The 5Th MAFF International Workshop on Genetic Resources: Diversity
Total Page：16
File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb
The Fifth Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, Japan (MAFF) International Workshop on Genetic Resources Diversity and Use of Agricultural Microorganisms National Institute of Agrobiological Resources Tsukuba, Ibaraki, Japan March 18 - 20, 1998 Sponsored by Research Council Secretariat of MAFF and National Institute of Agrobiological Resources in cooperation with National Agriculture Research Center, National Institute of Agro-Environmental Sciences, National Institute of Food Research, Japanese International Research Center for Agricultural Sciences and Forestry and Forest Products Research Institute Contents Page Welcome Address M.Nakagahra 3 Keynote Address Deterioration of Culture Collections K. Yamasato 5 Molecular genetic approaches for measuring microbial diversity: Examples from filamentous fungi K. O'Donnell 7 Discussion Session 1 : Soil Microorganisms The collection, conservation and application of pasture legume rhizobium resources in China G.Ning, H. Liu and X. Ma 31 Diversity of soybean Bradyrhizobia in Japan K. Minamisawa 45 Genetic diversity of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal fungi and their use in Japan M.Saito 57 Collection and use of root colonizing bacteria M.Aino, Y. Maekawa, S. Mayama and H. Kato 65 Discussion Session 2: Food Microorganisms Food microorganisms and their use in Southeast Asia C. Wongkhalaung 83 Genetic diversity of the genus Aspergillus and its relation to the mycotoxin production gene K. Kusumoto 109 Development of trehalose production and its application in the food industry H.Chaen 117 Collection of microbial genetic resources from Korean traditional fermented foods for the future use S.K.Cha,W.J.Kim and B.H.Ahn 129 Discussion Session 3 : Forest Microorganisms Diversity of infection mechanisms in Japanese cedar twig blight T. Kubono 147 The relationship between fungus diversity and dynamics of the evergreen broad-leaved forests in Southern Kyushu, Japan T. Ikeda, M. Kusunoki, Y. Kawabe, M. Ishiharaand M. Akiba 159 Genetic diversity of the Japanese population of Phellinus noxius, the cause of brown root rot T.Hattori 171 Discussion Session 4: Pathogenic Microorganisms Genetic diversity of the rice bacterial blight pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae in Asia and implication for disease control C.M.VeraCruz 185 Microbial communities from rice seeds G. L.Xie,H.KakuandT.W.Mew 205 Molecular basis of pathogenic variation in the filamentous fungus Alternaria alternata T. Tsuge, A. Tanaka, R. Hatta, H. Shiotani, M. Kusaba, K. Akimitu and M. Yamamoto 223 Three species ofF usarium from Japan, as unexplored microbial genetic resources T.Aoki 237 Genetic Analysis of Ralstonia solanacearum in Japan M.Horitaand K. Tsuchiya 257 Use of Pasteuria penetrans as a biocontrol agent for root-knot nematodes T.Narabu 269 Discussion Closing Remarks S. Miyazaki 287 Picture of Participants List of Participants INTRODUCTION Preliminary address Keynote address Chairperson K. Kato Welcome address Masahiro Nakagahra Director General, National Institute of Agrobiological Resources Kannondai 2-1-2, Tsukuba, Ibaraki, 305-8602, Japan Ladies and gentlemen, on behalf of the Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries Research Council Secretariat it is a great pleasure for me to address you this morning. Global issues such as conservation of biological diversity and climate change are commona concern for all of us, and are very important issues which the international community are trying to address. Last December, the government of Japan hosted the third Conference of parties to the United nations Framework Convention on Climate Change in Kyoto, where the Ministry of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries (MAFF) was on the organizing committee of the conference and participated in its deliberations. MAFF can contribute to helping solving these problems. Erosion of biological diversity is an international problem and collaboration is essential to effectively address this issue. Our research field is agriculture and an integral component of the issue. The year before last in Buenos Aires, the third meeting of the Conference of the Parties (COP) to the Convention on Biological Diversity adopted the decision 'Conservation and Sustainable Use of Agricultural Biological Diversity'. This May the next COP will discuss this issue more deeply, and we will contribute to the debate. To conserve and sustainably use biological resources we work internationally. The National Institute of Agrobiological Resources and other MAFF institutes address these issues. Since 1985 MAFF has supported a Genebank Project, which you will be introduced to during the workshop. The government of Japan recognises genetic resources as a component