9781107020696 Index.Pdf

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02069-6 - The Wars for Asia, 1911–1949 S. C. M. Paine Index More information

Index

Bold page numbers indicate maps.

Academia Sinica, 60 Asaka Yasuhiko 朝香宮鳩彦王 Africa, 143 , 170 , 190 , 193 , 279 , 308 (1887–1981), 137 , 211 agriculture, 21 , 29–30 , 60 , 110 , 167–8 , Asian Monroe Doctrine, 184 232–3 , 240 atomic bomb, 3 , 204 , 208–13 , 233 , 294 , airplanes, 65 , 119 , 132 , 139 , 141–2 , 310 144–5 , 188 , 192 , 198–9 , 202 , 219 , August 15 Incident, 210 245 . See also bombing campaigns AUGUST STORM, 5 , 9 , 170 , 208 , 210–12 , Aleutian Islands, 174 , 191 244–5 , 276 , 310 allegiance, 32–3 , 37 , 53 , 58 , 65 , 67 , 69 , Australia, 170 , 186 , 188–9 , 194 , 82 , 88–9 , 134 , 157 , 159 , 214 , 223 , 216 , 275 225–31 , 233 , 243 , 260 , 263–4 , 266–8 , Austria, 18 , 83 , 85 , 143 , 145 , 306 270–1 , 275 , 277 Autumn Harvest Uprising, 88 , 302 Allied Reparations Committee, 241 Autumn Offensive (1947), 255 , 311 Allies, 5 , 180 , 191 , 193 , 199 , 212 , 234 , Axis, 91 , 102 , 126 , 148 , 166 , 170 , 177 , 238 , 285 , 288 . See also specifi c 183 , 189 , 203 , 217–18 , 269 , 286 , 307 . countries See also Tripartite Pact aluminum (bauxite), 40–1 , 175 , 219 Azerbaijan, 83 , 276 Amoy. See Xiamen Amur River, 23 , 84 , 222 , 294 Bacon, Sir Francis (1561–1626), 6 Anami Korechika 阿南惟幾 (1887–1945), Bai Chongxi 白崇禧 (1893–1966), 201–1 , 286 53 , 68 , 72 , 95 , 139 , 150 , 152 , 160 , Andong, 27 , 222 , 240 260 , 289 Anhui, 12 , 26 , 52 , 62–3 , 71 , 74 , 88 , 112 , Baikal, Lake, 77 , 146 , 222 , 245 114 , 122 , 140 , 156 , 162 , 222 , 251 , Baise. See Bose 258 , 301 , 303–4 banking, 21–2 , 29–30 , 61 , 66 , 153 , 161 , Anhui group, 88 , 112 , 162 168 , 254 , 291 Anqing, 122 , 140 , 306 Bao’an, 71 , 96 , 100 Anti-Comintern Pact, 91 , 100–2 , 143–5 , Baoding, 122 , 133 , 305 147 , 177 , 283 , 305 baojia 保甲, 31 , 169 anticommunist high tide, fi rst, 156 BARBAROSSA, 7 , 23 , 89 , 156–7 , 178–9 , second. See New Fourth Route Army 181 , 190 , 217 , 233 , 261 , 293 , 308 Incident Barga, 12 , 14 , 88 , 302 Araki Sadao 荒木貞夫 (1877–1966), 43 Barr, David G. (1895–1970), 256 Ariyoshi Akira 有吉明 (1876–1937), 117 Battle of Lake Khasan. See Zhanggufeng Army Criminal Code, 213 Incident artillery, 139 , 144 , 190 , 199 , 233 , 245–6 bauxite. See aluminum

469

INDEX

Beijing, 12 , 14 , 26 , 36–9 , 48 , 56–7 , 70 , Cairo Conference, 199 , 309 71 , 94 , 122 , 125 , 128 , 131 , 138 , Canada, 172 141 , 148 , 158 , 161–3 , 166 , 201 , Canton. See Guangzhou 222 , 238 , 247 , 255 , 261 , 290–1 , Canton Commune. See Guangzhou 295 , 298 , 302 , 305 Uprising Beijing government (1920s), 19–20 , 64 , 88 , casualties, 18 , 53–4 , 56 , 70 , 75 , 78 , 109 , 112–13 129 , 133 , 139–40 , 146 , 148–9 , 154–5 , Beijing University, 94 , 152 , 291 , 295 166 , 185 , 188 , 192 , 194 , 202 , 204 , Beijing-Suiyuan Railway, 122 , 131 , 222 214–15 , 220 , 256 , 258 , 354n.3 Beijing-Tianjin Campaign, 38 , 222 , cause, proximate, 19–21 258–9 , 312 underlying, 21–4 Beijing-Wuhan Railway, 122 , 131 , 137–8 , CC group, 65–7 , 289 141 , 148 , 201 cease-fi re. See truces Belgium, 190 , 277 center of gravity, 135–7 , 141 , 150 , 177 , 180 Belorussia, 78 , 83 Central China Area Army, 36 Berlin, 3 , 170 , 177 , 182–3 , 190 , 218 , 267 , Central China Development Company, 40 , 288 , 293 162 biological warfare, 4 , 134 , 214 Central China Expeditionary Army, 36 , Bismarck, Otto von (1815–1898), 145 132 , 138 , 161–2 blockade, 175 , 190 Central Henan, Battle of, 201 , 309 of China, 132 , 136–7 , 142 , 181 , 203–4 , See also Ichig ō Campaign 213 , 219 Central Pacifi c Area Fleet (Japanese), 287 of Communists, 149 , 157 , 228 Central Pacifi c Campaign, 202 , 216 . of Japan, 174–5 , 196 , 215 See also Iwo Jima, Battle of; of Manchuria, 241 , 243 Mariana Islands; Okinawa, Battle of Blue Shirt Society, 66 Central Plains, 70 , 239 , 250–1 , 255 . Bogomolov, Dmitrii Vasil’evich See also Great War of the Central (1890–1937), 99 , 293 Plains Bolshevik Revolution. See Russian Central Plains Counteroffensive, 254 , 311 Revolution Chahar, 12 , 155 , 161 , 163 , 222 , 250–1 Bolsheviks, 5 , 51 , 65 , 77–83 , 98 , 110 , 233 competing governments, 161 , 230 , 255 bombing campaigns, 86 , 119 , 187–8 , 190 Chahar Campaign (1935), 37–9 , Second Sino-Japanese War, 13 , 132 , 137 , 128 , 304 140–2 , 303 Chahar Campaign (1937), 122 , 131 , World War II Pacifi c, 3 , 191 , 192 , 195–8 , 138–9 , 305 201–2 , 204–14 , 233 , 296 , 309–10 . Chahar Uprising, 71 –2, 304 See also atomic bomb; Pearl Harbor Chamberlain, Neville (1869–1940), 145 , attack 285 Border Government of Hebei, Shanxi, and Chang Jiang. See Yangzi River Chahar, 131 Changchun, 12–13 , 17 , 32 , 48 , 209 , 222 , Borneo, 170 , 188 241 , 247 , 249 , 253 , 255 , 303 Bose, 122 , 148 Changchun, Battle of, 222 , 249 , 311 Bose, Subhas Chandra (1897–1945), 198 Changde, Battle of, 193 , 309 Boxer Uprising, 86 , 110 Changsha, 48 , 52 , 71 , 122 , 137 , 152 , 291 , boycotts, 21 , 23–4 , 26 , 33 , 73 301 , 306 Britain. See Great Britain Changsha and Hengyang, Battle of, 201 , Burma, 194 , 196–8 , 203 , 233 , 256 , 293 . 309 See also Imphal Campaign; North Changsha, Battles of, 152 , 291 , 306 Burma Campaign First, 146 , 148–9 , 307 Burma Campaign (1942), 188 , 199–200 , Fourth, 201 , 309 . See also Ichig ō 308 Campaign Burma Road, 146 , 149 , 170 , 177 , 181 , Second, 149 , 308 188 , 198–9 , 203 , 306–8 , 310 Third, 149 , 193 , 308

470

INDEX

Chao River, 238 China Incident, 7 , 8 , 128 , 132 , 283 . Chassin, Lionel Max (1902–1970), 67 See also Marco Polo Bridge Incident Chen Cheng 陳誠 (1897–1965), 51 , 131 , Chinese civil war, 3–6 , 9–10 , 19 , 35 , 38 , 237 , 255 , 290 48 , 50 , 52–4 , 56–7 , 70 , 71–6 , 84 , Chen Guofu 陳果夫 (1892–1951), 65 , 290 88 , 93 , 94 , 109–20 , 124 , 126 , 127 , Chen Jitang 陳濟棠 (1890–1954), 72 , 95 134 , 139 , 150 , 153–4 , 159 , 167–8 , Chen Lifu 陳立夫 (1900–2001), 65 , 197 , 202–4 , 222–70 , 271–83 , 288 , 289–90 296 , 298 , 301–12 . See also names of Chengde, 12 , 34 , 122 , 135 , 209 campaigns, battles, incidents, offi cers, Chengdu, 122 , 142 , 145 , 202 , 222 uprisings, revolutions, and North Chennault, Claire L. (1893–1958), 197 , China wars 200–1 , 203–4 , 246 , 296 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), 33 , Chiang Ching-kuo 蔣經國 (1910–1988), 49–55 , 57 , 59 , 67 , 69 , 71–6 , 119 , 123 , 36 , 104 , 288–9 125 , 148 , 155 , 167 , 199 , 212 , 222–3 , Chiang Kai-shek 蔣介石 (1887–1975), 4 , 238–9 , 243–4 , 246 , 248 , 268 , 273 , 20 , 37 , 58 , 60 , 86–7 , 92 , 110 , 116–19 , 279–81 , 288 , 298 . See also Eighth 128 , 131–3 , 148 , 156 , 162–3 , 175 , Route Army ; Long March ; Mao 178 , 194 , 202 , 227–9 , 231 , 253 , 255– Zedong ; New Fourth Route Army ; 6 , 261 , 264–7 , 273 , 281–2 , 288–92 , peasantry, Communist strategy ; 299 , 408n.216 taxation ; United Front ; White Terror ; atrocities, 139–41 , 148–9 , 225–6 Xi’an Incident ; battle and campaign encirclement campaigns, 36 , 88 , 96–7 , names 100 base areas, 114–15 , 131 , 229–34 , 230 , guerrilla tactics, 150–1 255 Northern Expedition, 18–19 , 23 , 50–7 , espionage, 227 , 252–3 , 255 , 258 , 266 , 59 , 109 , 272 , 275 , 280 282 , 291–2 political intrigue, 64–5 , 67–74 , 89 , fi ghting Japan, 4–9 , 126–7 , 129 , 135 , 113–14 , 125 , 152–3 , 159–60 , 165–7 , 138–9 , 142 , 149 , 159 , 216 , 220 225 , 259–60 fi nance, 144 , 156–8 , 178 power base, 65–8 , 91 , 135–8 , 154 , guerrilla warfare, 119 , 127 , 151 , 227–8 , 176–7 , 182–3 , 185 , 220 , 224 , 232–3 , 237–8 , 241 , 254 , 276 275–6 land reform, 83 , 114 , 227 , 230 , 232–3 , recognition of Manchukuo, 17 , 129 , 254 , 262 , 266 , 281 , 290 242–3 membership, 224 , 256 relations with Germany, 143 , 164 public relations, 92–4 , 157 , 194 , 204 , relations with Russia, 243 , 246 , 252 , 226–7 , 229 , 233 , 235 , 251 , 262 , 277 264–5 , 267 relations with U.S., 142 , 189 , 191 , 196– relations with Russia, 53 , 80 , 82 , 84–8 , 201 , 203–4 , 234–5 , 237 , 239 , 241 , 90–1 , 98 , 178 , 184 , 209 , 228 , 245–6 , 250–1 , 257 , 260 , 263 , 268–70 , 294–6 248–50 , 259–60 , 276 resignations, 16 , 53 , 73–4 , 258–9 , 303 , relations with U.S., 235–6 , 239 , 248 , 312 257 , 260–1 , 269–71 , 278 Second United Front, 98–9 , 102–4 . Second United Front, 93–104 , 117 , 156 , See also encirclement campaigns; 281 united fronts; Japan, negotiations with state building, 10 , 152–6 , 226–7 China Chinese Communist Revolution, 112 , 114 , strategy of appeasement, 13 , 35 , 61 , 127 , 230 . See also Chinese Communist 74–6 , 93–5 , 101 , 126–7 , 145 Party ; Mao Zedong Chiang Wei-kuo 蔣緯國 (1916–1997), Chinese Eastern Railway, 27 , 85–6 , 89 , 96 , 143 304 . See also railways, Manchuria China Expeditionary Army, 36 , 211 Choibalsan (1895–1952), 146 China Garrison Army, 36–9 . Ch ō kohō Incident. See Zhanggufeng See also North China Area Army Incident

471

INDEX

Chongqing, 102 , 122 , 133 , 135 , 145 , 149 , Dedijer, Vladimir (1914–1990), 259 170 , 192 , 194 , 204 , 222 , 261 deliver-victory strategy, 125 bombing of, 140–2 Demchugdongrob (1902–1966), 38–9 , 97 , Ch osen̄ Army, 30 , 211 161 , 167 Churchill, Winston (1874–1965), 193 , Democratic League, 248 , 263 , 291 198–9 , 208 , 249 Deng Xiaoping 鄧小平 (1904–1997), 255 Clausewitz, Carl von (1780–1831), 113 , deterrence, by Japan, 177 , 217 , 271 158 , 261 by U.S., 182 , 185–6 , 217 , 271 , 278 coal, 14 , 28–9 , 39 , 41 , 61 , 72 , 78 , 89 , 155 , disease, 79 , 111 , 134 , 137 229 , 241 disposal force, 153 , 265 , 369n.147 code breaking, 252–3 . See also MAGIC ; Dixie Mission, 234–6 ULTRA Doihara Kenji 土肥原賢二 (1883–1948), cold war, 80 , 249 , 261 , 269 , 278 , 284 , 297 37–8 , 287 , 304 Combined Fleet (Japanese), 182 Doihara-Qin Agreement, 37–8 Comintern, 90 , 92–3 , 95 , 98 , 103 , 127 . Doolittle Raid, 191–2 , 202 , 308 See also Anti-Comintern Pact Doolittle, James H. (1896–1993), 191 , 296 commissar system, 82 , 85 , 91 , 114 , 153 , Du Yuming 杜聿明 (1905–1981), 51 , 246 , 238 , 244 , 292 251 , 253 , 255 , 290 Concordia Association, 32 Dunkirk evacuation, 115 Confucianism, 49–50 , 66–7 , 161 , 223 Dutch East Indies, 182–4 , 186 , 218–19 , Confucius, 8 , 55 , 124 , 299 , 314 , 356 , 413 , 274–5 , 354n.3 421 conscription, 176 , 231–2 , 263 , 307 East Hebei Anti-Communist Autonomous constitution, Japanese, 30 , 45 , 111 , 207 . Government, 39 See also Provisional Constitution of East Turkestan Republic, 89 , 261 the Political Tutelage Period Eastern Front, 218 containment of China, 288 Eighth Route Army, 104 , 131 , 153–6 , 224 , of Germany, 10 , 91 237–8 , 247 of Japan, 90–1 , 119 Eisenhower, Dwight D. (1890–1969), 197 of Russia, 13 , 23 , 75 , 87 , 218 , 249 , 278 electric power generation, 14 , 28 , 41 , 135 , continental power, 7 , 45 , 88 , 130 , 172 , 240–1 , 291 198 , 216–17 , 276 embargo. See oil, embargo ; trade, embargo cotton, 39–41 , 63 , 174–5 Encirclement Campaign, 9 , 36 , 71 , 93 , 99 , counterinsurgency, 8 , 36 , 74 , 96–7 , 126 , 103 , 116 , 136 , 143 . See also Chiang 134 , 150–1 , 155 . See also Three Alls Kai-shek, encirclement campaigns Campaign Fifth, 74–5 , 88 , 115 , 237 , 290 , 304 Cultural Revolution, 291–2 First, 72 , 302 customs duty. See tariff Fourth, 60 , 74 , 290 , 304 cut-short operation, 201 Second, 72 , 303 Czechoslovakia, 78 , 145 , 190 , 245 , 278 Sixth (planned), 96–7 , 100 , 119 , 241 Third, 73–4 , 303 Dai Li 戴笠 (1897–1946), 51 , 53 , 66 , Estonia, 78 , 147–8 , 278 225 , 289 Ethiopia, 42 , 143 , 304 Dairen. See Dalian Europe, 9–10 , 21 , 25–6 , 79–80 , 83 , 86 , 90 , Dalian, 27 , 209 , 222 , 240 , 243 120 , 143 , 145 , 171–2 , 220 , 236 , 238 , Dandong. See Andong 249 , 261 , 269 , 273 , 278 , 296 , 354n.3 Datong, 122 , 131 , 305 See also individual countries D-Day. See Normandy World War II, 3–5 , 7 , 88 , 115 , 147–9 , De Wang 德王. See Demchugdongrob 164 , 177 , 180 , 184 , 187 , 190–1 , death ground, 79 , 101 , 129 , 158 , 160 , 185 , 193–4 , 199–200 , 208 , 217–18 , 285 , 265 . See also Sunzi 307 decisive battle, 6 , 125 , 130 , 133 , 154 , 191 , expropriations, 27 , 29 , 96 , 230–1 , 241 , 223 , 244 , 246 , 261 , 275 , 291–2 , 298 245 , 247 , 250 , 262 , 270 , 400n.88

472

INDEX

famine, 41 , 57 , 62 , 79 , 110–11 , 115 , 157 , Germany, 4–6 , 10 , 15 , 18 , 35 , 38 , 43 , 61 , 212 , 225–6 , 233 , 262 , 265 , 292 , 302– 78 , 84–5 , 90–2 , 100–2 , 104 , 143–5 , 5 , 308–10 , 314n.9 147–8 , 164 , 170 , 172 , 174 , 176–80 , fascism, 10 , 46 , 50 , 143 , 145 , 293 182–4 , 186–7 , 189–91 , 193–4 , 199 , February 26 Incident, 42–4 , 91 , 101 , 208 , 208 , 213–14 , 217–18 , 234 , 236 , 240 , 284 , 305 244–5 , 267 , 269 , 271 , 276–8 , 285 , Feng Yuxiang 馮玉祥 (1882–1948), 36 , 48 , 288 , 293 , 297 , 304 , 306 , 308 , 310 . 50 , 52–3 , 56 , 64–5 , 70 , 71–2 , 88 , 112 , See also BARBAROSSA ; Chiang Kai- 127–9 , 151 , 301–2 , 304 shek, relations with Germany ; Hitler, Fengtian group. See Zhang Xueliang ; Adolf ; Japan, relations with Germany ; Zhang Zuolin Nationalist Party, relations with Fengtian-Feng Yuxiang War, 26 , 112 , 301 Germany Fengtian-Zhejiang War, 26 , 301 military aid to Nationalists, 143–4 , 272 Field Service Code, 213 Gilbert Islands, 170 , 202 , 309 Fifteen-Cruiser Bill, 174 global order, 10 , 35 , 46 , 49 , 77 , 145 , Fiji, 170 , 188 173–4 , 177–8 , 191 , 217 , 269 , 296 Finland, 78 , 147–8 , 278 go 碁. See weiqi Finnish-Russian War, 148 , 307 Gog ō Campaign, 122 , 192 , 193 , 194 , 229 , First Nomonhan Incident. See Nomonhan 308 . See also Changsha, the Third First Shanghai Incident. See Shanghai Battle of ; Zhejiang and Jiangxi, the Incident Battle of First Sino-Japanese War, 21 , 24 , 45 , 110 , gold, 15 , 28–9 , 33 , 40–1 , 61–2 , 85 , 181 , 124 , 129 , 134 , 135 , 163 , 171 200 fl oods, 62 , 122 , 140–1 grand strategy, 118 Flying Tigers, 197 Great Britain, 4–9 , 15–16 , 24 , 35 , 38 , Foochow. See Fuzhou 41 , 43 , 84–5 , 91 , 115 , 127 , 142–7 , Formosa. See Taiwan 149 , 155 , 164 , 170 , 172–7 , 179–84 , Fourteen Points, 160 , 172–3 186–7 , 189–90 , 193–4 , 196 , 198–200 , Fourth Route Army. See New Fourth 202–3 , 207 , 216–18 , 220 , 234–5 , Route Army 274–5 , 285 , 297 , 307 . See also British France, 18 , 35 , 67 , 85–6 , 91 , 110 , 132 , Commonwealth ; Chiang Kai-shek, 143 , 145 , 147 , 149 , 175 , 177–8 , 181 , relations with Britain ; Japan, relations 190 , 196 , 200 , 208 , 218 , 220 , 278 , with Britain ; Nationalist Party, 285 , 297 , 307 relations with Britain Franco, Francisco (1892–1975), 143 aid to Nationalists, 4 , 117 , 149–50 , 183 , free trade, 171 , 173 , 298 235 , 278 freedom of navigation, 171–2 Great Depression, 9–10 , 15 , 19–23 , 25 , 41 , Fu Dong 傅冬 (1924–2007), 258 46 , 50 , 61–2 , 77 , 81 , 115 , 184 , 191 , Fu Zuoyi 傅作義 (1895–1974), 38–9 , 67 , 272 , 297 258 , 291 Great Wall, 12 , 26 , 33 , 54–7 , 70 , 76 , Fujian, 52 , 71 , 73 , 100 , 122 , 201 , 222 134–5 , 164 , 167 , 219 , 238 , 240 , 242 , Fujian People’s Government, 71 , 114 281 Fushun, 241 Great Wall Campaign, 12 , 34–6 , 74 , 101 , Fuzhou, 48 , 52 , 71 , 122 , 142 , 304 . See also Tanggu Truce 165 , 302 Great War of the Central Plains, 70 , 71–2 , 97 , 103 , 114 , 124 , 160 , 165 , 280 , 302 Gandhi, Mahatma (1869–1948), 198 Greater East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere, Gansu, 12 , 52 , 71 , 98–100 , 122 , 155 , 158 , 176 , 184 178 , 222 , 229–30 , 239 Green Gang, 51 , 53 Gauss, Clarence E. (1887–1960), 234 , 260 Grew, Joseph C. (1880–1965), 126 , 207 gekokuj o ̄下剋上, 44 Groves, Leslie R. (1896–1970), 208 genr o ̄元老, 43 , 45 , 104 , 206 , 283 Guadalcanal Campaign, 170 , 193–4 , 308 germ warfare. See biological warfare Guam, 170 , 171 , 186–8

