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The Political Theory of Carole Pateman Anne Phillips, London School of Economics John Medearis, University of California, Riverside Daniel I

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The Political Theory of Carole Pateman Anne Phillips, London School of Economics John Medearis, University of California, Riverside Daniel I 820 106th Annual 829 Ralph Bunche Meeting 830 Congressional 823 New APSA Of- Fellowship Association News ficers Elected 837 Attending Grad- 824 Briefs uate Students 826 Center Page 839 Goodnow Award 828 Washington 840 Organized Sec- Insider tion Awards profile The Political Theory of Carole Pateman Anne Phillips, London School of Economics John Medearis, University of California, Riverside Daniel I. O’Neill, University of Florida arole Pateman is, by any mea- Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Academy sure, an extraordinary politi- of Social Sciences (U.K.), and the Academy cal thinker. She has written of Social Sciences in Australia. Long before modern classics of both demo- she assumed the presidency of the APSA, she cratic and feminist theory, but served as the first woman president of the Cthe scope of her work is even wider than International Political Science Association this dual accomplishment suggests, since from 1991 to 1994, and her tenure in that it includes contributions to the study of position is still remembered and admired. early modern political thought, early femi- Guillermo O’Donnell, the noted compara- nist thought, and, recently, the history of tivist, told us that he “was delighted that colonialism. The reach of her influence is she was [his] successor as president of the proportionately wide, touching all of the International Political Science Association, social sciences and humanities and extend- where she left the important mark of her ing to scholars around the globe. She is open-minded and progressive spirit.” perhaps best known for writing Participa- Such scholarly acclaim would probably tion and Democratic Theory (1970) and The have seemed an unlikely future for a girl born Sexual Contract (1988). Each is in its own 2010−11 ApSA PRESiDeNT in Maresfield, a village about 40 miles south way an exemplary analytical accomplish- of London—a child of parents who had fin- ment as well as a crystalline expression Carole Pateman ished their own educations by the age of 14. of a historical tendency in its time. In its Distinguished Professor of Political Pateman herself originally left school at 16 call for a renewed sense of the importance Science, University of California, Los to take a series of clerical jobs before enroll- of participation in democracy, the former Angeles ing in Ruskin College, an adult education expressed something of the 1960s’ revolt D.Phil, Oxford University school in Oxford. Although she did not have against postwar political complacency. The the usual qualifications that would allow a latter, in its insistence that Western politi- graphs—and a great number of her articles person to attend university, she won a place cal theory must be rebuilt from the ground have also been deeply influential. at Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford, on the basis up to accommodate the emancipation of Pateman has followed her career across of a distinction in the Oxford University Post- women can surely be seen as an intellectual three continents. She received her D.Phil Graduate Diploma in Political Science and peak of second-wave feminism. The endur- from Oxford University. Currently a Distin- Economics, an exam taken by many Ruskin ing influence of this book was recognized guished Professor of Political Science at the students. After obtaining her BA, she studied when it received the APSA’s Benjamin Lip- University of California, Los Angeles, she with Brian Barry and completed Participation pincott Award in 2005. But Pateman’s other joined the faculty there in 1990 after teach- and Democratic Theory with the intention of books—discussed in the following para- ing at the University of Sydney and hold- submitting it for a B.Litt. Barry suggested ing a number of visiting appointments at that she instead send the manuscript to Cam- Anne Phillips is a professor of political and institutions including Stanford and Princ- bridge University Press, which accepted it for gender theory at the London School of Eco- eton. Pateman has frequently been invited publication. Upon seeing the book for the nomics and Political Science. to deliver prestigious public lectures, such first time at Blackwell’s bookstore in Oxford, John Medearis is an associate professor of as the Gunnar Myrdal Lecture at Stockholm she says, she was overcome and “fled from political science at the University of Califor- University, Sweden. In 2004, she received a the store” (2008, 231). She explained nearly nia, Riverside. Lifetime Achievement Award from the U.K. forty years later: “Being an author was so Daniel I. O’Neill is an associate professor of Political Studies Association, and she is a remote from my experience that it had no political science at the University of Florida. fellow of the British Academy, the American reality until I saw the material object” (2008, PS • October 2010 813 Association News 231, n. 1). democracy, Pateman’s first book captured Held. At the time, however, Pateman was Pateman’s work is characterized by real an ideal that was pervasive in the 1960s and among the first to show how the rejection breadth, both in terms of topical scope and swept aside facile generalizations about the of old, homogenizing assumptions about approach. Substantively, she has written meaning of democracy in the history of politi- the history of democratic thought can be about marriage, sex, the economy, the state, cal thought. In doing these things, Partici- illuminating. and citizenship. She has made contributions pation and Democratic Theory helped to give Pateman was not content, however, to let both to contemporary political theory and shape to the field of democratic theory as we the argument of Participation and Democratic to the history of political thought. Pateman now know it. In the two postwar decades Theory rest on textual reinterpretation. She has never been content simply to approach prior to the book’s publication, a particular ends her discussion of the history of partici- political theory as philosophical analysis. “I view of democracy had gained a strong grip patory theory by setting herself an empiri- resisted becoming a philosopher (a path I on scholarship. With roots extending at least cal challenge: “The theory of participatory was urged to follow) because I realized that as deep as Joseph Schumpeter’s Capitalism, democracy stands or falls on two hypotheses: my interests did not lie in purely philosophi- Socialism and Democracy (1942), this view, the educative function of participation, and cal problems,” she has written, adding: “I which Pateman dubs “the contemporary the crucial role of industry” (1970, 44). Her have always been keen on bringing together theory of democracy,” devalued participa- route into these subjects explores the concept empirical evidence and theoretical argument” tion, criticized so-called “classical” theory, of “efficacy” and its role in the political sci- (Pateman and Mills 2007, 16). Thus, the raw and emphasized a “realistic” assessment of ence and political sociology of the 1960s. In materials of her work are crucial, and they the facts of modern politics. Proponents of those literatures, she notes, “efficacy” referred vary enormously, from legal documents and this dominant theory of the 1950s and 1960s to a feeling of political competence, confi- other historical sources that reveal the devel- defined democracy as a political method or dence in one’s ability to affect politics, and opment of colonialism to sociological stud- institutional arrangement in which elite assurance of the value of doing so. There ies of workplace participation, statutory and leaders gained the power to make decisions is much evidence that individuals who feel common law defining the status of women, through competition for the popular vote. more efficacious tend to participate more and canonical (though problematic) texts But the elite character of democracy and the deeply in politics. Many proponents of the of political philosophy. One motivation for minimal role for mass participation were not “contemporary theory” argued that both def- this range of sources is Pateman’s conviction to be regretted, these scholars said. Many erence to elites and low participation (linked that “democratic theory needs to begin from scholars actually valued low participation to low efficacy) were necessary for the health where we are at present” and not just from and apathy for their claimed contributions of Western democracies, even though such abstract ideals (2008, 234). Another motiva- to political stability. attitudes stemmed from a misunderstanding tion stems from the insight that when proper- Pateman’s response in Participation and of the openness of these polities. One version ly elucidated, the work of figures like Thomas Democratic Theory to this prevalent approach of this argument was Gabriel Almond and Hobbes can reveal assumptions and ideas is multipronged. First, she takes its propo- Sidney Verba’s claim that a “civic culture”—a that have long structured everyday life. nents to task for creating a myth of “classical” political culture combining “involvement” The breadth of Pateman’s work is matched democracy. Pateman points out that some of with “passivity” and “traditionality”—was by the range of her influence. A 2007 study the supposed purveyors of the “classical” the- best suited to a healthy democracy (Almond found her to be among the four hundred ory actually defended a participatory theory and Verba 1963). Pateman does note that most-cited political scientists of all time—and of democracy. In this argument, she had in scholars favoring the “contemporary the- of these, she ranked among political scientists mind J. J. Rousseau and John Stuart Mill, as ory” also acknowledged (but often did not earning Ph.D.s from 1970 to 1974 and third well as the twentieth century guild socialist, emphasize) findings that supported some among political theorists (Masuoka, Grof- G. D. H. Cole. Cole epitomized the partici- claims of participatory theory, especially the man, and Feld 2007).
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