Geschichte Des Nationalsozialismus
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Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: from Impunity to Retributive Justice*
The Historical and Legal Interconnections Between the Armenian Genocide and the Jewish Holocaust: From Impunity to Retributive Justice* Vahakn N. Dadrian I. INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................. 504 II. THE HISTORICAL BACKGROUND AND AFTERMATH OF THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE ............... 507 A. Outlines of the Problem .......................................................................... 507 B. Conflict in the U.S. Government Regarding the Lausanne Treaty ........................ 511 M. COMPARATIVE ASPECTS OF THE TwO CASES ........................................................... 517 A. The Historical Vulnerability of the Jews and Armenians to Victimization ............... 517 B. The Factorsof Power and Opportunity........................................................ 519 C. Strategiesfor Taking Advantage of the Opportunity Structure ............................ 521 1. The Use of Wartime Emergency Powers by the Executive ......................... 521 2. The Role of PoliticalParties ........................................................... 524 3. Trial Balloons ............................................................................. 529 IV. THE ARMENIAN GENOCIDE AS A PRECEDENT AND A PRECURSOR OF THE HOLOCAUST ........... 531 A. Nazi Germany's Knowledge of the Fate of the Armenians ................................. 532 B. Hitler'sAppreciation of the Armenian Genocide............................................. 537 C. The Legacy of Genghis Kum as a Functional -
Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948
UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6r33q03k Author Eaton, Nicole M. Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 By Nicole M. Eaton A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Yuri Slezkine, chair Professor John Connelly Professor Victoria Bonnell Fall 2013 Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 © 2013 By Nicole M. Eaton 1 Abstract Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 by Nicole M. Eaton Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Yuri Slezkine, Chair “Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948,” looks at the history of one city in both Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Soviet Russia, follow- ing the transformation of Königsberg from an East Prussian city into a Nazi German city, its destruction in the war, and its postwar rebirth as the Soviet Russian city of Kaliningrad. The city is peculiar in the history of Europe as a double exclave, first separated from Germany by the Polish Corridor, later separated from the mainland of Soviet Russia. The dissertation analyzes the ways in which each regime tried to transform the city and its inhabitants, fo- cusing on Nazi and Soviet attempts to reconfigure urban space (the physical and symbolic landscape of the city, its public areas, markets, streets, and buildings); refashion the body (through work, leisure, nutrition, and healthcare); and reconstitute the mind (through vari- ous forms of education and propaganda). -
Chapter 5. Between Gleichschaltung and Revolution
Chapter 5 BETWEEN GLEICHSCHALTUNG AND REVOLUTION In the summer of 1935, as part of the Germany-wide “Reich Athletic Com- petition,” citizens in the state of Schleswig-Holstein witnessed the following spectacle: On the fi rst Sunday of August propaganda performances and maneuvers took place in a number of cities. Th ey are supposed to reawaken the old mood of the “time of struggle.” In Kiel, SA men drove through the streets in trucks bearing … inscriptions against the Jews … and the Reaction. One [truck] carried a straw puppet hanging on a gallows, accompanied by a placard with the motto: “Th e gallows for Jews and the Reaction, wherever you hide we’ll soon fi nd you.”607 Other trucks bore slogans such as “Whether black or red, death to all enemies,” and “We are fi ghting against Jewry and Rome.”608 Bizarre tableau were enacted in the streets of towns around Germany. “In Schmiedeberg (in Silesia),” reported informants of the Social Democratic exile organization, the Sopade, “something completely out of the ordinary was presented on Sunday, 18 August.” A no- tice appeared in the town paper a week earlier with the announcement: “Reich competition of the SA. On Sunday at 11 a.m. in front of the Rathaus, Sturm 4 R 48 Schmiedeberg passes judgment on a criminal against the state.” On the appointed day, a large crowd gathered to watch the spectacle. Th e Sopade agent gave the setup: “A Nazi newspaper seller has been attacked by a Marxist mob. In the ensuing melee, the Marxists set up a barricade. -
