Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 UC Berkeley UC Berkeley Electronic Theses and Dissertations Title Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 Permalink https://escholarship.org/uc/item/6r33q03k Author Eaton, Nicole M. Publication Date 2013 Peer reviewed|Thesis/dissertation eScholarship.org Powered by the California Digital Library University of California Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 By Nicole M. Eaton A dissertation submitted in partial satisfaction of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy in History in the Graduate Division of the University of California, Berkeley Committee in charge: Professor Yuri Slezkine, chair Professor John Connelly Professor Victoria Bonnell Fall 2013 Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg–Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 © 2013 By Nicole M. Eaton 1 Abstract Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948 by Nicole M. Eaton Doctor of Philosophy in History University of California, Berkeley Professor Yuri Slezkine, Chair “Exclave: Politics, Ideology, and Everyday Life in Königsberg-Kaliningrad, 1928-1948,” looks at the history of one city in both Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Soviet Russia, follow- ing the transformation of Königsberg from an East Prussian city into a Nazi German city, its destruction in the war, and its postwar rebirth as the Soviet Russian city of Kaliningrad. The city is peculiar in the history of Europe as a double exclave, first separated from Germany by the Polish Corridor, later separated from the mainland of Soviet Russia. The dissertation analyzes the ways in which each regime tried to transform the city and its inhabitants, fo- cusing on Nazi and Soviet attempts to reconfigure urban space (the physical and symbolic landscape of the city, its public areas, markets, streets, and buildings); refashion the body (through work, leisure, nutrition, and healthcare); and reconstitute the mind (through vari- ous forms of education and propaganda). Between these two urban revolutions, it tells the story of the violent encounter between them in the spring of 1945: one of the largest offen- sives of the Second World War, one of the greatest civilian exoduses in human history, and one of the most violent encounters between the Soviet army and a civilian population. !This dissertation argues that the postwar socialist revolution in Kaliningrad began as a reenactment of the Russian Revolution of 1917, but the encounter with Germans in Kalinin- grad changed both the goals and the outcome of that revolution: the Soviets annexed Königsberg to replace the ethnic exclusivity of fascism with the internationalist ideology of socialism, but in the end, they erected Kaliningrad as a Russian national homeland, com- plete with a Slavic myth of origin and ethnic requirements for membership. i to ykw for all the flotsam and jetsam ii Table of Contents Introduction! iv Acknowledgements! vi Part I: Königsberg! 1 Seeing the City: Königsberg 1927! 2 On the Other Side of the Corridor! 14 A New Solution for Old Problems! 26 The Movement Becomes the State! 38 Reshaping Königsberg! 53 Part II: Invasion! 69 The Tragedy of Humanism! 70 Incursion! 80 The City Under Siege! 95 The Border Between Civilization and Barbarism! 108 Sacred Revenge! 116 Two Kinds of Ruin! 139 The Fall of Fortress Königsberg! 148 Part III: Kaliningrad! 159 iii Encounter! 160 Soviet Königsberg! 172 Bringing the State Back In! 178 Between Pragmatism and Planning! 196 Blood and Soil! 213 Life and Death! 228 Getting By! 238 Working Together! 263 An Antifascist Education! 283 Contamination and Marginalization! 298 Exclusion! 312 Conclusion! 331 Works Cited! 337 iv Introduction !The German city of Königsberg, destroyed by bombing and siege, became the Soviet Russian city of Kaliningrad on 4 July 1946, amidst fanfares, choruses, speeches, and parades with banners of Marx-Engels-Lenin-Stalin. Soviet Kaliningrad was modeled as the anti- Königsberg, rising from the ruins of the devastated city: the spot on which socialism would replace fascism, a “friendship of the peoples” would triumph over racism, and freedom would defeat all forms of oppression. But two years later, in November 1948, the Kalinin- grad local newspaper, Kaliningradskaia Pravda, explained to the new Soviet settlers that Comrade Stalin’s victory in the war (“the judgment of