of the 'intellectual basis' for research and development, and will strengthen its efforts to conserve them. Friendship and collaboration are key elements to successful conservation and use of genetic resources. This is one reason for holding this workshop. This workshop is the fifth in the series focussing on microorganisms. Over the next two days, discussions will range from soil to food microorganisms and from forest to pathogen microorganisms, all of which are quite important for food and agriculture. The workshop will include a trip related to microorganisms and visit to the MAFF Genebank. I hope this will lead to cooperative research in the future. Keynote address I Deterioration of culture collections Kazuhide Yamasato Department of Fermentation Science, Faculty of Applied Biological Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-0054, Japan The main function of public culture collections is to collect, maintain and distribute microbial strains to concerned scientists together with strain information. Strains to be distributed should be correctly identified and should bear sufficient information. Distribution of misidentified or contaminated strains is useless or even harmful to microbiology. I define culture collections in which strains are contaminated, misidentified, poorly documented, losing characteristics of the collection, lacking in valuable deposited strains, and left labelled with out of date scientific names as deteriorated collections (Yamasato, 1988). Collections with the opposite status are healthy culture collections. Collections can be deteriorated by several causes such as: a. morale and lack of devotion by the curators and/or staff; b. insufficient taxonomic research because of the heavy burden of routine collection work; c. insufficient understanding of difficult operations; d. development of collections by parent organizations which discourages collection staff or endangers the collection. Endangered culture collections are those whose existence are threatened by such reasons as the retirement of a curator, withdrawal of financial support, or change of policy by parent body, against the will of collection staff to continue the culture collections (WFCC, 1990). The status of culture collections could be considered 'Safe' if the opposite conditions to endangered collections exists. Continuing endeavour is needed to maintain the collection of strains in a healthy state. By a healthy state is meant preservation of strains for a long time in pure form, with correct identity constantly checked. This is different from mere preservation by repeating routine lyophilization and renewal of specimens. In any culture collection there may be the initial stages of deterioration of collection of strains which may easily grow up without being noticed as such. References Yamasato, K. 1988. Endangered culture collections. Bulletin of the Japan Federation for Culture Collections 4:21-27 (in Japanese) World Federation for Culture Collections (WFCC). 1990. Guidelines for the establishment and operation of collections of cultures of microorganisms. World Federation for Culture Collections. 16 pages Keynote address II Molecular genetic approaches for measuring microbial diversity: Examples from filamentous fungi Kerry O Donnell Agricultural Research Service Culture Collection [NRRL] Microbial Properties Research, National Center for Agricultural Utilization Research (NCAUR), United States Department of Agriculture, Peoria, Illinois 61604 Abstract This paper presents a brief overview of how molecular genetic techniques are transforming our ability to identify and classify microorganisms at all taxonomic levels. Special focus is directed at how the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) combined with automated DNA sequencing are providing systematists with a wealth of discrete characters upon which an objective, phylogenetically-based system of classification of microorganisms can be constructed. Specific examples of how these techniques have advanced our knowledge of the evolution, biogeography and species boundaries of several agronomically important genera offilamentous fungi are drawn from several recent studies: the mycotoxigenic and phytopathogenic genus Fusarium, which includes the bakanae pathogen of rice, Gibberellafujikuroi\ the koji Aspergillus molds used in fermented food such as soy sauce, miso and sake; the genetic diversity ofshiitake mushrooms in Asia; and the edible true morels of the genus Morchella in the northern hemisphere. Introduction Recent reviews on microbial diversity have reached the same surprising conclusion that less than 1% of the estimated numbers of prokaryotes (Pace, 1996; Colwell, 1997) and fungi (Fig. 1) (Hawksworth, 1991) are in culture collections. Culture independent techniques such as phylogenetic analysis of small subunit 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequences