiun datang dengan sepeda motor Harley Davidson.

TL : It was that moment that the Madiun Chief of Police arrived on his Harley Davidson. 0093/RK/SL.367/TL.191 3 2 3 2.67 SL : Ia bersaluir pada Tuan Residen, mengangguk pada Tuan Bupati dan kepadaku.

TL : He saluted Meneer Resident, nodded to Meneer Bupati and to me. 0094/RK/SL.367/TL.191 3 2 2 2.33 SL : Ia bersaluir pada Tuan Residen, mengangguk pada Tuan Bupati dan kepadaku.

TL : He saluted Meneer Resident, nodded to Meneer Bupati and to me.

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0095/RK/SL.367/TL.191 3 1 2 2 SL : “...Sepantasnya dia jadi Raden Ayu seorang Bupati di kabupaten yang kaya.”

TL : ‘...She should be the raden ayu of a bupati in one of the very rich districts. ’ 0096/RK/SL.369/TL.192 3 3 3 3 SL : Seorang Inspektur Polisi datang menghadap dan menyampaikan pada Tuan Residen sebuah amplop besar.

TL : A Police Inspector arrived and handed the Resident a big envelope. 0097/RK/SL.377/TL.196 3 3 3 3 SL : Wajahnya memang berbentuk daun sirih seperti dikatakan oleh Kepala Polisi Madiun dengan dagu meruncing.

TL : Her face was like that of a sirih leaf, just as the Madiun Police Chief had said, with a pointed chin. 0098/RK/SL.397/TL.192 3 3 3 3 SL : “Sekolah Tinggi Kepolisian, Yang Mulia.”

TL : ‘The Police Academy, Your Excellency.’ 0099/RK/SL.424/TL.222 3 1 2 2 SL : “Ya, Meener, Juffrouw Soendari sudah keluar dari sekolah kami.”

TL : ‘Yes, Meener, Juffrouw Soendari lefct our school a little while ago.’ 0100/RK/SL.426/TL.222 3 3 3 3 SL : Kusir itu memanggil-manggil, “Jeng, Jeng!”

TL : The driver called out: ‘Mistress! Mistress!’ 0101/RK/SL.426/TL.225 3 3 3 3 SL : ...ia tak tahu bagaimana kelak harus melaporkan pada Kanjeng Bupati Pemalang.

TL : ...and he didn’t know what he would say now to His Honour the Bupati of Pemalang. 0102/RK/SL.426/TL.225 3 3 3 3 SL : Semua ini justru yang tidak dikehendaki oleh Kanjeng Gubermen.

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TL : It was precisely these sorts of goings-on that the Honourable Government. 0103/RK/SL.435/TL.228 3 1 2 2 SL : “Wah, Jeng, begitu lama baru kelihatan. Rindu sangat sahaya.”

TL : ‘Wah, Jeng Soendari, it’s been so long since we’ve seen you. I have missed you greatly, Jeng. ’ 0104/RK/SL.435/TL.228 3 1 2 2 SL : “Ya, Ibu, beratnya orang cari penghidupan. Ampunilah sahaya.”

TL : ‘Yes, there are many difficulties in finding ways to make a living, Ibu. Forgive me. 0105/RK/SL.439/TL.230 3 1 2 2 SL : “Dengarkan, Ibu, barangkali Ibu belum pernah dengar nama Bendoro Raden Mas Minke?” TL : ‘Listen, Ibu, perhaps Ibu has never heard the name Bendoro Raden Mas Minke?’ 0106/RK/SL.440/TL.230 3 3 3 3 SL : Asisten residen Pekalongan merasa puas dengan percakapan itu.

TL : The Assistant Resident of Pekalongan was very satisfied when the Kontrolir of Pemalang reported this conversation. 0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 3 1 2 2 SL : Asisten residen Pekalongan merasa puas dengan percakapan itu.

TL : The Assistant Resident of Pekalongan was very satisfied when the Kontrolir of Pemalang reported this conversation. 0108/RK/SL.449/TL.236 3 3 3 3 SL : “Maaf Tuan, mungkin suatu permintaan yang berlenih-lebihan....”

TL : ‘Excuse me, Sir, perhaps I am asking too much....’ 0109/RK/SL.457/TL.240 3 3 3 3 SL : Kegiatan Mr.Van Aberon, bekas Direktur O & E Hindia, …

TL : The activities of Mr Van Aberon, the former

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director of Education and Culture,... 0110/RK/SL.462/TL.243 3 3 3 3 SL : Kepala Departemen O & E tak menjanjikan sesuatu karena memang tidak mengajukan kesulitan- kesulitannya.

TL : The Head of the Department of Education and Culture did not actually promise anything. 0111/RK/SL.462/TL.243 3 3 3 3 SL : Sekretaris Departemen mencatat semua hal yang penting.

TL : The Departmental Secretary noted down all the suggestions. 0112/RK/SL.464/TL.244 3 3 3 3 SL : “Senang sekali bertemu dengan Tuan Sekretaris Oemoem Boedi Moeljo....”