history over Prussian militarism”) inaugurated not a new age of socialist internationalism in Kaliningrad, but the final return of “ancestral Slavic lands back to their true homeland.” The city’s remaining German popu- lation was expelled that same month. The Soviet Union annexed Königsberg to replace the ethnic exclusivity of fascism with the internationalist ideology of socialism, but they erected Kaliningrad as a Russian national homeland, complete with a Slavic myth of origin and ethnic requirements for membership. ! The dissertation follows the transformation of German Königsberg into Soviet Kalin- ingrad from 1928 to 1948, focusing on the period from 1944 to 1948, when the citizens of two mutually-exclusive totalizing regimes lived together in the same city, with competing visions of the future and conflicting explanations for the war that had brought them to- gether. Unlike other studies of Hitler’s Germany and Stalin’s Russia, it analyzes an instance in which these two regimes governed the same city—not as foreign occupiers or puppet- eers, but as rulers of their own patrimony. Whereas most previous studies of “totalitarian- ism” have focused on ideologies and politics of the center, this dissertation studies Nazism and Stalinism “from below,” as the entangled history of two ideologies, two peoples, and one place. By foregrounding the city as subject, the story does not begin with the rise or fall of regimes but focuses on everyday experience of space in a city during the decades of its most dramatic and catastrophic transformation. !As two exclaves of their respective regimes, Königsberg and Kaliningrad became laboratories of violence and revolution, where local conditions led to peculiar re- articulations of ideology and its implementation. It looks at Königsberg’s shifting role in the German East from trading nexus to military stronghold to a local understanding of Na- tional Socialism that emphasized the city’s location and particular responsibility in uphold- v ing German civilization. In the first years after the war, the newest Soviet city grew up in the wild western frontier of socialism, without consistent influence from Moscow or over- arching control of the state. The socialist revolution in Kaliningrad was designed as a reen- actment of the Russian Revolution of 1917, but encounters with Königsberg’s Germans and the material remains of their former city changed the goals and outcomes of that revolution. !In particular, the unresolved tensions between nationalism and internationalism in the Soviet Union during the Second World War led to the peculiar birth and development of Kaliningrad as a Russian national homeland. Day-to-day decisions in Kaliningrad were left up to local administrators, most of whom were young and under-educated, having been inducted into the party because of their bravery in battle, not for their study of Marxist the- ory. They brought with them an intuitive understanding of communism that combined the old goals of socialist internationalism (“workers of the world, unite”) with new currents of nationalism (the victory of the Great Russian people over the German fascists). Tensions be- tween these two ideologies led to inconsistent practices in Kaliningrad: local officials planned alternately for the Sovietization of their German neighbors (with anti-fascist clubs, collective work brigades, and the promise of full citizenship) and their eradication (through starvation wages, imprisonment and executions, and increasing marginalization). In the end, the experience of cohabitation along with cues from Moscow at the beginning of the Cold War came to favor ethnic nationalism. The ideology of socialism, it turned out, was a part of the cultural (sometimes even physical) constitution of the Russian people, and fas- cism, likewise, seemed to be imbedded in the genetic makeup of Kaliningrad’s Germans. The Kaliningrad dilemma was resolved with the final expulsion of the remaining German population to the future East Germany, where, in the triumph of the national principle, the Germans of Kaliningrad could become good communists. !Between these two stories of urban revolutionary transformation, the dissertation tells the story of the downfall of Königsberg and the invasion of East Prussia in the spring of 1945: one of the largest offensives of the Second World War, one of the greatest civilian exoduses in human history, and