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Montenegro Old and New: History, Politics, Culture, and the People
60 ZuZana Poláčková; Pieter van Duin Montenegro Old and New: History, Politics, Culture, and the People The authors are focusing on how Montenegro today is coming to terms with the task of becoming a modern European nation, which implies recognition not only of democracy, the rule of law, and so forth, but also of a degree of ‘multiculturalism’, that is recognition of the existence of cultural, ethnic, linguistic and religious minorities in a society that is dominated by a Slavic Orthodox majority. In his context they are analyzing the history of the struggle of the Montenegrin people against a host of foreign invaders – after they had ceased to be invaders themselves – and especially their apparently consistent refusal to accept Ottoman sovereignty over their homeland seemed to make them the most remarkable freedom fighters imaginable and led to the creation of a special Montenegrin image in Europe. This im- age of heroic stubbornness and unique martial bravery was even consciously cultivated in Western and Central Europe from the early nineteenth century onwards, as the Greeks, the Serbs, the Montenegrins and other Balkan peoples began to resist the Ottoman Empire in a more effective way and the force of Romantic nationalism began to influence the whole of Europe, from German historians to British politi- cians, and also including Montenegrin and Serbian poets themselves. And what about the present situa- tion? The authors of this essay carried out an improvised piece of investigation into current conditions, attitudes, and feelings on both the Albanian and the Slavic-Montenegrin side (in September 2012). key words: Montenegro; history; multiculturalism; identity; nationalism; Muslim; Orthodox Montenegro (Crna Gora, Tsrna Gora, Tsernagora) is a small country in the Western Balkans region with some 625,000 inhabitants,1 which became an independent nation in 2006 and a can- didate-member of the EU in 2010. -
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Russian Influence on India's Military Doctrines
COMMENTARY Russian Influence on India’s Military Doctrines VIPIN NARANG espite a growing relationship since 2000 between the United States and India and various designations that each is a “strategic partner” or “major defense partner,” India’s three conventional services and increasingly its nuclear program—as it moves to sea—are largely dependent on another country D 1 for mainline military equipment, India’s historical friend: Russia. Since the 1970s, each of the conventional services has had a strong defense procurement relationship with Russia, who tends to worry less than the United States about transferring sensitive technologies. Currently, each of the services operates frontline equipment that is Russian— the Army with T-90 tanks, the Air Force with both MiGs and Su-30MKIs, and the Navy with a suite of nuclear-powered submarines (SSBN) and aircraft carri- ers that are either Russian or whose reactors were designed with Russian assis- tance. This creates a dependence on Russia for spare parts, maintenance, and training that outstrips any dependency India has for military equipment or op- erations. In peacetime, India’s force posture readiness is critically dependent on maintenance and spare parts from Russia. In a protracted conflict, moreover, Rus- sia could cripple India’s military services by withholding replacements and spares. This means India cannot realistically unwind its relationship with Moscow for at least decades, while these platforms continue to serve as the backbone of Indian military power. In terms of doctrine and strategy, although it may be difficult to trace direct influence and lineage between Russia and India, there are several pieces in India’s conventional and nuclear strategy that at least mirror Russia’s behavior. -
Journal of European Integration History Revue D
JOURNAL OF EUROPEAN INTEGRATION HISTORY REVUE D’HISTOIRE DE L’INTÉGRATION EUROPÉENNE ZEITSCHRIFT FÜR GESCHICHTE DER EUROPÄISCHEN INTEGRATION edited by the Groupe de liaison des professeurs d’histoire contemporaine auprès de la Commission européenne 2004, Volume 10, Number 1 The Liaison Committee of Historians came into being in 1982 as a result of an important international symposium that the Commission had organized in Luxembourg to launch historical research on Euro- pean integration. The committee is composed of historians of the European Union member countries who work on contemporary history. The Liaison Committee: – gathers and conveys information about work on European history after the Second World War; – advises the European Union on research projects concerning contemporary European history. Thus, the Liaison Committee was commissioned to make publicly available the archives of the Community institutions; – enables researchers to make better use of the archival sources; – promotes research meetings to get an update of work in progress and to stimulate new research: seven research