473

INDEX

Guangdong, 51 , 71 , 114 , 122 , 166 , 201 , Hatanaka Kenji 畑中健二 (1923–1945), 222 211 Guangdong Campaign, 122 , 142 , 145 Hawaiian Islands, 170 –1 , 175 , 178 , 184 , Guangdong group, 51 , 59 , 65 , 71 , 72 , 75 , 188–9 , 191–2 , 289 . See also Pearl 95 , 126 , 201 , 303 , 305 Harbor Guangdong-Guangxi Incident, 71 , 95 , 98 He Yingqin 何應欽 (1890–1987), 37 , 51 , Guangdong-Wuhan Railway, 122 , 142 , 290 , 304 201 Hebei, 12 , 35–7 , 39 , 52 , 70 , 71 , 122 , 128 , Guangxi, 51 , 71 , 114 , 122 , 148 , 192 , 131 , 133 , 154–5 , 161 , 222 , 230 , 238– 201–2 , 222 40 , 250–1 , 254–5 . See also Zhili Guangxi group, 50–1 , 53–4 , 56 , 59 , 65 , 68 , Hebei-Chahar Political Council, 128 70 , 71–2 , 74–5 , 95 , 98 , 116–17 , 126 , Heilong River. See Amur River 138 , 150–1 , 156 , 160 , 225 , 259–60 , Heilongjiang (province), 12 , 13–14 , 26 282 , 289 , 302–3 , 305 Henan, 12 , 52–3 , 70 , 71 , 74 , 114 , 122 , Guangzhou, 23 , 49 , 51 , 71 , 122 , 132 , 135 , 134 , 140 , 149 , 155 , 161 , 201–2 , 222 , 140 , 142 , 180 , 222 , 261 , 290 , 306 . 225 , 239 , 254–5 , 302 , 304–5 , 307–9 See also Wang Jingwei Henan Autonomous Government, 161 government, 52 , 72–4 , 113 , 280 Henan Uprisings, 70 , 71 , 302 Guangzhou Uprising, 49 , 88 Hengyang, 48 , 122 Gubeikou, 238 Hengyang, Battle of, 201 , 309 . guerrilla warfare. See Chiang Kai-shek, See also Ichig ō Campaign guerrilla tactics ; Chinese Communist Higashikuni Naruhiko 東久邇宮稔彦王 Party, guerrilla warfare ; Nationalist (1887–1990), 211 Army, guerrilla warfare ; warfare, Hirohito, Emperor (1901–1989), 昭和 guerrilla 天皇, 30–1 , 43–4 , 129 , 137 , 179 , 187 , Guilin, 48 , 122 , 142 , 202 192 , 205–8 , 210–11 , 285 , 285–6 , 288 . Guilin-Liuzhou, Battle of, 201 , 309 . See also Imperial Conference See also Ichig ō Campaign Hiroshima, 170 , 208 , 310 Guizhou, 71 , 122 , 201 , 222 Hirota Ko ̄ ki広田弘毅 (1878–1948), 75 , Guo Rugui 郭汝瑰 (1907–1997), 252 , 292 101 , 283 Guomindang. See Nationalist Party Hirota’s Three Principles, 75 , 101 Hitler, Adolf (1889–1945), 66 , 90 , 102 , Habomai Islands, 209 143 , 145 , 177–9 , 189–90 , 199 , 299 , Hague Conventions, 132 304 Hainan Island, 71 , 134 , 142 , 261 , 306 , 312 Hobbes, Thomas (1588–1679), 280 Haiphong, 139 , 181 Hokkaido, 25 , 170 , 209 , 212 Haizhou, 222 , 258 Hong Kong, 48 , 71 , 86 , 139 , 165 , 170 , Hamaguchi Osachi 濱口雄幸 174 , 186–8 , 222 (1870–1931), 15–16 , 19 , 173 Honj ō Shigeru本庄繁 (1876–1945), Han Chinese, 25 , 31–2 , 38–40 , 49 , 123 , 22–3 , 284 130 , 134–5 , 240 , 280 , 291 Hoover, Herbert (1874–1964), 119 Han Fuju 韓復榘 (1890–1938), 151 Hu Hanmin 胡漢民 (1879–1936), 50 , Hangzhou, 48 , 52 , 133 , 167 , 259 , 302 , 306 57–60 , 65 , 72 , 74–6 , 165 Hankou. See Wuhan Hu Shi 胡適 (1891–1962), 60–1 , 129 Hanoi, 148 , 165 Hu Zongnan 胡宗南 (1896–1962), 100 , Hanshui River, 140 252 Hanyang. See Wuhan Huai River, 62 , 161 , 222 , 258 , 290 Harada Kumao 原田熊雄 (1888–1946), 283 Huai-Hai Campaign, 222 , 252 , 258 , 290 , Harbin, 12 , 14 , 209 , 222 , 250 , 303 311 Hasegawa Kiyoshi 秦谷川清 (1883– Huang He. See Yellow River 1970), 132 , 288 Huayuankou, 122 , 140 Hata Hikosaburo ̄秦彦三郎 (1890–1959), Hubei, 12 , 52 , 71 , 74 , 114 , 122 , 146 , 193 , 209 , 288 222 , 304 , 308

474

INDEX

Hubei-Henan-Anhui Soviet, 71 , 74 , 304 industrialization, 29 , 87 , 110 , 190 , 242 , Hull, Cordell (1871–1955), 186 , 296 248 , 261–2 , 273 Hull Note, 186 , 308 infl ation under Communists, 158 Huludao, 222 , 240 , 243 in Japan, 42 , 44 , 168–9 Hulunbuir. See Barga in Manchuria, 55 Hunan, 51–2 , 63 , 70 , 71–2 , 95 , 114 , 122 , under Nationalists, 61 , 136 , 157–8 , 168 , 146 , 148–9 , 152 , 193 , 222 , 226 , 303 , 224–5 , 262–4 305 Inner Mongolia. See Mongolia, Inner Hunan, Battle of, 201–2 , 233 , 260 . Inner Mongolian Military Government, See also Ichig ō Campaign 38–9 Hunan-Guangxi Railway, 201 , 222 insurgency, 8 , 18 , 32, 36 , 124–5 , 127 , Hundred Regiments Campaign, 155 , 237 , 147 , 150–1 , 166 , 196 , 241 , 246 . 307 See also Chiang Kai-shek, guerrilla Hurley, Patrick J. (1883–1963), 234–6 , tactics ; Chinese Communist Party, 238 , 295 guerrilla warfare ; counterinsurgency ; Hussey, Harry, 99 Nationalist Army, guerrilla warfare ; warfare, guerrilla Ichig ō Campaign, 3–4 , 122 , 149 , 200–3 , International Military Tribunal for the Far 216 , 224–5 , 229 , 233–4 , 259 , 290 , East, 47 , 284–8 309 . See also Central Henan, Battle Inukai Tsuyoshi 犬養毅 (1855–1932), 16 , of ; Changsha Fourth Battle of ; Guilin- 44 , 304 Liuzhou, Battle of ; Hengyang, Battle Iran. See Persia of iron, 15 , 28–9 , 39–41 , 175 , 176 , 181 Ickes, Harold L. (1874–1952), 181 Ishii Itaro ̄石射猪太郎 (1887–1954), 45–6 , Imperial Conference, 160 , 184–5 , 206 , 164 211 . See also liaison conference Ishiwara Kanji 石原莞爾 (1889–1949), 25 , Imperial Japanese Army xv, 4 , 7 , 9 , 17 , 43 , 159 , 284–5 34–40 , 42–4 , 46 , 54 , 56 , 76 , 120 , Italy, 18 , 42 , 85 , 143 , 145 , 148 , 176–7 , 129 , 132 , 136 , 138 , 163 , 174 , 192 , 179 , 186 , 194 , 278 , 309 201 , 212–13 , 216 , 272 . See also army, Iwo Jima, Battle of, 170 , 310 battle, and offi cer names Northern Advance war plan, 77 , 90 , jackal state, 180 104 , 146–7 , 180 , 186 , 277 January 28 Incident. See Shanghai Incident, war plans, 146–7 , 180 , 184 , 194 First Imperial Japanese Navy, 15–17 , 43–6 , 132 , Japan, 9–11 , 32 , 35 , 39 , 49–51 , 57–9 , 140 , 142 , 147 , 173–4 , 177–9 , 183–5 , 62–5 , 70 , 88 , 93–4 , 109–10 , 123–4 , 187–9 , 192 , 194–6 , 206 , 210–12 , 152 , 154 , 156 , 161 , 170 , 172 , 197 , 216–17 , 219 , 286–7 203 , 227 , 229–34 , 238 , 240–2 , 245–7 , Southern Advance war plan, 147 , 180 , 254 , 256–7 , 260 , 263 , 283–91 , 297–9 . 184 , 187 , 194 See also Chiang Kai-shek, strategy of Third Fleet, 132 appeasement ; Chinese Communist Imperial Palace Incident. See August 15 Party, fi ghting Japan ; Imperial Incident Japanese Army ; Imperial Japanese Imphal Campaign, 199–201 , 309 Navy ; Manchukuo ; Manchuria, indemnity, 14 , 86 , 130 , 164 , 174 , 207 , Japanese investments ; Nationalist 240–1 , 247 , 400n.88 Party, relations with Japan ; Tokyo ; India, 24 , 80 , 170 , 172 , 175 , 192 , 196 , trade, U.S.-Japanese ; names of battles, 198–200 , 385n.130 campaigns, incidents, leaders, offi cers, Indochina, 122 , 170 , 177 , 180–2 , 186 , 190 , treaties, and wars 201 , 211 , 222 , 307–8 . See also Laos ; domestic politics, 15–16 , 19 , 40–7 , 59 , Vietnam 147 , 168 , 177 , 179 Indonesia. See Dutch East Indies Meiji period, 31 , 42 , 45–6 , 110–11 , 120 , Industrial Revolution, 80 , 110 162 , 205–6 , 283