one of the most violent encounters between the Soviet army and a civilian population. Soviet propaganda called for “sacred” revenge as retribu- tion for the unprecedented destruction and violence that the Nazis carried out during their occupation. In calling for retribution that would fit the crime, however, the Soviets con- fronted the problem of how to avenge themselves while maintaining the ideals of interna- tional solidarity and the position that ordinary German civilians would not be held respon- sible for the crimes of the “Hitler clique.” At the height of mass violence in East Prussia dur- ing the last months of the war, the question of fitting retribution was discussed repeatedly by Soviet officials, newspaper correspondents, propagandists,
Recommended publications
  • Der Hitler-Prozess Deutschland 1924
    Der Hitler-Prozess Deutschland 1924 von Prof. Dr. Peter Reichel 1. Die Staatskrise Schon das fünfte Jahr hätte ihr Ende sein können. Die Weimarer Republik wankte, sie war im Herbst 1923 dem Abgrund nah. Ein autoritärer Umbau des Staates gelang der nationalen Rechten allerdings noch nicht. Der Reichspräsident verhinderte dies, indem er darauf einging. Zwar stärkte Ebert in der Staatskrise die Machtstellung seines leitenden Generals von Seeckt. Doch dieser putschte nicht. Er stand als Legalist zu seinem Amtseid auf die Verfassung der parlamentarischen Demokratie, die er politisch ablehnte. Das hatte er schon bei der Abwehr des Kapp-Putsches im Frühjahr 1920 getan und im Kampf gegen die linksradikalen Feinde der Republik im Winter 1918/19. Der Präsident vertraute seinem General, er hatte keine Wahl. Im Januar 1923 besetzten Belgier und Franzosen das Ruhrgebiet, um Deutschland zur Erfüllung seiner Reparationsverpflichtungen zu zwingen. Die Regierung des parteilosen Reichskanzlers und Hamburger Hapag-Direktors Wilhelm Cuno stellte daraufhin nicht nur die Zahlungen und Sachlieferungen an die Siegermächte ein. Sie forderte die Bevölkerung darüber hinaus auch zum „passiven Widerstand“ auf. Der Konflikt eskalierte. Die Besatzungsmächte verschärften ihre Repression und zugleich ihre Kooperation mit den wiederauflebenden separatistischen Bestrebungen, gegen die wiederum die nationalistischen Freikorps Front machten. Sie hatten zuvor im Baltikum, in Bayern und in Oberschlesien gekämpft. Das Reich geriet in eine Zwickmühle. Die deutschen Behörden waren auf dem besetzten Territorium machtlos. Zugleich mussten die immensen Kosten für die „Zwangsarbeitslosen“ und die Kohlekäufe durch die Notenpresse gedeckt werden. Der Geldwertverlust nahm dadurch rapide zu. Und mit ihm das soziale Elend und die politischen Unruhen. Gewinner waren die Protestparteien an der Peripherie Deutschlands und an den Rändern des politischen Spektrums.
    [Show full text]
  • Walking in Kaliningrad the M
    THE BALTIC STATE UNIVERSITY NAMED AFTER IMMANUIL KANT. 15 LOCATION: THE CITY OF GARDENS 14 км Universitetskaya St., 2. The rst stone of the university There is a “green belt” around the city. It was made in the end of XIX-beginning of XX centuries was laid in August of 1844 during the fest of 300 years according to the project of landscape architector Ernst Snider at the place of defensive of birth of the Koenigsberg University. Royal architect buildings. This belt is one of sightseeing of the city. F.A. Shtuler made a great building in Italian Revival style. University as a sightseeing can be visited from 12 to 16 hours. The real building without any THE PARK OF CULTURE AND REST “YOUTH”. decoration is saved until nowadays. 1 LOCATION: Telman St., 3. The territory of the park is in the city district of Koenigsberg named Traghaime. It was THE MONUMENT TO IMMANUIL KANT. 16 called after the Prussian settlement in the district of LOCATION: the High Lake. In 1920-30s the park was in English Universitetskaya St., 2. The rst monument to I. Kant style. The new life was given to park with the was set near his house since 50 years after his death. presentation of a new project “The rebuilding of the The sculpture was made in 1857 in Berlin. In 1945 the Youth” in 2004. The park was reconstructed by the original monument disappeared. In 90s thanks to spring of 2008. There were made works in rehabilitation and planting of the territory. countess Denhoff there was made the copy of the There were made some bridges across the Golubaya River, were built cafes, covered monument by Harold Haake.
