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1 CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES International security studies Master thesis 2020 James Iocovozzi 2 CHARLES UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF SOCIAL SCIENCES International security studies James Iocovozzi Structural Violence and Great Power Competition: The Effects of Sino-U.S. Geopolitical Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific Master thesis Prague 2020 3 Author: BA. James Iocovozzi Supervisor: Mgr. Michal Kolmaš, Ph.D. Academic Year: 2019/2020 4 5 Bibliographic note IOCOVOZZI, James, H. Structural Violence and Great Power Competition: The Effects of Sino- U.S. Geopolitical Rivalry in the Indo-Pacific. Mater thesis. Charles University, Faculty of Social Sciences, International Security Studies. Supervisor Mgr. Michal Kolmaš, Ph.D. Abstract This paper examines the effects of the ongoing strategic rivalry between China and the United States for influence over the Indo-Pacific in order to demonstrate the negative impacts upon structural violence within the region. Using an amalgamation from various authors, this paper establishes a definition and set of criteria for the presence of structural violence which are then applied to the cases of Vietnam, Myanmar, and Japan. By correlating the mechanisms with which China and the United States garner influence with the specific consequences for the prevalence and severity of structural violence, this paper illustrates that the ongoing geopolitical rivalry poses considerable threats to all Indo-Pacific nations regardless of their development status or social, political, economic, and geographic characteristics. Results indicate that the extent of each country’s structural violence was directly or indirectly affected by the presence of foreign involvement, and that different levels of alignment or independence can serve to reduce or exacerbate these effects. Furthermore, evidence indicated that China’s methods pose a more immediate threat to induvial countries, but that the United States is by no means inculpable. It has been determined, therefore, that the continued development of Indo-Pacific countries faces critical concerns as the self-interested nature of China and the United States’ rivalry shows no signs of subsiding. Keywords: Structural Violence, Globalization, Spheres of Influence, Geopolitics, Indo- Pacific, Regional Competition, Great Power Rivalry. Range of thesis: 80 pages, 199 241 characters 6 Declaration of Authorship 1. The author hereby declares that he compiled this thesis independently, using only the listed resources and literature. 2. The author hereby declares that all the sources and literature used have been properly cited. 3. The author hereby declares that the thesis has not been used to obtain a different or the same degree. Prague, 31 July 2020 James Iocovozzi 7 Acknowledgments I would like to thank my girlfriend Alex for all of her emotional support throughout this process and for being patient with me even during the most stressful of times. I would also like to thank my flat mate Connor who has been going through the process with me and who has been a valuable source of both assistance and distraction during much needed breaks. I would like to thank my parents, Kim and Helen for their endless support and encouragement throughout these past two years as well as my sisters, Chamberlain, Emily, Sarah, and Nelle for their reassurance and positivity. I would like to thank the entire MISS department for all of its work in providing its students with a great education even through these recent times of uncertainty. Finally, I would like to thank my supervisor, Professor Michal Kolmaš for inspiring my interest in Asian security and for all of his valuable guidance and assistance throughout the writing process. 8 9 Contents Introduction………………………………………………………………………………….. 10 Globalization and Structural Violence…………………………….……………………….11 Sino-U.S. Strategic Rivalry…………………………………………………………….…….14 The New Great Game…………………………………………………………………………14 Rivalry and Structural Violence …………………………………………………………….20 Data and Literature …………………………………………………………………………………….23 Methods …………………………………………………………………………………………………24 Case Selection………………………………………………………………………………….24 Method of Analysis ……………………………………………………………………………26 Case Studies …………………………………………………………………………………………….27 Vietnam …………………………………………………………………………………………27 Myanmar ………………………………………………………………………………………..45 Japan……………………………………………………………………………………………..63 Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………………81 Final Remarks …………………………………………………………………………………………..85 Bibliography …………………………………………………………………………………………….92 10 Introduction Contemporary globalizations has facilitated a level of interconnectedness which permeates nearly ever aspect of domestic and international relations by tying disparate countries together through mutual economic, cultural, and political exchange. In doing so, globalization has transformed the international landscape and augmented the ways in which nations interact with one another. Interconnectedness has produced numerous beneficial outcomes such as the permeation of technological advancements, global improvements in living standards through poverty reduction, and lower costs for goods and services through specialization. However, globalization has the simultaneous effect of exacerbating certain negative trends such as global inequality and unemployment and can pose considerable challenges for developing nations under the influence of foreign economic investment and diplomatic interference. This dichotomy is particularly evident within the Indo-Pacific which encompasses counties within Southeast and East Asia as well as those adjacent to the Indian and Pacific oceans. Due to its position along vital shipping routes, the abundance of natural resources, and its rapid economic growth, the Indo-Pacific is now considered to be of significant strategic value. International investment has spurred rapid development and considerable socio-political advancements within the region as major powers vie for influence through various economic and diplomatic mechanisms. Yet, rising levels of foreign involvement also pose major threats to Indo-Pacific states as the region becomes the new center point for Sino-U.S. geopolitical maneuvering. Increasing competition between China and the United States for supremacy over the Indo-Pacific has created or exacerbated various forms of structural violence within the region as the two major powers implement diverse methods for garnering economic and political influence. By acting upon self-interest and ignoring the resulting consequences, the Sino-U.S. rivalry has served to support Indo-Pacific governments whose policies and regulations have caused inequality and human insecurity among their individual citizens and ethnic minority groups. By offering support without criticism, the United States and China have effectively routinized certain forms of structural violence while simultaneously hindering natural social development. Because little work has been done towards elucidating the immediate and specific consequences of ongoing competition between China and the United States for influence over 11 the Indo-pacific, this paper seeks to demonstrate that such competition has a direct impact on the presence and severity of structural violence within the region. In order to present an accurate representation of the region as a whole, the countries under consideration include Japan, Vietnam and Myanmar, as each display ongoing forms of human insecurity which are likely sustained, exacerbated or created by the presence of foreign investment and competition. Furthermore, each country is currently experiencing various stages of development and dependence with diverse social, political, economic, and geographic characteristics which will allow for individual findings to be applied to similar countries within the region. What follows is an analysis of the general effects of globalization on structural violence, an evaluation of the Sino-U.S. rivalry, a description of the so called ‘New Great Game’ within the Indo-Pacific, and a characterization of the specific consequences this rivalry poses on the presence and severity of structural violence within the region. Next, individual case studies are conducted for each selected country in which the presence of structural violence is established and links between specific forms of structural violence and foreign involvement are determined. Finally, each country’s relationship with China and the United States is examined in order to establish their alignment status along a continuum of U.S.-allegiance, Chinese-allegiance, or relative independence. By doing so, this paper seeks to demonstrate the direct and indirect consequences which foreign influence entails for structural violence through the reinforcement of institutional mechanisms and customs by way of financial and political incentives which subsequently serve to sustain the ongoing political and economic status quo. Findings from this work will contribute to the field of human security as it relates to broader trends in contemporary globalization and competing spheres of influence, as well as the specific case of the United States’ efforts to maintain political and economic parity with a rising China. Globalization and Structural Violence Many authors have stressed the human costs of globalization and international development, noting serious risks to individuals’ physical and psychological health and wellbeing (Pilisuk, 2001, p. 3) as well as growing threats to the natural environment (Pilisuk 2001, p. 4). Arno
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