Der Hitler-Prozess Deutschland 1924
Der Hitler-Prozess Deutschland 1924 von Prof. Dr. Peter Reichel 1. Die Staatskrise Schon das fünfte Jahr hätte ihr Ende sein können. Die Weimarer Republik wankte, sie war im Herbst 1923 dem Abgrund nah. Ein autoritärer Umbau des Staates gelang der nationalen Rechten allerdings noch nicht. Der Reichspräsident verhinderte dies, indem er darauf einging. Zwar stärkte Ebert in der Staatskrise die Machtstellung seines leitenden Generals von Seeckt. Doch dieser putschte nicht. Er stand als Legalist zu seinem Amtseid auf die Verfassung der parlamentarischen Demokratie, die er politisch ablehnte. Das hatte er schon bei der Abwehr des Kapp-Putsches im Frühjahr 1920 getan und im Kampf gegen die linksradikalen Feinde der Republik im Winter 1918/19. Der Präsident vertraute seinem General, er hatte keine Wahl. Im Januar 1923 besetzten Belgier und Franzosen das Ruhrgebiet, um Deutschland zur Erfüllung seiner Reparationsverpflichtungen zu zwingen. Die Regierung des parteilosen Reichskanzlers und Hamburger Hapag-Direktors Wilhelm Cuno stellte daraufhin nicht nur die Zahlungen und Sachlieferungen an die Siegermächte ein. Sie forderte die Bevölkerung darüber hinaus auch zum „passiven Widerstand“ auf. Der Konflikt eskalierte. Die Besatzungsmächte verschärften ihre Repression und zugleich ihre Kooperation mit den wiederauflebenden separatistischen Bestrebungen, gegen die wiederum die nationalistischen Freikorps Front machten. Sie hatten zuvor im Baltikum, in Bayern und in Oberschlesien gekämpft. Das Reich geriet in eine Zwickmühle. Die deutschen Behörden waren auf dem besetzten Territorium machtlos. Zugleich mussten die immensen Kosten für die „Zwangsarbeitslosen“ und die Kohlekäufe durch die Notenpresse gedeckt werden. Der Geldwertverlust nahm dadurch rapide zu. Und mit ihm das soziale Elend und die politischen Unruhen. Gewinner waren die Protestparteien an der Peripherie Deutschlands und an den Rändern des politischen Spektrums. -
Preprint Heft 9
PREPRINT 9 Elisabeth Kraus Repräsentation – Renommee – Rekrutierung Mäzenatentum für das Deutsche Museum Preprint 9 Elisabeth Kraus Repräsentation - Renommee – Rekrutierung Mäzenatentum für das Deutsche Museum 2013 Inhalt Abstract 5 1. Einleitung 7 1.1 Bedeutung des Themas und seiner Erforschung 7 1.2 Begrifflichkeit 8 1.3 Fragestellungen 12 1.4 Stand der Forschung und Quellenlage 14 1.5 Auswahlgesichtspunkte und Vorgehen 20 2. Die Gründungsphase (1903–1923) 23 2.1 Das fürstlich-aristokratische Mäzenatentum 23 2.2 Zuwendungen von Deutschem Reich, Königreich Bayern, München und anderen Städten 26 2.3 Das bürgerliche Mäzenatentum 28 2.3.1 Industrie, Verbände, Vereinigungen 28 2.3.2 Privatpersonen 33 2.4 Die Reisestipendienstiftung von 1911 43 2.5 Netzwerke, Spendenakquisition, Gegengaben – eine erste Bilanz des Mäzenatentums 52 3. Die Auf- und Ausbauphase (1923/25–1933) 56 3.1 Zuwendungen nach der Hyperinflation – die 1000-Mark-Spende 56 3.2 Die Reisestipendienstiftung 58 3.3 Die Oskar-von-Miller-Stiftung der Reichsregierung (1925) 60 3.4 Die Krupp-Stiftung für Büchergaben (1928) 66 3.5 Die Frauenspende für die Bibliothek des Deutschen Museums (1928) 68 3.6 Die Adolf und Luisa Haeuser-Stiftung für Museumsangestellte (1930) 73 3.7 Die St. Ansgar-Stiftung (1933) 77 3.8 Stiftungen, Spenden, Ehrungen – die »Goldenen Zwanziger Jahre« des Mäzenatentums? 81 4. Die NS- und Kriegszeit (1933–1945) 89 4.1 Die Finanzierung zwischen Gründungsauftrag und Anpassungserfordernis 93 4.2 Die »Entjudung« des Museumsausschusses 102 4.3 Die »Entjudung«, »Nazifizierung« und Entwicklung der (Zu-) Stiftungen 107 4.4 Das Mäzenatentum in »brauner« Zeit 118 3 5. Revitalisierung und Konsolidierung (1945/48–1958/60) 122 5.1 Neustart 122 5.2 Spendenwesen und Fundraising-Strategien 124 5.3 Entwicklung und Zusammenlegung der Zustiftungen 130 5.4 Mäzenatentum in Bronze? 133 6. -