    [Show full text]
  • Rticles and Papers A
    Return of Wojciech Kętrzyński to Polishness 677 A RTICLES AND PAPERS Janusz Jasiński RETURN OF WOJCIECH KĘTRZYŃSKI TO POLISHNESS Słowa kluczowe: Prusy XIX wiek, Wojciech (Adalbert) Kętrzyński, tożsamość narodowa, biografistyka Schlüsselwörter: Preußen im 19. Jahrhundert, Wojciech (Adalbert) Kętrzyński, Nationale Identität, Biographie Keywords: 19th century Prussia, Wojciech (Adalbert) Kętrzyński, national identity, biography I I’ve been dealing with Wojciech Kętrzyński since 1967, when I came across a fascicule in the Prussian Privy State Archives (located then in Merseburg, GDR) concerning his participation in the January Uprising and could shed new light on this important event in the life Kętrzyński before he became a great historian1. The article was noticed and included in the II edition of Stefan Kieniewicz’s preeminent work on the January Uprising2. A few years later, I advanced a thesis claiming that Kętrzyński restored his Polishness in an evolutionary way, and not – as he wrote – as a result of his sister’s letter in which she revealed that their father’s name was Kętrzyński, and so they were Poles, not Winklers – Germans3. In 1968, in the Os- solineum Library in Wrocław, I found 5 of his notebooks with his juvenile poetry. At that time, together with Antoni Łukaszewski, retired employee of the Region- al State Archives in Olsztyn, we could support the view established in 1970 with new sources.4 Since that time, several decades have passed. As it turned out, not 1 J. Jasiński, Wojciech Kętrzyński w powstaniu styczniowym, Komunikaty Mazursko-Warmińskie, (here- after KMW), 1967, no 1–2, pp. 85–100. 2 S. Kieniewicz, Powstanie styczniowe, ed.
    [Show full text]
  • German Politics and the 'Jewish Question', 1914-1919
    German Politics and the 'Jewish Question', 1914-1919 Lucia Juliette Linares Darwin College Dissertation submitted for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy August 2019 PREFACE I hereby declare that this dissertation is the result of my own work and includes nothing which is the outcome of work done in collaboration except as declared in the preface and specified in the text. It is not substantially the same as any other work that I have submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for a degree or diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other university or similar institution except as declared in the preface and specified in the text. I further state that no substantial part of my dissertation has already been submitted, or, is being concurrently submitted for any such degree, diploma or other qualification at the University of Cambridge or any other university or similar institution except as declared in the preface and specified in the text. It does not exceed the prescribed word limit for the Faculty of History. All translations are my own unless specified in the text. i ABSTRACT German Politics and the 'Jewish Question', 1914-1919 Lucia Juliette Linares The First World War confronted German politicians with a range of unprecedented, vital questions in the spheres of domestic as well as foreign policy. As the fortunes of war shifted, so did borders, populations and national allegiances. In a period of acute and almost constant political crisis, the German government faced issues concerning citizenship, minority rights, religious identity, nationhood and statehood. My dissertation analyses these issues through the prism of the so-called 'Jewish Question'.