conferences have been organized and their proceedings published. The Journal of European Integration History – Revue d’histoire de l’intégration européenne – Zeitschrift für Geschichte der europäischen Integration is in line with the preoccupations of the Liaison Committee. Being the first history journal to deal exclusively with the history of European Integration, the Journal offers the increasing number of young historians devoting their research to contemporary Europe, a permanent forum. The Liaison Committee is supported by the European Commission, but works completely independ- ently and according to historians’ critical method. ❋ Le Groupe de liaison des professeurs d’histoire contemporaine auprès de la Commission des Communautés européennes s’est constitué en 1982 à la suite d’un grand colloque que la Commis- sion avait organisé à Luxembourg pour lancer la recherche historique sur la construction européenne. -
Reserve Lieutenant Ferdinand Verleyen
1 RESERVE-LIEUTENANT FERDINAND VERLEYEN 18th REGIMENT OF THE LINE Ferdinand Verleyen served during the First World War as a Reserve-Lieutenant in the Belgian 18th Regiment of the Line. Details about his service career and personal information, is very limited and it is not possible to fully complement the life history of this gallant Belgian soldier. Perhaps if it was possible to access archival material about him from Belgian sources then perhaps the information would be more forthcoming. It would be helpful if the date of his birth was known or more information relating to him joining the army. Ferdinand Verleyen (Date When The Original Black & White Photograph Was Taken Unknown) 2 It is known that after the First World War he was living in Etterbeck, Belgium where most probably he was born. Etterbeek is one of the nineteen municipalities in the Brussels-Capital Region of Belgium. It neighbours the municipalities of the City of Brussels, Ixelles, Audergham, Woluwe-Saint-Pierre, Woluwe-Saint-Lambert and Schaerbeek. In common with all the Brussels municipalities, it is legally bilingual – French and Dutch. The first documented reference to Etterbeek is the building of a church in the 8th century. The name has Celtic roots, ‘ett’ meaning ‘rapid movement and the Dutch word ‘beek’ meaning ‘stream’ is recorded on a document dated 1127. Its current spelling dates from 1138 when construction on a new church began. In the Middle Ages, Etterbeek was a rural hamlet independent from Brussels except from a beer tax given to Brussels circa 1300 by John II, Duke of Brabant. -
India's Limited War Doctrine: the Structural Factor
IDSA Monograph Series No. 10 December 2012 INDIA'S LIMITED WAR DOCTRINE THE STRUCTURAL FACTOR ALI AHMED INDIA’S LIMITED WAR DOCTRINE: THE STRUCTURAL FACTOR | 1 IDSA Monograph Series No. 10 December 2012 INDIA’S LIMITED WAR DOCTRINE THE STRUCTURAL FACTOR ALI AHMED 2 | ALI AHMED Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses, New Delhi. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, sorted in a retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photo-copying, recording or otherwise, without the prior permission of the Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses (IDSA). ISBN: 978-93-82169-09-3 Disclaimer: The views expressed in this Monograph are those of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of the Institute or the Government of India. First Published: December 2012 Price: Rs. Published by: Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses No.1, Development Enclave, Rao Tula Ram Marg, Delhi Cantt., New Delhi - 110 010 Tel. (91-11) 2671-7983 Fax.(91-11) 2615 4191 E-mail: [email protected] Website: http://www.idsa.in Layout & Cover by: Vaijayanti Patankar Printed at: INDIA’S LIMITED WAR DOCTRINE: THE STRUCTURAL FACTOR | 3 To Late Maj Gen S. C. Sinha, PVSM 4 | ALI AHMED INDIA’S LIMITED WAR DOCTRINE: THE STRUCTURAL FACTOR | 5 CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS .......................... 7 1. INTRODUCTION .................................... 9 2. DOCTRINAL CHANGE ............................. 16 3. THE STRUCTURAL FACTOR .................. 42 4. CONCLUSION ....................................... 68 REFERENCES ......................................... 79 6 | ALI AHMED * INDIA’S LIMITED WAR DOCTRINE: THE STRUCTURAL FACTOR | 7 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This monograph is the outcome of my fellowship at IDSA in 2010- 12. -
Legion of Frontiersmen Notebook