475

INDEX

Japan (cont.) Jinmen, 289 negotiations with China, 52–6 , 60–1 , 75 , Jinzhou 12–13 , 222 , 247–8 , 255 , 303 113 , 117–20 , 126 , 129 , 160 , 162–6 , Jinzhou, Battle of, 246–7 , 303 199–200 , 202 , 237 , 243 , 253 Jiujiang, 48 , 52 , 122 , 140 , 301 , 306 operational strategy, 3–8 , 69 , 73–7 , J ō Eiichirō 城英一郎 (1899–1944), 187 92 , 96–9 , 101 , 105 , 115–16 , 125 , Joffe, Adolf (1883–1927), 193 129 , 131 , 133–40 , 142 , 146 , 149–51 , 155 , 158–9 , 162 , 167–9 , 184 , 189 , Kagesa Sadaaki 影佐禎昭 (1893–1948), 193–4 , 196 , 198 , 206 , 214 , 218–20 , 165 223–6 , 244 , 261–2 , 265 , 267 , 271–82 , Kaifeng, 48 284 Kalgan. See Zhangjiakou relations with Britain, 16 , 45 , 175 , 179 , Kanazawa, 205 183 Kanin Haruhito 閑院宮春仁王 (1902– relations with Germany, 90–1 , 100 , 1988), 211 143–5 , 147–8 , 176–9 , 190–1 , 194 Kant o ̄Army, 14 , 17 , 19 , 21–2 , 26–7 , 30–1 , relations with Russia, 77–8 , 80 , 84–90 , 33–40 , 46–7 , 56–7 , 63 , 88 , 117 , 131 , 100 , 104 , 119 , 141 , 143 , 146–8 , 157 , 166 , 186 , 209 , 211 , 218 , 287–8 177–8 , 180 , 186 , 208–9 , 211–12 , 215 , Karakhan Declaration, 85–6 228 Karakhan, Lev Mikhailovich (1889–1937), relations with U.S., 173–6 , 179 , 181–3 , 85–6 , 292 185–9 , 191–3 , 194–5 , 204–5 , 216–17 , Kaya Okinori 賀屋興宣 (1889–1977), 185 252 , 269 , 296 Kennan, George F. (1904–2005), 249 strategy of containment, 23–4 , 75 Ketsug ō Campaign, 215 war termination, 120 , 207–15 , 236 , 239 Khabarovsk, 290 , 302 Japan Maritime Self-Defense Force, 288 Khalkhin-Gol, Battle of see Nomonhan, Japan Self-Defense Forces, 288 First Nomonhan Incident Japanese cabinet, 15–16 , 19 , 30 , 39 , 44–6 , Khasan, Lake. See Zhanggufeng Incident 55 , 75 , 101 , 118 , 129 , 147 , 160 , 177 , Kim Il Sung 金日成 (1912–1994), 127 179 , 184 , 200 , 206 , 209 , 211 , 286 , Kimmel, Husband E. (1882–1968), 197 303 Kobe, 204 Japanese defensive perimeter, 170 , 184 , Kokebagatur, 38 189 , 194–5 Kong Xiangxi 孔祥熙 (1880–1967), 55 , 60 , Japanese Foreign Ministry, 45–6 , 162 , 164 , 99 , 102 , 251 293 . See also foreign minister names Konoe, Fumimaro 近衛文麿 (1891–1945), Japanese Mandate, 170 118 , 160 , 162 , 166 , 176 , 183–4 , 212 , Java, 170 , 188 283 Jehol. See Rehe Korea, 12 , 19 , 21 , 24–5 , 30–2 , 48 , 84 , 122 , Jiang Dingwen (1895–1974), 蔣鼎文, 100 129–30 , 141 , 160 , 163 , 201 , 211 , 216 , Jiang Jieshi. See Chiang Kai-shek 219 , 222 , 242 , 245 , 276–7 Jiang Jingguo. See Chiang Ching-kuo communists, 80 , 124 , 127 , 243 , 249 , 251 Jiangsu, 12 , 51–2 , 62–3 , 65–6 , 140 , 162 , Korean War, 105 , 227 , 236 , 265 , 269 , 282 , 166 , 250–1 , 253 , 303 284 , 288 , 292 , 294–6 , 297 Jiangxi, 52 , 63 , 71 , 122 , 134 , 146 , Koval ë v, Ivan Vladimirovich (1901–1993), 222 . See also Zhejiang and Jiangxi, 244 , 293 Battle of Kung, H. H. See Kong Xiangxi Jiangxi Soviet, 60 , 71–2 , 74 , 114 , Kunlun Pass, Battle of, 148 , 307 116 , 292 . See also Encirclement Kunming, 122 , 142 , 146 , 170 , 263 , 291 Campaign Kuomintang (KMT). See Nationalist Party Jilin (city), 12 , 48 , 222 , 253 , 255 Kurile Islands, 170 , 209 Jilin (province), 12–13 , 26 , 222 Kursk, Battle of, 170 , 309 Jinan, 48 , 56 , 122 , 133 , 137 , 139 , 151 , Kwantung Army. See Kant o ̄Army 253 , 302 , 306 , 311 Kyoto, 205 , 208 Jinan Incident, 56 , 302 Kyu ̄ shuu,̄ 202 , 215

476

INDEX

labor movement, 21 , 53 , 77 , 168 , 215 , 225 . London Naval Conference. See naval See also strikes conferences land reform. See Chinese Communist Party, Long March, 9 , 71 , 74–5 , 88 , 93 , 96–7 , land reform ; peasantry, Nationalist 115–16 , 152 , 157 , 194 , 224 , 228 , 257 , treatment 273 , 304 Lansing-Ishii agreement, 15 Long Yun 龍雲 (1884–1962), 50 Lanzhou, 122 , 142 , 145 luan 亂 (乱), 109 Laos, 80 Lugouqiao. See Marco Polo Bridge Lashio, 146 , 149 , 170 , 188 Luoyang, 122 , 201 Lattimore, Owen (1900–1989), 294–5 Lushan, 71 , 74 Latvia, 78 , 147–8 , 278 Lü shun, 12 , 27 , 209 , 222 , 243 , 249–50 , 311 Law for the Application of the Armament Luzon, 170 , 309 Industry Mobilization Law, 168 Lytton Commission, 16–18 , 22–3 , 26 , 126 , Law Relating to Temporary Export and 284 Import Commodities, 168 League of Nations, 15–16 , 23 , 25 , 35 , MacArthur, Douglas (1880–1964), 170 , 126 , 174 , 176 , 303–4 . See also Lytton 182 , 194 , 196–7 , 200 , 202 , 207 , 286 , Commission 295 Ledo Road, 198 Machiavelli, Niccolò (1469–1527), 264 LeMay, Curtis E. (1906–1990), 204 MAGIC, 178 , 182 , 192 , 195 , 252 , 285 Lend-Lease, 180–1 , 185 , 190 , 192 , 200 , main theater, 4 , 193 , 202 , 217 203–4 , 256 , 269 , 278 , 308 Makino Nobuaki 牧野伸顕 (1861–1949), 42 Lenin, Vladimir (1870–1924), 82–3 , 110 , Malaya, 80 , 170 , 175 , 186–8 130 , 152 , 226 , 279 , 293 Manchukuo, 12 , 17 , 25 , 33–4 , 37–9 , 43 , Leningrad, 170 , 293 63 , 117 , 122 , 134 , 141 , 180 , 185 , 230 , Leyte Gulf, Battle of, 75 , 170 , 219 , 287 , 309 238 , 240–1 , 244 . See also Puyi, Henry Li Gongpu 李公樸 (1902–1946), 291 diplomatic recognition, 75–6 , 90 , 119 , Li Zongren 李宗仁 (1890–1969), 50 , 54 , 129 , 145 , 163–6 , 173 , 242 56 , 70 , 72 , 95 , 138–9 , 151 , 160 , economic development, 27–9 , 47 , 89 , 224–5 , 259–61 , 289 , 299 161 , 214–15 , 245 , 277 , 321n.64. See liaison conference, 187 . See also Imperial also railways, Manchuria Conference state building, 27 , 30–3 , 111 , 257 , 304 , Liang Hongzhi 梁鴻志 (1882–1946), 162 , 321n.64 290 Manchukuo Army, 31 , 39 , 238 Liaodong Peninsula, 240 , 251 , 253 Manchuria, 8 , 10 , 12 , 21 , 36 , 47 , 51–2 , Liaoning 12–13 , 26 , 112 , 222 , 251 54–6 , 75 , 84–7 , 98 , 100–1 , 118 , 120 , Liaoning-Shenyang Campaign, 222 , 244 , 129–30 , 134–5 , 138 , 159–60 , 176 , 256 , 258 , 311 , 406n.171 179 , 186 , 195–6 , 200 , 216–18 , 297 , limited objective, 75 , 145 , 158–60 , 162 , 299 . See also AUGUST STORM ; 372n.184 taxation ; Zhang Xueliang ; Zhang Lin Biao 林彪 (1907–1971), 51 , 139 , 238 , Zuolin 244 , 246 , 249–50 , 253–6 , 258 , 266 , 292 civil war, 6 , 68 , 227–9 , 238–58 , 261–8 , Lithuania, 78 , 148 , 278 273 , 275–6 , 281–2 , 290 , 292–3 , Liu Fei 劉斐 (1898–1983), 252 , 292 310–11 Liu Shaoqi 劉少奇 (1898–1969), 227–8 , Japanese investments, 4 , 7 , 14–15 , 17 , 239 , 247 , 254–5 , 266 , 292 20 , 23 , 25–9 , 33–4 , 37 , 40 , 61 , 219 Liuzhou, 122 , 148 , 201 , 309 . Manchurian Campaign, 245 , 257 , See also Guilin-Liuzhou, Battle of 292 . See also Liaoning-Shenyang loans, British, 145 , 182 Campaign ; battle names Japanese, 19 , 74 , 172 Manchurian Incident, 13–19 , 22 , 24 , 35 , Russian, 89 , 144 37–8 , 43 , 46 , 60 , 73 , 89 , 95 , 97 , 99 , U.S., 145 , 174 , 176–7 , 181–2 , 200 , 254 116 , 119 , 123–4 , 126–7 , 174 , 279–82 , London, 170 , 190 284 , 287 , 303