    [Show full text]
  • Geschichte Des Nationalsozialismus
    Ernst Piper Ernst Ernst Piper Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus Von den Anfängen bis heute Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus Band 10264 Ernst Piper Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus Schriftenreihe Band 10291 Ernst Piper Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus Von den Anfängen bis heute Ernst Piper, 1952 in München geboren, lebt heute in Berlin. Er ist apl. Professor für Neuere Geschichte an der Universität Potsdam, Herausgeber mehrerer wissenschaft- licher Reihen und Autor zahlreicher Bücher zur Geschichte des 19. und 20. Jahrhun- derts. Zuletzt erschienen Nacht über Europa. Kulturgeschichte des Ersten Weltkriegs (2014), 1945 – Niederlage und Neubeginn (2015) und Rosa Luxemburg. Ein Leben (2018). Diese Veröffentlichung stellt keine Meinungsäußerung der Bundeszentrale fürpolitische Bildung dar. Für die inhaltlichen Aussagen trägt der Autor die Verantwortung. Wir danken allen Lizenzgebenden für die freundlich erteilte Abdruckgenehmigung. Die In- halte der im Text und im Anhang zitierten Internetlinks unterliegen der Verantwor- tung der jeweiligen Anbietenden; für eventuelle Schäden und Forderungen überneh- men die Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung / bpb sowie der Autor keine Haftung. Bonn 2018 © Bundeszentrale für politische Bildung Adenauerallee 86, 53113 Bonn Projektleitung: Hildegard Bremer, bpb Lektorat: Verena Artz Umschlagfoto: © ullstein bild – Fritz Eschen, Januar 1945: Hausfassade in Berlin-Wilmersdorf Umschlaggestaltung, Satzherstellung und Layout: Naumilkat – Agentur für Kommunikation und Design, Düsseldorf Druck: Druck und Verlagshaus Zarbock GmbH & Co. KG, Frankfurt / Main ISBN: 978-3-7425-0291-9 www.bpb.de Inhalt Einleitung 7 I Anfänge 18 II Kampf 72 III »Volksgemeinschaft« 136 IV Krieg 242 V Schuld 354 VI Erinnerung 422 Anmerkungen 450 Zeittafel 462 Abkürzungen 489 Empfehlungen zur weiteren Lektüre 491 Bildnachweis 495 5 Einleitung Dieses Buch ist eine Geschichte des Nationalsozialismus, keine deutsche Geschichte des 20.
    [Show full text]
  • Conflict of Revolutionary Authority: Provisional Government Vs. Berlin Soviet, November-December 1918 1
    HENRY EGON FRIEDLANDER CONFLICT OF REVOLUTIONARY AUTHORITY: PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT VS. BERLIN SOVIET, NOVEMBER-DECEMBER 1918 1 The Russian revolutions of 1905 and 1917 saw the first appearance of workers' and soldiers' councils, called Soviets. In 1917 the Executive Committee of the Petrograd Soviet, acting for all the Russian Soviets, became the chief competitor of Kerensky's Provisional Government. The Bolsheviks, employing the slogan "All Powers to the Soviets", used the Petrograd Soviet in their drive for power. In the October Revolution the Soviets, dominated by the Bolsheviks, replaced the Provisional Government as the government of Russia. In the German Revolution of November 1918 workers' and soldiers' councils, called Rate, were organized in imitation of the Russian Soviets.2 The German Revolution created, as had the Russian 1 This article is based on a paper presented at the European history section of the meeting of the (American) Southern Historical Association in Tulsa, Oklahoma, November i960. 2 "Ratewahlen," in Die Freiheit: Berliner Organ der Unabhangigen Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, November 16, 1918 (evening); A. Stein, "Rateorganisation und Revolution," in ibid., November 17, 1918 (morning); Vorwarts: Berliner Volksblatt, Zentralorgan der Sozialdemokratischen Partei Deutschlands, November 9, 1918 (ist, 3rd, and 5th Extraausgabe); November 10, 1918 (8th Extraausgabe); Leipziger Volkszeitung: Organ fiir die Interessen des gesamten werktatigen Volkes, November 5-9, 1918; "Wahl der Arbeiterrate," in Rote Fahne (Ehemaliger Berliner Lokal-Anzeiger), November 10, 1918. For further information on the German Revolution, the socialist parties, and the formation of the workers' and soldiers' councils, see Emil Barth, Aus der Werkstatt der deutschen Revolution (Berlin, 1919), pp.