Page | 32 Anglisticum Journal (IJLLIS), Volume: 10 | Issue: 6 | June 2021 E-ISSN: 1857-8187 P-ISSN: 1857-8179 Suspended
June 2021 e-ISSN: 1857-8187 p-ISSN: 1857-8179 https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5084928 August 2017 e-ISSN: 1857-8187 p-ISSN: 1857-8179 Research Article History THE HUNGARIAN BEER HALL PUTSCH Keywords: radical right-wing organisations, coup d'état, political THE SZEMERE–BOBULA–ULAIN COUP PLAN, 1923 violence, irredentism, anti- Semitism. Balázs Kántás National Archives of Hungary Abstract The years following World War One belonged to a crisis period when political extremities strengthened throughout Europe. In Hungary, it was also the peak of the radical right wing, and some radical political circles even planned coups d’état against the conservative government that was working on the political consolidation of Hungary. A group of radical right-wing politicians led by Member of the Parliament Ferenc Ulain who had been in confidential contact with German radical right-wing movements and politicians (Adolf Hitler and General Erich Ludendorff among them) decided to execute a takeover attempt in 1923, with the help of Bavarian paramilitary movements, harmonizing their plans with the Munich Beer Hall Putsch being in preparation. The present research article makes an attempt to reconstruct this strange chapter of Hungarian political history. Although domestic policy of Hungary was fully determined by British and French interests after the signing of the Peace Treaty of Trianon, secret negotiations with radical right-wing German and Austrian organizations, which went back to 1919, continued for a time in 1921 and 1922 with less intensity than before. The Bethlen Government continued to maintain moderate contacts with German radical right-wing politicians, including former Bavarian Premier and later Commissioner General Gustav von Kahr, General Erich Ludendorff and Adolf Hitler, who was then an emerging and very ambitious young far-right politician in Munich, the centre of the German radical right-wing movements. -
Munich in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries
Sociology and Anthropology 3(12): 665-675, 2015 http://www.hrpub.org DOI: 10.13189/sa.2015.031206 Munich in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries Cinzia Leone Department of Science and Technological, University of Genova, Italy Copyright©2015 by authors, all rights reserved. Authors agree that this article remains permanently open access under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License 4.0 International License A short cultural, social and political analysis of the city that capital” of the new National Socialist era and it welcomed Adolf Hitler chose as his adopted city and the cradle of him on his returns home during his years in government. National Socialism. It was a city that was alive from the spiritual, cultural, economic and political perspective. Bubbly and bawdy at the Abstract Adolf Hitler left Vienna and stayed 20 years in same time, it was the city that Hitler chose for the long period Munich in Bayer, before becoming the Führer of the Third before his rise – twenty years – and he never abandoned it. Reich. The essay analyses this long period in Munich, when Munich was the home of beer culture and hospitality, but Hitler became the head of the NSDAP and the future also of those disaffected with Weimar democracy and those Chancellor of Germany, affirming his ideology and who wished to affirm the right-wing and the use of force conquering Europe. The Munich of the period under the against the Jewish threat. The wish of the Führer, a new cultural, social and political point of view is considered and spiritual leader who could drag Germany out of the disaster the essay tries to ask the question whether Hitler should have of the Versailles peace, found many supporters in the been the same if not in the capital of Bayer. -
The Kpd and the Nsdap: a Sttjdy of the Relationship Between Political Extremes in Weimar Germany, 1923-1933 by Davis William