TL : ‘I am very pleased to meet Meneer General Secretary of the Boedi Oetomo...’ 0113/RK/SL.480/TL.253 2 1 2 1.67 SL : “Siapakah noni Rientje?” tanyaku.

TL : ‘Who is Noni Rientje’ I asked. 0114/RK/SL.492/TL.244 3 3 3 3 SL : Madame pada Monsieur Pangemanann berdasarkan suka sama suka,…

TL : Madame to Monsieur Pangemanann was based on mutual affection,... 0115/RK/SL.502/TL.265 3 3 3 3 SL : Kurang apakah puji-pujian pada keadilan Ratu Shima?

TL : What praise has not been heaped on the just rule of Queen Shima? 0116/RK/SL.522/TL.275 3 3 3 3 SL : Kembali ke ruang kerjaku terbaca olehku dalam koran pagi sebuah berita yang mendesak berita-berita lainnya : Tsar Nicholas dari Rusia terguling.

TL : Back in my office, I read a report in the paper that pushed all other news off the front page : Czar

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Nicholson of Russia had been overthrown. 0117/RK/SL.549/TL.289 1 1 2 1.33 SL : ...,dari Sultan Agung sampai raja-raja terakhir di Jawa.

TL : ..., from Sultan Agung through the rajas of more recent times. 0118/RK/SL.549/TL.289 3 1 2 2 SL : ...,dari Sultan Agung sampai raja-raja terakhir di Jawa.

TL : ..., from Sultan Agung through the rajas of more recent times. 0119/RK/SL.575/TL.302 3 3 3 3 SL : Pemburu rumahtangganya itu Tante Marientje, telah mengantarkannya sampai ke kapal…

TL : The maid, Auntie Marientje, had accompanied him to the ship, ... 0120/RK/SL.610/TL.320 3 3 3 3 SL : Bukan sampai situ saja, seperti halnya dengan Doktor Snouck Hurgonje, sama halnya dengan residen Bojonegoro,…

TL : Just as it had been with Dr Snouck Hurgonje, and with the Resident of Bojonegoro,... 0121/RK/SL.635/TL.332 2 3 3 2.67 SL : Waktu Tuan Konsul memperkenalkan aku padanya dan aku menjabat tangannya,…

TL : When the Consul intorduced me to her and we shook hands,... 0122/RK/SL.635/TL.333 3 3 3 3 SL : Cepat-cepat aku berdoa memohon perlindungan Ibunda Maria, untuk mendapatkan Maria, untuk mendapatkan kekuatan secukupnya.

TL : I quickly prayed that the Virgin Mother would protect me and that I would find the strength to go on. 0123/RK/SL.645/TL.337 1 1 2 1.33 SL : “Tjeu,” panggilku, “lebih baik kawinlah dengan lelaki baik-baik.”

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TL : ‘Tjeu,’ I said. ‘you should marry a good man. ’

Total 349 289 314 Mean 2.9×3 = 2.4×2 2.6×1 8.7 = 4.8 = 2.6 Total Average 8.7 + 4.8 + 2.6 = 16.1 : 6 = 2.68

Details: Acc: Accuracy Acp: Acceptability Rdb: Readability M: Mean

Appendix C The Impact of Translation Strategies towards Translation Quality

Translation Quality Assessment Strategies Numbers of Data Accuracy Acceptability Readability 0001/RK/SL.1/TL.1 3 3 3 0002/RK/SL.1/TL.1 3 3 3