    [Show full text]
  • Preprint Heft 9
    PREPRINT 9 Elisabeth Kraus Repräsentation – Renommee – Rekrutierung Mäzenatentum für das Deutsche Museum Preprint 9 Elisabeth Kraus Repräsentation - Renommee – Rekrutierung Mäzenatentum für das Deutsche Museum 2013 Inhalt Abstract 5 1. Einleitung 7 1.1 Bedeutung des Themas und seiner Erforschung 7 1.2 Begrifflichkeit 8 1.3 Fragestellungen 12 1.4 Stand der Forschung und Quellenlage 14 1.5 Auswahlgesichtspunkte und Vorgehen 20 2. Die Gründungsphase (1903–1923) 23 2.1 Das fürstlich-aristokratische Mäzenatentum 23 2.2 Zuwendungen von Deutschem Reich, Königreich Bayern, München und anderen Städten 26 2.3 Das bürgerliche Mäzenatentum 28 2.3.1 Industrie, Verbände, Vereinigungen 28 2.3.2 Privatpersonen 33 2.4 Die Reisestipendienstiftung von 1911 43 2.5 Netzwerke, Spendenakquisition, Gegengaben – eine erste Bilanz des Mäzenatentums 52 3. Die Auf- und Ausbauphase (1923/25–1933) 56 3.1 Zuwendungen nach der Hyperinflation – die 1000-Mark-Spende 56 3.2 Die Reisestipendienstiftung 58 3.3 Die Oskar-von-Miller-Stiftung der Reichsregierung (1925) 60 3.4 Die Krupp-Stiftung für Büchergaben (1928) 66 3.5 Die Frauenspende für die Bibliothek des Deutschen Museums (1928) 68 3.6 Die Adolf und Luisa Haeuser-Stiftung für Museumsangestellte (1930) 73 3.7 Die St. Ansgar-Stiftung (1933) 77 3.8 Stiftungen, Spenden, Ehrungen – die »Goldenen Zwanziger Jahre« des Mäzenatentums? 81 4. Die NS- und Kriegszeit (1933–1945) 89 4.1 Die Finanzierung zwischen Gründungsauftrag und Anpassungserfordernis 93 4.2 Die »Entjudung« des Museumsausschusses 102 4.3 Die »Entjudung«, »Nazifizierung« und Entwicklung der (Zu-) Stiftungen 107 4.4 Das Mäzenatentum in »brauner« Zeit 118 3 5. Revitalisierung und Konsolidierung (1945/48–1958/60) 122 5.1 Neustart 122 5.2 Spendenwesen und Fundraising-Strategien 124 5.3 Entwicklung und Zusammenlegung der Zustiftungen 130 5.4 Mäzenatentum in Bronze? 133 6.
    [Show full text]
  • The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade
    Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00 18 January 2017 THE ARCHAEOLOGY OF THE PRUSSIAN CRUSADE The Archaeology of the Prussian Crusade explores the archaeology and material culture of the Crusade against the Prussian tribes in the thirteenth century, and the subsequent society created by the Teutonic Order that lasted into the six- teenth century. It provides the first synthesis of the material culture of a unique crusading society created in the south-eastern Baltic region over the course of the thirteenth century. It encompasses the full range of archaeological data, from standing buildings through to artefacts and ecofacts, integrated with writ- ten and artistic sources. The work is sub-divided into broadly chronological themes, beginning with a historical outline, exploring the settlements, castles, towns and landscapes of the Teutonic Order’s theocratic state and concluding with the role of the reconstructed and ruined monuments of medieval Prussia in the modern world in the context of modern Polish culture. This is the first work on the archaeology of medieval Prussia in any lan- guage, and is intended as a comprehensive introduction to a period and area of growing interest. This book represents an important contribution to promot- ing international awareness of the cultural heritage of the Baltic region, which has been rapidly increasing over the last few decades. Aleksander Pluskowski is a lecturer in Medieval Archaeology at the University of Reading. Downloaded by [University of Wisconsin - Madison] at 05:00
    [Show full text]
  • Program Opieki Nad Zabytkami Powiatu Kwidzynskiego Na Lata 20162019
