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Three New Fragments from Qumran Cave 11*

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Three New Fragments from Qumran Cave 11* THREE NEW FRAGMENTS FROM QUMRAN CAVE 11* HANAN ESHEL Bar-Ilan University S. Talmon recently published three fragments of scrolls that had been kept in Yigael YadinÕs desk drawer. 1 Although Talmon could not identify the scrolls from which these fragments came, he speculated that they might have been discovered in Qumran or in Na½al ¼ever. 2 We know that Yadin succeeded in purchasing several important scroll fragments from Khalil Iskander Shahin (Kando) that had been found in Qumran Cave 11. 3 Documents from the period of the Bar Kokhba revolt that Yadin had acquired in the antiquities market and kept in his desk drawer were published after his death. 4 The new fragments *This is a revision of a paper read at the Skirball Symposium on the Dead Sea Scrolls at New York University in October 1998. 1 S. Talmon, ÒUnidenti ed Hebrew Fragments from Y. YadinÕs Nachlass,Ó Tarbiz 66 (1996) 113-21 (Heb.); S. Talmon, ÒFragments of Hebrew Writings without Iden- tifying Sigla of Provenance from the Literary Legacy of Yigael Yadin,Ó DSD 5 (1998) 149-57. 2 Talmon notes the possibility that the rst fragment may have been discovered in Cave 32, which is located in Na½al Ñe¾elim and not in Na½al ¼ever (ÒUnidenti ed Hebrew Fragments,Ó 116). 3 Yadin purchased a fragment of the Cave 11 Psalms Scroll (frag. E) (see Y. Yadin, ÒAnother Fragment [E] of the Psalms Scroll from Qumran Cave 11 [11QPs a],Ó Textus 5 [1996] 1-10) and, of course, the Temple Scroll as well, which all scholars agree was discovered in Cave 11; see Y. Yadin, The Temple Scroll: The Hidden Law of the Dead Sea Sect (Jerusalem: Steimatzky, 1985) 70-71. Yadin also purchased a phylactery that had been found in Qumran. He was careful and therefore labeled them XQPhyl 1-4 and not 11QPhyl or 4QPhyl; see Y. Yadin, ÒTe llin (Phylacteries) from Qumran (XQPhyl 1-4),Ó ErIsr 9 (1969) 60-85 (Heb.). Such caution is justi ed since either the Bedouins or the antiquities dealer inserted a sheet of parchment which had been dis- covered separately and came from a di erent phylactery into the compartment of YadinÕs phylactery; see Yadin, ÒTe llin,Ó 62-63. Up until now, the fragments from Cave 11 that have been published have not included remnants of phylacteries. It is therefore possible that the phylactery compartment that Yadin purchased and the sheet of parchment that was inserted into it are the only fragments from Cave 4 that Yadin acquired. Perhaps fragments of phylacteries from Cave 11 will be published in the future and they will prove that the phylactery compartment purchased by Yadin and the sheet of parchment inserted into it came from this cave. 4 Yadin purchased sections of three documents from the period of the Bar Kokhba HANAN ESHEL that Talmon published had been preserved together with these docu- ments. The documents from the period of the Bar Kokhba revolt pur- chased by Yadin belong to Òthe Seiyal Collection.Ó5 The Bedouins found these documents in various caves throughout the Judaean Desert, in Israel and in the Kingdom of Jordan, although they claimed that they were all discovered in Na½al Ñe¾elim. Most of the documents belonging to this collection were found in the Cave of Letters and the Cave of Horror in Na½al ¼ever. 6 Fragments from Cave 11 that had been purchased by the Jordanian Antiquities Authority and are now housed in the Rockefeller Museum were recently published in their o cial edition.7 When compared to these Cave 11 fragments, it is apparent that the three fragments published by Talmon had also been found in Cave 11. It can be assumed that Yadin acquired these fragments along with frag. E of the Cave 11 Psalms Scroll during the protracted nego- revolt that Bedouins had discovered two in Greek and one in Aramaic. Regarding the rst Greek document, see N. Lewis, ÒA Jewish Landowner from the Provincia Arabia,Ó Scripta Classica Israelica 8-9 (1985-88) 132-37. H.M. Cotton published the second Greek document in ÒFragments of a Declaration of Landed Property from the Province of Arabia,Ó Zeitschrift fŸr Papyrologie und Epigraphik 85 (1991) 263-67. For the third Aramaic document, see Y. Yadin, M. Broshi, and E. Qimron, ÒA Deed of Land Sale in Kefar Baru from the Period of Bar Kokhba,Ó Cathedra 40 (1986) 201-13 (Heb.); M. Broshi and E. Qimron, ÒA House Sale Deed from Kefar Baru from the Time of Bar Kokhba,Ó IEJ 36 (1986) 201-14. Yadin did not purchase a fourth document from the same period, which was written in Hebrew. However he obtained a picture of it that he kept together with the other documents. See M. Broshi and E. Qimron, ÒI.O.U. Note from the Time of the Bar Kokhba Revolt,Ó ErIsr 20 (1989) 256-61 (Heb.); M. Broshi and E. Qimron, ÒA Hebrew I.O.U. Note from the Second Year of the Bar Kokhba Revolt,Ó JJS 45 (1994) 286-94. This document is now at the Hecht Museum in Haifa. 5 One of the fragments kept in YadinÕs desk drawer is connected to another frag- ment purchased by the Jordanians that is now part of the Seiyal Collection. See H.M. Cotton, ÒAnother Fragment of the Declaration of Landed Property from the Province of Arabia,Ó Zeitschrift fŸr Papyrologie und Epigraphik , 99 (1993) 115-21. On the Seiyal Collection in general and on the four documents kept in YadinÕs desk drawer, see H.M. Cotton and A. Yardeni, Aramaic, Hebrew and Greek Documentary Texts from Na½al ¼ever and Other Sites: The Seiy‰l Collection II (DJD 27; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1997) 1-6, 26-33, 121-22, 174-80, 181-94. 6 J.C. Green eld maintains that all the documents from the Seiyal Collection come from the Cave of Letters and the Cave of Horror in Na½al ¼ever. See J.C. Green eld, ÒThe Texts from Na½al Ñe¾elim (Wadi Seiyal),Ó The Madrid Qumran Congress (eds J. Trebolle Barrera and L. Vegas Montaner; STDJ 11; Leiden/New York/Kšln: Brill, 1992) 2.661-65. Nevertheless, it appears that at least two documents included in this collection come from the ÒCave of the Tetradrachm,Ó which prior to 1967 was in Jordanian territory. See D. Amit and H. Eshel, ÒThe Bar Kokhba Revolt in the South- ern Hebron Mountains,Ó ErIsr 25 (1986) 463-70 (Heb.). 7 F. Garc’a Mart’nez, E.J.C. Tigchelaar and A.S. van der Woude, Qumran Cave 11.II: 11Q2-18, 11Q20-31 (DJD 23; Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1998)..
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