THE KPD AND THE NSDAP: A STTJDY OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN POLITICAL EXTREMES IN WEIMAR GERMANY, 1923-1933 BY DAVIS WILLIAM DAYCOCK A thesis submitted for the degree of Ph.D. The London School of Economics and Political Science, University of London 1980 1 ABSTRACT The German Communist Party's response to the rise of the Nazis was conditioned by its complicated political environment which included the influence of Soviet foreign policy requirements, the party's Marxist-Leninist outlook, its organizational structure and the democratic society of Weimar. Relying on the Communist press and theoretical journals, documentary collections drawn from several German archives, as well as interview material, and Nazi, Communist opposition and Social Democratic sources, this study traces the development of the KPD's tactical orientation towards the Nazis for the period 1923-1933. In so doing it complements the existing literature both by its extension of the chronological scope of enquiry and by its attention to the tactical requirements of the relationship as viewed from the perspective of the KPD. It concludes that for the whole of the period, KPD tactics were ambiguous and reflected the tensions between the various competing factors which shaped the party's policies. 3 TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE abbreviations 4 INTRODUCTION 7 CHAPTER I THE CONSTRAINTS ON CONFLICT 24 CHAPTER II 1923: THE FORMATIVE YEAR 67 CHAPTER III VARIATIONS ON THE SCHLAGETER THEME: THE CONTINUITIES IN COMMUNIST POLICY 1924-1928 124 CHAPTER IV COMMUNIST TACTICS AND THE NAZI ADVANCE, 1928-1932: THE RESPONSE TO NEW THREATS 166 CHAPTER V COMMUNIST TACTICS, 1928-1932: THE RESPONSE TO NEW OPPORTUNITIES 223 CHAPTER VI FLUCTUATIONS IN COMMUNIST TACTICS DURING 1932: DOUBTS IN THE ELEVENTH HOUR 273 CONCLUSIONS 307 APPENDIX I VOTING ALIGNMENTS IN THE REICHSTAG 1924-1932 333 APPENDIX II INTERVIEWS 335 BIBLIOGRAPHY 341 4 ABBREVIATIONS 1. -
University of Bradford Ethesis
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Bradford Scholars University of Bradford eThesis This thesis is hosted in Bradford Scholars – The University of Bradford Open Access repository. Visit the repository for full metadata or to contact the repository team © University of Bradford. This work is licenced for reuse under a Creative Commons Licence. THE WHITE INTERNATIONAL: ANATOMY OF A TRANSNATIONAL RADICAL REVISIONIST PLOT IN CENTRAL EUROPE AFTER WORLD WAR I Nicholas Alforde Submitted in accordance with the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy School of Social and International Studies University of Bradford 2013 Principal Supervisor: Gábor Bátonyi, DPhil Abstract Nicholas Alforde The White International: Anatomy of a Transnational Radical Revisionist Plot in Central Europe after World War I Keywords: Bauer, Gömbös, Horthy, Ludendorff, Orgesch, paramilitary, Prónay, revision, Versailles, von Kahr The denial of defeat, the harsh Versailles Treaty and unsuccessful attempts by paramilitary units to recover losses in the Baltic produced in post-war Germany an anti- Bolshevik, anti-Entente, radical right-wing cabal of officers with General Ludendorff and Colonel Bauer at its core. Mistakenly citing a lack of breadth as one of the reason for the failure of their amateurishly executed Hohenzollern restoration and Kapp Putsch schemes, Bauer and co-conspirator Ignatius Trebitsch-Lincoln devised the highly ambitious White International plot. It sought to form a transnational league of Bavaria, Austria and Hungary to force the annulment of the Paris Treaties by the coordinated use of paramilitary units from the war vanquished nations. It set as its goals the destruction of Bolshevism in all its guises throughout Europe, the restoration of the monarchy in Russia, the systematic elimination of all Entente-sponsored Successor States and the declaration of war on the Entente. -
Document Contains 1,126 Words