Legion of Frontiersmen Notebook Includes over 30 pages with maps, charts, images and about 300 referenced historical entries Part I - General Information Part II - Referenced Timeline Part III - Uniform and Accoutrements ©Barry William Shandro M.Ed – Edmonton Canada – 01 January 2017 1 Foreword This is a personal notebook. Hopefully, this cache of information from a Canadian perspective assists with understanding the enigmatic Legion of Frontiersmen. This document is not intended for commercial reproduction nor is it intended for sale; however, the reader is most welcome to use this information as a starting point for further research. Please credit the original sources of information noted. Four decades ago I began to hear stories about the Legion of Frontiersmen from First and Second World War veterans. These accounts seemed questionable so I began a long process of investigating these claims and looking for informative sources. – To my surprise much of the verbal lore was confirmed with news quotations, documents, photos or addressed in rediscovered Frontiersmen publications. Concurrent to my efforts, the members of the History and Archives Section, Legion of Frontiersmen [Countess Mountbatten’s Own] willingly discussed their respective efforts to rediscover and preserve a very unique piece of Imperial history. Spearheaded by the Legion Historian, Geoffrey A. Pocock [Outrider of Empire, University of Alberta Press] a great deal of material has been placed online - see The Frontiersmen Historian. Additionally, the University of Alberta has been most helpful as the repository of Legion of Frontiersmen related documents. Finally, the grammatical errors and technical writing irregularities have been inserted to see if you are paying attention. -
Pharsalus 48 BC So SI SHEPPARD Is a Former Journalist Currently Enrolled As a Ph.D
Campaign OSPREY Pharsalus 48 BC so SI SHEPPARD is a former journalist currently enrolled as a Ph.D. student in International Relations at Johns Hopkins University. He graduated with an MA with Distinction from Victoria University and was winner of the Sir Desmond Todd Award for best thesis in a political subject. Si Sheppard has published a number of books and has contributed numerous articles on political and historical topics to leading journals, magazines and newspapers. This is his first title for Osprey. He lives in Baltimore, Maryland, USA. ADAM HOOK studied graphic design, and began his work as an illustrator in 1983. He specializes in detailed historical reconstructions, and has illustrated Osprey titles on the Aztecs, the Greeks, the American Civil War and the American Revolution. His work features in exhibitions and publications throughout the world. He lives in East Sussex, UK. Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar and Pompey - Clash of the Titans Campaign • 174 Pharsalus 48 BC Caesar and Pompey - Clash of the Titans Si Sheppard • Illustrated by Adam Hook ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS Dedicated to Stephen Levine: mentor, colleague and friend. CONTENTS INTRODUCTION 7 CHRONOLOGY 17 OPPOSING COMMANDERS 21 The Caesareans • The Republicans THE LEGIONS OF THE LATE REPUBLIC 29 THE CAMPAIGN 33 The Rubicon to Brundisium • Brundisium to Dyrrachium • Dyrrachium to Pharsalus THE BATTLE 54 Opposing plans • Opposing armies • The clash of arms AFTERMATH 83 THE BATTLEFIELD TODAY 92 BIBLIOGRAPHY 93 INDEX 95 INTRODUCTION: TO THE RUBICON he legend SPQR - Senatus Populusque Romanus, the Senate and People of Rome - emblazoned on the standards of the city's all- conquering legions in the last few centuries before Christ was both a potent symbol of the source of the republic's power and a reflection of the smouldering tension inherent in its system of government. -
Cold Start – Hot Stop? a Strategic Concern for Pakistan
79 COLD START – HOT STOP? A STRATEGIC CONCERN FOR PAKISTAN * Muhammad Ali Baig Abstract The hostile environment in South Asia is a serious concern for the international players. This volatile situation is further fuelled by escalating arms race and aggressive force postures. The Indian Cold Start Doctrine (CSD) has supplemented negatively to the South Asian strategic stability by trying to find a way in fighting a conventional limited war just below the nuclear umbrella. It was reactionary in nature to overcome the shortcomings exhibited during Operation Parakram of 2001-02, executed under the premise of Sundarji Doctrine. The Cold Start is an adapted version of German Blitzkrieg which makes it a dangerous instrument. Apart from many limitations, the doctrine remains relevant to the region, primarily due to the attestation of its presence by the then Indian Army Chief General Bipin Rawat in January 2017. This paper is an effort to probe the different aspects of Cold Start, its prerequisites in provisions of three sets; being a bluff based on deception, myth rooted in misperception, and a reality flanked by escalation; and how and why CSD is a strategic concern for Pakistan. Keywords: Cold Start Doctrine, Strategic Stability, Conventional Warfare, Pakistan, India. Introduction here is a general consensus on the single permanent aspect of international system T that has dominated the international relations ever since and its history and relevance are as old as the existence of man and the civilization itself; the entity is called war.1 This relevance was perhaps best described by Leon Trotsky who averred that “you may not be interested in war, but war may be interested in you.”2 To fight, avert and to pose credible deterrence, armed forces strive for better yet flexible doctrines to support their respective strategies in conducting defensive as well as offensive operations and to dominate in adversarial environments. -
POWDERKEG" BALKAN THEATRE 1.0 User's Manual
BALKAN THEATRE - USER'S MANUAL "POWDERKEG" BALKAN THEATRE 1.0 User's manual Ó Falcon 4 is Intellectual Property of Infogrames Inc. 1 rev. 10c 2 BALKAN THEATRE - USER'S MANUAL Table of contents Introduction..............................................................................................................................5 Producer’s Notes.....................................................................................................................6 Download Locations................................................................................................................9 System Requirements...........................................................................................................10 Installation Instructions ........................................................................................................11 Preparing for Installation ......................................................................................................11 Installing the theater files .....................................................................................................11 Theater Activation................................................................................................................12 Additional patches................................................................................................................13 Known Issues and Common Problems...............................................................................14 Balkan Theater Features .......................................................................................................15 -
Balkan Wars Between the Lines: Violence and Civilians in Macedonia, 1912-1918
ABSTRACT Title of Document: BALKAN WARS BETWEEN THE LINES: VIOLENCE AND CIVILIANS IN MACEDONIA, 1912-1918 Stefan Sotiris Papaioannou, Ph.D., 2012 Directed By: Professor John R. Lampe, Department of History This dissertation challenges the widely held view that there is something morbidly distinctive about violence in the Balkans. It subjects this notion to scrutiny by examining how inhabitants of the embattled region of Macedonia endured a particularly violent set of events: the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and the First World War. Making use of a variety of sources including archives located in the three countries that today share the region of Macedonia, the study reveals that members of this majority-Orthodox Christian civilian population were not inclined to perpetrate wartime violence against one another. Though they often identified with rival national camps, inhabitants of Macedonia were typically willing neither to kill their neighbors nor to die over those differences. They preferred to pursue priorities they considered more important, including economic advancement, education, and security of their properties, all of which were likely to be undermined by internecine violence. National armies from Balkan countries then adjacent to geographic Macedonia (Bulgaria, Greece, and Serbia) and their associated paramilitary forces were instead the perpetrators of violence against civilians. In these violent activities they were joined by armies from Western and Central Europe during the First World War. Contrary to existing military and diplomatic histories that emphasize continuities between the Balkan Wars of 1912-1913 and the First World War, this primarily social history reveals that the nature of abuses committed against civilians changed rapidly during this six-year period. -
Budapest Report on Christian Persecution 2019
BUDAPEST REPORT ON CHRISTIAN PERSECUTION 2019 BUDAPEST REPORT ON CHRISTIAN PERSECUTION 2019 Edited by JÓZSEF KALÓ, FERENC PETRUSKA, LÓRÁND UJHÁZI HÁTTÉR KIADÓ Sponsor PRIME MINISTER’S OFFICE Authors Tristan Azbej Ferenc Petruska Ekwunife Basil Byrappa Ramachandra Antal Birkás István Resperger Gábor Csizmazia Gergely Salát Vilmos Fischl Klára Siposné Kecskeméthy Péter Forisek Eszter Petronella Soós János Frivaldszky Péter Tarcsay József Kaló Muller Thomas András Kóré Zsigmond Tömösváry Viktor Marsai Lóránd Ujházi József Padányi Péter Wagner Pampaloni Massimo Péter Krisztián Zachar Csongor Párkányi Péter Zelei ISBN 978 615 5124 67 9 The ideas and opinions contained in the present book do not necessarily represent the position of the Hungarian Government. The responsibility for the informations of this volume belongs exclusively to the authors and editors. © The Editors, 2019 © The Authors, 2019 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed, or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording, or other electronic or mechanical metholds, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. CONTENTS Welcoming thonghts of Viktor Orbán, Prime Minister of Hungary ........................................................... 7 The dedication of Cardinal Péter Erdő, the Archbishop of Esztergom–Budapest ..................................... 9 Foreword of Brigadier