477

INDEX

Manchus, 24–6 , 31 , 57 , 69 , 111 , 116 , 123 , Midway, Battle of, 170 , 192 , 287 , 308 133–5 , 240 , 291 . See also Pujie ; Puyi, Mikoyan, Anastas (1895–1978), 259 Henry ; Qing dynasty Military Affairs Commission, 59 , 66 , 91 , Manhattan Project, 208 152 Manzhouli, 222 , 245 Minami Jir ō南次郎 (1874–1955), 47 , Mao Zedong 毛澤東 (1893–1976), xi, 9 , 287 59 , 72 , 90 , 94 , 96–8 , 110 , 127 , 139 , Mitsubishi Corporation, 28 , 134 , 208 158 , 203 , 235 , 249 , 252 , 254 , 255 , Mitsui Corporation, 28 , 44 , 134 262 , 265–7 , 280–2 , 288 , 290–2 , 295 , Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact. See Nazi-Soviet 312 . See also book titles Pact cult of, 92–3 , 226–8 , 232 Mongol dynasty. See Yuan dynasty relations with Russia, 80–1 , 102–3 , 116 , Mongol League Autonomous Government. 156–7 , 228 , 232 , 239 , 246 , 259 , 276 , See Mongolian Border Region Unifi ed 279 Government rural strategy, 88 , 114 , 152–4 , 204 , Mongolia, 12 , 122 , 170 , 186 , 222 , 240 231–2 , 237 , 246 , 279 , 294 , 299 Inner, 14 , 21 , 37–9 , 40 , 52 , 75 , 97 , 99 , Mao Zemin 毛澤民 (1896–1943), 89 101 , 119 , 131 , 138 , 163–4 , 166 . Marco Polo Bridge Incident, 37 , 104 , 122 , See also province names 128 , 129 , 144 , 160 , 163 , 174 , 280 , Outer, 23 , 34 , 37–8 , 49–50 , 80 , 85 , 90 , 287 , 289 , 305 . See also China Incident 116 , 146 , 242–3 , 278 , 292 Mariana Islands, 170 , 202 , 287 , 309 . Mongolian Border Region Unifi ed See also Guam ; Iwo Jima, Battle of ; Government, 38 , 161 , 167 Saipan Mongolian People’s Republic. maritime power, 6–7 , 110 , 135 , 171 , 217 , See Mongolia, Outer 276 , 298 . See also United States, Mongols, 25 , 31 , 38 , 57 , 84 , 89 , 229 , 263 maritime strategy Montgomery, Bernard Law (1887–1976), Marshall, George C. (1880–1959), 197–9 , 198 210 , 215 , 295–6 Mori Takeshi 森赳(1894–1945), 210 Marshall Islands, 170 , 202 , 309 Moscow, 5 , 36 , 98–9 , 170 , 177 , 179 , 208 Marshall Mission, 236–9 , 248–50 , 259 , Mukden. See Shenyang 310–11 Munich, 145 , 175 , 285 , 306 Marshall Plan, 10 , 296 Musashi , 173 Marx, Karl (1818–1883), 79 , 81–2 , 100 , Muslim, 50 , 57 , 229 232 , 248 , 273 , 279 Matsui Iwane 松井石根 (1878–1948), Nagano Osami 永野修身 (1880–1947), 161–2 , 287 187 Matsuoka Y ō suke松岡洋右 (1880–1946), Nagasaki, 170 , 204 , 208 , 310 35 , 148 , 166 , 176–9 , 184 Nagoya, 204 May 15 Incident, 44 , 304 Nagumo Ch ū ichi南雲忠一 (1887–1944), Mazaki Jinzabur ō真崎甚三郎 (1876– 188 , 287 1956), 43 Nakamura Masao 中村正雄 (1892–1939), McCarthy, Joseph R. (1908–1957), 236 , 148 294–5 , 297 Nakamura Takafusa 中村隆英 (1925-), 205 Meiji, Emperor 明治天皇 (1852–1912), 31 Nanchang, 48 , 52 , 71 , 193 , 301 Meiji. See Japan, Meiji period Nanchang Campaign, 122 , 146 , 306 Melby, John F. (1913–1992), 258 Nanchang Uprising, 48 , 88 , 302 Mengjiang. See Mongolian Border Region Nanjing, 12 , 16 , 19 , 48 , 52–4 , 59 , 64 , 71 , Unifi ed Government 89 , 95 , 98–9 , 117 , 122 , 131–2 , 135 , Mengkukuo. See Mongolian Border 138 , 140 , 144 , 146 , 162 , 165 , 200 , Region Unifi ed Government 259 , 261 , 302 Menglianggu, Battle of, 222 , 253 , 311 rape of, 137 , 151 , 216 , 287 merchant marine, 29 , 130 , 147 , 191 , 195 , Nanjing Campaign, 122 , 133 , 137–9 , 151 , 214 , 217–20 161 , 163 , 174 , 224 , 306

478

INDEX

Nanjing decade, 57–70 , 76 , 224 , 232 , 257 , negative objective, 111 , 173 275 Nehru, Jawaharlal (1889–1964), 198 Nanjing Incident, 54 , 56 Netherlands, 8 , 182 , 186 , 188–90 , 220 , Nanning, 122 , 201 , 309 274–5 . See also Dutch East Indies Nanning Campaign (1939), 122 , 148 New Asian Order, 160 , 176 Nara, 205 New Fourth Route Army, 75 , 104 , 114 , National Government of the Chinese 153–4 , 166 , 224 , 238 Republic, 165 New Fourth Route Army Incident, 153 , National Salvation Society, 73 , 94 , 291 156–7 , 166 , 228 , 307 nationalism, Chinese, 54–5 , 69 , 93–4 , 113 , New Guinea Campaign, 195 , 216 119 , 133–5 , 223 New People’s Principles, 161 Japanese, 27 , 43 , 133 , 281 New Zealand, 170 , 186 , 189 , 216 , 275 Nationalist Air Force, 132 Newchwang. See Yingkou Nationalist Army xv, 4–6 , 8–9 , 48 , 71 , Nie Rongzhen 聶榮臻 (1899–1992), 51 , 123–4 , 126–7 , 129 , 138 , 154 , 156–7 , 254–5 , 292 203 , 216 , 222–4 , 233–4 , 240 , 252 , Nimitz, Chester W. (1885–1966), 170 , 256 , 263 , 266 , 275 . See also battle, 195–6 , 202 , 296 campaign, and offi cer names Nine-Power Treaty, 173 guerrilla warfare, 150–1 , 155 , 166–7 , Ningxia, 12 , 38 , 71 , 99 , 155 , 158 , 178 , 196 222 , 229–30 , 239 Nationalist Party, 7 , 16 , 18 , 21 , 24 , 34 , Nomonhan, 122 50 , 125 , 131 , 133 , 135–6 , 139 , 194 , First Nomonhan Incident, 146 , 306 227 , 229–32 , 243–4 , 262 , 268 , 282 , Second Nomonhan Incident, 104 , 146–8 , 289 , 291 , 394n.10 . See also Chiang 164 , 176–7 , 293 , 307 Kai-shek, strategy of appeasement ; Normandy, 178 , 218 , 309 peasantry, Nationalist treatment ; North Africa Campaign, 170 , 190 , 193 , taxation ; United Front ; names of 308 battles, campaigns, offi cials and rivals North Burma Campaign, 197 , 200 , 203 fi nance, 17 , 19–20 , 33 , 39–40 , 63 , 136 , North China Area Army, 36 , 131 , 138 , 140 , 158 , 161–2 , 167–8 , 174 , 176 , 161–2 180–2 , 214–15 , 220 , 224–6 , 263–5 , North China Campaign, 34 , 36–9 , 97 , 267 123–4 , 304 membership, 70 North China Development Co., 40–1 , 161 relations with Britain, 145–6 , 177 , 182 North China Political Affairs Commission, relations with Germany, 143–4 , 272 166–7 relations with Japan, 54 , 76 , 116–19 , North Shanxi Autonomous Government, 159–60 , 162–5 , 199–200 , 202 , 276 , 161 279 , 281 Northern Expedition, 18–19 , 23 , 26 , 48 , relations with Russia, 23 , 51 , 86–92 , 98– 50–4 , 56–7 , 59 , 64 , 69–70 , 75–6 , 101 , 104 , 141 , 144–6 , 178 , 228 , 240 , 87 , 91–2 , 95 , 109 , 113 , 124 , 143 , 242 , 247–50 , 259 , 269 , 272 , 277 160 , 224 , 272 , 275 , 280–1 , 288 , 293 , relations with U.S., 141–2 , 145 , 173–4 , 301–2 176 , 181–2 , 192 , 203–4 , 234–6 , 239 , Northwest National Defense Government, 245–6 , 249–52 , 255–8 , 260–3 , 269– 98 71 , 277–8 , 296 secret police, 66 , 143 , 165 , 225 , 275 , objectives. See limited objective ; negative 289 objective ; unlimited objective state building, 10 , 57–71 , 88 , 112–14 , October Incident, 13–14 , 303 232 , 254 , 257 , 272–2 , 279–80 oil, 15 , 28 , 40 , 60 , 89 , 142 , 169 , 172 , Nationalist-Russian secret treaties, 228 175–6 , 181 , 188–9 , 218–19 , 229 , 241 , naval conferences, 16 , 173 , 175–6 , 301 296 , 392n.238 Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939), 147 , 176–7 , 217 , embargo , 182–5 , 218 , 275 , 308 , 307 392n.238

479

INDEX

Okada Keisuke 岡田啓介 (1868–1952), Pingxingguan, Battle of, 122 , 139 , 305 42 , 44 poison gas, 132 , 134 , 155 Okamura Yasuji 岡村寧次 (1884–1966), Poland, 78 , 82–4 , 145 , 147–8 , 176 , 190 , 155 , 288 276 , 278 , 307 Okinawa, Battle of, 170 , 207 , 215–16 , 310 Political Study group, 66–7 OLYMPIC, Operation, 215 popular front, 231 On New Democracy , 116 Port Arthur. See L ü shun On Protracted War , 116 , 137 , 266 Potsdam Declaration, 207 –12 , 215 , 286 , Open Door Policy, 171 , 173 , 191 310 opium, 19 , 30 , 40 , 50 , 72 , 86 , 110–11 , press, 13 , 24 , 37–8 , 50 , 66 , 92–3 , 102 , 134 , 134–6 , 158 173 , 176 , 197–8 , 204 , 208 , 234–5 , Osaka, 24 , 204 287 , 291 , 295 Ō shima Hiroshi 大島浩 (1886–1975), prevent-defeat strategy, 125 , 133 , 152 178 , 182–3 , 190 , 288 principle of continuity, 261 Outer Mongolia. See Mongolia prisoners of war, 78 , 134 , 179 , 188 , 205 , 213–15 Pacifi c Fleet (Soviet), 119 prize of war. See indemnity Pacifi c Fleet (U.S.), 175–6 , 182–4 , 192 , 197 Provisional Constitution of the Political pacifi cation. See counterinsurgency Tutelage Period, 57–8 , 69 , 72 , 254 Paise. See Bose Provisional Government of the Chinese Palestine, 80 Republic, 39 , 161–2 , 166 Panama, 24 Pujie 溥傑 (1907–1994), 31 Patton, George S. (1885–1945), 198 Pukou, 112 , 131 , 138 Pauley, Edwin W. (1903–1981), 241 Pusan, 12 , 122 , 201 Pearl Harbor attack, 3 , 8 , 119 , 168 , 170 , Puyi, Henry 溥儀 (1906–1967), 14 , 16–17 , 187–8 , 195 , 198 , 208 , 278 , 281 , 285 , 30–1 , 34 , 50 , 111 , 290–1 287 , 296 cause of, 173–86 , 298 Qin Dechun 秦德純 (1893–1963), 37–8 , consequences of, 189–92 , 196–7 , 244 , 304 269 , 282 , 283 Qing dynasty, 4 , 10 , 14 , 17–18 , 22 , 24 , 36 , peasantry, 85 , 105 , 115 , 223 , 298 45 , 49 , 52 , 57 , 67–8 , 67–9 , 76 , 84–5 , collectivization, 110 , 233 , 262 109 , 111–12 , 116 , 129–30 , 147 , 240 , Communist strategy, 6 , 92 , 114 , 151 , 153 , 243 , 250 , 262 , 268 , 270 , 272 , 280–2 226–30 , 232–3 , 246 , 254 , 262 , 299 Qingdao, 48 , 71 , 122 Nationalist treatment, 21 , 58 , 66 , 165 , Qingfengdian, 222 , 255 232 , 264 , 266 , 270 Qinhuangdao, 222 , 240 Peng Dehuai 彭德懷 (1898–1974), 153 , Qiqihaer, 12 , 14 , 209 , 222 , 303 223 , 227–8 , 232 , 261 , 292 Quemoy. See Jinmen Peng Zhen 彭真 (1902–1997), 238 , 247 People’s Liberation Army, 49 , 227 , 237 , Rabaul, 170 , 188 256 , 259 Railway War (1929), 86–7 , 96 , 302 people’s war, 237 , 245–6 . See also Mao railways, 12 , 20 , 48 , 71 , 119 , 122 , 203 , Zedong 222 , 227 , 229 . See also railway names peripheral strategy, 4 , 16 , 186 , 193 , 217 intramural China, 18 , 39–41 , 131–4 , peripheral theater, 4 , 6 , 16–17 , 186 , 193 138 , 140–2 , 146 , 148 , 150–2 , 155 , Perry, Matthew C. (1794–1858), 209 , 284–5 193 , 201 , 220 , 252 , 254 , 258 Persia, 80 , 83–4 , 134 , 277 Manchuria, 6 , 13–16 , 19 , 24–8 , 30 , 55– Petrov, Apollon Aleksandrovich 6 , 85–7 , 89 , 91 , 96 , 130 , 176 , 240–4 , (1907–1949), 250 246–7 , 249–50 , 253 , 255–6 , 267 , Philippine Sea, Battle of, 287 282 , 293 , 322n.69 . See also Chinese Philippines, 24 , 75 , 80 , 170–1 , 182–3 , Eastern Railway ; South Manchurian 186–8 , 195–7 , 200 , 202 , 216 , 219 , Railway 287 . See also Luzon Rape of Nanjing. See Nanjing, rape of

