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Politeness and Addressee Honorifics in Bible Translation

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Politeness and Addressee Honorifics in Bible Translation CORE Metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk Provided by DSpace at VU VRIJE UNIVERSITEIT Politeness and Addressee Honorifics in Bible Translation ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad Doctor aan de Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, op gezag van de rector magnificus prof.dr. L.M. Bouter, in het openbaar te verdedigen ten overstaan van de promotiecommissie van de faculteit der Godgeleerdheid op maandag 22 september 2008 om 10.45 uur in de aula van de universiteit, De Boelelaan 1105 door Ji-Youn Cho geboren te Seoul, Korea promotor: prof.dr. L.J. de Vries ACKNOWELDGEMENT This dissertation could not have been written without God’s constant guidance and abundant blessings. During the seven years I have been working on this dissertation, He has enabled me to overcome feelings of inadequacy, fear, loneliness and frustration. I am also indebted to the patience and support of my family, friends and colleagues on this long journey. First, I am truly grateful to my supervisor (promoter), Prof. Lourens de Vries, who has patiently guided me with many insightful comments through my rough drafts in the Netherlands, Korea, Singapore, Thailand and Kenya. His sincere advice and warm encouragement were extremely helpful in improving the quality of this dissertation. Special thanks have to be given also to the members of the reading committee of my dissertation, Dr. Daniele Torck (Amsterdam), Prof. M. C. de Boer (Amsterdam), Dr. Philip Towner (New York), and Dr. Young-Jin Min (Seoul), and one of the opponents of my defense, Dr. Takamitsu Muraoka (Leiden). I am indebted to the United Bible Societies and the Netherlands Bible Society, who supported me during my stay in the Netherlands. I would especially like to express my thanks to the UBS Asia Pacific Regional Translation Coordinator, Dr. Daud Soesilo, who recommended me to the scholarship program of the NBS and encouraged me to be trained as a UBS translation consultant. I also would like to gratefully acknowledge the support of the Korean Bible Society’s former General Secretaries, Mr. Ho-Yong Kim and Dr. Young-Jin Min, who sent me to the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam to study the translation theories and practices. I am also grateful to the current General Secretaries, Mr. Chang-Eung Ahn and Mr. Eui-Hyun Kwon, and the General Manager of Translation Department, Mr. Moo-Yong Jeon, who supported and encouraged me to complete this task. I also remain particularly indebted to my colleagues, the members of the Honorifics Committee of the UBS Asia Pacific Region, Dr. Young-Jin Min, Dr. Chitra Chhetri, Dr. Suee Yan Yu, Mr. GDV Prasad, Mr. Natarajan Subramani, and Mr. Premraj Nag. When I presented my topic to them at Phuket, Thailand in 2007, they were eager to offer their support and suggestions. Much of the research for this dissertation was undertaken in the Library of the Vrije Universiteit and the KBS’ Information Resource Center for Biblical Studies. I am grateful for the support of these libraries, especially Dr. Jin- Hee Park and the librarians at the KBS. In addition, I appreciate the support of Trinity Torch Graduate School of Theology’s Prof. Steven Chang, and Rev. Lisa Pak who proofread the whole manuscript of this dissertation. I am also grateful to the Westminster Graduate School of Theology’s Prof. Hyeon Woo Shin and Chongshin University’s Prof. Chang-Wook Jung, whose support was constant as Korean seniors of VUA, and my best friend, Dr. Dongmei Deng of the University of Amsterdam. Finally, I am deeply thankful for the continuous spiritual and financial support of my parents, Won-Taek Cho and Young-Suk Ahn, and for the constant encouragement of my mother-in-law, Kyeong-Ae Yang, my brother, Hyoung-Shik Cho, and my sister-in-law, Sang-Hee Chun. It is also my privilege to express my deep thanks to my husband, Geun- Jung Lee who is my greatest supporter in life and prayer. He is wonderful comfort and source of encouragement in my life. Soli Deo Gloria! Ji-Youn Cho Contents Abbreviations .......................................................................................... vi Introduction ............................................................................................ 1 I. Purpose and Tasks .................................................................. 1 II. Definitions: Honorifics and Politeness ................................... 4 III. Research Questions and Methods ....................................... 11 IV. Relevance of this Study ...................................................... 14 Chapter 1 Phenomena, Functions and Social Factors of Korean Addressee Honorifics .............................................................................................. 15 I. Introduction .......................................................................... 15 II. Korean Honorifics and Society ............................................ 15 III. Korean Addressee Honorifics .............................................. 18 1. Honorific Second person Pronouns ..................................... 18 a. Historical Survey of Korean HSPP Systems ................ 19 b. Functions of Modern Korean HSPP ............................. 22 2. Korean Honorific Verb Endings .......................................... 25 a. Historical Survey of Korean HVE Systems ................. 26 b. Functions of Modern Korean HVE .............................. 31 IV. Co-occurrence Rule between HSPP and HVE in Korean .... 34 V. Influence of Social Factors on the Choice of Korean Addressee Honorifics ............................................................................ 39 1. Relative Age ........................................................................ 40 2. Relative Status ..................................................................... 42 3. Relative-gender ................................................................... 43 4. Degree of Familiarity .......................................................... 45 5. Formality of Situation ......................................................... 46 ii VI. Summary and Conclusion .................................................... 47 Chapter 2 The Criteria and Framework for the Evaluation of Politeness and Selection of Addressee Honorifics ......................................................... 49 I. Introduction ........................................................................ 49 II. Politeness Theories and Addressee Honorifics ................... 50 1. The Power and Solidarity of Brown and Gilman ............... 50 2. The Politeness Rules of Lakoff .......................................... 51 3. The Politeness Strategies of Brown and Levinson ........... 54 4. The Politeness Maxims of Leech ....................................... 59 III. Criteria for Evaluating Politeness and Addressee Honorifics 61 1. Situation of Dialogue ......................................................... 62 2. Factors of Social Relationship of Interlocutors .................. 63 3. Cultural Expectation concerning the Social Activity ......... 65 4. Social Variables of a Speaker’s Assumption toward an Addressee(s) ....................................................................... 66 5. Paralinguistic Phenomena .................................................. 67 IV. A Framework for Evaluating Politeness and Addressee Honorifics ........................................................................... 68 V. Summary and Conclusion ................................................... 70 Chapter 3 Criteria and A Framework for Translating into Addressee Honorifics 72 I. Introduction ......................................................................... 72 II. Translation Theories and Translating into Addressee Honorifics ................................................................................................. 73 1. Literal Translation ............................................................... 73 2. Dynamic Equivalence ......................................................... 74 3. Functional Equivalence ...................................................... 79 4. Literary Functional Equivalence ......................................... 80 5. Skopos Theory .................................................................... 83 III. Translation Elements for Selecting Addressee Honorifics .. 85 1. Requirements of Reader ..................................................... 85 iii 2. Role of Commissioner ........................................................ 87 3. Function of Translator ........................................................ 88 4. Analysis of Source Text ...................................................... 89 5. Function of Target Text ....................................................... 90 IV. A Translation Framework for the Selection of Addressee Honorifics ............................................................................ 91 V. Summary and Conclusion ................................................... 93 Chapter 4 Addressee Honorifics of Mark 14:58-65 in Korean Translations ....... 96 I. Introduction ......................................................................... 96 II. Addressee Honorifics of Mark 14:58-65 in Old Language Translations ......................................................................... 96 1. The Corean New Testament (1887) ..................................... 98 2. The Gospel according to Mark (1885) ........................... 103 3. The Korean Bible (1911) .................................................. 106 4. Korean Revised
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