No. 19-351 ================================================================================================================ In The Supreme Court of the United States --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- FEDERAL REPUBLIC OF GERMANY, a foreign state, and STIFTUNG PREUSSICHER KULTURBESITZ, Petitioners, v. ALAN PHILIPP, et al., Respondents. --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- On Writ of Certiorari To The United States Court of Appeals For The D.C. Circuit --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- JOINT APPENDIX --------------------------------- ♦ --------------------------------- JONATHAN M. FREIMAN NICHOLAS M. O’DONNELL Counsel of Record Counsel of Record TADHG DOOLEY ERIKA L. TODD BENJAMIN M. DANIELS SULLIVAN & WORCESTER LLP DAVID R. ROTH One Post Office Square WIGGIN AND DANA LLP Boston, MA 02109 265 Church Street (617) 338-2814 P.O. Box 1832 [email protected] New Haven, CT 06508-1832 Counsel for Respondents (203) 498-4400 [email protected] DAVID L. HALL WIGGIN AND DANA LLP Two Liberty Place 50 S. 16th Street Suite 2925 Philadelphia, PA 19102 (215) 998-8310 Counsel for Petitioners Petition For Certiorari Filed September 16, 2019 Certiorari Granted July 2, 2020 ================================================================================================================ COCKLE LEGAL BRIEFS (800) 225-6964 WWW.COCKLELEGALBRIEFS.COM i TABLE OF CONTENTS Page Relevant Docket Entries from the United States District Court for the District -
Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism: Religious Identity and National Socialism'
H-German Weir on Hastings, 'Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism: Religious Identity and National Socialism' Review published on Wednesday, November 3, 2010 Derek Hastings. Catholicism and the Roots of Nazism: Religious Identity and National Socialism. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2010. 312 S. $29.95 (cloth), ISBN 978-0-19-539024-7. Reviewed by Todd Weir (Queen's University, Belfast) Published on H-German (November, 2010) Commissioned by Benita Blessing Was the Early NSDAP a Confessional Party? Given the growing number of studies charting the complicity of segments of the Protestant lay and clerical leadership with National Socialism, it comes as no surprise that historians are also turning up skeletons in the closet of Germany's Catholic community. What is surprising about Derek Hastings's monograph is the time frame he charts for Catholic complicity with the Nazi movement. Whereas the course of Protestant entanglement appears as an ascending line through the final phase of the Weimar Republic, Hastings argues that Catholic involvement with the Nazi movement was substantial and even critical in the first years of the movement, until relations soured in the run-up to and aftermath of the "Beer Hall Putsch" of October 1923. Thereafter both the NSDAP and the Catholic Church were happy to sweep the memory of this interlude under the carpet. Hastings begins his study by alerting the reader to the peculiarities of Catholic politics in Bavaria, and particularly in its capital. Although predominantly Catholic, the voters of Munich gave the Center Party a scant 15.9 percent of their votes in the Reichstag election of 1912. -
The BEER HALL PUTSCH Was Faked
beer hall putsch fake faked hoax hoaxed false flag psyop manufactured never happened hitler actor return to updates The BEER HALL PUTSCH was faked by Miles Mathis First published February 8, 2016 As usual, this is just my opinion, based on personal research. The Beer Hall Putsch was the failed coup in Munich in 1923, led by Hitler. I will show that—like most everything else in the 20th century—it was faked. We can tell it was faked without much effort, since the story makes no sense. If we go to Wikipedia for the mainstream gloss, the first clue we get is with the early mention of Marxism. We are told that Hitler and other revolutionaries were angry about the outcome of WW1, believing the German army to have been betrayed by its leaders. We will leave the question of whether they were betrayed open for now, since it has nothing to do with the clue. The clue is that we are told the revolutionaries believed they had been betrayed by Marxists—the so-called November Criminals. See the Wikipedia page for the Stab-in-the-Back Myth for more on this. This will lead you to the German Revolution of 1918, which is indeed a curious event. This November revolution came at the end of the Great War, and although they tell you it happened because Germany had been defeated, historians admit that isn't really true. In reality, nothing had been decided in the War, and in October there was supposed to have been a decisive naval battle between Germany and England—a battle most (in the lower ranks) in England expected to occur.