480

INDEX

rectifi cation campaigns, 232 , 256 , 269 military aid to warlords, 88–9 Red Army, 238 , 278 model for state building, 51 , 61 , 80–3 , Red Star over China , 92–3 85 , 91 , 110 , 114 , 116 , 168 , 274 , 279 Reed, John (1887–1920), 93 neutrality pacts, 277–8 , 410n.3 refugees, 137 , 140 , 149 , 157 , 223 , 225 Soviet-Japanese, 148 , 157 , 177–80 , Rehe, 12 , 26 , 36–8 , 71 , 122 , 251 208 , 228 , 277 , 308 Rehe Campaign, 12 , 34 , 39 , 74 , 98 , 101 , nonaggression pacts, 89 , 277–8 , 410n.3 134 , 304 Nazi-Soviet, 147 , 164 , 176–7 , 217 , reparations. See indemnity 307 Restoration Government of the Republic Sino-Soviet, 104 , 178 , 242 , 305 of China, 162 , 166 troop withdrawal from Manchuria, revolution, 45 , 53 , 79. See also revolution 246–50 names Russian Civil War, 5 , 78–9 , 82 , 91 , 233 Romance of the Three Kingdoms , 109 Russian-Japanese secret treaty, 228 Romanov dynasty, 24 , 45 , 76 , 78–9 , 84–6 , Russian-Outer Mongolian Mutual 88 , 91 , 104 , 111 , 130 , 147 , 179 , 233 Assistance Treaty, 90 Rommel, Erwin (1891–1944), 193 Russian Revolution, 23 , 77–80 , 82 , 85 , Roosevelt, Franklin D. (1882–1945), 142 , 87 , 93 , 111 , 152 , 273–4 , 279 , 301 . 174–6 , 181–2 , 189–91 , 193 , 197–200 , See also Bolsheviks ; Lenin, Vladimir ; 203 , 208 , 234–6 , 294 Trotsky, Lev Roshchin, Nikolai Vasil’evich (1901– Russo-Japanese War, 14 , 21 , 24 , 28 , 45 , 77 , 1960), 237–9 , 259 , 261 , 293 , 299 86 , 130 , 134 , 163 , 306 rubber, 172 Russia, 5–7 , 9–11 , 15 , 35 , 43 , 50–1 , 53 , Saionji Kinmochi 西園寺公望 57 , 76 , 78–9 , 85 , 87–8 , 90–1 , 93 , (1849–1940), 42–3 , 283 96–7 , 99–100 , 102 , 104 , 111 , 119–20 , Saipan, 287 122 , 127 , 130–1 , 138–9 , 142 , 148–9 , Saito ̄Makoto 斎藤実 (1858–1936), 16 , 42 165 , 170 , 177–82 , 184–6 , 189–90 , Sakhalin Island, 78 , 130 , 170 , 209 193–4 , 198–200 , 203 , 207–8 , 222 , salt, 39 , 41 , 167 228 , 232–3 , 235–6 , 243 , 249 , 252 , tax, 19 , 30 , 33 , 63 , 136 , 157 270–4 , 276–84 , 288–95 , 297–9 , Samoa, 170 , 188 310–11 . See also Bolsheviks ; Chiang samurai, 110 , 137 , 285–6 Kai-shek, relations with Russia ; sanctuary, 228–9 Chinese Communist Party, relations sanminzhuyi. See Three People’s Principles with Russia ; Chinese Eastern Railway ; Scouting Fleet (U.S.), 174 Japan, relations with Russia ; Mao script-writing (scripting), 137 , 184 , 235 Zedong, relations with Russia ; sea power. See maritime power Nomonhan ; railways, Manchuria ; Second Nomonhan Incident. Romanov dynasty ; United Front, See Nomonhan Second ; Zhanggufeng Incident ; Second Shanghai Incident. See Shanghai names of battles, campaigns, offi cers, Campaign offi cials, treaties, and wars Second Sino-Japanese War, 3–5 , 12–18 , expansion, 10 , 23 , 32 , 38 , 46–7 , 49 , 34–7 , 69 , 176 , 192 , 209 , 213 , 223 , 79 , 83–6 , 88–90 , 104 , 125 , 209 , 212 , 224 , 226 , 228 , 237 , 244 , 257 , 263 , 214–18 , 240–4 , 247–8 , 250 , 259 , 264 , 269 , 288 , 294 , 298 , 303–10. 261–2 , 272–3 , 278 See also army, battle, campaign, military aid to Communists, 23 , 98–9 , offi cer, and incident names 116 , 154 , 157 , 244–6 , 248 , 250 , 257, escalation of, 60 , 64 , 104 , 122–69 , 232 , 273 , 282 , 294 281–2 , 284 , 287 military aid to Nationalists, 51 , 53 , 87 , self-determination, 160 , 172–3 , 191 92 , 98 , 101–2 , 104 , 113 , 142 , 144 , Service, John S. (1909–1999), 236 , 294–5 149–50 , 156–7 , 178 , 235 , 272 , 280 , Seven Gentlemen against Japan Incident, 293 94–5 , 291

481

INDEX

Seymour, Horace J. (1885–1978), 199 Shtern, Grigorii Mikhailovich Sha Qianli 沙千里 (1901–1982), 94 , 291 (1900–1941), 293 Shaanxi, 12 , 52 , 71 , 74 , 92 , 96–9 , 119 , Siam. See Thailand 122 , 125 , 131 , 153 , 155 , 157 , 178 , Sian. See Xi’an 222 , 225 , 228–30 , 239 , 243 , 251 , 254 , Siberia, 77–8 , 83–4 , 88 , 90 , 104 , 119 , 141 , 305 . See also Yan’an 146 , 180 , 208 , 233 , 277 Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Base Area, 155 Sichuan, 12 , 51 , 65 , 68 , 71 , 122 , 135 , 141 , Shanchengbao, 71 , 100 148–9 , 201–2 , 222 , 225 , 305 Shandong, 12 , 15 , 21 , 39 , 52–3 , 56 , 70 , 71 , Sicily, 170 , 309 133 , 139 , 151 , 155 , 157 , 161 , 225 , silver, 40 , 61–3 . See also U.S. Silver 238–9 , 251 Purchase Act Shandong Campaign, 222 , 251 , 253–6 , 311 Singapore, 170 , 187–8 , 211 Shanggao, Battle of, 149 , 308 Sino-Japanese War. See First Sino-Japanese Shanghai, 12 , 15 , 29 , 48 , 51–3 , 55 , 62 , 66 , War ; Second Sino-Japanese War 71 , 87 , 94 , 135 , 137–8 , 140 , 148 , 162 , Sino-Russian Friendship Treaty (1945), 164–6 , 170 , 193 , 222 , 228 , 259–61 , 242 , 247 , 250 , 310 263 , 293 , 302 , 312 Sino-Russian Non-Aggression Pact (1937), International Settlement, 132 , 186–7 178 , 242 , 305 Shanghai Campaign, 36 , 103 , 122 , 128 , Sino-Russian Treaty (1924), 178 131–3 , 139 , 142–3 , 163 , 194 , 216 , Siping, 222 224 , 291 , 305 Siping, Battle of, 222 Shanghai Incident, First, 12 , 14 , 16–18 , First, 249 , 311 73–4 , 127 , 303 Second, 253–4 , 311 Second. See Shanghai Campaign Third, 255 , 311 Shanhaiguan, 12 , 34 , 48 , 238 , 240–1 , 243 , Smedley, Agnes (1892–1950), 92 254–5 , 304 smuggling, 40 , 63 , 136 , 174 , 229 , Shanhaiguan, Battle of, 222 , 246 , 310 233 , 264 Shantou, 48 , 122 , 142 , 165 Smushkevich, Iakov Vladimirovich (1902– Shanxi, 12 , 39–40 , 50 , 53 , 61–2 , 67–8 , 1941), 293 71–2 , 75 , 97 , 99 , 122 , 131 , 133 , 139 , Snow, Edgar (1905–1972), 92–3 , 115 , 223 , 142 , 148–9 , 153 , 155–6 , 160–1 , 163 , 226 , 232 , 251 , 295 222 , 228 , 230 , 238 , 250–1 , 255 , 289 , Solomon Islands, 170 , 195 , 285 . 308 . See also Yan Xishan See also Battle of Guadalcanal Shanxi-Chahar-Hebei Border Area, 230 , Song, surname. See also Soong. 255 Song Zheyuan 宋哲元 (1885–1940), 37 , Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Base Area, 128 , 289 255 Songhua River. See Sungari River Shen Junru 沈鈞儒 (1875–1963), 94 , 291 Soong Ai-ling 宋藹齡 (1889–1973), 55 Sheng Shicai 盛世才 (1895–1970), 88–9 , Soong, Charles Jones 宋嘉樹 (Song Jiashu), 96 , 125 , 261 , 289 (ca. 1864–1918), 55 Shenyang 12–13 , 17 , 112 , 209 , 222 , Soong Chingling 宋慶齡 (1893–1981), 55 , 241 , 247 , 249 , 253 , 255 , 303 , 310 . 92 See also Liaoning-Shenyang Campaign Soong family, 251 Shenyang, Battle of, 249 , 310 Soong Mayling 宋美齡 (1897–2003), 55 , Shi Liang 史良 (1900–1985), 94 , 291 104 , 197–8 , 289 , 294 Shidehara Kiju ̄o r̄ 幣原喜重郎 (1872–1951), Soong, T. V. 宋子文 (Song Ziwen), (1894– 24 , 162 , 283 1971), 55 , 60 , 66 Shiizaki Jir ō椎崎二郎 (1911–1945), 211 Sorge, Richard (1895–1944), 100 , 178 Shijiazhuang, 122 , 133 , 222 , 254–5 , 305 , South Anhui Incident. See New Fourth 311 Route Army Incident Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan Railway, 254 South Chahar Autonomous Government, sh ō gun将軍, 44 , 110 , 205 161 Sh o wā Emperor. See Hirohito, Emperor South China Area Army, 36

482

INDEX

South Manchurian Railway, 14 , 27 , 37 , 40 , Summer Offensive (1947), 254 , 311 176 . See also railways, Manchuria Sun Chuanfang 孫傳芳 (1885–1935), 52–4 Southern Guangxi, Battle of, 148 Sun Fo 孫科 (1891–1973), 150 Southern Henan, Battle of, 149 , 307 Sun Yat-sen 孫中山 (1866–1925), 30 , Southern Shanxi, Battle of, 149 , 228 , 308 50–1 , 57–8 , 65 , 69 , 72 , 82 , 87 , 92 , 95 , Soviet-Japanese Neutrality Pact (1941), 112–14 , 150–1 , 289 , 293 148 , 157 , 177–80 , 208 , 228 , 308 Sungari River, 222 , 250 , 253 Soviet Union. See Russia sunk costs, 159 , 163 , 185 , 256 soviets, 71 –2 , 74 , 114 , 116 , 292 , 304 . Sunzi 孫子, 79 , 239 , 252 , 256 , 265–6 See also base area names Supreme War Leadership Council, 207 Spain, 143 , 145 , 159 Suzuki Kantaro ̄鈴木貫太郎 (1868–1948), Spanish-American War, 171 42 , 207 , 210 , 212 , 288 Spanish Civil War, 293 , 305 Swatow. See Shantou sparrow warfare, 227 St. Petersburg. See Leningrad Tada Hayao 多田駿 (1882–1948), 47 , 287 Stalin, Joseph (1878–1953), 79 , 83 , 87–91 , Taierzhuang, Battle of, 122 , 139 , 152 , 225 , 96 , 99 , 100 , 102–4 , 110 , 130 , 146 , 259 , 289 , 306 150 , 156 , 178 , 181 , 198 , 201 , 208–9 , Taipei, 289–90 212 , 217–18 , 233 , 238 , 244 , 247 , Taiwan, 8–9 , 24–5 , 58 , 60 , 65 , 67 , 103 , 249–50 , 259 , 261 , 271 , 276 , 279 , 112 , 122 , 130 , 170 , 200–1 , 216 , 222 , 291–4 , 297 , 299 232 , 242 , 259–61 , 264 , 269 , 277 , Stalingrad Campaign, 170 , 180 , 194 , 308 288–90 , 299 , 312 steel, 14 , 28–9 , 41 , 176 , 219 Taiyuan, 71 , 122 , 137 , 222 , 254 , 306 Stennes, Walther (1895–1989), 252 Taiyuan Campaign (1937), 122 , 131 , 133 , Stilwell, Joseph W. (1883–1946), 190 , 139 , 155 , 305 196–201 , 203–4 , 234–5 , 239 , 245 , Takahashi Korekiyo 高橋是清 (1854– 257 , 260 , 269 , 294–5 1936), 41–2 , 44 , 46–7 , 101 , 168 , 185 Stimson Doctrine, 119 , 173 , 303 Takamatsu Nobuhito 高松宮宣仁親王 Stimson, Henry L. (1867–1950), 119 , 173 , (1905–1987), 211 208 Takeda Tsuneyoshi (Tsunenori), 竹田宮恒 strategy. See Chiang Kai-shek, strategy 徳王 (1909–1992), 211 of appeasement ; Clausewitz, Carl Takeshita Masahiko 竹下正彦 (1908– von ; deliver-victory strategy ; grand 1989), 210 strategy ; Japan, operational strategy ; Tanaka Giichi 田中義一 (1864–1929), 19 , Japan, strategy of containment ; Mao 54–5 Zedong, rural strategy ; peasantry, Tanaka Kakuei 田中角栄 (1918–1993), Communist strategy ; people’s war ; 291 peripheral strategy ; prevent-defeat Tanaka Shizuichi 田中静壱 (1887–1945), strategy ; Sunzi ; United States, 210 , 286–7 maritime strategy Tang Enbo 湯恩伯 (1898–1954), 139 , 259 , strikes, 7 , 94. See also labor movement 289 Strong, Anna Louise (1885–1970), 92 Tang Shengzhi 唐生智 (1889–1970), 70 , 71 Stuart, John Leighton (1876–1962), 268 Tang Yulin 湯玉麟 (1877–1937), 26 student movement, 73 , 75 , 93–4 , 97 , 102 , Tanggu, 12 , 36 104 , 117 , 153 , 233 , 235 Tanggu Truce, 12 , 35–6 , 60 , 73 , 74 , 304 . submarines, 188 , 195–6 , 201 , 219 See also Great Wall Campaign Sugiyama Gen 杉山元 (1880–1945), 129 , tanks, 86 , 139 , 146 , 148 , 233 , 245 , 293 159 , 286 Tannu Tuva, 85 Suixian-Zaoyang Campaign, 122 , 146 , 306 tariffs, 22 , 30 , 81 , 174–5 , 272 . Suiyuan, 12 , 37–9 , 71 , 97 , 100 , 122 , 139 , See also trade 161 , 163 , 222 , 251 , 305 Chinese, 19–20 , 33 , 39–40 , 62–3 , 87 , Suiyuan Incident, 39 136 , 163 Sumatra, 170 , 188 Hawley-Smoot, 22 , 279

483

INDEX

taxation, 21 , 36 , 39 , 115 . See also salt, tax ; Treaty of Non-Aggression between tariff Germany and the Soviet Union. Communist, 152 , 157 , 230 , 232 See Nazi-Soviet Pact Manchuria, 26 , 30 , 32–3 Treaty of St. Petersburg, 209 Nationalist, 20 , 58 , 61–3 , 95 , 135–6 , Tripartite Pact (1940), 148 , 177 , 178–9 , 167 , 215 , 263–4 , 272 183 , 186 , 307 Temporary Capital Adjustment Law, 168 Trotsky, Lev (Leon), (1879–1940), 79 , 82 , Ten Days That Shook the World , 93 87–8 , 279 , 292–3 , 297 Terauchi Hisaichi 寺内寿一 (1879–1946), truces, 100 , 115 , 156 . See also Doihara- 161 Qin Agreement ; Tanggu Truce ; textile industry, 27–9 , 40–1 , Umezu-He Agreement ; United Front 175 , 229 in China, 235 , 261 , 269 Thailand, 35 , 80 , 186–9 in Manchuria, 209 , 248–51 , 310–11 Third Fleet (Japanese), 132 in Nomonhan, 146 Three Alls Campaign, 155 , 213 , 288 in Shanghai, 18 , 74 Three People’s Principles (三民主義), 95 , in Zhanggufeng, 141 113–14 , 161 Truk, 170 Three-Reservation Policy, 95 Truman, Harry S. (1884–1972), 173 , 209 , Three-Self Policy, 95 215 , 236 , 238 , 241 , 251 , 296 Three-Thirds System (三三制政权), 231 tungsten, 28 , 41 , 143–4 , 172 Three-Year War, 75 , 304 Turkey, 78 , 80 , 84 , 277 Tianjin, 12 , 17 , 36–7 , 39 , 48 , 56 , 122 , 131 , Twenty-Eight Bolsheviks, 98 135 , 138 , 158 , 161 , 163 , 175 , 222 , Twenty-One Demands, 21 , 184 258 , 302 , 305 , 312 Tianjin Incident, 14 , 303 U.S. air campaign, 3 , 9 , 195–8 , 201–2 , Tianjin-Pukou Railway, 122 , 131 , 138 204–7 , 211–12 , 214 , 309–10 . Tibet, 49 , 57 , 194 , 198 , 240 , 260 , See also atomic bomb 262 , 312 U.S. Army Observer Group, 234–5 To ̄o j̄ Hideki東條英機 (1884–1948), 43 , U.S. Export Control Act, 176 169 , 183 , 185 , 200 , 206 , 285–6 U.S. Navy, 175–6 , 202 , 248 , 307. See also Tokugawa shogunate, 110 , 284 Pacifi c Fleet; Scouting Fleet Tokyo, 17 , 119 , 170 , 178 , 195 , 202 , 204 , U.S. Neutrality Act, 8 , 142 289 , 310 U.S. Silver Purchase Act, 61 Tokyo Imperial University, 185 U.S. State Department, 181 , 235–6 , 249 , Tomioka Sadatoshi 富岡定俊 (1900–1970), 260 , 263 , 268–9 , 294–6 287 U.S. Two-Ocean Navy Act, 176 Toyoda Soemu 豊田副武 (1885–1957), U.S.-Japanese Commercial Treaty, 175–6 , 210 , 287 207 , 307 Toyoda Teijir ō豊田貞次郎 (1885–1961), Ugaki Kazushige 宇垣一成 (1868–1956), 164 179 Ug ō Campaign. See Imphal Campaign trade, 7 , 25 , 46 , 81 , 87 , 110 , 119 , 148 , Ukraine, 78 , 83 , 179 169 , 171–3 , 190 , 217 , 284 , 298 . ULTRA, 178 See also tariffs Umezu Yoshijiro ̄梅津美治郎 (1882–1949), Chinese, 15 , 18 , 20 , 22 , 63 , 73 , 89 , 142 , 37–9 , 210 , 287 , 304 157 , 229 Umezu-He Agreement, 37 , 39 , 304 embargo, 7–8 , 145 , 181–5 , 217 , 275 , Unit, 134 , 731 278 , 296 , 308 United Front, First, 9 , 53 , 87 , 143 , 273 , Manchukuo, 27–9 , 33–4 301–2 . See also White Terror protectionism, 22 , 91 , 181 , Second, 60 , 90–104 , 117 , 143 , 153–7 , 278 , 297 165 , 218 , 228 , 230 , 234 , 271 , 273 , U.S.-Japanese, 3 , 175 281 , 305 . See also Chinese Communist Trans-Siberian Railway, 119 Party, Second United Front ; New Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, 78 , 85 Fourth Route Army Incident

484

INDEX

United Nations, 225 , 296 Wang Zaoshi 王造時 (1903–1971), United Nations Relief and Rehabilitation 94 , 291 Administration, 225 warfare United States, 3–6 , 8–10 , 20 , 24–7 , 29 , 34 , asymmetric, 125 , 195 41 , 54–5 , 67 , 75 , 115–16 , 119 , 127 , conventional, 125 , 150 , 154 , 233 , 243 , 139 , 142–3 , 145 , 147 , 149 , 155 , 160 , 245–6 164 , 169 , 171–205 , 207–19 , 234–6 , guerrilla, 125 , 150. See also Chiang 241–2 , 246 , 248–9 , 252–4 , 256–7 , Kai-shek, guerrilla tactics ; Chinese 260–2 , 268–71 , 273–9 , 285 , 287–9 , Communist Party, guerrilla warfare ; 291 , 294–8 . See also atomic bomb ; insurgency ; Nationalist Army, guerrilla Chiang Kai-shek, relations with U.S. ; warfare Chinese Communist Party, relations mobile, 74 , 150 , 156 , 227 , 237 with U.S. ; Japan, relations with U.S. ; positional, 74 , 150 , 253 , 255 , 293 Nationalist Party, relations with U.S. ; warfare, levels of, 118–19 naval conferences ; oil, embargo ; Pearl operational level, 5 , 47 , 76 , 82 , 113 , Harbor attack; U.S. Navy 118–19 , 132 , 138 , 150 , 182 , 187–9 , maritime strategy, 6–7 , 15 , 171 , 173 , 196 , 219 , 236 , 251 , 265 , 283 193 , 197 , 217 , 298 , 301 strategic level, 7 , 47 , 113 , 118–19 , 132 , military aid to Communists, 234 , 273 , 138 , 141 , 150 , 189 , 196 , 199 , 219 , 294 237 , 251 , 261 , 266 , 270 , 283 military aid to Nationalists, 4 , 117 , 143 , warlord, 17–20 , 23 , 27 , 36–7 , 50 , 56–7 , 149–50 , 160 , 163 , 176–7 , 180–3 , 190 , 64–5 , 69–70 , 75 , 84 , 86 , 88 , 92 , 199–200 , 203–4 , 224–5 , 235 , 246 , 96 , 98 , 105 , 110 , 112–15 , 117 , 248–9 , 251 , 254 , 256–7 , 260 , 269 , 119 , 136 , 150–3 , 159 , 256–7 , 261 , 271 , 278 , 288 , 311 265 , 268–9 , 272 , 275 , 280–1 , 299 . unlimited objective, 40 , 101 , 115 , 145 , See also warlord names 158–62 , 189 , 191 , 372n.184 Washington Naval Conference. See naval USS Missouri , 209 , 287 , 310 conferences USS Panay , 174 Washington Naval Treaty. See naval conferences Versailles Peace Treaty, 143 , Watanabe J ō tarō 渡辺錠太郎 (1874–1936), 172 42 Vietnam, 80 Weber, Max (1864–1920), 275 Vietnam War, 204 , 246 , 282 , 284 , 295 . Wedemeyer, Albert C. (1897–1989), 239 , See also Indochina 246 , 256 , 260 , 296 Vinson naval bills, 174–6 , 183 weiqi 圍棋 (围棋), 266–7 Vladimirov (Vlasov), Pë tr Parfë novich Wen Yiduo 聞一多 (1899–1946), 291 (1905–1953), 93 , 154 , 203–4 , 235 , Western Hubei, Battle of, 193 , 308 244 , 293 Whampoa Military Academy, 23 , 51 , 66–7 , Vladivostok, 12 , 141 70 , 91 , 113 , 149 , 293 White Paper, 295 Wakatsuki Reijiro ̄若槻禮次郎 White Terror, 53–4 , 59 , 87 , 104 , 114 , 165 , (1866–1949), 15 225 , 273 , 277 , 302 Wake Island, 170 , 186–7 White, Teddy (1915–1986), 92 , 198 , 204 Wallace, Henry (1888–1965), 234 Willkie, Wendell (1892–1944), 294 Wan Fulin 萬福麟 (1880–1951), 26 Wilson, Woodrow (1856–1924), 160 , Wang Jingwei 汪精衛 (1883–1944), 16 , 172–3 50–1 , 57 , 59–61 , 65 , 70 , 72 , 74 , 76 , Winter Offensive (1939–40), 148 , 224 , 307 102 , 129 , 165–7 , 186 , 189 , 200 , 202 , Winter Offensive (1947–8), 246 , 255 , 290 , 265 , 290 311 Wang Kemin 王克敏 (1879–1945), 161 , World War I, 5 , 9 , 13 , 78–9 , 84 , 90–1 , 112 , 290 134 , 143 , 172 , 175 , 185 , 191 , 196 , Wang Ming 王明 (1904–1974), 98 , 232 233

485

INDEX

World War II, 3–11 , 36 , 52 , 75 , 78 , 81 , 234–5 , 241 , 243 , 257 , 282 , 293 , 295 , 83–4 , 88 , 109 , 111 , 115 , 123 , 127 , 311 145 , 147 , 170–220 , 227 , 233 , 236–8 , Yan’an Campaign, 251–3 241 , 244 , 245 , 252 , 267 , 269 , 276 , Yang Hucheng 楊虎城 (1893–1949), 96–8 , 279 , 288 , 296 , 307–10 , 354n.3 . 100 , 102 , 124 , 289 See also Allies ; Europe, World War II ; Yangzi River, 12 , 51–5 , 62 , 70 , 104 , 131 , battle, campaign, and offi cer names 133 , 135 , 137–8 , 140–2 , 144 , 146 , Pacifi c theater, 3 , 5 , 8 , 29 , 75 , 147 , 165 , 148–9 , 153 , 156 , 164 , 165 , 167 , 174 , 182 , 184 , 186 , 188–9 , 192–5 , 199 , 192 , 194 , 224 , 229 , 258–61 , 276 , 282 , 206 , 209 , 211 , 214–17 , 219 , 274–7 , 289 , 299 280–2 , 284 , 288 , 308 Ye Ting 葉挺 (1896–1946), 153 , 156 Wu Peifu 吳佩孚 (1874–1939), 52 , 160 Yellow River, 12 , 19 , 34 , 70 , 72 , 151 , 254 , Wuchang Uprising, 52 , 301 281 Wuchang. See Wuhan fl ooding, 122 , 140–1 , 152 , 225 , 290 , 306 Wuhan, 12 , 48 , 52 , 71 , 122 , 131 , 135 , 137 , Yichang, 48 , 122 , 149 , 307 142 , 144 , 146 , 148 , 201 , 261 Yingkou, 27 , 222 , 240 , 243 , 255 government, 52–3 , 133 Yokohama, 204 Wuhan Campaign, 122 , 135 , 138 , 140–2 , Yonai Mitsumasa 米内光政 (1880–1948), 144 , 146 , 150 , 213 , 224 , 306 183 , 212 , 286 Yongding River, 36 , 128 Xi’an, 48 , 71 , 96 , 99–100 , 103 , 122 , 145 , Yongning Campaign. See Nanning 157 , 165 , 222 , 258 Campaign Xi’an Incident, 68 , 102–4 , 109 , 127 , 143 , Yoshida Zengo 吉田善吾 (1885–1966), 228 , 281 , 289 , 305 177 , 183 Xiamen, 71 , 122 , 142 Yoshizawa Kenkichi 吉沢謙吉 (1874– Xiang Ying 項英 (1895–1941), 153 1965), 24 Xinhai Revolution, 111–12 , 290 , 301 Young Offi cers’ Revolt. See February 26 Xinjiang, 50 , 85 , 89 , 96 , 99 , 125 , 144 , 181 , Incident 240 , 261 , 289 , 291 , 312 Yuan dynasty, 116 , 240 Xinjing. See Changchun Yuan Shikai 袁世凱 (1859–1916), 25 , 112 Xinkou, 122 , 131 , 155 , 306 Yuncheng, 122 , 142 Xinkou-Taiyuan Campaign. See Taiyuan Yunnan, 50–1 , 65 , 68 , 71 , 86 , 122 , 146 , Campaign 222 , 263 Xu Yongchang 徐永昌 (1887–1959), Yunnan Railway, 86 , 122 , 222 129 Xue Yue 薛岳 (1896–1998), 151 zaibatsu, 28 , 40 Xuzhou, 122 , 222 , 255 , 258 , 290 Zaoyang-Yichang Campaign, 122 , 149 , Xuzhou Campaign (1927), 53 307 Xuzhou Campaign (1937–8), 122 , 137–40 , Zhang Bomb Assassination Incident, 19 , 142 , 152 , 164 , 224–5 , 306 56 , 88 Zhang Naiqi 章乃器 (1897–1977), 94 , 291 Yalta Agreement, 208 , 242 , 310 Zhang Xueliang 張學良 (1901–2001), 13 , Yalu River, 206 , 222 , 240 19 , 23 , 26–7 , 34 , 50 , 56 , 64–5 , 67–8 , Yamagata Aritomo 山県有朋 (1838–1922), 70 , 73 , 75 , 86–7 , 89 , 96–100 , 102–3 , 22 124 , 289 Yamamoto Isoroku 山本五十六 (1884– Zhang Zhizhong 張治中 (1895–1969), 51 , 1943), 182–4 , 188 , 192 , 285 148–9 , 291 Yamato , 173 Zhang Zuolin 張作霖 (1875–1928), 19 , Yan Xishan 閻錫山 (1883–1960), 50 , 52–3 , 22–3 , 26–7 , 50 , 52 , 54–6 , 86 , 88–9 , 56 , 61 , 64–5 , 67–8 , 70 , 72 , 75 , 96–7 , 112 , 302 99 , 124 , 129 , 131 , 136 , 148 , 160 , 289 Zhang Zuoxiang 張作相 (1881–1949), 26 Yan’an, 9 , 71 , 74 , 92–3 , 98 , 116 , 122 , 142 , Zhanggufeng Incident, 104 , 122 , 141 , 306 153–5 , 157 , 203–4 , 222 , 224–9 , 232 , Zhangjiakou, 48 , 71 , 122 , 167 , 222 , 238

486

INDEX

Zhejiang, 26 , 51–2 , 63 , 65 , 71 , 114 , 122 , Zhili, 26 , 133 133 , 146 , 162 , 192–3 , 222 , 228 , 301 , Zhili group, 52 , 88 , 112 , 160–1 308 Zhili-Anhui War, 26 , 112 , 301 Zhejiang and Jiangxi, Battle of, 193 , 308 Zhili-Fentian Wars, 26 , 112 , 301 Zhejiang-Jiangxi Railway, 122 , 146 , 193 , Zhou Enlai 周恩來 (1898–1976), 51 , 91 , 222 98 , 102 , 153–4 , 204 , 250–1 , 259 , 266 , Zhengding-Taiyuan Railway. 292 See Shijiazhuang-Taiyuan Railway Zhu De 朱德 (1886–1976), 72 , 98 , 114 , Zhengtai Campaign, 222 , 254 , 311 153 , 227 , 237–8 , 292 Zhengzhou, 48 , 71 , 122 , 138 , 140 , 222 Zhukov, Georgii K. (1896–1974), 146 , Zhengzhou Mutiny, 70 , 71 , 302 293 Zhenjiang, 137 zongcai 總裁 (总裁), general director, 151 Zhidan. See Bao’an Zou Taofen 鄒韜奮 (1895–1944), 94 , 291

487