    Zał ącznik do uchwały Nr IX/54/2015 Rady Powiatu Kwidzy ńskiego z dnia 14 grudnia 2015 r. PROGRAM OPIEKI NAD ZABYTKAMI POWIATU KWIDZYNSKIEGO NA LATA 2016-2019 Wykonany na zlecenie i z środków Powiatu Kwidzyńskiego OPRACOWANIE: mgr Jolanta Barton-Piórkowska 2015 1 SPIS TREŚCI. 1. Wstęp………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………...4 2. Podstawa prawna - Ustawa o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami…………………………………...4-5 3. Uwarunkowanie prawne………………………………………………………………………………………………6-13 3.1. Obowiązek konstytucyjny ochrony zabytków 3.2. Ustawa o ochronie zabytków i opiece nad zabytkami 3.3. Inne ustawy i rozporządzenia 3.4. Prawo międzynarodowe 3.5. Zadania i kompetencje organów powiatu w zakresie ochrony zabytków 4. Uwarunkowania zewnętrzne ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego……………………………………………13-18 4.1. Strategiczne cele polityki państwa w zakresie ochrony zabytków i opieki nad zabytkami 4.1.1. Krajowy Program Opieki nad Zabytkami na lata 2014-2017 4.1.2. Narodowa Strategia Rozwoju Kultury 4.2. Relacje powiatowego programu opieki nad zabytkami z dokumentami wykonanymi na poziomie województwa 4.2.1. Strategia Rozwoju Województwa Pomorskiego 4.2.2. Regionalny Program Operacyjny Województwa Pomorskiego 4.2.3. Plan zagospodarowania przestrzennego województwa pomorskiego 4.2.4. Wojewódzki program opieki nad zabytkami 2011-2014 5. Uwarunkowania wewnętrzne ochrony dziedzictwa kulturowego……………………………………………18-20 5.1. Strategia rozwoju powiatu kwidzyńskiego 5.2. Program ochrony środowiska powiatu kwidzyńskiego 5.3. Gminne programy opieki nad zabytkami 6. Charakterystyka krajobrazu kulturowego i zasobu dziedzictwa…………………………………………21-148 6.1. Zarys historii obszaru powiatu z wypunktowaniem najbardziej znaczących zjawisk i wydarzeń (kultura menonitów, okres regencji ) 6.2. Prezentacja krajobrazu kulturowego 6.3. Charakterystyka zasobu dziedzictwa: 6.3.1. Układy przestrzenne: urbanistyczne i ruralistyczne 6.3.2.
    [Show full text]
  • German Communists
    = ~•••••••••• B•••••••~•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••• a• •= :• COMING PUBLICATIONS: •= =• / ~ • .= "ABOUT BELGIUM" by Camille Huysrnans. ; "THE FLAMING BORDER" by Czeslaw Poznanski. "GERMAN CONSERVATIVES" by Curt Geyer. "THE ROAD TO MUNICH" by Dr. Jan Opocenski. "THE WOLF AS A NEIGHBOUR" by M. van Blankenstein. NEW SERIES: THE FUTURE OF EUROPE AND THE WO~LD "GERMANY AT PEACE" by Walter Loeb. "FRENCH SECURITY AND GERMANY" . by Edmond Vermeil. "PROGRESS TO WORLD PEACE" by K. F. Bieligk. - HUTCHINSON & CO. (Publishers), LTD. ••••m•••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••••2. "FIGHT FOR FREEDOM" Editorial Board LUIS ARAQUISTAIN CAM!LLE HUYSMANS JOSEF BELINA PROFESSOR A. PRAGIER JOHN BROWN M. SLUYSER CURT GEYER RENNIE SMITH W . W. HENDERSON MARY E. SUTHERLAND,7 j.P. GERMAN COMMUNISTS by ./ SPARTAKUS Foreword by ALFRED M. WALL Translated from the German by. E. Fitzgerald TO THE MEMORY OF ROSA LUXEMBURG KARL LIEBKNECHT PAUL- LEVI - SPARTAKUS has lived in Germany all. his life andIeft shortly after Hitler came.,.10 power. ' From his youth he has worked in the German Labour Movements-Socialist and Communist. He was one of the early "Spartakists" in the last war and he is still . today . a devoted fighter against German aggression and 'nationalism from whatever source it may spring. CONTENTS PAGE . FOREWORD 4 PART l THE SPARTACUS LEAGUE 1914-1918 7 PART II THE COMMUNIST PARTY 1919-1933 22 THE PARTY AND THE VERSAILLES TREATY 22 THE KAPP "PUTSCH" 28 THE UNITED COMMUNIST PARTY OF GERMANY 30 THE W..ARCH ACTION . 34 THE NATIONALISTIC LINE . ..... .. ' 36 THE RAPALLO TREATY' 38 THE OCCUPATION OF THE RUHR 39 SCHLAGETER 42 CORRUPTION 45 THE UNSUCCESSFUL RISING OF 1923 46 THE DECLINE OF THE GERMAN COMMUNIST PARTY 48 GERMAN MILITARY EXPENDITURE 53 "THE HORNY-HANDED SON OF TOIL".
    [Show full text]
  • Architecture and Urban Planning in East Prussia from 1933–1945
    kunsttexte.de/ostblick 3/2019 - 1 Jan Salm Architecture and Urban Planning in East Prussia from 1933–1945 Defining Characteristics, Major Research Needs, and Research Themes By definition, this article is different from other papers ture in the interwar years that !ould account for its published in this book. y focus is on an area that different forms, most notably the elements that shape !as not incorporated into "oland until 1945, !hich is rural landscapes and to!nscapes in the re*ion, e.g. also the case for Lo!er &ilesia or 'estern "omerania. public buildings such as offices and schools, residen- Ho!ever, it also differs from the other t!o historic re- tial housing such as housing estates and rural and *ions in that it is no! partially in "oland and partially suburban settlements, and finally sacred buildings, in +ussia’s Kaliningrad .blast. Naturally, any elabora- !hich may be fe! but still prominent. So far, only pre- tion on East "russia has to account for those areas in liminary studies or su**estions for future research the re*ion that are outside of "oland and compare have been offered.# and contrast buildings and building complexes 1survi- East "russia is an intriguing research topic also as ving or not2 from the Kaliningrad .blast !ith those lo- an exclave of the Third +eich. One persistent ;uestion cated in Poland’s Warmia and Ma3ury Province. is this: did these peculiar *eopolitical circumstances 4o date, no separate study has been offered on the shape a distinct building style in the re*ion? .r, de- final years of East "russia that !ould describe the re- spite being an exclave, !as East "russia able to ad- *ion as a distinct yet thoroughly 5erman area, to- opt the styles typical of the rest of Germany? *ether !ith its architecture and urban planning.
    [Show full text]
  • Witold Gieszczyński Human Migration on the Territory of the Former East Prussia After the Second World War
    Witold Gieszczyński Human Migration on the Territory of the Former East Prussia after the Second World War Echa Przeszłości 12, 189-200 2011 ECHA PRZESZŁOŚCI XII, 2011 ISSN 1509-9873 Witold Gieszczyński HUMAN MIGRATION ON THE TERRITORY OF THE FORMER EAST PRUSSIA AFTER THE SECOND WORLD WAR Following the ratification of treaties to partition Poland dated 5 August 1772, the Royal Prussia with Warmia (Germ. Ermland), excluding Gdańsk and Toruń, and the Noteć District (Germ. Netzedistrikt) with Bydgoszcz were annexed by the Kingdom of Prussia1. Under a decree of 31 January 1773, the kingdom of Frederic II was expanded to include “West Prussia” (Germ. Westpreussen) as well as an administrative unit referred to as the “East Prussia province” (Germ. Provinz Ostpreussen), comprising Warmia, a region in pre-partition Poland, and Royal Prussia, a fiefdom of the Crown of Poland in 1525-16572. Beginning with the unification of Germany in 1871, East Prussia became a part of the Reich. In 1829, both provinces were formally united into a single “province of Prussia”, but the former division into two provinces of “West Prussia” and “East Prussia” was restored already in 18783. After the World War I, in an attempt to resolve the Polish-Ger­ man dispute over the territories in Warmia, Mazury and Powiśle, the Trea­ ty of Versailles of 28 June 1919 ordered a poll in Prussia. On 11 July 1920, the majority of the local constituents chose to be a part of East 1 S. Salmonowicz, Prusy. Dzieje państwa i społeczeństwa, Warszawa 2004, p. 212; Ch. Clark, Prusy. Powstanie i upadek 1600-1947, Warszawa 2009, pp.
    [Show full text]