0006/RK/SL.5/TL.3 3 3 3 0008/RK/SL.7/TL.4 3 3 3

0009/RK/SL.9/TL.5 3 3 3 0010/RK/SL.9/TL.5 3 3 3 0012/RK/SL.10/TL.6 3 3 3

0013/RK/SL.19/TL.11 3 3 3 00015/RK/SL.24/TL.13 3 3 3

0020/RK/SL.53/TL.29 3 2 2 0022/RK/SL.64/TL.35 2 3 3 0023/RK/SL.65/TL.35 3 3 3

0024/RK/SL.70/TL.38 3 3 3 0025/RK/SL.72/TL.39 3 3 3

0026/RK/SL.74/TL.40 3 3 3 0031/RK/SL.79/TL.43 3 3 3 0032/RK/SL.80/TL.43 3 3 3

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0040/RK/SL.96/TL.52 3 3 3 Localization 0042/RK/SL.96/TL.52 3 3 3 0044/RK/SL.119/TL.63 3 3 3 0048/RK/SL.128/TL.68 3 3 3 0050/RK/SL.132/TL.70 3 3 3 0055/RK/SL.170/TL.90 3 3 3 0062/RK/SL.244/TL.128 3 3 3 0063/RK/SL.245/TL.128 3 3 3 0064/RK/SL.247/TL.130 3 3 3 0067/RK/SL.259/TL.136 3 3 3 0068/RK/SL.262/TL.137 3 3 2 0069/RK/SL.262/TL.137 3 3 2 0070/RK/SL.276/TL.145 3 3 3 0072/RK/SL.277/TL.145 3 3 3 0074/RK/SL.280/TL.147 3 3 3 0076/RK/SL.288/TL.151 3 3 3 0078/RK/SL.293/TL.153 3 3 3 0081/RK/SL.338/TL.176 3 3 3 0084/RK/SL.361/TL.188 3 3 3 0085/RK/SL.362/TL.188 3 3 3 0087/RK/SL.362/TL.188 3 3 3 0092/RK/SL.367/TL.191 3 3 3 0096/RK/SL.369/TL.192 3 3 3 0097/RK/SL.377/TL.196 3 3 3 0098/RK/SL.397/TL.192 3 3 3 0100/RK/SL.426/TL.222 3 3 3 0101/RK/SL.426/TL.225 3 3 3 0102/RK/SL.426/TL.225 3 3 3 0108/RK/SL.449/TL.236 3 3 3 0110/RK/SL.462/TL.243 3 3 3 0111/RK/SL.462/TL.243 3 3 3 0112/RK/SL.464/TL.244 3 3 3 0115/RK/SL.502/TL.265 3 3 3

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0116/RK/SL.522/TL.275 3 3 3 0119/RK/SL.575/TL.302 3 3 3 0120/RK/SL.610/TL.320 3 3 3 0122/RK/SL.635/TL.333 3 3 3 0014/RK/SL.19/TL.11 3 1 2 00018/RK/SL.51/TL.27 3 2 2

0027/RK/SL.75/TL.40 3 2 2 0029/RK/SL.76/TL.41 2 2 2

0030/RK/SL.76/TL.41 2 2 2 0049/RK/SL.132/TL.70 3 2 2 Addition 0052/RK/SL.146/TL.77 3 3 3 0056/RK/SL.176/TL.93 3 1 2 0057/RK/SL.189/TL.99 3 1 2 0059/RK/SL.216/TL.103 3 1 2 0079/RK/SL.317/TL.165 3 1 2 0082/RK/SL.341/TL.177 3 1 2 0083/RK/SL.349/TL.182 3 1 2 0090/RK/SL.365/TL.190 3 1 2 0091/RK/SL.365/TL.190 2 1 2 0095/RK/SL.367/TL.191 3 1 2 0099/RK/SL.424/TL.222 3 1 2 0103/RK/SL.435/TL.228 3 1 2 0104/RK/SL.435/TL.228 3 1 2 0113/RK/SL.480/TL.253 2 1 2 00016/RK/SL.29/TL.16 3 2 2 0033/RK/SL.83/TL.45 1 1 2

0041/RK/SL.99/TL.53 3 3 3 0046/RK/SL.120/TL.64 3 1 3

0047/RK/SL.126/TL.67 3 1 2 Preservation 0061/RK/SL.232/TL.122 3 1 2 0077/RK/SL.293/TL.153 3 2 2 0080/RK/SL.333/TL.174 3 1 2 0109/RK/SL.457/TL.240 3 3 3

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0117/RK/SL.549/TL.289 1 1 2 0123/RK/SL.645/TL.337 1 1 2 0034/RK/SL.86/TL.46 3 2 2 0035/RK/SL.87/TL.47 3 2 3

0036/RK/SL.87/TL.47 3 2 3 0037/RK/SL.91/TL.49 3 2 3

Alteration 0038/RK/SL.94/TL.50 3 2 3 0039/RK/SL.96/TL.52 3 3 3 0058/RK/SL.195/TL.103 3 1 2 0060/RK/SL.222/TL.117 3 1 2 0073/RK/SL.277/TL.145 3 2 3 0093/RK/SL.367/TL.191 3 2 3 0051/RK/SL.146/TL.77 3 3 3 0053/RK/SL.162/TL.85 3 2 2

0054/RK/SL.169/TL.89 3 2 2 Localization and 0065/RK/SL.247/TL.130 3 2 2 Alteration 0071/RK/SL.277/TL.145 3 2 3 0075/RK/SL.282/TL.147 3 2 3 0086/RK/SL.362/TL.188 3 2 3 0003/RK/SL.3/TL.2 3 3 3 0004/RK/SL.3/TL.2 3 3 3

Omission 0005/RK/SL.4/TL.2 3 3 3 0011/RK/SL.10/TL.6 3 3 3 0066/RK/SL.247/TL.130 3 3 2 0088/RK/SL.363/TL.189 2 1 2

Globalization 0089/RK/SL.363/TL.189 2 2 3

0121/RK/SL.635/TL.332 2 3 3 0021/RK/SL.63/TL.34 2 3 3 Omission and Localization 0043/RK/SL.115/TL.61 3 3 3 0094/RK/SL.367/TL.191 3 2 2 Preservation and 0114/RK/SL.492/TL.244 3 3 3

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Alteration Alteration and 0007/RK/SL.6/TL.4 3 3 3 Addition Localization and 0028/RK/SL.75/TL.40 3 3 3 Addition Addition and 0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 3 1 2 Globalization Creation and 0107/RK/SL.440/TL.230 3 1 2 Addition Preservation and 0105/RK/SL.439/TL.230 3 1 2 Addition