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Give the People Some Sweetness (woodcut, 1979) t\g

PUBLTSHED MONTHLy GERMAN, cHlNEsE BY THE cHINA.tN-.ENgll_S.t-+-IEEryCfl, wrlrAne rnsfrrure 5_t4l,ilSE.ARABIC, tsoolc -txriiio'-[r'nG,'-afnr-Rttiiii.r] PORTUGUEsE AND

vot. xxx No. 3 MARCH 1981 Articles of the Month CONTENTS Economy Reforming Economic Monogement Beforming Economic Managemenl 4 Chino's economy, Vast Changes in Naniing port 24 omidst reolistit od- justment torgets A Day in a Mountain Village 54 ol . ond priorities, is olso Questions of Moruioge the scene of initiol re- Why New Marriage Law Was Necessary lorms in its monoge- 17 ment Why they ore Finding a Wife,i Husband in ghanghai 21 needed, benelits re- Questions ond Answers reoled, new contro- dictions enGountered ls China 'Going Backward'? 8 - discus3ed by on Medio economist Poge ,l

Entering the Television Age 11 China's Voice Abroad 52 Everyone Equo! Before the Low Low I Deportment of Beijirng Univer' Everyone Equal Before Membe the Law 28 sity ons the procedure, principles, legol Culture issues i of Jiong Qing ond other cul' prits conce for the luture. Pqge 28 Determined Philatelist Shen Zenghua 3l - Gu Yuan's Woodcuts and Watercolors JJ Yangzhou Papercuts and Zhang yongshou 46 Chino Enters Television Dai Ailian Fifty Years a Dancer 49 - Age Songfest in Guangxi 61 Qrowing production of TV Sports sets, now owned by millions. 'Monkey'Boxing 42 Moin content ol progroms Across the Lond news, entertoinment, -issue-oiring, educotioiiol Go Fly a Kite 27 courses - ond odvertising. Purple Sand Teaware of Yixing 40 Poge lt . Ancient Rock Carvings in lnner Mongolia 64 China's Hugest Bell 66 Columns ond Speciols Why o New Morrioge Chinese History XXX Low? The Oing Dynasty:- 3. Traditional Culture and The yeors of turmoil sqw Critical ldeas 68 bocksliding from the pro- gress mode Chinese Scholars' Views on U.S History from feudol to 44 free ond equo Photo Focus: Big Boy 56 the preceding Children: Three Tibetan Boys Present Treasures to o bosis for resu the State 63 is loid in the revised Our Postbag morrioge low, effective this 2 Ieor. PoEe t7 Wit and Barbs o Chinese Cookery: Apples in Spun Sugar 65 Language Corner: Lesson B Gu Yuon's Woodcuts qnd Wotercolors Some Chinese Customs 71 A fomous ortist, rooted'in tfie Yon,on experience ol the Front Cover: reyolutionory wor yeors, ond his old ond new works in TV Worker Wang Xinmin two medio, By noted critic Coi Ruohong. Poge 33

Editoriol Olfice: Woi Wen Building, Beijing (37), Chino, Cqble: ,,CHIRECON', Beijing. Ginerol Distributor: GUOJI SHUDIAN, P.O. Box 399, Beljing, Chino. Chinese. There is a tendency to copy Tibet, also the Dong people of Guangxi our Ameri.can ideas, illustrations and in China. advertising. For me and other youngsters and You have a wonderful civilization as teenagers a regular article on youth a background and a wealth of art to activities in art, Iearning, etc. in China draw from and should make use of it. would be very interesting and bring The older nurnbers of China Re- a more enlightened view to adolescents constTuctq were much more beautiful. in Britain. I personally like very much A Letter from Australia HELENE HARKER your archeological articles. It is with great pleasure I read your San Francr,sco. CA, U.S,A. MARK EDDOWES publigation, and cannot think how the Southpott, Englanil magazine could be improved as there ftfemorable Experience is a great co\/erage of all subjects" Suggests Change of Name I visited your beautiful country in My wife and I recentl]' (November 1975 and was amazed at the hospitality, l, 1980) returned from a most enjoyable During our visit to China last Year honesty and friendline.ss of your peo- and interesting trip to China. We were I was persuaded to subscribe to China ple My \4'ife - also the happiness and unselfish- members of a tour which traveled from Reconstructs, a wise decision. ness of all we met-- especially the Londorr to Hongkong by train, across and I find your magazine of great in- children. Europe, Russia, Siberia, Mongolia and terest and most informative. In par- I was thinking of visiting your coun- into China, visiting Datong, Beijing, ticular we enjoy articles on your long try again, but feel it is changing too Nanjing, Shanghai, Nanchang, Chang- and fascinating history. much to our way to be "diflerent." sha and Guangzhou. As a result we As I am a professional nurserYman Chairman Mao and Zhou Enlai have have become very enthrtsiastic good- any articles on your native trees and done wonders tor China, and that must will ambassadors to the U.S.A. on shrubs would be of utmost interest, In never be forgotten, or you will have to behalf of China. We h;rve traveled this respect our visit to Mount Emei go through a revolution once again. very extensively and never enjoyed any in early March was one of the most You are not selling your babies now and trip as much. The Chinese people are exciting things we have evet done. have no beggars in the streets as in the warm, friendly, kind and so very I am not so sure that the tiUe of the old China. Please do not go back to hospitable. Please don't change! magazine China Reconstructs has the that, as you will it you adopt capi- I had the misfortune to pick up a right appeal to English speaking people talism. In our society the rich get urinary tract infection and spent five and suggest you might consider "China richer and the poor poorer, and I'd hate days in a Beijing hospital. I am 65, Today & Tomorrow"" To mY mind to see an uncaring society in China. and these vr€re my first days in a such a title covers exactly what you I felt the old and the children were hospital in all my life. The treatment publish. most important in your country. Here was excellent, the personnel com- FinaIIy please continue to use we old feel unwanted if we have no petent and kind and I want to thank postage stamps on whatever you send family. those involved in setting up such an me. My young friends are alwaYs I do not like to see Mao's photo being efficient medical care system. What delighted to receive them. and I hope removed and Coca CoIa etc. signs being could have been a very frightening and that the stamps wiII give them much put up in his place. Your country was frustrating experience turned out to be more interest in your exciting country. so refreshing because of its socialism most memorable. ARTHUR E. CAMPBELL and diflerence, Upon my return to the U.S.A., my Yours sincerely, own physician told me the medicine St. loes, Australia Jean Fielding and care I received were certainlY equal the finest in the world. Please see lhe article "ls China Going to Chinese Edition, etc. Backuard?" on p. I-Ed, We subscribed to your magazine and are enjoying a new issue each month. China Reconstructs is very good' One After my experiences and the interest very important point is why you don't Objectivity and Candor my friends have in it, I hoPe you will have a Chinese edition. According to find time and space to more fully your published only in May I subscribed to China catalogue it is In last explain your medical care system etc.: but aII Reconstructs while visiting Wuxi. I - English, French, Spanish, not just the new discoveries but the over the world there are a lot of must conf ess that I did not really standard loving care a patient receives. Chinese. expect anything except a propaganda I am sure this would do much to publication, typical of government Secondly, I hope You can have more alteviate any fears travelers have about on travel and publications everywherc. country. detailed information visiting a new and diflerent bring rnore I was wrong. I receive and read (in WILLIAM TAIT trade which would You readers, Also that you can accept more part) over 100 magazines a month. T allahassee, Florid,a, U.S.A. Yours is very weII done. It is written advertising from outside countries and your magazine to all libraries in clear, condise and idiomatic English. send It is a credit to the professionalism of Nationalities and Youth there. POON the editors. There has cl.early been an JOHNNIE C.Y. I am a young student who is very Hongkong effort to achieve balance and objec- interested in the glorious pasi of China tivity. Problems are revealed with and its culture today. I am glad that The catalogue Mr, Poon sau is out candor and proposed solutions present- many of the China Reconstructs articles ol d,ate. A Chinese edition ol China ed with realism. are on the ethnic rninorities in China Reconstructs ltos been aooilable since TOM DILLON and their life-styles. I hope you wiII last October, and, ilistributed, oll ooer Neu York CitU, N.Y., U.S.A. show more how their ancient or the uorld. Subscriptions are uelcolne. rather traditional way of Iife has been We do accept suiteble outside odoertb- T ates on request. ll Be More Chinese affected by the socialist system. For ing and uill senil instance a very pleasing article to me readers supplA the oddresses of their We suggest that your magazine would was in a July 1979 article in Your libraries, ue tDill send sample copies. be more interesting if it were more rnagazine on the Menba nationality in - Eit.

2 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS it amd Earhs

The people's enemies on trial. Ywe Xiooyiitg

"f won't gef out ol rny walker." He wei Ps4 F h!- {rsL€

Tight-mouthed Cadre, IIe won't say the word to let lhem transfer ,obs, Deng Taihe Grandma anil GrandSon Wang Minjin

MARCIT 198I f NITIAL steps have been taken to and goods and materials was was needed by society and the I reform the management of mainly copied from the Soviet market. In a big countrY like China's national economy. The Union in the early 50s, when China with its complicated eco- general policy, subject to sgcialist China lacked her own experience nomic make-up, it is imPossible principles, is to change over from in building socialism. Some other for the state to plan so PreciselY the system of centralized manage- features were carried over from the supply of materials, and Pur- ment by the government to giving the liberated areas of the revolu- chase and sale of products for all enterprises more power of self- tionary-war years. The highlY- 300,000 enterprises. On the one management with more say in it centralized system operated mainly hand some unwanted Products for their own workers and staff through administrative means that piled up, on the other many could not members; to make a change from was set up in the' eaflY Years of consumers found theY regulation solely by the state plan the People's Republic PIPYed a buy what they needed. to a combination with regulation positive role at that time. It helped o Management by administrative war- by the market; and to change from China's impoverished, fiat severed natural econornic ties. concentrate managing economic affairs mainly damaged economy to Problems that could have been and technologi- by administrative means to using material, financial solved by consultation between _ : cal resources for rehabilitation, the -'l economic measures coupled with enterprises had to be handed uP ' construction of key projects and through various administrative legislation. planned development. Extending the enterprises' power levels for solution, often a slow of self-management is the key link. process. This complicated and Such reforms were first experi- Past Drawbacks ' redundant method lowered ef- . mented with in Sichuan province, ficiency and was a fine breeding But in the course of the Past 20 ground :',,i China's biggest, at the end of 1978 for bureaucratism. years, the disadvantages of over- 60s China's '.'.:^.by Zhao Ziyang, then its Com- In the 1950s and - centralization showed themselves. aware of munist Party secretary and now economists were already Over-rigid system and excessive such problems and had devised China's Premier. Beginning with were concentration of Power steps to solve them. For instance, only six enterprises, by 1980 the of localities stifling the initiative the division of labor between the new system involved 6,600 enterprises several ways. . and in central and local authorities was throughout the country. Though r state had authority .' Only the reacijusted, but this did not bring -: in number these account for only over funds, materials and hiring. the expected results. Then during 16 percent of China's state-owned The state decided the revenue the ten years of "cultural revolu- industrial undertakings, their out- and expenditure of enterprises and tion" following 1966, there was put value makes about 60 per- supplied them with funds, usuallY up confusion and damage to produc- without interest. State monoPo- cent of the national total and their tion, and rational reform was out profits percent. lies did the purchasing, marketing 70 The experiment of the question. proved that such reforms can con- and distribution of goods and stantly stimulate the initiative of materials. Enterprises, with no the enterprises and the circulation right to choose their own workers, Initial Steps had to take on whoever the state of commodities in the market. Readjustment after the gang of They have helped improve the assigned them. Wage scales were also decided solely by the state. four was smashed in 1976 began a livelihood of the workers and turn for the better in China's na- peasdnts and are promoting China's Under those conditions, whether an enterprise was managed well tional economy. Modernization modernization. set the prime task. Leaders or poorly did not affect the 'andwas as economic beriefits it or its workers economists began to sum up Why Reform Is Needed secured. Without economic re- the experience, positive and 'didn't years ot Why does China need to reform sponsibility, some . felt it negative, of China's 30 her economic management system? .loatter whether the work was done economic construction and began The present system including the well or poorly, to study the strong points of management of production, capital o What to produce, and in what economic management abroad. This construction, finance, wages, prices quantity and variety was decided was the basis for the decision to totally by the state plan. begin an overall reform. In China's academic circles there LIAO JILI is an economist on the Sometimes, what factories turned State Planning Commission. out under the plan was not what were different views on how to

4 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS LIAO JILI carry out the reform but most agreed that merely dividing power between the central and the local authorities would still mean ad- ministrative management by those authorities, and would not mobi- lize the initiative of the enterprises s themselves. Hence the new $ measures. { In the past two years the f ollowing has been done: o Increasing the power of the enterprises. The plants in the experiment, after turning a set amount of profit over to the state, were allowed to keep the rest. Some could retain about ten percent of their total profits, others more. This was used to expand produc- tion or to augment funds for safety and welfare. Enterprises were also given more powers of self-management in production, sale of products, distribution of bonuses, disposal of funds and purchase of new equipment. These changes have helped to stimulate the lvorkers' initiative, spur production and improve management. An investigation on 84 reformed enterprises in Sichuan showed that their total 1979 value of output Managemeni reforms have enabled Motor vehicle pla.nt No.2 in Hubei province increased 14.9 percent over that for to increase its production. Hua Ai 1978, and profits turned over to the state, 24.2 percent. Textile enterprises in Shanghai which which they must fulfil, but each enterprises may produce outside can make tried self-management also raised its own supplementary the plan. plan according their value of output for the six to the needs of Self-management is to be'sup- the market the , materials months of 1980 by 14.1 percent and plemented by greater democracy in available. Along with selling on the reformed enterprises. \Atrorkers' over the same period in 1979. the market whatever regular representative Beginning from 1981, those conferences have products they turn out in excess 'been set which discuss and enterprises which have embarked up of the plan, they may also sell those approve important matters like on full responsibility for their made from materials they them- production plans, use of and own profits losses, funds and will selves have secured. They may appoiatment or removal of leaders be allocated no state funds, adjust prices of producer goods so in important posts. and instead turning a of over marketed, but not corlstuner goods. o use the rnarket to portion profitg, Initial of of their will be In order to equalize the dif- regrilate production, under the taxed. After taxes and payments ference in profit intake between guidance of the state plan. on loans, they can use their profits fast-turnover industries and others, Means of production such as as they choose. What about a Iimit for the percentage of profit machines and rolled steel, formerly planning? The state will still as- kept will be set by trades, and allocated by the state, are now sign them a basic production plan controls will be set on how much appearing on the market as com-

MABCH T98T o In capita! construction, funding is beginning to change frorn allocations to loans. This shift has been tried for over 500 projects in a dozen fields including light industry. textiles, coal, eleciric po-\lrer, petroleum and tourism- When funds were ai- located by the' state, the enter- prises bore no economic resPonsi- bility. Now, having to pay back prinr:ipal and interest, they must give more consideration to eco- nomic results from investments. r Different types oI economic units are being encouraged to co-exist. trn the cities many coliectivelY- ow'ned handicraft shoPs, eateries and retail stores have been set uP to supplement those oPerated bY the state. Handicra-ttsmen and peddlers may now work as in- dividuals. This flexible approach Lo Sufang, a teles:raph operator in the Chengdu Telecommunication Bureaq is is providing more jobs, enlivenlng training more apprentices antl gets a bonus for each one, Xiong Ruqing the market and providing rnore goods and services for the PeoPie. modities. In 1979, to meet market their production brigades. More demand, two million tons of rolled than i00 combined agricuitural- Problems and ProsPects steel were produced above the industriai enterprises ha','e been plan. Above-pian products made set up b;r state farms. Comrnunes, Naturally new problems are by enterprises under the First Livestock farms and forest farms bound to arise and need to be Nlinistry of Machine Building made have set up such enterprises to link solved. These include: up nearly 14 percent of this total them with units that Process and c Contradictions arising from output by value. sell their end product. partiai r:eforrn operating alongside More channels inciuding com- modity fairs have- been opened Now oontrolling-its own funtls, Chongqing PrintinS: House No.3 bought 20 machines Liu Shilin to facilitate the- sale of producer lasi year to replace its old equiprnent. goods like steel, as well as con- '*3 sumer goods. In the latter cate- gory, above-plan production ar- ranged by enterprises themselves accounted for about 35 percent of S,u the total national volume of retail saies in 1979. o Local authorities are now allowed to keep and use a portion of the profits frorn their area. These usually go toward further expansion of local industry. This is also a ptimulus to locaL initiative g": and to efficiency and economy" o Specialized corporations and various klnds of eomtrined enter- prises have been set up. These both facilitate specialized production and iink enterprises in the same line. Such links can be between different loealities, between state and collectively- owned enterprises, or between en- terprises in cities and rural areas run by people's communes and

6 q." control under the old system of been set up in many fieids to help powers, their means of production state planning. those concerned to improve their are stiil owned.by the state. Their For exampie, originally manu- understanding in both the po).icies self-management is exercised facture and distribution of pro- and the technical end. under the guidance r>f the state ducer goods was all under a pian and policies. In distribution special governmental department. Sticking to the Socialist Road of income, they must consider the Now that some enterprises are interests of the state, the enter^ China is studying the ex- making producer goods outside the prise and the workers. In com- perience of foreign countries and state plan and selling them on pensation f or labor, they must the in some vrays is now using the foliow the socialist principle of to market, there is bound to be some market mechanism to regulate each according to his work and are contradiction with centralized supply anci demand as capitalist not allou,ed to exploit others. planning and pricing. economies do. But China is a Thus, Lhe competition prow in- o Duplication of products. socialist countrlr. Public ownership troduced among enterprises is not Everybody wants to manufacture is and will continue to be the products for which are in demand main sector of her national free competition whose sole aim is profit, still to the and yield a good profit. Such economy. She will continue to but is subject plans policies the goods, too, can pile up, a waste. have planned socialist economy overall and of a say that This has happened with electric with the state cotltrolling the state. That is why we ref com- fans for home use a,product in direction of economic development, China's economic orm - bines regulation by state plan with great demand. Some f actories overall planning, the rate of ma'de them and neglected the prod- growth of production, changes in regulati6n by the market. Both are means toward a single goal: to ucts they were required to make the economic structure, the divi- build a socialist economy and im- under the state plan. Others sion of funds between accumula- prove the life of the people. manufactured fans and sold them tion and consumption. the scaie The reform of China's national above the state price. Some and general direction of invest- econorny may take years to ac- factories, out of their profits, ment for capital construction, and prices. complish. Many problems remain bought more equipment and the level of wages and This to be solved. It will take hard expanded production without will guarantee that China's de- work by the Chinese people. Its sufficient consideration for avail- velopment continues aiong' the socialist road. end result, we are convinced, will able power and raw materials. Though state-owned enterprises be to speed China's socialist Some built new workshops have greater self-management modernization. u without inquiring whether this would duplicate state construction in the area, and despite the state's Battery-operaied forklift produced outside, the plan by the Shanghai Navigation call for cutbacks on all but key Instrument Faetory attracts attention o{ purchasers from other places at a com- modity fair. Zhang Pina capital construction. Economic planners hope to solve these problems through economic measures such as fixing prices, taxing and limiting loans. o Infringements of law. These include speculation, shoddy work and the use of inferior materials. To combat them, in addition to educating managerial personnel, salesmen and self-employed producers on their social responsibility, eco- nomic levers will be used, plus legislation with appropriate penalties. . Managers' lack of experience. Among China's hundreds of thousands of managErial person- nel, some do not understand why the reform is necessary and some are even against it. But the big- gest problem is lack of the know- how on scientific management. Short-term training classes have

MARCII T98T ls China 'Goirg Backward'?

QIAN JIAJU

J N a letter ta China Reconstructs links with the comprador capital- I (see p. 2) Ms. Jean Fielding of ists and usurers. And what was Australia expresses warm friend- "semi-colonialism"? It meant that ship for the Chinese people and the vital levers of control also some concern for their future. over China's economy namely, She worries that the economic finance, banking, and- foreign measures adopted by the Chinese trade were a]l in the hands of government alter the fall of the the imperialists,- giving them much gang of four might lead China power and many privileges. backward. Since there are others The new China, of course, who have voiced similar concern, changed those things. It won na- the editors of. Chi.na Reconstructs tional independence and equality have asked me to give my views. and embarked on the self-reliant To begin with, what does "going building of a socialist national Qian Jiaju. backward" mean? Return to the economy. former se^mi-feudal and semi-co- In recent years, since the fall of lonial old China? I am now 72, and the gang of four the government respond to the degree of develoP- spent most of my life in the old has changed some of its previous ment of the productive forces. The society. In the 1930s I was a pro- economic policies. But these new low level of the latter was the fessor of economics in Beijing Uni- measures do not run counter to the main obstruction to the consolida- versity and Guangxi University, so principle of self-reliance. The con- tion of agriculturai collective I am familiar from various aspects tracts China signs with foreign ownership in the countryside. It with what then existed. I saw with countries, and rational im- was not any spontaneous tendencY my own eyes the truth of the lines ports of advanced technology from to capitalism that was the main in the ancient poems: "Behind abroad, are intended to help obstacle. Nonetheless, the gang of vermilion gates of the mansion China's modernization. They'do not four contended that the thing to meat and wine go to waste, but in the least impair her sovereignty. do to consolidate the collective along the road lie the bones of the China has simply abolished economy was to "suf awaY' the poor frozen to death." And in her the foolishly narrow policies en- vestiges of capitalism," which, in international status China was forced by the gang of four their eyes. included housghold side- semi-colonial for over a century which, with parochial arrogance, line occupations as well as before the liberation. The national was pushing our country into country trade markets. In fact, humiliation of the time was con- isolation from the outside world, neither were capitalist in nature in cisely expressed in the signboard This has greatly enhanced China's a country in which the decisive that long stood at the entrance to international position. There is no means of production w-ere already an imperialist-built park in Shang- question of China's reverting to under socialist ownership. The hai. It said. Chinese and dogs semi-colonial status. suppression of normal economic could not enter. activity by the gang only made the If Ms. Fielding is worried about Not the 'Capitalist Road' peasants poorer, and held down whether ' we can ever go back to the rise of agricultural production. the semi-feudal and semi-colonial But perhaps Ms. Fielding and As a result, in the poorest produc- past, the answer is no, never. other friends may be worrying tion teams some peasants cannot What is meant by a semi-feudal that China might "So back" from even be sure of enough food or ecOnomy? Although the previous the socialist to the capitalist road. clothing. natural economy of feudalism with In my opinion this also can never It is to remedy the situation of its local self-sufficiency had occur. this minority of the peasants that collapsed before liberation in 1949; The landlord class has long been the government has adopted the the exploitation of the peasants by eliminated and the foundation of policy of fixing output quotas the landlords not only remained agricultural cooperation laid. Prob- based on individual household but was aggravated by the latter's lems did result from failures to units in certain areas where the understand that the level of agri- soil is poor, households and fields QIAN JIAJU is a noted economist. cultural collectivization must cor- are widely seattered, and so on. I CHINA RECONSTRUCTS This is to provide incentives for ants who managed to improve increase'd production. It does not their economic situation. The result affect the dominant position of was that while the better off be- cblective agriculture in the came poorer, the poor remained country. poor. The poorer the better In most rural collective economic preached the gang; China need units measures have now been not improve her economic posi- taken to give communes and bri- tion in order to make the gades more self-rule and to insure transition to communism, they implementation of the principle of said. But, in fact, such "commun- compensation according to work ism" could be in no way consistent done as well as to set different with that envisioned by scientific standards of responsibility in pro- Marxist theory. duction (sometimes for the team, In China, to allow a part of the sometimes for smaller sub-units, people to take the lead in pros- sometimes for each member house- pering is a process entirely differ- hold.) Attention has been given to ent from what occurs in capitalist the development of diversified countries, where the increasing ac- economy, family sideline occupa- cumulation of wealth by the rich tions, trading at country fairs, and comes directly from exploitation of raising the purchase price paid the poor, resulting in class for agricultural produce. These polarization. changes, which help the rural In China the capitalist and land- economy to flourish, also do not lord classes and their whole system mean movement toward capitalism. of exploitation have already been Moreover, since the economic de- abolished, and the only source of velopment oI China is uneven wealth is the development of pro- State-owned enterprises like the neu' rolling mitrI at Anshan wilt continue as from area to area, and natural and ductive forces. If differing'levels the leading econonxic sector. economic conditions vary even of development make some com- Jiang Keyurt within the communes and brigades, munes and brigades prosperous be- it is unrealistic to hope that all fore the others, this increases mass peasants can simultaneously reach labor enthusiasm through striving commerce and service trades have all come state owned (to a the same level of prosperity. Some to catch up and helps strengthen to be degree greater than even in the So- are bound to advance earlier, the material basis for socialism. viet Union). In China the state others to catch up only later. But In the entire national economy, administers the supply, production the gang of four equated prosperi- socialism very firmly is now and marketing of the country's revi.sionism and established. Heavy and in- ty itself with light goods to an extent greater than in assailed those peas- dustry, communications, capitalism. It banking, any other country.

Essence and Supplement People's communes expect to spend more of their income for oollective benefits, like this multi-purpose store-kinclergarten-clinic-TV room building put up in For a time during the sway of Sichuan. Wu Zuzheno the gang of four even individual handicraftsmen, srirall pedlars and family stores were banned as capi- talist elements that allegedly hind- ered the development of produc- tion. It was held that no compe- tition or variation was needed 'i. where the state ran everything, and everybody ate from one "big guaranteeing a :l{ pot." Moreover, f'' Iivelihood to all (called the "iron rice bowl") regardless of whether they worked or did not, worked well or poorly, did not stimulate labor enthusiasm and so actually undermined the development of so- cialism. It was a bitter lesson for the Chinese people. The restora- tion of a variety of forms of

MARCH 198I ownership and of payment accord- followed. In 1949, the liberation and morality. China is making ing to work done is not capitalism. year, I participated in the pre- great efforts to achieve the four It helps socialism. paratory meeting of the new Poli- modernizations. Her socialist direc- Today the major problem in tical Consultative Conference led tion will not change. The present China's state-owned enterprises is by the late Premier Zhou Enlai, readjustment and regulation are low productivity, and the main aud took part in the drafting of its necessary because previous steps shortcoming in service trades is Common Program. Some members were too rash, and led to imbalance the poor quality of service. The of the democratic parties suggested and chaos in the economy. economic structure must be re- that "building up socialism" should formed if the four modernizations be included in this Common Pro- Redress after Persecution are to succeed. China is in the gram, which f or several years To move away from and redress midst of such an effort. In sErved the purpose of a constitu- some of the' excesses recent addition to reducing investment new The of tion in the China. Com- years going any for capital construction, the gov- leaders is not back in munist Party's said to us, instance, ernment has adopted policies of sense. For in the treat- "Socialism is a thing of the distant ment of intellectuals, of whom I both protecting competition and future, for the conditions in China myself am one. It was to put an promoting integration, and of giv- are not ripe for it. We can only end to the old China thdt, back in ing fuller play to the strong points mention the new democratic econ- 1930s, 1 many others join- of the various enterprises. Individ- the like omy, not socialism." As a result, revolutionary ual economy cooperative ed the democratic and the Common Program declared movement against Chiang Kai- economy are encouraged as sup- state-owned economy only that shek. iame to the newly-Iiberated plements to the state-owned econ- I was of a socialist nature and made Beijing at the end of 1948 from omy. As long as public owner- no mention socialism of building in my exile in Hongkong and atten'd- ship is predominant, the develop- general. ment of these supplements will ed the Preparatory Meeting of the By the 1960s, after the socialist New Political Consultative Con- enliven, and not hinder, the so- transformation of agriculture, Then became a member cialist economy. ference. I handicraft and capitalist industries of the Central Economic and and commerce were basically com- vice- A Historical Iletrospect Financial Commission, pleted, some Communist Party director of the Central Bureau for During the past two and more leaders suddenly began to say that Supervision of Private Enterprises, decades, and partieularly in the China's socialist revolution began and vice-president of the Central 1960s, many useful economic from the very moment of the Institute of Socialism. f actors were wrongly eliminated founding of the People's Republic People like myself had a deep as "capitalist." This has hurt so- of China. Just prior to the 60s, hatred for the old China and great cialist construction. It is a bitter dizzy witlt success, some of them love for the new China. Despite lesson. Iost the clear-headed concepts of this, 'none of us escaped persecu- In 1945 before the victory of our the early days of liberation and tion during the ten-year turmoil of revolution which he already en- embarked on a series of rather the "cultural revolution". Parti- visioned, Chairman Mao said in Left policies, which led to the great cipation in the democratic revolu- On Coalition Gouernment (his re- leap forward, the production of tionary movement during pre- port to the 7th National Congress iron an'd steel virtually everywhere liberation days was in itself re- of the Communist Party of China), and the premature formation of gardpd as evidence of crime. We "Some people fail to understand people's communes. Ultimately, were labeled as democrats, who why, so far from fearing capital- these developed into an ultra-Left necessarily became cbpitalist- ism, Communists should advocate line which was utilized by Lin roaders, who necessarily became its development in certain given Biao and the gang of four to grab counter-revolutionaries under so- conditions. Our answer is simple. for control of the Party and the cialism. Those with achievements The substitution of a certain de- state. Many of the ecdnomic meas- in special fields were stigma- gree of capitalist development for ures of the 1960s and 1970s de- tizd as "reactionary academic the oppression of f oreign im- veloped from such ultra-Leftism, authorities." perialism and domestic feudalism and finally brought China's econo- The scopes of the injustices of is not only an advance but an un- my to near-collapse, this period have few parallels in avoidable process. It benefits the Only after the fall of the gang China or foreign history. It was proletariat as well as the bour- of four did we gradually return only natural that after the fall of geoisie, and the former perhaps to the right road. Recent measures the gang of four thousands of iq- more. It is not domestic capital- taken are not backsliding. They nocent people who had been jailed ism but foreign imperialism and represent a calculated strategy of gained redress, were rehabilitated, domestic feudalism which are su- taking one step backward in order or returned to their original posts. perfluous in China today; indeed to take two steps forward. These political events, too, were we have too little of capitalism." Our aim is to build a strong so- what we call recovery from a This was a very clear-minded cialist country and a socialist so- disaster, and. in no sense were a assessment, and it was initially ciety with a high level of culture "going back" tr

10 CHINA EECONSTRUCTS hina Enters ths Tel

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1.HE television set is creeping up 109 households in the Xiaoyuan r on the bicycle, wristwatch brigade in the Yongding commune and sewing machine, for many south of Beijing have sets, chiefly years the "three most wanted" on 12-inch black-and-white. the list of China's consumers. Having acquired these three, Building a TY Industry better-off families in both city and Production of TV sets began on country are turning their attention the mainland in 1956 and the to TV sets, and those in the cities Central Television Station was set also to electric fans, tape recorders, up. The first year's output was refrigerators and washing ma- only 215 sets. Cost of production chines. The ]atter two have been was 700 yuan apiece, so only a few produced in China only recently. work units or people Iike high- In the past four years nationwide Learning mathematics by TV in spare ranking government officials or timi. Chen Jichao TV ownership has jumped from theater personalities could afford 630,000 to over seven million, them. most of them small black-and- By 1970 annual output had in- and installed by its own workers whites. Sales in Beijing in 1977- creased to 10,000 sets and a few and engineers. It will have a color 1980 totalled 410,000 sets, ten modern transistor-type sets were TV line with an annual capacity times number sold the pre- the in being made. Today China has 53 of 150,000 sets (14 and 22-inch). ceding 10 years. The average in television factories and produces These new lines will increase its (the municipality the urban area 9-inch black-and-whites and 72, output by 200,000 sets a year. A also includes some areas) is rural 14, 16 and 19-inch integrated cir- number of Chinese f actories, in two sets for every families. three cuit models. Quality has also im- cooperation with Japanese firms, by A sizable number are owned proved remarkably according to are producing or assembling in factories, offices and commune Sui Jingwen, vice-head of the Na- addition to their own brand, prod- brigades. The total for Shanghai tional Broadcasting and Television ucts which are marketed under is nearing one million. Administration. the Japanese brand-name in China , Small TV sets are also coming Now the Tianjin State Radio and abroad. range farming within the of the Plant, which produced China's population. percent Ninety of the first sets, can turn out a black- Programs Getting Better and-white one LU ZHENHUA is a staff reporter for every three min- The burgeoning of TV has China Beconstructs. utes on a production line designed naturally placed new demands on

MARCII 198I 11 broadcasting facilities. The Cen- were made. They often deal with community needs. Beijing has in- tral TV Station in Beijing recent- more timely topics and social proF- service courses to help primary and ly added a second channel. Also, lems that f ilms have not yet middle school teachers raise their 38 cities or provinces throughout touched. level. Shanghai broadcasts the the country have their own local Among the most popular have major middle school courses out- stations. With 1,000-Watt trans- been a satire presenting a local side of working hours for working mitters and relay stations now housing official who gets himself people who did not have a chance numbering 238, a nationwide net- into a real pickle accepting bribes at such schooling before. Shen- work is taking shape. from desperate house hunters and yang, a heavy industry city, offers Programs are mainly in the promising scarce apartments to technical courses of secondary- evening hours, with extra daytime too many families, and a film- school level. entertainment on Sundays and length dramatization of the short Altogether t hours of TV holidays. As TV is still a relatively stor:y "Director Qiao Returns to courses are offered on three chan- new thing in China, not many the' Factory" which incisively nels per day in Beijing, In the programs produced are especially pidtures the bad tendencies he has country as a whole, 420,000 stu- medium, for the and they do not to fight when reinstated in his job dents are formally registered for so far include the serial dramas so after the fall of the gang of four. some classes or a full course in popular abroad. Time on the Another, "Girl Friend", strikes at TV universities. Tuition is free, station's two channels is roughly class attitudes alien to socialism. but those who are aceepted as reg-. divided into 20 percent news (in- In it a young man's mother is istered students must pass a pro- cluding 10 minutes of clips from grateful to a young woman work: ficiency test. Unlike regul.ar uni- foreign networks received via er for helping him when his versities, where enrollment is satellite every night), 25 percent father, a high cadre, was.under limited by facilities, TV universi- sports, service, science and prc- attack. but will not accept her as ties have no limit on the number grams for children and specialized a daughter-in-law when the son of enrollees. Students who have audiences and 55 percent pure falls in love her. with taken the required list of subjects entertainment. In the past, except In the service area, most the for the three-year course and for live or taped broadcasts of popular topics in Beijing have passed a graduation exam are plays, operas and other perform- been an exposure some fac- of given TV college diplomas. ances, the bulk of the last con- tories for dumping their rubbish TV students follow their courses sisted of films. Recently the fitm without regard for the environ- on the tube at home or at their industry has demanded that new ment, a candid camera expos6 of places of work. Students include pictures not be shown on TV until use of public cars for personal workers, technical personnel,, six months after release, Since shopping .expeditions by family teachers, army 'personnel and many people had come to depend members of high officials, and the young people who are waiting for on TV for seeing the new films, stories of outstanding workers. employment. have this aroused a great deal of debate New on Chinese TV this year They regular home-work in the papers. The agreement are ads. They are usually run in assignments and take tests under now is that a few films may be a cluster between programs, not supervision of special counsellors shown on local station after one interrupting programs as so often for each course. Most month. But many people feel the abroad. registered students who have jobs controversy is not satisfactorily are given time off for this purpose. solved and will go on for a long TV Universities Forty-two people on time, for it involves issues like the China Reconstructs staff take two role of teievision as a means of Education is one of the really and one half hours of English per mass education in s6cialist society big functions of TV in China. week. as well as the profits of the mo- There is a central TV university The Beijing TV station recently tion pi.cture industry. whose courses over a nationwide built a new well-equipped studio hookup include math, physics, exclusively for educational courses. Dramas on Social Topics chemistry and English. Thirty TV, says Minister of Education special universities which teach by Jiang Nanxiang, "is an important ef,i]m The controversy has spur- television have been set up by way to develop higher education red the production of dramas cities or provinces. They broad- and will play a leading role in written especially for television. cast over local stations which also raising the educational level " of In the pas! year about a hundred offer special courses suited to the whole nation." tr l2 CHINA RECONSTBUCTS The color the Tia

in R.adio Factory" The Central TV Station on the air. Medical personnel watching an operation over closed-circuit T\/-.

Exhibition of TV sets produced by the East Wind Factory.

G-1 Evening in many city hornes. Photo.s by Wang .Yhtntin CHINA NATIONAL MACI-{INERY & EQUIPMENT IMPORT & EXPORT CORP., TIANJIN BRANCH 14, ZIcIANG DE ROAD, TIANJIN, CHINA CAtsLE ADDRESS: ,.MACHIMPEX,, TIANJIN TELF.X:225O9 TJMAC CN Why New Marriage Law Was Necessary TAN MANNI f)N February 10. 1980. a young \-7 man and woman, their arms wrapped around each other, were found dead in a pump house near the Beijing Airport, They had hanged themselves with a single rope. The young man, Yang Guangfu, and his fiancee, Gao Huimin had both been members of the Heping People's Commune outside Beijing, and had fallen in ,i Iove while working together. But f ,;:w f rom the start their love was ';{ clouded by the disapproval of the ,"d.; young woman's father, Gao Wen- hua, who thought Yang's family # had not very much money and too many sons to provide housing and weddings for. Still, after repeated advice, he reluctantly promised not to interfere with the young couple. Then, on February 8 last year, Bride and groom surrounded by wedding guests lt a rural produetion brigade in Gao learned that his daughter had Fuxian county, Liaoning province. met Yang in a quiet gully. He responded by rushing to Yang's domi- home with his son and beating the Gao Huimin. It was not until five arranged marriage and the matter over women that young woman black and blue, months later, when the nation of men was reported to Chaoyang District had tainted Chinese society for saying that the couple's "miscon- Women's Federation, that the several thousand years. But in had made face." duct" him "Iose judicial office agreed to look into the turmoil of the ten-year "cul- was forced on the spot to She the case. At last, Gao and. his son tural revolution," the marriage swear in writing that she would are in the process of beitig tried. law, like all other laws, was not meet the young man again in It is hoped that re-stressing the ignored. Older people forgot three years till they were maried. marriage law in it's revised version, about it and many young PeoPle But the daughter insisted on con- which went into effect this never learned of it. The result tinuing her relationship with the January 1, will prevent any more was that feudal practices already young man. So the next day Gao situations like this rare, but real, criticized and rejected were re- Wenhua and his son returned to present-day Romeo and Juliet vived. Especially in the economi- beat up the boy as well as other tragedy. cally and culturally backward members of his family. In 1950, just after the establish- rural areas, marriages arranged Finally, the two young people, ment of the new China, the by parents and matchmakers on desperate and without hope, com- government enacted a sweeping the basis of social and economic mitted suicide. Afterwards the marriage law stipulating that, status, and ttre exaction of money Yang family went to the local "Marriage is based on the com- or gifts for marriage became com- police station to prosecute Gao plete willingness of the two parties. mon again. And sometimes, as in and his son. Without a hearing, Neither party shall use compulsion the tragic case of these two, local the police blamed Yang for "mis- and no third party is allowed authorities reflected old prejudices conduct" in his relationship with to interfere." Implemented quite against the free choice of partners. successfully then, the law brought It was not until .1978 that the TAN MANNI is a staff reporter for happiness to countless people by marriage law began to be en- China Reconstructs. helping to eliminate the feudal forced again. A committee to re.

MABCH 1987 1.7 vise the marriage law was formed Iegitimate interests of mothers the judiciary, they register for by representatives of the All- and children. Also the right of marrrage. China Women's Federation, Com- both wife and husband to keep A second form of free choice in munist Youth League, the Ministry their own names; that each be marriage, somewhat modified, a1- of Civil Affairs and the judiciary free to work, study and take part lows the couple to decide on mar- to study the marriage situation. in social activities; that, except by riage with the help of the parents Based on data from their inves- special agreement, both have the and a go-between. This form is tigations, a new marriage law right to own, use and dispose of more prevalent in China's rural was drafted, discussed, revised, property held in common: that areas, since it conforms with the examined and approved by the both sides are obligated to sup- economic and cultural develop Commission for Legal Affairs and port each other; and that each has ment there. In the countryside a finally passed by the National the right to inherit the other's production unit is based on a na- People's Congress. It went into property. tural village, and often people in a effect on January 1, 1981. Free choice of partners today is village have Iittle contact with the more a reality of marriage in outside world. There, because of geographical Revision3 in the Law China than when the first law and cultural limita- was passed, though that choice tions, it is almost impossible to Some unnecessary parts of the have a totally free choice in mar- may take two different f orms. oid law were dropped. Today riage. marriage agreed The tirst, which prevails in urban So is first young people know about mar- upon and then the two young peo- areas, is based on love and the riage in their grandparents' gen- ple try to develop compatibility. eration only thr:ough books: as mutual attraction between two people. problem Though this method represents arranged by their parents, the The major is progress over the strictly arranged how create more opportunities new couple was taken to the to marriages that took place before f young people meet one wedding chamber after praying to or to liberation, it is still. not based the gods of heaven and earth; another and to educate them to genuine give initially on Iove but only then did the groom remove careful thought to love and rather on material considerations. the veil from the bride's face so marriage. This sort of free choice Introduced by a go-between, the that they could see for the first is also common in the more- parents of both parties first con- time what their life's partner developed rural areas, and com- sider how many members in each Iooked like. AIso ancient history mune and production-run enter- family share the family income are the cases of concubines and prises where young people from and property, how many people in child brides and the prohibiticn d\fferent villages work together. each family can work, and its an- against the remarriage of widows. UsuaIIy, such free choice among nual income before they ask their Since these phenomena no longer the young people is supported by ehildren's opinion. Then a meet- exist, ariicles specifically forbid- their parents, but even when ing is arranged between the young ding them were omitted from the parents withhold their consent man and woman. new marriage law. many couples now have the If the man is satisfied with the The law again reaffirms the courage to defy the vestiges oI woman, he will leave some gift principles of free marriage, mo- feudal thinking in their families (usually money); if the woman ac- nogamy, equality between men or society. With the support of cepts it, this means that the en- and women, and protection of the the Women's Association and gagement is on. In the tseijing

colnmune near Nanjing gives award5 to wo e kept the number of their ehildren tlown to one.

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l()to tices, many people fall into debt which may take several Years to pay off. Such Practices are of- ficially discouraged and education is carried on on this Point. The betrothal gifts do serve the purpose of providing the couPle with the things they will need to set up housekeeping. In some cases betrothal gifts are dispensed with. These occur in rural areas r,,kJi when partners choose each other completely freely, with no Paren- tal interference, or when the groom is either a worker or a cadre with a regular salarY or the only son in a well-off familY. In the cities, young men with higher whose parents are Marriage has been made easier but young people have trouble meeting each other. Incomes or The Anhui province Building Company Xo, a-t"i"s to hetp by holding tea parties cadres or intellectuals with more for t,hem. Pl-r'otas by Xinhua modern ideas never bother with betrothal gifts. Thus, though the custom of the area the gift from 10 to nA revolution" to the Point where - groom's f amily giving betrothal yuan wrapped in a handkerchief some parents took advantage of gifts has not been eliminated, it presented by the marriages to ex- - is usuaily their daughters' has certainly been reduced since mother of the would-be groom. tort large surns of moneY and pre-liberation days. The old prae- The wedding is held about a year other items from the would-be tice of the bride's familY Provid- later. During the ensuing time, bridegrooms' families as betrothal ing a dowry has almost comPletelY besides visiting each other, the "gifts." The new marriage'law, disappeared. TodaY very few young man and his fiancee go while not prohibiting gifts, reaf- brides bring anY dowrY to mar- shopping in to'"vn several times, firms the prohibition in the riage. Such a change marks, to he trying to satisfy her requests. original law against usinq mar- some extent, the change in the make such Some young people like to have a riage as an excuse to position of women. In the Past, picture taken to show their demands" women were not indePendent engagement. A survey in a fairly tYPical vil- economically or socially. A larger A survey in two counties of lage in the north China Province dowry improved a bride's Position Anhui province in 1979 found that of Hebei reveale'd that it costs an in her husband's familY, esPeciallY of 14,586 marriages in recent average young peasant 3,000 Yuan in big fami.lies with several years, 15 percent were by free to marrlt, iwo-thirds of lt for generations under the same roof. choice, 75 percent belonged to the building a three-room house and Now that agriculture is collective, second category of agreed-upon buying furniture. The Parents of a woman is a worker with an lumber, bricks the matches, and 10 percent had been bov beqin to collect independent income. son's home arranged by parents. The last are and tiles for their Hence, in some families accord- chiefly between young people who when he enters his teens. Betroth- the feudal custom the qifts and wedding banquet ing to because of political circumstances al a daughter-in-1aw's earnings go into require at least another 1.000 during the "cultural revolution" or will the general family fund controlled groom's f amilY. extreme poverty could not find vuan from the by lts head. Then the betrothal After the engagement, the Younq partners so their families agreed be regarded as PaYment give his intended 200 gilt can to exchange daughters. Such cases man must work done bY her for yuan new clothes, and some- ior future have becorhe very rare today. for giving her a wristWatch, bicYcle the family, therebY times even a as her own' sewing machine. In the sum of money to use Gifts But No Purchase ?nd arose out of the Beiiing area a television set has A11 such customs in the countrY- The presentation of a gift to the become a customary gift. In ad- history of PovertY bride's family mentioned above is the day before the side in the past and farm income's dition, on Thus the a vestige of a custom which was wedding, the groom must suPPlv dependence on nature. often asks her practiced on a much greater a gift to help the bride make uP, peasant bride still scale, including purchase of brides, a gift to greet her, and so on. In future husband to guarantee furni' for thousands of years in feudal cities, these gifts may include new ture and the necessities of life be- has society. It more or less died out furniture, a television set and a fore she will marrY. But it after Iiberation in 1949 but reas- tape recorder, all quite exPensive gradually made marriage rnore serted itself during the "cultural in China. Because of these Prac- difficult for the Young men.

MARCII 1981 19 Farnily Planning in most places, young men were ago about sharing household urged to wait till the age of 2b chores. China now pays great His attitude has been attention and young women 23. Local criticized co-workers to controlling popuJation growth. by his and officials could refuse marry Ieaders at his place The new marriage to of work, but law has raised them before that age. Now nobody the woman is still worried that the legal age for marriage from 20 of legal age can be denied a mar- the court wilt grant the divorce to 22 f.or men and from 18 to 20 riage certificate on these grounds. on the basis of termination of af- for women. In the course ,,Does of re- Regarding divorce, both the fection by one party. the vising the law, it was suggested earlier law and the present one new marriage law open the door that the age should be raised to even state that if attempts at recon- men who are fickle in their love further by another two years, and who purposely prob- ciliation fail, divorce should be create which population lems would cut granted when husband and wife in order to get a divorce?,' growth by 15 million year. she wrote a This both desire it, But the new law the editors of. Women of proposal China. is said was turned down. makes it easier cases where "It that men and Though in women are equal effective in reducing the only one party wants before the law, birth rate, a divorce. but divorce such a regulation runs The old law read: divorce ,,may hurts the woman counter to the physiological needs more." The husband has not be granted" if mediation fails. young people brought the suit to court yet. of and can cause The new law states further problems. that in such a Studies show situation it "should be granted.,, that because of restriction on mar- In actual practice, under the old Does the Woman Suffer? riage the number of instances of provision, a great many women couples living together It is true that it is easy for before who had been forced into unsuit- marriage, illegitimate children, divorced or widowed men to able marriages in the old society and abortions unmarried remarry, but under the lingering by were able to free themselves from mothers has increased. So has the influence of feudal ideas, not so their enslaved position in the practice easy for a woman to do same. of holding ',weddings,, family, including maltreatment the among family by Also usually she would and friends to gain husbands and parents-in-1aw. like to social recognition keep the children and generally without legal Land reform gave women, their sanction. A survey has a lower income than the man. in Guizhou own land, a way to economic province in 1977 showed that (The marriage law does contain independence, In 1951, the first provisions unions without legal registration year of the marriage law, about the divorced then made up 40 percent local parents aiding supporting of the courts in western Sichuan province in the total number of marriages. children.) Some women have Thus, alone helped 6,558 women get even tougher asked the court to deny divorces restrictions on divorces. An oft-heard comment marriage would be self-defeating. to men whose affections have was, "Now I have a way out. The Kang Keqing, Chairperson of wandered. court gave me more support than Adultery the All-China Women's Eederation my own parents.,, or abandonment are has said that control of population Nevertheless, not automatically grounds for the old wording divorce, yongji, growth does not lie in raising the was yongji, according to Li ambiguous, says Li an because age for marriage but in improving experienced under certain circum- researcher on mar- stances the quality of contraception and riage law who took part misdeeds by one party educating young people tabout in the might not actually result in total present revision. Divorce had long family planning. The new mar- alienation of affection. The basis been regarded as immoral in old riage law acknowledges im- of the marriage, the quality of the China. He pointed out that under portance of family planning by the marriage and how the divorce the old wording a district court stating that "Both husband and will affect the children are taken could still deny divorce. ',This wife have the obligation to prac- into consideration irr making the caused great suffering to both tice family planning." Those who decision. parties and their children, some- neglect this But legal personnel have stated responsibility by hav- times even leading to murder. It ing more than two children can be that even when the breakup is was not fair to either the family- caused deliberately penalized. or by the man, society." the court has no right to punish The new wording caused a lot him by refusing him divorce. Provisions of women for Divorce to ask the local women,s They point out that in China federations whether it endangered The adultery or wandering affection new law has made both their position. A case in point is marriage and are not crimes though such divorce easier. Re- now in process, that of a woman behavior might incur garding previously-there censure from the first, who works for the Xinhua News the person's place was a legal marriage of work and age, but as Agency. Her husband wants to certainly public disapproval. Yet, a measure to control population divorce her. She loves him despite growth, on the other hand, public opinion among the Han people a disagreement they had two years is also opposed to one party, out

20 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Registration forms with photos attaehed

The staff of Young People's Friend seem to have found a fine match for their client (right). Zhong Xiangdong ii of revenge or old ideas, denying the other a divorce even when maintaining a marriage relation- ship is obviously hopeless, just to prevent the other party from remarryrng. The wording was changed in the new law to elirninate certain inequalities between men and women before the law, resulting f rom old ideas. In a time of changing social mores it is prob- ably impossible to write a marriage law that pleases every- body. Whether any of the above- mentioned problems f aced by women can be solved just by a legal code or must be solved in the course of liberalization of ideas in society is still an open question. Finding a Wife / Husband (The Iaw does provide some protection for the woman in that in Shanghai divorce is not allowed when she i-q pregnant or within one year after YOU YUWEN the birth of the child.) As for the children in a divorce. UND Park along the Shanghai and then introduces him to her if no agreement can be reached f) I-) waterfront is an ideal place companion, who is standing at her parties between the two the court for a date, especially at dusk. The side with lowered eyes. The girl has the right to decide what will twinkling lights on the masts of in the green blouse and the Young happen to them. Generally a ships anchored in front in the man. the latter with a smile of breast-fed infant should remain Huangpu River and those behind thanks on his face, bid goodbYe with the mother, while older the tall buildings create a fairy- to the other woman who is a reP- land atmosphere. The soft twilight resentative of a "marriage in- children wiil be cared for ac- and sound of the waves lapping troduction service". and disappear cording to economic condjtions, against the banks help the mood off into the dusk to get acquainted. moral qualities of the parents and of romance. Finding the right mate is not the feelings of the children and Two young women stroll onto easy in any society. In China, the parents. If it is impossible for the scene. One is dressed in a with a feudal tradition in which thousands of orie side to remarry or have other simple pantsuit, the other, with marriages were for green years arranged by families often children, his or her situation should waved hair, is in a stylish shirtwaist and brown flared-leg with the aid of a matchmaker - also be taken into considerafion. trousers. A young man in a light and for considerations other than No matter who receives custody of grey suit comes running up. He love - it is no easier. Of course the child, the parental relationship looks at his watch and then smiles. since liberation in 1949 quite a and responsibilities remain, and He is on time, it's just that the few people have met with their future husbands or wives in the the parent who does not get the women had arrived a bit early. The first greets the young man course of work, study or political child must supply a part or aII of activity or through mutual friends. and educational the child's living COU YUWEN ls a staff reporter for But there are few other ways. In expenses, n China Eeconstructs, a poor country, clubs of any sort,

MARCH T981 2l Young People's Friend, sponsored in the month. By November each by the Communist Youth League had received over 2,000 letters. Committee of the Bureau of Light "We have received letters from Industry, and another under the all parts of the country with the auspices of the Xinjiang Street exception of Tibet and Taiwan Youth League Committee. and even some from Hongkclng three All do the bulk cf their and abroad," says Xiao Fan, a work by mail. Partner-seekers member of the staff of the Light fill in a questionnaire, attach a Industry Bureau's service. Such photo and other relevant material services have been set up in cities and state their preferences a in in 20 provinces and autonomous partner. Almost all say they want regrons. a person who is honest, upright, In their letters appiicants often good-natured, hardworking and tell of past experiences. A some- has progressive'ideas. Details are what unusual letter received by studied, sorted and filed by three the Shipping Bureau service from to five staff members who, when two sisters recalled the old Shang- they find a suitable match, inform hai saying "Wise girls never the principais of the details by marry boatmen." This had grown J- mail or phone. If both applicants out of the wretched conditions of agree, a date to meet is set up. work f or seamen bef the From then on they are on their ore own. If either feels liberation, they're not Youth suited to each other they inform "As League members we the service, which continues are willing to chalienge that old to saying," look for someone for them. they wrote, "and ask to can l,hey be discussing? These services marry seamen to share their joy Gu do not ask for Quantiong verification from the applicant,s and sorrow with them." place of work of the data offered, Another applicant also refused as most wish to keep their request to let the old saying deter her. a secret, but before the first She said frankly, "I have to help meeting the principais must show support my parents, sisters and their residence registration cards. brothers so I want to marry a There is no charge for the service. seaman getting good pay." One girl's letter-told of a bad Who Are the Applicants? experience. Once while waiting to buy a film ticket she had met a AII sorts of people apply - handsome young man who said factory and office workers. he had two and sold her one. teachers, college and graduate stu- They sat together and got dents, outstanding workers, even acquainted and she was much How couples m€et: The Bureau ref ormed juvenile delinquents. oI Light Industry Youth taken rvith him. They saw each League Com- Ages are from 20 to 60, with the mittee discusses plans for a soc,ial eient other several times, then as he said at the Spring Festival. majority in the lower range. Quite Zhong Xiangdong a few are from industrial plants he had no watch she lent him hers. which have a preponderance of She never saw him again. When either men or women, or the two she checked up at the address he io say nothing of co-recreational sexes work in separate depart- had given her as his place of groups such as hobby clubs, are ments and have litt1e opportunity work, she found it was a fake. "So practically nonexistent. Social for social contact. A group of now I am coming to your office dances, which serve this function young wolkers at the Baoshan to help me find a reliable person," for some in the west stopped dur- Iron and Steel Complex telephoned she said. ing the "cultural revolution" and the Young People's Friend asking Once, recalls a member of the are only now beginning again. for help, saying that hundreds of staff of the Young People's Friend, Finding the right person has been young men there had no way to two young men kept walking back a problem, especially in the cities. meet young women. and forth in front of the office Hence the Marriage Introduction The first office was set up last studying it. Finally they plucked Service of the Shanghai Shipping Augrist by the Light Industry up enough courage to step in. Bureau, of which Xiao Cao, the Bureau. The Shipping Bureau They said they had done something "introducer" mentioned above, is which recognized it as an answer wrong in the past but wanted to a staff member. There are two to seamen's perennial problem of turn over a new leaf, and won- other such offices in Shanghai, the finding wives, set up its own later dered whether the service would

22 CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS help them. Coming with sueh an tion by the Xinjiang Street Successes League found approach, they were welcomed by neighborhood Youth months after it was young in In the first the office and encouraged. that of the 1,500 PeoPle set up the Shipping Bureau serv- age the area of marriageable ice had matched 230 pairs (460 Cases 22 for "Difficult" (Iegal age for rnarriage is peopie), nearly 100 of whom had 20 for women, set low People in their 30s make up one- men and expressed wiliingness to continue third of the applicants. Since in because of the customs of some meeting to levelop a relationship. nationalities, but among China it is considered that every- minority The record for the Light IndustrY body should be married by that the Hans, China's majoritY, PeoPle Bureau in the same period of time till the time, these are considered difticult are urged to wait is ?0 pairs to keep up their friendlY ages of 25 for men and 23 for relation. cases. Their difficulties arise percent were still from several factors. women) 50 One of the Shipping Bureau main reason was One is remnant feudal ideas, so single and the service's satisfied "customers" is collective en- that young people who love each that they worked in Xu Hong, a round-faced fair- permitted to marrY terprises run by the neighborhood. skinned young woman with long other are not in- because of parental objection, Jobs in these are considered braids, The service introduced her sometimes of their intended's ferior to those in state-owned to a young man in training as generally lower social status. Another reason is enterprises. Pay is third mate on a shiP on the that, as a result of the growth of and there are fewer fringe Shanghai-Qingdao line. Dark and an overemPhasis on material benefits. stocky, he gives people an imPres- things during the ten-year One 31-year-old man from a sion of gentleness and straight- disorientation of the "culturaL neighborhood factory has been f orwardness. The two quicklY revolution", some people make too frustrated thrice because of this. struck up a ccmpanionable rela- many financial demands when Each time, at the beginning, the tionship. Although he came late choosing a partner. Young young woman liked him and ex- for appointments on two occasions, women have a long Iist of things pressed willingness to continue Xu Hong overlooked it. "I don't that the man must provide for their relationship. He hoped she mind his not being on time since them before they will marry, such would learn to like him well it's because of his job." When as a sewing machine, a watch, a enough to overlook his job. After asked whether she was satisfied set of furniture. about six months he would be in- with his economic position and However, such an attitude is troduced to her parents, at which prospects- of'getting housing she not popular. "I despise girls who time the matter of his job would declined to give her opinion, regard themselves as commodities come up, and then it was all saying, "So long as he's a good for sale," a young man wrote the over. The service center has given person, the other things are secon- Shipping Bureau service. "My hirn a fourth introduction, but he dary." Their parents have agreed ideal wife is someone who loves has lost confidence. to their marrying so it looks like her work, is honest, hardworking Some people also make things it won't be long. and willing to have a simple hard for themselves by expecting "I pay more attention to the wedding." too much in a would-be partner, weather forecasts since I've known Another problem is the kind of more than corresponds to their him," Xu Hong said with a job a person has. An investiga- own conditions. smile. X

The More the Foster ' Stondord Time film projection team always shows tilms In olden times, a messenger was ordered to - Our deliver an urgent official dispatch. To avoid delay, on time. his superior gave him a horse. But the messenger - When is that? went on foot, driving the.horse ahead of him. -8:30 local standard time. you since you're But it's already 9. Someone asked: "Why don't ride, - in a hurry?" The messenger replied: "This way -I said local standard. ' we have six legs. Six feet must be faster than - When's that? four." - When the top local big-shot comes.

MARCH 1987 Nanjing pipeline. Here, a dozen llast Changes floating docks out in the river and in ilaniing Port two 10O-meter steel bridge ap- ZHANG XINGDUAN proaches lead to a storage hold 90 meters long from which seven giant pipes load oil into tankers THIRTY years ago, the port of to Nanjing the year round. The r Nanjing (Nanking) on the lies junction at anchor. A large storage tank, city at the of rnain modern Changjiang (Yangtze) River, railroads such as the Tianjin- measuring station and dispatching handled only a million tons of Pukou, Nanjing-Wuhu and Shang- building are all auto- cargo per year. Today is China's hai-Nanjing Thirty-five mateci. Six tankers can be ac- it lines. commodated largest inland port and takes highways radiate other at the same time. A out to 25,000-ton over 30 million tons. places. The port is busy around tanker can be filled in 15 hours. An ancient city, and capital of the clock. small ferrying point China a number of times in the At the time liberation the A only of three years remote and recent past, it was port at Nanjing had no loading or ago, today Zhaozhuang- guo is unrecognizable. one of the first inland ports in unloading machines. Installation It was from here that the noted Buddhist which westerners set foot. In of such equipment began in 1958. monk Jian Zhen 1842, following the First Opium Today 90 percent of cargo han- of the Tang dy- War, it was here that the" old dling is done with machines. nasty (4.D. 618-907) began his In voyage feudal China was forced to sign 1968 the river here was bridged to Japan. Today it is oil the first unequal treaty with a by a 1.57 km. span (the total that travels, and the place is western power (Britain) aboard an length of the bridge, including China's largest inland oit port invading warship, ushering in approaches, is 6.7 km.) giving facility. more than a century of semi- uninterrupted land communication S China's has colonial humiliation. The port from north to south China for the foreign trade grown, so has Nanjing's port, was formally opened to f oreign first time in history in this area. which loads 15 trade in 1897. The British com- a feat, previously considered im- now cargoes for countries. 1,977, panies Butterfield and Swire, and possible. That is of the'utmost Io two temporary deep-water Jardine Matheson came to con- importance in the economic devel- berths for 10,000-ton lrol inland shipping along China's opment of the whole country. freighters were constructed at the longest river, building docks and foot of the Badou Mountains some warehouses distance downstream. In 1979 in Nanjing. In 1g11, I short. distance from the ma- after the revolution that over- .t r jestic bridge, on the north alone they handl.ed 273 freighters. threw the 2,000-year-old Chinese bank is the Pukou mechanized In February 1980 the State rnonarchy, the city became the coal dock. Pukou not only handles Council decided to open the port capital of the Provisional Govern- the coal needed by Nanjing but of Nanjing and four others along ment of the Republic of China loads it for the major plants of the Yangtze to foreign imports. headed by the great democratic six pror,'inces and Shanghai. The The maiden voyage of the first revolutionary Sun Yat-sen, but coal is brought in by train from ocean-going freighter, the Yu- only briefly as the much hoped the north and reloaded by large hua, sailed from Nanjing to for new beginning was soon conveyer belts for shipping. Hongkong. subverted by the domestic and Pukou's annual coal transport In the past, cement produced in foreign forces of the past. In 1g2? capacity is over 7 million tons. Nanjing was transferred first by Nanjing became the capital of the A one-hour trip down the river train to Shanghai, then by truck Chiang Kai-shek regime but little reaches the Qixia Mountains and to the wharf for loading on ships was done to improve port facili- the Yizheng port area where a for llongkong. Such transship. ties. From 1937 to 1945 it was new oil dock transships oil. This ments not only damaged bags but occupied by Japan. In 1949 it is part of the Shandong-Nanjing quality. Today direct shipment was liberated by the People,s oil pipeline project built in 1978. io Hongkong reduces transport Liberation Army, beginning a The dock has three berths two time and damage. new phase of its history. for tankers of 10,000 tons, and- one Nanjing's port also handles Today Nanjing is a modern for 25,000-ton ones. Crude oil cafgo liners carrying both small porl. The dock area has tengthen- also comes from Daqing in cargoes and passengerd. There ed from 15 to 50 kilorneters, with northeast China and from other are eight regular ships coming 3S wharves handling crude oil, fields by ship and is piped to re- and going from such places coal, iron, steel, chemical fertiliz- fineries. The refined products as Shanghai, Wuxi, Yancheng €r, grain, foodstuffs and pas- are then shipped to south China. and Huaiyin. Passengers are also sengers. Ocean-going freighters At the Zhaozhuangguo village carried by six freight shipping up to 10,000 tons can sail directly 50 km. downriver from Nanjing lines. The Ministry of Com- a transhipping oil port was built munications has cited the port of ZHANG XINGDUAN is a Xinhua News as an outlet for the southern Nanjing as a model in the trans- correspontlent in Jiangsu. terminal of the Shandong- port of passengers and cargo. tr

24 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Dock for passenger ships at ttle port of Nanjing.

Nanjing has six major passenger lines.

r-LLJ Coa[ bv rail from the north automatically reloaded for shipping south

Floating dock for repairs.

Attaching a tanker to the Shan- dong-Nanjing oil pipeline.

A ship in berth at one of the oil docks.

Photos b|' Wang Hong'tun So FIU n

Kong Xiangze, a skilted kite-maker, puts the ,inishing touches on a minia,ture kite. Cao Yuquan

TIEBRUARY, March and April are the best time.s -[ ln Chin, ior flying kites, a very popular activity' In the shape of butterflies, dragonflies, eagles, swallows and even beautiful people they fly in the sky to welcome the arrival of spring. Kites can be traced back in China to the Spring and Autumn period (??0-476 B.C.) They were of wood, bamboo and silk. There are more than 40 types made throughout the country, but the main steps are same: making the frame of barnboo, cover- ing it with paper or silk and then painting on it' The length of lhe strinSl, in aceordance with the size ol the Skitled iraftsmanship makes kites that really fly, kite and the force of wind, is the key to successful flying. whether they are ten meters or only one foot high. Lu Quancheng

Young kite fliers are fair Eame for a Beiiing t:;rr;i;r,r.^ Everyone Equal Before the [,aw ZENG SHUZHI

THE year-end trial of the ren and had to be differenti.ated from, forces. And after they formed r principal culprits of the Lin mistakes ccmmitted by Party their cliques during the "cultural Biao and Jiang Qing counter- leaders. tevolution", they could still revolutionary cliques was China's e. Why were the culprits tried function in their capacities as largest such case since the found- under the Criminal Law, which Party and state leaders. This has ing of the People's Republic. Be- came into force in the 1980s, greatly complicated the case. Much fore sentence was passed in although their crimes were com- time and effort was needed to January, the two tribunals of the mitted much earlier? Should they examine, investigate, verify and special court held 40 sessions, not have been tried under the check all the issues involved, and during which the charges were Regulations on the Punishment on that basis to striptly differen- brought, the evidenie was examin- of Counter-revolutionaries pro- tiate between mistakes in work ed in court, and the prosecution mulgated in the 1950s? and political line, which are not and defense presented their argu- A. (Prof. Yang Chunxi): This is a punishabJ.e by criminal law, ments. Recently, editors and re- question of retroactive applicability and counter-revolutionary crimes, porters frorn China Reconstructs of the Criminal Law. When which are. It was also necessary interviewed members of the De- a new law comes into force, is it to distinguish between violations partment of Jurisprudence at applicable to crimes pre-dating it? of Party discipline by the accused, Beijing University concerning Many countries have regulations which carry only Party penalties questions some that have been for applying a later law pro, up to and including permanent asked, particularly if it abroad. Here vides the lighter punishment. expulsion, and actual infringe- are excerpts from the exchange. China, too, adheres to this inter- ments of the Criminal Code. e. Is the setting up of a special national practice. Since the a. Will you explain more specifi- court out of line with the existing crimes in the Lin-Jiang case were com- cally the differentiation between system embracing the supreme, crimes and mistakes? mitted before the promulgation of intermediate and Iower courts, A. (Xiao Yongqing): In the trial, the present Criminal Law, the Re- some people have asked. And why a line was properly drawn be- gulations on the Punishment of was a special court necessary? tween the crimes committed by Counter-revolutionaries could have A. (BV Aqrsociate Professor of the ten principal accused and Crirninal Law Yang Chunxi): Ac- been applied. But the latter questions of political error. Why? cording to article 31 of the Organic prescribed punishments more se- One of our fundamental principles ,,The Law of China's courts vere than those under the is to take a realistic attitude and Supreme People's Court has a Criminal Law. Hence, the Criminal differentiate between the two dif- criminal division, a civil division, Law is being applied. This is also ferent kinds of contradictions, i.e. an economic division and such in line with the spirit of revolu- contradictions among the people other divisions as are deemed tionary humanitarianism. and contradictions between the necessary." Actually, this special a. Why has this trial come so people and the enemy. court is a component of the long after the crimes? Certain questions have also Supreme Court. It was set up and A. (Associate Professor Xiao been asked about error! by its membership decided by resolu- Yongqing): The Lin Biao clique Comrade Mao Zedong. We all tion of the Standing Committee of was exposed in 1971, and it is know Comrade Mao Zedong's im- the National People's Congress. already four years since the gang mense contributions to the Chinese Since the NPC, and between ses- ol four headed by Jiang Qing was people's revolution and to build- sions its Standing Committee, is toppled. However, the ten prin- ing up the country. They are the sole legi.slative body in China, cipal accused all hbld high ranks undeniable. It must be affirmed its resolutions are themselves in the Party, state and armed that Comrade Mao Zedong was a law. (Associate Professor of Juris- prudence Xiao Yongqing): A special court was made necessary by the particular importance and complex nature of the case, in which the crimes charged to the accused were commingled with,

ZENG SHUZHI ls a reporter on our editorial staff.

28 great Marxist. But it also cannot be denied that, in his later years, he committed mistakes, a verv serious one being the "cultural rev- olution" which he personally initiated and led. However, these were mistakes in revolution and work, in which no one can avoid all error. I believe that the Party will, at an appropriate time this year, make a practical and realistic evaluation of Comrade Mao Zedong's achievements and errors. But with Lin Biao and Jiang Qing it is not a matter of mistakes. They plotted and acted to overthrow the dictatorship of the proletariat and the socialist system. These acts, as well as others of theirs, constituted specific crimes under the law. This has All the a,ccused were entitled to legal defense, Lawyers' Han Yupei and 8o Ztliren (first and second left), while accepting the evidence against Chen Boda as been proved by the court in- bonclusive, speak for him on several points: that his'role in the frame-up of liu vestigations and by the witnesses Shaoqi was different from ihat of the ringleaders, that after Oetober 1970 tre,,hail and material evidence at the trial. been in custody antl not participating in their crimes, anil that his own attituile good"" (Chen Shouyi, Professor of was "relatively Xinhuo Jurisprudence): Some foreign friends hold that China, dealing in to speak in their defense con- purposes; organizing counter- Biao .is with the Lin and Jiang Qing cerned. None of their rights in revolutionary cliques, conducting counter-revolutionary cliques, has this regard are curtailed. On the demagogic propaganda for coun- been trying a political and not a other hand, neither do we give ter-revolutionary ends; extorting criminal case. In my opinion, politics any of them preferential- treat- confessions by torture; illegally although and law are ment on account of the high posi- detaining people. ciosely connected, they are dif- tions once short, As the each the political they held. In for crimes of of ferent categories. So they are being tried for their ten accused, practically all were mistakes the and crimes under crimes, and not for their mistakes charged with plotting to overthrow law, though they may often be re- in work. the governrnent and divide the lated, should strictly separated be Could you specify the crimes? state, in violati.on of article 92 of in their handling. Certainly the a. A. (Yang Chunxi): More than a the Criminal Law. Under article deeds of the Lin-Jiang cliques had month of court examination and 93 some were tried for at- their political aspect; they caused debates have substantiated the tempting to engineer armed re- inestimable damage, both inter- charges in the indictment with ir- bellion. Zbang Chunqiao, Wang nally and externally, to our refutable facts and ample evidence. Hongwen and Yao Wenyuan, in country, But we have brought Specifically, the violations of the particular, were accused of en- them to trial definitely not for Criminal Law of the People's Re- gineering an armed rebellion in their politics or their mistakes in public of China involved are: at- Shanghai. But. one must note, work but for crimes. tempting to overthrow the govern- during the court arguments on Moreover, regardless of the ment, divide the country and Yao Wenyuan's offences, a defence seriousness of their crimes, there instigate rebellion; causing people lawyer cited facts to show that is no discrimination against them to be killed or harmed for counter- this charge against Yao Wenyuan so far as , permission to defend revolutionary pu{poses; framing was not proved. In my opinion, themselves or to engage lawyers people for counter-revolutionary the counsel for the defense was right on this issue. A11 the ten have been shown to be guilty, under article 98 of the Criminal Law, of organizing or leading counter-revolutionary cli- ques. Others have violated article

In spite of the high rank they once held, the ten principal a,ocused are tnied lor violations of China's Criminal Code, on the principle that everyboily is equal be,fore tbe law. Xinkuo

29 executive, legislative and judi- cial.- Our courts are not, nor should they be, independent of the Party or of the organs of state power. The Supreme Court conducts trials in- dependently. It also holds itself consti.tutionally responsible and reports on its work to the National People's Congress and/or its Standing Committee. So when we talk about our courts and procura- torates exercising their functions Law specia.lists from Beijing University Yang Chunxi, Wa.ng Guoshu, Chen Shouyi independently, we refer to its due and Xiao Yongqing (first, seconrl, third antl sixth from left) are interviewed by group from China Reconstructs: Israel Epstein, Liu Gong anal Zeng Shuzhi independence, and not, since state (fourih, fifth and seventh from left). Wang llongrun power in China is unified, to any 100 percent, supra-political and supra-Parly independence. 101 by having people killed and People's Republic that a Chinese a. What are the main points of harmed for counter-revolutionary court is trying a case of such significance of the trial, now and purposes. Jiang Tengjiao, for magnitude and complexity. And for the future? instance, has admitted to taking greatly from this case differs A. (Liu Shoufen, Asslstant Lec- part in the attempted assassination ordinary cases, j-s criminal as it turer in Criminal Law): After ten of Chairman Mao Zedong. closely connected with the strug- years of calamities China, the Conducting demagogical prop- gles over political line within the in aganda for counter-revolutionary Party. For this reason it is only Party Central Committee is lead- people ends is an offence under article natural that the Party Central ing the in strenuous efforts 102 of the Criminal Law. Yao Committee should concern itseif to set things right again. The Wenyuan, for example, had con- about the trial. socialist legal system, which was trol over the mass media and used But since China's Criminal Law badly wrecked in those years. is them to slander older-generation and her Law on Criminal Proce- being restored and strengthened. revolutionaries as "capitalist- dure have already been promul- The principle that 'everyone is roaders still on the go", "fanatics gated, the special court was bound equal bef ore the law' is being for restoring capitalism", "wor- to conduct thc trial according to established and put into practice. shippers of things foreign", "trai- their prescriptions. They lay down The present trial sets a good tors", etc. that the people's courts and the example. The ten people brought Others of the accused are guilty people's procuratorates must exer- to book all held very high under article 136 of extorting con- cise their functions independently, posts. One was a vice-chairman fessions under torture. Qiu Hui- bound by the law. Hence, the of the Party, some were members zuo, as proved by evidence and on leadership of the Party over of the Political Bureau, and the his own admission, illegally set up the judicature is now different others include a former chief of a prison in the General Logistics from that in the past. The Party the General Staff, and the ex- Department of the PLA and had does not issue direct orders tell.ing commanders of the Air Force and confessions extorted under tor- the court what to do; Party com- Navy. But since they have com- ture. He had direct personal mittees at various levels no longer mitteid violations of the Criminal responsibility for the framing or examine and ratify court deci- Code, their criminal liability is detention of 462 people, of whom sions, as before the "cultural rev- being pursued as it would be in 8 were subsequently persecuted to olution". The Party leads the judi- the case of any oiher law-breaker. death. There were also offences cature through the resolutions and (Zhang Wen, Research Fellow in against article 137 and 138 with the laws enacted by the organs of Crirninal l"aw): In all of China's regar'd to beating, looting and state power. Party cadres work- Iong history, the penal code has ransacking as well as framing peo- ing in the legal departments see rarely been applied to senior of- ple on false evidence. that these are carried out. ficials. The trial of the ten in a As mentioned in the indictment So it can be saici the special people's court shows that this tra- alone, 729,511 people were framed court has been trying the case i-n- ditional concept is being broken on various false charges, of whom dependently Lrnder the leadership down. It is a good beginning for 34,800 were persecuted to death. of the Party Central Committee rule by law in our country. It will a. The question has been raised: and in accordance rvith China's help to edueate the people and Do China's courts try cases in- 1aws. This accords with the reali- elirninate the rernnants of feudal dependently or on Party instruc- ties in China and with our law. thinking. It will also provide ex- tions? Would you comment? The legal system in China differs perience and a precedent for the A. (I{ang Guos[ru, lecturer in from that of some capitalist coun- time when the accessories in the Criminal Law): This is the first tries in that we do not have a crimes of the Lin-Jiang cliques are time since the founding of the constitutional divisidn of po\rrers brought to trial. tr

30 CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Determined

Philatelist

ZHAO WENYI

Shen Zenghua (left) with not€d Japanese philatelist Meiso Mizuhara'

T never imagined Shen Zenghua had a special stamp for mailing $ZO,OOO, with the note "Only a few t had so man)' rare stamps manuscripts. In 1941, during the copies are known." The block of from the liberated al'eas," said anti-Japanese war, China's Huai- four owned by Shen Zenghua may Meiso Mizuhara* when he saw nan resistance base put out a be unique. Shen Zenghua's stamp collection woodblock printed stamp bearing The "ordinary mail" set was the in Beijing in September last year. a five-pointed star with the Arabic first of its kind issued in the Mizuhara, director of the Japan numeratr ('20" in the centre to Huainan Iiberated area. Printed Philately Society and a well- denote its 20 ten denomination. in 1942 by woodblock, has a known authority on and collector Inscribed over it, in the phonetic it design eonsisting of a junk riding of Chinese stamps, spent a whole script then in use, is "Xuai Nan" afternoon inspecting Shen's collec- (Huainan). This stamp was used the waves with clouds in the tion and afterwards remarked, "I exclusively by correspondents background and the Chinese admire him for the way he per- sending manuscripts to the edito- character "ip " (ordinary) in the sisted in collecting stamps even rial office of Xin Ludong, center. There are only 18 of these during the harshest war years. the newspaper published in the starrips to the sheet. The upper There are few precedents in the Huainan area. The Chinese nine bear a design of green junks world." character "ffi" (manuscript) was and red lettering, the others have overprinted on it the same year. red junks and green lettering. Stamps of the Liberated Areas Only a small number of these Today a collector considers him- stamps catalog self lucky if he has even one of Nearly 500 sets of stamps in were issued. A published Hongkong year these stamps, used 2,200 designs were issued between in last or unused. Mr. 1929-1949 in China's revolutionary priced one ol them at U.S. Shen has an entire unused sheet. bases and liberated areas led by the Chinese Communist Party during the wars against domestic reactionaries and the Japanese aggressors. Shen has most of these stamps, and nearly all of those put out in the Huainan (south of the Huaihe River), central Jiang- su, Yanfu (also in Jiangsu prov- 't. ince), and Shandong liberated areas, many quite rare today. Among them are: The "manuscript" The "manuscript" stamps. More stamps. than 200,000 stamps have been issued in the world since the first Stamps with train appeared on May 6, 1840 in design. Britain, but no country has ever fhe "ordinary noail" stamps. ZIIA,O WENYf is an editor for the Chinese magazine Philately.

MARCII 1987 31 Another rare stamp in Shen has an entire (a stamp with the Special Mementos Zenghua's collection is the high- original envelope), post- with a Shen Zenghua's stamps are not denomination (50 fen) stamp with mark dated December 12, 1943, the picture of a train on it, put only collectors' items, they are the only one known to exist. his experiences out by the Yanfu (Yancheng- also mementos of Other valuable stamps in Shen's in the anti-Japanese and libera- Funing) liberated area in Jiangsu collection include a sheet of nine tion wars. He has a stamp issued province in 1944. Philatelists in from the Yanfu area with a design China and abroad once thought by the Eastern China Post and of warships in brown; a block of Telecommunications Bureau in the stamp was only used for 12 put out the Shandong in lib- 1949 to mark the liberation of Nan- packages. But, of the two blocks erated area commemorate to the jing and Shanghai. It reminds him of four Shen Zenghua has, one is 7th Congress of the Chinese Com- of the days he fought under the stuck to the back of an envelope munist Party, and a block of 6 leadership of Chen Yi** and other and bears the postmark of issued in the same area on August old revolutionaries in the cam- the "Yancheng Communications 1, 1945 to mark Army Day. paign to liberate these cities. Bureau." This proves the stamp Shen Zenghua has dozens of en- Today he is a deputy chief was also used for important tires from the correspondence of of the production management letters. Chen Yi, Deng Zihui, Tan Zhen- bureau of China's First Ministry of Of the five liberated areas in lin, Zhang Dingcheng, Su Yu and the Engineering Industry, he central China only the Huaibei other prominent figures in the but area did not issue any stamps government and army during the still keeps on collecting stamps. He War of Liberation. has written a number of articles for Philatelg, a Chinese-language monthly, and keeps up a regular Wartime Collecting correspondence with philatelists Shen Zenghua was abroad. Through such exchanges born in has done much to increase Huai'an, Jiangsu province he in Lg22. mutual understanding and friend- An uncle of his, a philatelist, in- ship between philatelists in China stilled in him an interest in stamp and other countries. tJ collecting when he was a middle school student in Shanghai. In the spring 7942 joined Stamp issued on Aug. l, 1945 to com- of he the mernorate Army Day. The likeness on New Fourth Army led by the it is of Zhu De (Chu Teh), Commander- Chinese Communist Party, but in-Chief of the PLA. his passion for the hobby never waned, even during the bitterest years during the anti-Japanese war. But of the fighting. "He went to in the latter half of 1945, the area every liaison station to scrounge produced two postal seals, one for around for stamps," recalls a com- .*;ii# ordinary mail and the other for rade who worked with him at the confidentiai letters. These seals, time. "And every time the post- man which served as stamps, were came to his office, he would t.4 {.t only used for a few months, and Iook for envelopes with stamps only on letters to destinations issued in the liberated areas and outside the area. Shen Zenghua later ask the addressee for them." has two of each. In May, 1947 after the Chinese Envelope with an "express rnail" stamp. The Luxi resistance base in the People's Liberation Army wiped Ifuainan area issued in 1942 out the Kuomintang's crack 74th a grey-blue stamp measuring division in the Menglianggu Cam- 'Meiso Mizuhara began to collect 16 X 18 mm. The upper part of its paign, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Chinese stamps in 1946, and few for- eign philatelists today have many, design shows the sky and three four Kuomintang armies to mount as or know as much about them, as he stars; the lower part the Northern a punitive counter offensive. One does. Between 1970 and 1980 he was Hemisphere with China on the afternoon the unit to which Shen awarded 14 gold, 9 silver, and one left hand cornei. "I,usi" is printed Zenghua was attached received bronze medal for his Chinese stamps at international exhibitions. on the upper-Ieft corner. On the orders to set out with light packs. r* Chen Yi (1901-19?2) commander upper-right corner is the Arabic Shen Zenghua threw away most was o'15" of the P.L.A.'s Third Field Army during numeral (the denomination) of his things, but kept his stamps the Liberation War (1946-1949). After and a Chinese character *IXJ" as they marched 150 km. in three the founding of the Peoplg's Republic (meaning the he first became mayor of Shanghai. that stamp was only nights to break out of the enemy's then Vice-Premier and Minister of for internal use). Shen Zenghua encirclement. Foreign Affairs.

,o CHINA RECONSTRUCTS Gu Yuan's Woodcuts ond Wotercolors

CAI RUOHONG

soil, and wild flowers, some blue, and laughter, and see the smiling some flaming red, were in bloom taces of the rnen of the Eighth along the roadside. OccasionallY Route Army (as the old Chinese I had to stop to see if mY clothes Red Army was renamed when it had been torn by the thorns of the embarked on the War of Resistance wild jujube bushes. UP ahead a to Japan at the end of the Long small crystal-clear stream and March). I, a newcomer' was as clumps of wild roses and PurPle moved by this atmosPhere as must Iilacs seemed to beckon. This same have been Gu Yuan who had ar- spirit of blooming sPring in the rived before me. loessland's Maytime permeates the I still recall the magnificent works of Gu Yuan. scene of a mass meeting in those Gu Yuan at work. It was in May toward the end surroundings. The floor of a of the 1930s when I met him for ravine and two mountains on the first time. He was a sturdY, either side' were filled with row quiet youth less than 20. He upon row of people whose atten- rFHE WORKS o[ Gu Yuan. both of his tion was f ocussed on a straw- I woodcuts watel'colors, seemed so at home with sur- and you believe covered stage at the gsnlsr always recall to me, in their roundings that might - he been in the loesslands, soldiers, workers, peasants, stu- purity, simplicity. and naturalness. had born had not been for his southern dents and cadres. The grey loess plateau of northwestern it the His prominent eyes bbneath uniforms of the Eighth Route There Yan'an, caPital of accent. China. heavy brows gave the imPression Army intermingled with the white the central revolutionary base area he was always observing and towels which the Peasants wore Chinese Communist that Ied by the But you could not know on their ,heads, the traditional war against thinking. Party during the what he was thinking tiII his red-tasselled spears of the peasant Japanese aggression (1937-1945)' rifles, the strong patriotic prints emerged frorn the woodblock militia with attracted Young PeoPle the knife, which seemed his northern Shaanxi accent with the from parts of the countrY' Gu under all only means expression. aroma of the local. tobacco, were two of them. of Yuan and I Though the walled citY of progressive ideas with centuries- own first impression of the old My Yan'an had been totally destroyed old weapons. . . . The songs and plateau was one of amazement at by the Japanese bombing, in 1939, shouted slogaru were like the roar as the eYe the vast area, as far on its outskirts, along of the mighty Yellow River, surg- soft, soil everywhere could see. of Yellow of the Yanhe River and ing through the narrows not far gouged into deeP ravines that the banks on the hills carved with cave to the east. The words of the theY had just been looked as if dwellings one could hear the songs speakers seemed, like a giant in- hewn by Pan Gu, in Chinese Iegend the creator of the universe, who with a blow of his great axe separated the earth from the skY. Camel Train (1939). The yellow landscaPe was broken by the deep green of cedar'-like trees poking up from the ravines. A cloud-flecked azure skY com- pleted the picture of austere beauty, which Gu Yuan's woodcuts convey so well. Coming down a mountain, I walked through winding vaIIeYs so deep that the sun shone for onlY half a day. Green shoots had already broken through the yellow

CAI RUOHONG is vice-chairman oI Chinese Artists Association.

MARCH 1987 JJ FXEffi a €l*'Ci+lmoa

"ViIIage Governmenl office" (1943) wh€re Gu Yuan once Woodcut poster ..Supportr worked' - - Our ,{rmy of the Common People" 1r9ll; shows r-iteratJ- area villagers helping the troops.

visible bond, to bind aII into an and that they were aware of their It is reflected in such well-known unbreakable unity. They seemed own strength and knew it would early woodcuts as Filling the not like ordinary voices but like grow in the future. They had Granary, Herd of Cattle, Herd of the call of. a trumpet heralding a come to know that they need no Sheep, and Cutting Hay. Seeing change in the destiny of oppressed longer be exploited or allow the peasants carrying grain to the humanity, the victory of the rev- themselves to be ordered about, storehouse, he first thought that it olution and the birth of a new and that they must unite for no longer belonged to the landlord. China. Hearing them, I could feel only animated by this spirit,- The sight of boys grazing cattle the strength rise within me. despite the fewness and poverty and sheep meant to him that they of their weapons, they would not were not doing it for exploiters rfHIS, the "new epoch of the only defeat the imperialists but for their families. His themes r people" but as Chairman Mao begin to root out the poverty of show his deep love for the Zedong had called it, was the thousands of years. peasants in their new life worlds historical - setting f or Gu Yuan,s The creativeness of Gu Yuan, removed from the feelings of those early works. Without understand- as of other artists living in the who thought there was nothing ing this background one can hardly loesslands, was nurtured by their worth praising in the life of the understand either the content of outlook. His unique style northern Shaanxi peasants. his paintings owes a or the wartime life great deal to his constant touch What Gu Yuan saw and learned of the peasants of northern with the people. He shared the while working in the village Shaanxi which portrayed. he joys and sorrows of the peasants government became the raw What was new about this new of northern Shaanxi and his works materials for his creative works. people's epoch? I think it was the afe true to their life. Marriage Registration and Sueing new consciousness of the working for Divorce reflected the growing people that they were the masters IS feeling for the peasants emancipation of wornen in the of the country; the fact that they rr began in 1940 while he was liberated areas of the time, part of changed had their destiny and working in the office of the which was the idea of free choice wanted to continue changing it; Nianzhuang Village government. in marriage.

34 CIIINA RECONSTBUCTS Yan'an (woodcut, 1978)

The Human Bridge (woodclt, 1947)

llr

*:i- Town in the Water Country (woodcut, 1980) ., *,J '' xu- I

After Snow (watercolor. 1979)

iA[!i'oo'" Bridge (watercolor. Winter Has Passed (watercolor, 1979)

Water Country (watercolor, 1979) Moved by the peasants, eager- i" i'1?nili: : ness to learn to read and write, he ";:';ii:'l' carved Winter School. Another woodcut, Brother's on Leave pictures a family proud and happy to greet the elder brother, a sol- dier in the revolutionary Eighth Route Army, back on furlough from the front. Mass Meeting de- picted the campaign for reducing rent and interest. A new type of leader with ties with the people is reflected in Liu Zhidan, a peo- ple's Leader, a portrait of one of the founders of the northern Shaanxi anti-Japanese base area. Gu Yuan often visited the army, making friends with the fighters. Out of these experiences came Military Training, Autumn j Harvest, Drinking from Same the ,\."r i. Well and The People,s Own Army. as well as The Human Bridge. .r$ done later in the War of Libera- The Light in the Date (1978). tion (1946-1949). His appreciation Garden of the spiritual world of the rev- olutionary army men was another from depicting figures to land- out over the snow-covered ground formative influence on his own scape painting. Perhaps only is the light that stilt shines in his unusual artistic style. these ,he In himself knows why he made the heart. works he celebrated the close ties change. He did not entirely give between the army people, and the up the woodcut, which he still and the courage and watercolors. though the vitality of uses mainly to express mem- IffS the soldiers. his rr subject matter is different, ories of the past. One example A serious approach toward have the same pure, simple and is The Light in the Date. Garden artistic creation was another natural style. This is particularly (showing the cave home where aspect of Gu Yuan's character. true of Winter Has Passed, of a An Mao Zedong lived and worked in early influence on his was Kiithe flock of dark birds swimming in a the Yan'an days). The beam of melting river, which take Kollwitz (186?-1945), the noted I to rep- German woodcut light from an oil lamp streaming resent the end of the "cultural artist whose revolution". work had been introduced to Gu Yuan's watercolors are full China by the great Chinese writer Drinking from the Same WelI (1980). of beauty and poetry. I hope his Lu Xun. Trying to follow her _ change from the bright, clear style, Gu Yuan at first used many colors of woodcuts to the more dark shadows in his woodcuts. subtle shades of watercolors, from This did not appeal to the Chinese depicting the peasants, spiritual world of and they told him so. the working people painting Then to Gu Yuan began to study Iandscapes is not the effect traditional of age Chinese woodcuts, par- though his hair is white. ticularly their use of line, adapting At present, when there is a the technique to new content. His tendency for trinkets, fripperies constant attempt to meet the and vulgar interests to appear tastes of the Chinese peo- working both on and below the stage, and ple is one of the reasons why many for the beautiful of his and ugly to be works have borne the test of confused in art, time. I want to say that the loess plateau of the past is still After the People's Republic of there; Its flowers of the spirit are China was founded 1949 in Gu not extinct, and four Yuan moved back to the southern as the modernizations bring spring part of the country. He back changed to our country, they will bloom his chief medium the from anew, rooted in the heroic loess woodcut to the watercolor and plateau and not elsewhere. ! MARCH 198r 39 Purple Sand Teaware of Yixing

MEI JIANYING

Yixing tea set with modern lines made recently by designer Pan Chunfang. is ideal for /-'tHINESE have been siPPing tea tion in the middle of the Ming gas but not to liquid, it \-,r for over two thousand years dynasty and remains in great favor brewing tea, since it allows the ever since the Han dYnastY today, became known as Yixing beverage to "breathe" while re- -(206 B.C-A.D. 220) and every Purple Sand teaware. taining its full flavor. Tea stored dynastic period has introduced- re- The first part of its name came in the pot wilt not change color or finements in tea-making methods from Yixing countY in Jiangsu spoil. The longer a Pot is used the and materials. PerhaPs the big- province where it is produced. and more lustrous and smooth its sur- gest advance came during the the second part from the distinc- face becomes. Furthermore, the Ming dynasty (1368-1644), when, tive color of the claY, although walls of the teapot retain the tea instead of boiling the leaves or actually three main kinds of claY flavor: when boiling water is poured into a well-used a using other methods in favor uP 1sd, green and PurPle - are Pot, to that time, tea-drinkers were -collectively referred to as Purple delightful tea fragrance wafts up. inspired to pour boiling water Sand. This special material is ex- Such attributes have won the directly into the teapot containing tremely malleable and shrinks praise not only of ordinarY tea- the tea. Along with this imProve- very little when fired. It lends drinkers but of noted Poets among ment in method came a surge in itself to the production of numer- them. The first recorded reference can be found the popularity of a certain tYPe of ous objects, maintaining shaPes to Purple Sand ware written bY teaware which. experts considered, that do not distort. And because in the lines of a Poem yielded the best brew. This stYle after firing the clay forms ex- Mei Yaochen (1002-1060): remains in of teaware, which gained distinc- tremely tiny holes Permeable to "The earl,y flauor l,he cl,ear uater contained in the small uessel, 'Di Xionohud ln an Yixing teahouse. The Purpl,e Sand Pot Leaues a taste of blooming sPring flousers." And in later times, when great poet Su Shi (DongPo) (1037-1101) was living in exile in Yixing, he was said to have ParticularlY de- lighted in the loop-handled Purple Sand teapot. In his memory, the pot became known as a Dongpo pot, a name still in use today. Varied Design Yixing teaware comes in an abundance of shapes and sizes. Drawing on the forms of natural objects as well as classical bronze and jade figures, Purple Sand craftsmen have designed and pro- duced a multitude of teapots, flower pots, vases, and other

MEI JIANYING is a famous Chlnese porcelain speoialist. Presently he is a professor and Chairman of the Porce- lain Departmeni at the Central Arts anil Crafts Academy.

CHINA RBCONSTRUCTS items. the shapes of which faII In the later Ming period, there into three principal categories: were "four great masters,' Dong 1. Modifications of natural Han, Zhao Liang, yuan Chang forms: The designers adapt shapes and Shi Peng, followed by ,,.three f ound in the animal and plant great craftsmen" Shi Dabin, Li world to combine form and func- Zhongfang, Sr., and Xu youquan. tion. For instance there are pots Sr., whose fame spread evely- shaped like section of bamboo, or where. During the Qing period like persimmons, lotus seeds, sun- (1644-1911), the famous artisan flowers, and so on. Chen Miagyuan initiated the 2. Geometrical figures: Squares, method of combining scuiptured circles, columns and double ornamentation with the shape. of rhombs inspire the outlines of the pot" In the imperial reign of such teaware. Jia Qing (1796-1820), Yang peng- 3. Ancient forms: The teapots ni.an and his younger sister. yang are fashioned after shapes the of Fengnian. made exquisitely re- Spraying water in making teapotrs. various ancient bronzes and jade fined pots. They used no molds objects, and of tiles of the Qin but followed their own inspira- (227-207 B.C.) and Han dynasties. tion, which gave their works an These classic forms exude simple appealing naturalness. elegance and an antique flavor. Literary and other scholars and In ornamentation, full advantage artists joined in the design of the is taken of the quality of the clay teaware. When Yang peng- and its original color. Each design nian was producing his pots, a is carefully considered, with quali- man named Chen Mansheng, poet. ty and simplicity determining the sculptor and painter who was at elements of this unique style. For the same time a county head, came example, the teapot be might to Yixing to collaborate with formed to look like a segment of l'eapot in the shape of a tile, made by Yang, Their pots. whose under- bamboo, with the spout and the poet Chen Mansheng in the, Qing sides bear the in.scription ,'Ah Man dynasty" Di Xianghua handle resembling bamboo roots Tea and the cover appearing Studio", came to be called to be Mansheng pots. topped by bent branches, while And at the end. Philippines, Thailand, the Middle of the Qing dynasty, several bamboo leaves might be carved artists, East, and even Europe and the into the surface. In this way the among them Dong Americas. where it was called red- shape and style of decoration Qichang, Zheng Banqiao, Wu clay pottery. In 1878 during the are Dazheng, integrated. Carving, calligraphy Wu Changshuo and Ren Guangxu reign, the master crafts- Bonian, and painting all figure into the went to Yixing and carved men Wu Ahgen and Jin Shiheng decoration process, poems and painted pictures on the were invited a knife being pots, to the city of used to carve a poem or picture thus ming.ling the flavor of Tokoname in Japan to teach the poetry and painting on the half-dry object and coLor with the na- technique of making it. The re- being applied afterward. The re- tural color and fragrance of the nowned Japanese pottery modeled sulting decorations strongly tea. after it is still produced the are poem at national in flavor. A carved onto a pot by Tokoname kiln site and reminds the famous artist Zheng Banqiao us of a bright moment the personifies in Craftsmen, Artists and poets the pot with a satirical history of Sino-Japanese friendship metaphor: and cultural exchange. Throughout the long history of "Its mouth is pointed, its Before liberation, the production purple Purple Sand of Yixing stomach Large and its ears pottery had gone into state of pricked a Sand teaware, many skilled high decline. After the creation of new artisans have contributed to it, and ,Iust aaoi.d,ing hunger dnd eold" China, it quickly recovered. Under some recorded are in literature. makes it complacent the tutelage of some older masters The Ming dynasty (1868-1644) It can contain nothing of any ranks grew potter the of craftsmen Gong Chun used his fingers consequence quickly. Among the more re- as a shaping tool after pots ?or - his a feu drops cause bit- nowned are Zhu Kexin, Gu were fired the whorls of his finger Lotoing tDaues." Jingzhou, Ren Ganting, Pei tips were Shi- still visible. His works min, Wang Yingchun; Wu Yungen, came to be called Tree Gnarl pots World Fame; New Revival Shen Xiaolu, Jiang Rong and Pan or, in later times, Supply of Chunfang. Their works have won Spring pots. They had the quality By the end of the Ming dynasty, praise at exhibitions at home and of metal old and a special antique Purple Sand pottery was famous abroad, and in their pottery the elegance. Only a few remain, and not only throughout China but traditional artistic flavor of the they are higly valued. was also exported to Japan. the old masters lives on. tr MARCH IO81 4l 'Monkny' Bsxing

LI GAOZHONG

forms of Chinese "boxing", which originally derived from ancient ways of fighting. But few know about "monkey boxin$" (houquan), an amusing and intricate varietY of the art, now often seen again in China. Those who have watch- ed the film, "Havoc in Heaven", a well-loved episode about the Monkey King who is the key character in the 1Gth-centurY novel, Journey to the West, will recognize the gestures used in houquan. This mode combines the of- fensive and defensive movements tpushu kick, strike, of - the snatch, leap and somersault \}' characteristics of mon-- with the Xiao Yingpeng keys lightness, quick-witted action,- mimicry and fast move- rnent. Like other forms of Chi- Culture Institute. He has won nese boxing, today it is a sport top honors in manY toushu com- designed to promote fitness and petitions since the National Tradi- enhancd agility. It also has comic tional Sports Meet in 1953. Last features which delight and amuse May his superb skill won him spectators. another prize at the National Monkey boxing has a long Wushu Exhibition al TaiYuan, history. It was already depicted Shanxi province. He has appear- on a painting on silk dating from ed in a full-Iength color docu- the Western Han period (206 B.C. mentary on Chinese boxing Pro- Film A.D.) found in 1972 in a duced by the Great Wall tomb-24 in Hunan province. During Studio of Hongkong. the second century the famous physician, Hua Tuo, whose medi- A Veteran Performer cal feats are also described in Xiao became fond of wushu the ciassical epic novel The Three when young but at that time Kingdoms, created a sYstem of Iearned only a few of the simPler health-building and theraPeutic "monkey" movements such as exercises based on the movements grasping, the Paw Position- and of five animals: the tiger, deer, turning sidewaYs somersaults bird and monkeY. Qi bear, - with the body curled. After the As veteran Xiao Yingpeng goes through Jiguang (1528-1587) in the Ming Iiberation in 1949, when his life the routine his face exhibits a variety dynasty wrote about monkey work became more stable, he grief, and of expressions: laughter, anger, boxing in his Ji Xiao Xin Shz, an zoos often to happiness. began to visit the 18-volume book on the art of war. study the appearance, facial ex- More and more, houquan had pressions and gestures of the I /f ANY oeople outside China become one of the "martial arts" monkeys. This gave him ideas IYI n".r" .""rr^ o, even practised (raushu). ,for new movements huddling. tai.jiquan and tpushu (the martial One of its leading exPonents - arts, including what is known as today is Xiao Yingpeng, 66, a LI G.{OZHONG is a staff reporter for "kungfu" abroad). Both are lecturer at the Chengdu PhYsical Sports News" CHINA BECONSTRUOTS 42 shrugging the shoulders, crouch- Wang Jinbao, 34, a coach of honors in five national competi- ing, curving the arms, walking on the Jiangsu Province Wushu tions between L974 and 1980. tiptoe, jumping leaping, and turn- Team, was Xiao's pupil. While Keen on gymnastics from boy- ing somersaults. He also develop- learning from his master, he hood, he performs somersaults ed story routines such as "Watch- created his own new movements notable for height and lightness. ing Outside a Mountain Cave,,, - in leaping and turning con- He developed a monkey rboxing "Picking Fruit in an Orchard,,, secutive somersaults. His postures routine with the butterfly, flip in the air are fascinating. He and the consecutive belly pitch. won several national titles in the The back handsprings he uses 1960s. adroitly show how the monkey As a child Wang was an in- limbers up after waking from veterate theatergoer. He was sleep. He has also absorbed qome crazy about the Beijing opera, of the techniques of ballet "Havoc in Heaven" and, after resting the weight of his body on- only one month of sparetime his toes, making 360-degree turns training, won second place in a and so on. provincial lDushu competition. In In late 1979 he visited Fiji, 1959 he competed for the first Western Samoa, Nauru, Vanuagu time at a national tournament for and Hongkong, where he was teenagers, winning second place welcomed and applauded. in the "monkey cudgel". When As boxing skills are passed on he was 13 years old he went to from generation to generation. Czechoslovakia with a Chinese new monkey boxers are appear- luushu delegation and in the fol- ing. Some remarkable youngsters, Iowing year to Burma with a aged from 10 up, emerged at the China-Burma friendship delega- National Juvenile Wushu Exhibi- tion. tion Match in 1980, already with In order to bring out new ideas a good grasp of basic skills and A posture in the air b.v Wang Jinbao. he kept learning good points from individuality of style. his f ellow boxers. He went to Among them, 19-year-old Xiong Hangzhou in Zhejiang province Changgui from Sichuan province "Fighting over Fruit", "Merry- especially to ask for advice from making ,,Shar- is a virtuoso of the "monkey after a Meal" and Gai Jiaotian, the rnaster Beijing ing Joy". cudgel". He won the national opera actor. In 1974 he visited championship in the competition One of Xiao's creations is Hongkong, the United States bnd monkey with traditional weapons, with cudgel play, in which his Mexico, contributing to friendship highly movements difficult movements he had are superb. In his with those countries. created himself. Ten-year-old hand Li the cudgel might rvell be Wenzhong from Henan proviilce rnagical The Rising Generation the one of the Monkey also showed great promise in his King. He is now rvorking to per- Zhu Jianhua, 21, from Guang- lively presentation of monkey fect ne\lr variations - monkey dong province, a newcomer to boxing and the use of the broadsword and spear play. monkey boxing, gathered many cudgel. n

Zhu younger "lianhua, one of the talents, Monkey playing with cudgel by Xiong Ten-year-old monkey boxer Li Wen- Changgui. zhong, Photos bg Li Gaozhong democracy proved greater than that of either Oliver Cromwell in England or Napoleon I in France. Lincoln, Slavery and Emancipa- Chfnese Scholsrs' Yiews tion: The general view was that Lincoln's importance had been underestimated in China: the fact that the Emancipation Proclama- on Lr.S. Histo ry tion resulted from an emergency situation should not be allowed to detract from his achievements, although it would also be un- reasonable to identify or compare him with the radical abolitionists. T MLY debates with the aim oI should be included, since the dif fered whether l--r sla.i1yirrg views on a number Indians played a part in the Opinions on slave economy in the south of topics marked the first annual development of the country's the meeting of China's U.S. HistorY economy and culture. and are still could have continued to develop Research Association, one of the a minority nationality in it" had there been no Civil War, on societies uP how to evaluate the domestic situa- many academic set George Washington in War and foreign tion before the Emancipation recently for the study of held that he was papers Politics: Some Proclamation and on whether the countries. Forty-eight were outstanding as military leader presented particiPants from a proclamation marked a new stage by 54 but not as a statesman or thinker research institutes in the Civil War. universities, and that his stature is diminished and publishing houses in different the fact that in the The "Open Door" Policy: This parts the country. by Post- of revolution controversy betrveen policy adopted with regard to Where to Start in U.S. History: the Democrats and the, more China by the U.S. government at Some participants thought that conservative Federalists he stood the turn of the century was an- there was no direct link between with the latter. The contrary other theme. It was generally the history of the American view was that Washington should agreed that the subjective inten- Indians bef ore the white settle- be given credit for resisting a tion of the U.S. government in ment and the modern history move to make him king after the promoiing this policy should be of the United States: that since the War of Independence at a time difterentiated from its objective social development of the North when monarchy still prevaiied in effect. The reai aim oi the "open American Indians was cut short by Europe and the rest of the world. door" was to make sure the U.S. the brutality oI the, colonists, it His part in carrying the War of would not be ]e{t out of the cannot form a stage in the devel- Independence to victory not only advantages gained by the then opment of U.S. history. A con- was not to be underestimated, but major powers in the invasion and trary view held that their history his role in establishing bourgeois penetration of China. None- theless, at a time when China faced the danger of being carved Participants in the first annual meeting of China's U.S. History Research Assoeia- up by the colonial powers, the tion held in October 1980 in Yantai, Shandong province. "open door" policy played a positive role in obstructing China's dismemberment, though the main reason China avoided that fate was not the policy of any other state but the resistance of the Chinese people themseives. F.D.R.'s New Deal and DiplomacY: The meeting concluded that in general Chinese historians had held a non-objective and inac- curate view of 'Roosevelt's do- mestic and foreign policies. The class nature of Roosevelt's New Deal and its role in history should be viewed separately. It was, of course, a reformist program to helP U.S. capitalism get through its serious econo-mic crisis. But at

CIIINA BECONSTBUCTB 44 the same time it was the expres- Some thought that the talks, The sion meeting was also of the and development of tradi- which had gone on intermittently opinion that Chinese scholars tional bourgeois democracy in the since March 1941, had no character should make an U.S. evaluation of the and_ laid the foundation for of appeasement but that both role of General Joseph Stilwell in the country'S positive role in the parties were using them as a the Second World War. anti-fascist alliance in World War means to probe the other,s real The U.S. Research II. History intentions and to gain time to Association of China was form- Two divergent opinions emerged prepare for war. They cited ed in December 1979 at when discussing Roosevelt's documents that show Roosevelt,s Wuhan University. director foreign policy. Its Some held that he basic stand in the talks as firm is Huang Shaoxiang, a woman differed from general the climate and unyielding. His unwillingness professor at the Historical Re- of isolationism of the 30s only in to precipitate war did not mean search Institute of the Chinese that he was a liberal isolationist. that he was unwilling to fight. He Academy of Others Social Sciences. Vice- held that B,oosevelt was clearly saw that war with Japan directors are Prof. Yang Shengmao never an isolationist but always an was unavoidable. The unpre- of Nankai University, Tianjin, advocate of strong naval power paredness for the Pearl Harbor Prof. Liu Xuyi of Wuhan Univer- and active an foreign policy. attack was due to misjudgment of sity (also secretary-general of the Even more divergent views were the military and various other association) and Ding Zemin, as- expressed on Roosevelt,s policies reasons and not to a policy of sociate professor at the Northeast for the Pacific area, especially appeasement. toward Teachers College, Changchun. Japan and China. The Still others thought that the. Invited as advisers the meet- debate to centered on whether or not U.S. was seeking accommodation ing were Huan Xiang, Vice- the Washington talks between the with U.S. Japan but did not achieve it President of the'Chinese Academy and Japan immediately because, Japan was demanding too of Social Sciences, Chen Hansheng, before the latter attacked pearl high a price. pearl Harbor ,,far Thus Harbor an adviser to the academy, and were a eastern was the result of previous ap- Chen Hanbo, director of the State Munich''. peasement. Publishing Administration. tl

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MABCH 198I 45 Yangzhou Papercuts and Zhang Yongshou

ZHU JIAHUA

AKING papercuts is a time- ular job at the Yangzhou Arts honored folk art in this and Crafts Factory, which set uP country. During the YearlY SPring a special papercut workshoP for Festival women and girls cut him. With no more worries about flowers, animals or decorative his life and career, Zhang could patterns out of colored PaPer and give all his attention to improving paste them on windows and walls his art. He was given the title to brighten up their homes and "specialist in Arts and Crafts" at express their sentitnents. the National Congress of Creators The art of PaPercutting in in Arts and Crafts held in Beijing Yangzhou became an indePendent in 1979. trade carried on by Professionals Zhang Yongshou is best at de- already in the seventh centurY. In picting flowers and butterflies. the 13 centuries since, local crafts- Two other well-known sets of men have developed a unique papercuts designed and made by style of their own, and todaY are him are the "Hundred Butterflies'.' justty famed at home and abroad and the "Hundred Chrysan- for their fresh and elegant com- themums", Of chrysanthemums positions, delicate, flowing lines alone he has more than 200 and charming, lifelike figures. designs in his repertory. The ten- ' Representative among them is der petals and delicate stems and the veteran craftsman Zhang Ieaves seem to sway in the breeze. Yongshou. He is known for the They are executed in such detail hundred papercuts, each of a dif- that even the spots on the leaves ferent flower, he made to illustrate can be discerned. the poems "A Hundred Flowers Zhang Yongshou's masterY is r Blossom" by the late scholar and partly due to his observation of I poet, Grio Moruo. Papercutting things in real life. For several had been a craft handed down in decades he has traveled from Zhang's family for 200 Years, and place to place with scissors and Zhang, now 77, was initiated to it paper, studying nature and making at the age of 12 by his father. Be- sketches from it. He also grows fore liberation he wandered from flowers in the courtyard where he place to place, making his living lives, so that he can observe with paper, scissors and a Pair of them at close quarters everY daY dexterous hands. After liberation and constantly imProve his the government gave him a reg- techniques. tr

From the "Huntlred Butterflies" set.

CHINA RECONSTBUCTS Zhang Yongshou at work. The papercut workshop in Yang- zhou Arts and Crafts Factory.

n 3;? Characters from drarnas (by Cai Qianyin).

Chrysanthemums

Dragclns

Painted faces frorn Feking opera (by Cai eianyin).

(All papercuts by Zhang Yongshou except drama and opera portraits) ['ltrtrot bt U.'urt,q Hongtrtu IIai Ailian- Fifty Years a llancer

TAN AIQING

Practising in the studio in her home. Wu Chuping rnHE sunlit dance studio in the had first choreographed I in the to a dancing class which was al- home of Dai Ailian seems al- 1940s, an Anhui lantern folk dance ready half-way through the term. ways full of spring and life, even and a Tibetan one, as well as the The teacher was surprised to find when the weather in Beijing turns Indian classical dance Alarripu, not only that she was apt, but that freezing cold. The gleaming light which she had learned on a visit she was soon surpassing the other wooden floor smells of new polish to India in 1955. students. The reason was that and the walls are white. On one Only recently Dai Ailian had every day after school, Dai Ailian is a huge mirror in front of which her sitting-room converted into a would stand in the doorway and is a barre used by dancers in train- dance studio. "It's more con- watch the teacher at work. Then at paintings. ing. Of the several the venient for me to practice, prepare home, she would practice what she most eye-catching is a large oil of Iessons and do choreography here. had Dai Ailian seen. Once when the teacher herself on the wall And when I teach the intermediate sprained her ankle, Dai Ailiari was facing the door. Smiling and wear- grade of Labanotation I hope I can asked to help coach her classmates. ing her hair pinned up, she stands do it here. I suppose I haven't Thus she became a "teacher" at a in front of a pond of lotus flowers. many more working years left, so very young age. fn her hand she holds a thick file I want to do as much as pos- of Laban dance notation scores. sible. " Her white shirt is tinged a shade Dai Ailian is a vice-chairman of Seeking a New Form of pink by the flower-s. the Chinese Dancers' Association At fourteen, Dai Ailian went to "It was painted by a young an,d artistic advisor of Central the London with her mother and sis- artist and given to me." Dai .A.ilian Ballet Company. is years It fifty ters and joined the class of explained, her hand resting on the since she began ballet first to study the famous British dancer Anton barre. "The Lotus Dance is an old dance. She told me, spent my "I Dolin and Rambert Ballet one, created more than twenty childhood in South America, my the School. she also a yearc ago." It was in 1953 that Dai youth in England and my mature Later became Ailian choreographed it, winning a years in China." Dai Aiiian studied student of the f amous teacher Margaret silver medal at the World Youth ballet and modern dance abroad, Craske. Festival that same year. It is still yet her artistic life as a dancer has Not long afterwards her father very populaq. its roots and has blossomed in the went bankrupt. Ivloney was scarce Dressed in a blue training suit soil of Chinese national dance. and Dai Ailian's life became very and silk-padded jacket, Dai Ailian hard. She worked as a TV dancer, is a petite, slim figure. Despite her Early Life and Education an artist's model, scrubbed floors age, now 64, she remains lithe and and made masks to sell. Some- youthful. At the time of our talk, Dai Ailian was born in Trinidad times she "rent hungry to her she was preparing to participate in in an overseas Chinese family, dancing class. the 1981 New Year show staged by whose origins were in Xinhui Dai Ailian sought .a new form overseas Chinese artists residing county, Guangdong province. In- of dance that would combine and working in Beijing. She in- fluenced by her mother, who loved ballet technique with new dy- tended to perform two dances she music, even when she was very namism. At that time, however, stnall she liked to dance while her ballet and modern dance were TAN AIQING is a staff reporter for mother played the pianola. When viewed as antagonistic. Studying China Reconstructs. she was nine, her mother sent her in the modern dance studio run by MABCH 198r 49 r[ [ Y,, Ill (,{ tl ill /y it l{.lL t fi8il4il

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people 1946 program' Playbill announcing the .Borderlands Dai Ailian (left) performing a dance of the Yao at the Music antt Dance Show tlirected by Dal Ailian in 1946.

Leslie Burrowes-Goossens, Dai often gone to the librarY of the speak it onlY after I came to Ailian was looked down upon British Museurn for books on China." as only being capable of light China. She loved to meet piatriotic them Dancer' dance. Determined to show to her Chinese. "I was attracted to 'Bordetlands Folk I think everyone should be teacher and classmates she was because In 1941 Dai Ailian reached more modern than theY. she chose proud of his countrY." Sometimes, the temPorarY war- she would go to Chongqing, a Prokofiev march and, choreo- at Christmas, time capital of the Kuomintang End to for graphed a dance through which London's East Perform government. On her waY she haP- Chinese seamen and their families she stamped her waY, much to the pened to pass through the moun- in a place so crowded that she had amazement of everyone. Then she tainous area of the Yao minoritY, to dance on a big square table. ballet and the where she saw some of their folk suggested that the 1937 when the Anti-JaPanese learn from In dances. In Chongqing, she choreo- modern dance should War broke out, Dai Ailian took this was graphed her first dance the Yao each other and for part in performances organized bY - expelled from- the class. Ceremonial Dance. the China Campaign Committee to Dai Ailian taught dance In 1939, she was awarded a At first raise funds for the China Defense at government-run co1leges. scholarship to studY in the famous two League headed by Soong Ching Her experiences there convinced Jooss-Leeder Dance School. She Ling (Madame Sun Yat-sen). It was Kuomintang regime half year at her that the spent air unforgettable around this time that a friend lent was not in the"least interested in picturesque Dartington Hall, where her Red Star Ouer Chtna bY Edgar the development of China's na- she also became a student of La- Snow. Fascinated, she read it at tional arts. ban's system. After the outbreak of one go. In it, she was excited to Later she was invited bY China's the Second World War, the school find that there was hoPe in war- fambus progressive educator Tao was suspbnded. Dai Ailian decided ravaged China. This made her Xingzhi to work as a dance teacher to leave Britain and. set out for long to go and serve her country at Yucai School in Chongqing. Her China. with her art. experience there was entirely dif- "When I was in England, all mY ferent. Her wish to exPlore na- Serving China Through Dance teachers said that I was a tYPicaI tional dance was met with warm Chinese, and that I should Perform .oppolt. The school held a Per- Dai Ailian did not have anY Chinese dances. But I had never formance to raise funds for her to relatives in China. Her decision, seen any. I thought that bY com- travel to the national minoritY therefore, required both courage ing to ehina I could not onIY Per- areas. In the summer of 1945, Dai and confidence. "From the time I form but also learn and develqp Ailian went to the northern Part was very small I knew that I had Chinese dance. I was twentY-four of Sichuan province inhabited a motherland. I longed to see it," years old and couldn't speak a by Tibetans. During her two she explained. In London, she had word of Chinese. I learned to months there she recorded

BECONSTRUCTS 50 CHINA their dances using Labanotation. performed in more than ten ioun- Central Ballet Company. While I She Looked for national dances tries and is regarded as "a typical was talking to her, she said arro- wherever she went. oriental dance". gantly" 'Why is it I can't under- In 1946 a grand performance of stand you?' Then I met her again dance and music from China's The Hard Years in the Tianqiao Theatre at a dress borderla4ds was organized by Dai With regard to her experiences rehearsal of the ballet ?he Red Ailian Chongqing, of in the first in the ten years of turmoil, during Detachment of Women. I told her its kind in the history Chinese of all of which she was persecuted by frankly that some of the dances dance. With her students, she per- Jiang Qing, Dai Ailian said, "Jiang in this ballet lacked national style. foimed a variety of Tibetan, Qiang, Qing hated people to have their She ignored me. But more than Yao and Uygur dances. The eve- own ideas always wanted a year later. in October 1967, Jiang great and ning was a success. People others obey her. first met her suddenly asked one day, 'Why gave to I Qing her the title "Borderlands in 1964 when she came to see the haven't you done anything about Folk Dancer" in recognition of her pioneer contribution. The dances perf ormed were soon popular Teaching Labanotation to young dance,rs. Wu Chuping among patriotic young people. Dai Ailian also choreographed a num- ber of dances on the theme of the Anti-Japanese War including "Guerilla Coup", "Longing- for Home". "Air Raid", "Sale" and others. "During my five yeans in Chongqing," Dai A,ilian said, "I got the biggest encouragement from Zhou Enlai. I often went to the weekend dancing parties held at the Eighth Route Liaison Office where I first met him and his wife Deng Yingchao. It was Zhou En- lai who taught me the popular folk Aangge dance. In 1949 when Bei- jing was liberated, I danced the Aangge to welcome the People's Liberation Army into the city of Beijing.''

New Artistic Creation With artists from different countries at the llth Biennial Conference of ahe International Council of Kinetography Laban/Labanotation heltl in France. After the founding of the new Wu Jingshu China. a new, vast horizon opened up for Dai Ailian. She was appointed head of several dance companies and became principal of the Beijing Dance School, the first to be set up in the People's Re- public. Her dances at this stage were imbued with new ideas and subjects. In.the graceful and lyri- cal Lotus Dance, she used lctus blossoms to symbolize the happy and more prosperous new life. Her old wish to create a dance based on the flying angels pictured in the Tang-dynasty murals in the Dunhuang caves was realized. She consulted famous painters and did painstaking research. Her Dance of the Flying Angels, when first staged in 1955, attracted au- diences with its fresh, graceful and fluent style. It has since been MARCH 1987 5l Dai Ailian?' This remark was the other overseas Chinese there. Her Soon a stone bust of Dai Ailian, start of my prolonged Years of talk orr the changes in the town in which was sculpted in 1939 bY Willi torment. In the thirties in Ger- Xinhui county from which her Soukop, R.A., Master of SculPture many I saw with my oivn eyes how ancestors came delighted the au- and head of the DePartment of the German Nazis suppressed Peo- dience. She also attended the Sculpture at the RoYal AcademY ple. trn the fortids I witnessed how festival held on the occasion of the School in London is to be'presented progressive students were oppress- 100 anniversary of the death of on a long-term Ioan to the RoYal Bournonville where she ed and attacked by the Kuomin- August Academy of Dancing in London, thought that in the met noted ballet dancers from all tang. I never while another made of fibre-glass sixties myself would have to suf- over the world. Last spring she I resin is to be placed in the newly- persecution the feudal was in London again, to attend the fer by opened Dance Museum in Stock- fascism of the gang of four." Conference of the Conseil Interna- Sweden in recognition of In those years, Dai Ailian was tional de la Dance (CIDD-LTNES- holm, Ailian's contribution to dance denounced and maltreated. Her CO) and report on the situation of Dai in China and the world. ! home was ransacked and later oc- dancers in China. cupied. Her things were thrown into a storeroom. Driven out of her office, she was forced to clean the dance studio and lavatories. Later she was sent to the countrY- side to do hard physical labor. Her health broke. When she came back to Beijing for medical treat- Ghina's Uoice Abroad ment she had to find shelter with her old students or her steP- daughter, since she was homeless. NT EW China's international swered publicly in the Listeners' I\ broadc""t station was, set uP Letterbox program. In International Dan€ing Circles in April, 1950 and named "Radio To meet the requirements of Peking". In May, 1978, its full foreign radio stations, Radio Dai Ailian became more dedi- name was changed to "The Inter- Peking mails out its taPed Pro- cated and stronger after those national Radio of the PeoPle's Re- grams introducing China's econ- nightmare years. She did not wait public of China", but its call sign omy, culture and sPorts, thus helP for her health to recover complete- remains "Radio Peking". ing cultural exchange between ly before launching into work. In Radio Peking now broadcasts in China and foreign countries' 1977, while she was still recuperat- 38 foreign languages (see box), as (Zheng Youshui) ing in Guangdong, she found time compared to onlY 7 when it start- . Song and ed. In addition, it uses four Chi- to coach the Guangdong FOREIGN- twice visited nese dialects Guangzhou (Can- RADIO PEKING Dance Ensemble. She - LANGUAGE BROADCASTS the new Shengli Oil Field in Shan- tonese), Xiamen (AmoY), Hakka over- dong province and lived among the and Chaozhou to reach To Asia: and- foreign nationals Burmese, English, oil workers there. ' The result was seas Chinese In Bengali, Chinese descent. It transmits Esperanto, Filipino, French, Hin- a new dance reflecting their lives. of 136Y, hours of every di, Indonesian, Japanese, Kam- year she started two classes Programs puchean, Korean, Laotian, MalaY. Last day. people from various Mongolian, Nepali, Pushtu, Rus- and taught 71 Programs include news, com- dance troupes the rudiments of sian, Sinhalese, Tamil, Thai, mentary, music and sPecial sub- Urdu, Vietnamese. Labanotation. jects such as: China in Construc- To Africa and West Asia: In the early days after 1949 Dai tion, Culture in China, HistorY and ln Arabic, Persian, English, Ailian was active in international Cultural Relics, China's SPorts, French, Hausa, Italian, Portu- cultural exchanges. In the last two Listeners' Letterbox, Learn to guese, Spanish, Swahili, Turkish. To Latin America: years she has also done much to speak Chinese, Travel Talk, etc' promote them between China and In Portuguese and SPanish. To North America: other countries. In 1979 she was f,\ ACH year Radio Peking re- In English. invited to the International Laban I'/ ceives about 100,000 letters To Europe: Centenary Symposium held in Lon- from listeners in more than 100 In Albanian, Bulgarian, Czech, don, where she delivered her re- regions, asking ques- English, Esperanto, French, countries and German, Hungarian, Italian, port "Laban's Influence in China". tions and expressing the listeners' During that visit she met teachers Polish, Portuguese, Romanian, views, suggestions and criticisms. Russian, Serbo-Croatian, SPanish. and schoolmates whom she had not It has a special staff to handle To the South Pacific: seen for more than fortY Years. letters. Some of them are an- In English. She revisited her birthPlace in Trinidad and met her familY and CHINA RECONSTBUCTS 52 THE KING OF LOCKS

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MARCH I98I 53 oy in a Mountoin Yillose

CHEN RINONG

where golden cucumber flowers tilizer in the paddy field, the other are in fuII bloom. to work on industrial and sideline production in the village. A sturdv man walks out of his After breakfast, Hu Rihe Pre- A no.r."l buttoning his hand- pares to leave. Because the work Ioomed shirt. In his small placg is so far from his home, he courtyard stacked with firewood, won't be able to come back for he takes up two buckets to fetch lunch, so his ri-rother Prepares The village with the bridge at the far water" His name is Hu Rihe, and. some salted meat and vegetables end. Chen Rinong at 35, he is a production team in a basket for him. The PeoPle leader in the village. Like other of the four grouPs assemble families, he and his wife must do where a few planks cross the 'I\TESTLED in a valley of the the household chores before and stream at the western edge of .I\ zn"rrggo.,g Mountains. 1,600 the after work. He has a familY oI village. Chatting and laughing, meters above sea level, lies He leads six, including two school-age they head off to work. Baishiyuan Village. It is situated the forest children, a smaller girl and his about 80 people through in Wuyuan county. an area in open, field of 33 elderly mother who does most ol to an sloping northeastern Jiangxi province new saPlings the housework. After carryinq hectares where fir noted for its green tea. Set amid mature ones he sharpens were planted after verdant fir trees and tall bamboos, ten buckets of water, preparation for were felled two years ago. Be- the village centers around a clear his hoe and axe in work in the forest and re-enters cause of the scarcity of cultivable stream crossed by the covered land in this mountain area, the Fengyu Bridge, which is a popular the house for breakfast. The Baishiyuan production people take advantage of the gathering place for the villagers. sparse growth of the saPlings in The people of Baishiyuan Village brigade consists of five production teams in three villages working a their first three years and Plant reflect the changes taking place in between the rows. Nou. throughout hilly area of 400 hectares and a corn countless other villages they weed the field and till thc day in their lives re- paddy field of 1.5 hectares. In re- China. A soil. each group being responsible veals great deal about village cent years, because of orders to a for a certain amount. Iife in modern China. produce more grain, the brigade had to destroy much of the moun- As dawn breaks, the crowing of AN the oath of the mountain cocks and twittering of birds tain forest to enlarge the area of tilled iand. Now, under the U oppo"it", two men appear break the misty quiet. Smoke carrying axes and rifles. TheY eurls up fiom chimneys and the general policy of develoPing a it has the aren't hunters. The short one is sound of the radios can be heard diversified economy, job authority to make plans based on Wu Quankai, 55, whose is to as the local broadcasting station protect the forests. The other, goes the A typical day of Iocal conditions. People here have on air. Wu Jiaxing, 57, is dePuty leader hard work is about to begin. chosen to concentrate on forestrY of the forest brigade. It is the job entrance the village, as their principal industry and At the to people in their brigade to girl braids is riding a water also to encourage the Production of nine a in mountain buffalo to take it up the mountain of tea, oil, grain and other local patrol 3,400 hectares of more 2,000 to graze. A robust-looking boy products. forest, including than planted trees and comes along smiling with a bam- Hu Rihe lives in the middle vil- hectares with fir boo fish trap containing eight Iage and, as a production team saplings and 1,200 hectares of has sold a silver-scaled fish just taken from leader, is in charge of four Pro- bamboo. The brigade of logs the stream where he had placed duction groups. He always dis- total of ?4,000 cubic meters it the night before. Three elderly cusses the work plan a day ahead to the state. It also takes everY people out in the vegetable gardens of time with the heads of the opportunity to educate the PeoPle of their private plots spread groups. Today he will lead two about preserving the forests. If night soil amid high trellises of them to work deep in the moun- commune members want to build tains, as he has done for the last new houses or to make furniture, The other two grouPs they may buy wood at a low Price CHEN RINONG is a reporter for China five days. Beconslructs, will separate, one to aPPly fer- from the brigade.

54 CIIINA RECONSTBUCIS Deadwood is gathered and dividing among the villagers as firewood. When Spring Festival comes, the brigade will give two kilograms of pork to each family without charge and then hold a meeting to warn that if someone dares to steal logs, he will be forced to kill his own pig and send one kilogram of pork to each family in the whole village and to make a self-criticism as well

flrits;- ^r

New cable'*ay speeds transpoFt of logs. Wang Weiaan

Opposite the factory, under a Now the brigade has three maple tree, stands a bambor.l shed, mechanized tea-processing fac- where eight men are busy slicing tories. One of them is built be- meter-long bamboo tubes into side the stream and is powered by four pieces to fill an order from a water wheel. Only six workers a construction unit. Older people are needed to operate the rolling who can't go out to work stay at machine and roasting pans. spraying 20 fir saplings. home making chopsticks, Wang Weigon bamboo The brigade sells 16,000 kilograrns which they sell to the state" Other of tea per year to the state. sidelines include the processing of Everyone is made aware how im- mushrooms, edible fungus and the A new highway passes in front portant it is to protect the forests. fruit of the lltsea cubeba tree, fa- ef the tea-processing factory. Wu Jiaxing has come to the which is pressed for oii. More than 20 young people are mountain to see how the work oI working under the scorching sun telling the trees and transport- rFHE VILLAGE becomes quiet to extend it westward into the ing the logs is proceeding. I at noon: the machines have mountains. It is a vital transport Only two years ago, people stclpped and people are having line. Formerly, large logs could had to carry the logs dorvn the lunch. OnIy the hum of the be moved from the mountain only mountain. Now the logs, suspend- cicadas and the murmur of the in summer when the stream was ed from a seven-kilorneter-long stream can be heard. After Iunch in spate, just a dozen days each cableway slide down across the the tea-processing factory begins valley. This saves a tremendous work on the tea leaves picked in amount of labor and increases ef- the morning- This humid moun- The hydropower station, Wono Zenehu ficiency by 16 times. Now. the tain region is well-known as one brigade can ihip out 2,500 cubic of Wuyuan county's important meters of logs per year. tea-growing areas. It has a tea Outside the village the com- garden of 80 hectares. If the mune members are very busy fragrant, tender Ieaves are not stacking logs. People in the saw- processed as soon as they are mill at the eastern edge of the picked, they will change color and village are busy, too. In the past be worthless. In past years, all no one bothered with the branches, th€ jobs had to be done by hand. even the large ones. Now The workers usually spent the day the mill makes full use of these, picking tea Ieaves and processed processing and selling them for them by night. During the busy construction and furniture, an season in for they could rest only ,!:.: income of 80,000 yuan each year. shifts for a few hours each day. ';l'1 MABCH T98r year, so a large number of logs again, and the broadcasting station play in the water. The stream is rotted on the mountain. Other returns to the air. The co-oPera- a place of noise and excitement" local products had to be carried tive store opens for business. from the mountain on shoulder Finally the men who had been T\ARKNESS falls and Iights are poles. Brrt during the past two working on the mountain return. IJ turned on. The nerily-built years, the brigade, with help from Because of the long distance and hydropower station, with a caPa- the government, has comPleted 10 the hard work they are all tired. city of 20 kilowatts, Provides kilometers of the highway and Hu Rihe sits to rest for a moment. electricity for lighting homes bY purchased two trucks which carry Then he takes off his straw night and for processing the Prod- Iogs out of the area. At dusk, the sandals, which are almost worn ucts of industry, agriculture and The sound of a motor horn summons out. He goes through five Pairs sideline enterprises by daY. pine for some of the older villagers from of sandals a month, and the other days of burning branches Iight have ended. houses to see what the truck has mountain workers do the same. of the brought back. lt stops near His neighbor, Hu Haixiang, a Nighttime cultural life takes off his mountain village is still timited. Fengyu Bridge in a flat clearing quiet young man, film of 50 square meters thaf is used sandals, as his wife brings him a The commune Projec- can come onlY once as parking lot and sometimes cup of tea. They have been mar- tion team a So Fengyu Bridge be- serves as an open-air theater. ried tor only six months, and on a month. their door still hangs a red ci, the comes the social center every night. With its tile roof and i"FHE Zhongxin Primary School character for haPPiness. The vil- balustrade, the bridge is a haPPY I closes and some 70 children lagers are all hapPy about their spot for chatting, laughing, smok- run out of its doors. The women marriage because in Past Years no ing, drinking and listening to the come home too. According to the girl living outside would have The regulations the brigade they been willing to marrY into this news over the loudspeaker. of another visitor are permitted to leave work half remote and poor mountain vaIIeY. day I was there, a fortune-teller, brought in bY hour early to do household Now the living standard is high- was an wanted to workers the and the situation has been an old woman who chores. Then from er, wedding daY for processing factories and commune changed. choose a lucky members who have spent the day Hu Rihe, Hu Haixiang and other her son. usually go to bed in fields all come home. The young men go to the stream for The villagers the o'clock, village becomes a lively place a bath. The boys follow them to early. By about nine they leave the bridge, and one bY one the Iights go out. But the light in the brigade office is still burning. Hu Rihe and some com- mune members are having a BiS Boy heated discussion about the vil- lage economy. In recent Years, because of the develoPment of a diversified economy, the average (left, Five-year-old Liu Debiao income per person has increased L4, 1975), who lives born April to 164 yuan, or 60 more Xinghua Percent on a commune in than three years ago. But because province, is as county, Jiangsu of the scarcity of cultivated land, taII as 14-year-old beside the the villagers can Produce enough him. grain to feed themselves for onlY Measuring 1.41 meters in three months out of the and weighing 41.5 kilo- Year height and the rest have to dePend on the grams, man for he can carry a state or buy grain at a higher back weighing 65 kilos on his price. for over 100 meters. He eats a Resources in such remote moun- great deal at meals but doctors tain areas must be further taPPed are trying to find if there is and fully utilized. As the PoPula- cause for his growth. any other grows, more housing will be Photo bg Yang ZuoYa tion needed, and medical care and cultural life will have to be further improv€d. These Problems will not be solved overnight, but much progress has been made. Hu Rihe must rest to PrePare himself for another daY on the mountain. tr

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White m6rble statue of Liu Sanjie in a Liuzhou park.

The present Liu Sanjie acted by thc well- Fang Deshou, a singer' Su Yulan, a female singer known actress Huang Wanqiu. of Zhuang nationality. of Yao nationalit?

Flaying the reed-PiPes. Songfest of the Zhuang People

LIU CHEN Roadside stage for festlval performances. rnHE singing competition is the in a competition of mountain poured from loudspeakers. Four I gah traditional event of the songs which alternated theme and large lanterns shaped like lotus year among minority nationalities response. The dull-witted Mo flowers floated on the surface of in south China, particularly the hired three scholars to sing in his Small Dragon PooI. Under bright Zhuangs of Guangxi, famous for place. But they lost. Very angry, road lights were stalls selling tea, its mountain folk songs. Thousands the landlord banned'the singing of books and magazines, and sou- of people come from far around to mountain songs, then decided to venirs of many kinds. We could hear local contestants compete in seize the girl by force. hear the music of reed pipes. The dialog singing. In some places the Third Sister Liu escaped to the local reed pipes are made of songfest is held in the spring, in area around the town of Liuzhou bamboo tubes of different sizes others, at other times of the year. where she was hidden in a moun- and lengths with a reed mouth- I attended one outside the city of tain cave by a kind old fisherman. piece and tied together with strips Liuzhou, an important Zhuang Sitting on a rock in front of the of rattan. The largest may be community at the time of the mid- cave, she sang to the villagers three meters long, the smallest 60 autumn festival, which falls on the every day. But soon after, she or 70 cm. Players hold it with 15th day of the 8th lunar month was discovered by her pursuer. (September 23 last year). There, Just as she was be about to Yufengshan Park. in a scene bustling with noise and captured, the sky suddenly cloud- excitement, some 100 singers of the ed and flashes of lightning and Zhuang, Han, Yao, Miao and Dong peals of thunder split the air. nationalities took part in a singing Third Sister Liu jumped into the competition before audiences nearby Small Dragon Pool, turned reaching as many as 10,000 people. into a fairy maiden and rose into Overlooki.ng this mountain the sky on a giant carp. From then festival was a four-ton statue of on, people celebrated her as an Liu Sanjie (Third Sister Liu) three immortal singer. meters high.' Liu Sanjie was a This oId tale was filmed after singer in a folktale handed down the founding of new China and among the Zhuang people for continues to be a favorite. more than a thousand years. Clever, pretty, brave, industrious and a good singer, she was a nN the evening of the festival, village girl in Yishan county. A r-z rflith friends I crossed the Liu landlord named Mo Hairen wanted River Bridge to go to Yufengshan her. But the girl told him she Park on Liuzhou's outskirts. Over would agree only if he could win the park gateway festival lanterns glowed and many-colored flags LIU CHEN is a staff photographer lor waved. Chatting, laughing crowds China Reconstructs. streamed into the park. Melodies'

MARCH T98I both hands while blowing it. In The bi.g round moon is truW To be uith Aoa orle daY equals this area it produces 15 different bright, one aear; tones and the music strongly re- Looking at it, u)e can't help Truly,l yearn for gou, sembles that of the Miao and Dong uondering As one Aearns for cloudY daYs nationalities. When Taiusan uill come back in hot su,rnmer, to our rnotherlanil, Maid: [)USHING our way through the So we can welcome oul Peach blossor/Ls are bright red, I throng, we climbed a small kinsf olk back horne. in March, hill to get a better view. Twelve Song after song floated on the To Look at you once equals a young performers, six men and six night air, the audience listening uhole winter; women, were dancing. The men attentively. Among the older Trulg,I long f or gou, wore white shirts, short-sleeved singers was Fang Shoude of the As one Aearrls Jor a usarm fire black jackets, yellow trousets, Zhuang nationality from Liucheng i.n the usinter. wide cloth sashes. They played county. He has been singing since Man: reed pipes as they danced. The he was twelve and todaY is known A bodA is Like iton, a meal is women, wearing their national Iocally as "the king of song". Ltke steel, costumes, garlands in their hair Before 1966 he had collected Not eating for three ilaYs, a person is staroed; ry three dags Poss without seeing you, It's like hatsing no food at all in the house. Maid: I'm uery busY toith hand,s and ' feet, Wearsing ten nxeters of brocade i,n a night; whom * If someone asks me for I am roeouing, "For rrLA belotsed," is mY ansu)er. Leaving the park, we came to a wide street where several other .@ stages had been set uP. Some singers in makeup were Performing in front of a big blackboard on which were rhymes and Poems especially written for the occasion. Sidewalk stands were selling One of the singe,rs. Photos bg Liu Chen oranges, bananas, PineaPPles and other fruit, noodles and meat dishes. So enchanting in sound and silver bracelets, waved hundreds of local folk songs. and sight was the celebration that streamers of colored silk. During the disastrous "cultural people were still happily thronging were The hillside was covered with revolution", however, theY the streets late into the night. D people. A space in the center, burned as "vulgar" and "morallY flanked by two big banyan trees corrupting". But they could not about ten meters apart, was the be wiped out of his memory. TodaY stage. Under each tree was a he sang again and his songs evoked table on which were a microphone happy laughter and applause. Corrections and two tea mugs. Two men 1. In the afiicle Flging to the Moon singers stood on the left and two TFRADITIONAL competitions in our December issue, the credit women singers on the right. A I usually consist of three kinds line on page 22 should read "Draw- of songs: battles of wits, sometimes ings by Zhao Shiying". man was singing: 2. The introduction to the author The 15th oJ the 8th month is turning into satire and mutual on page 28 of the same issue should Mid-autuntn Feast, sarcasm; cross-question songs to read "GU CHAOHAO is Professor oI The big moon hangs over Iearn the real intentions or test the mathernatics". full 3. In the article on the Huanghe our heails. knowledge of the other con- (Yellow) River on page 36 of our Since the beginning oJ the testant; and love songs. Here is February issue this year, the sentence uorlil an example of the latter: in column 2 saying the Huanghe con- tains 590 kg, of sand mud Per cubic No one has matched todoy's Man: meter of water should read "22 kg."' jubilation. , All peach blossorns are bright The women responded: in March,

62 CHINA BECON8TNUCTS j1 ESANG Gawa, a tall boy; V pulled out the bundle with a stick. What was it? The boys opened it apprehensive- ly. Ah! They saw 22 embroi- dgred silk portraits very much like the ones on the walls of the New Palace. The boys puzzled over them. Gesang Gawa suggested, "Come, let's show them to my father first." They ran back to his home with the pic- tures. After checking it carefully, his father told them that this was a set of thangkas (scroll paint- ings), a type unique to Tibet. Next, he asked the children, "What do you want to do with it?" "We'll give it to the country !" they answered in chorus. According to the initial identi- fication by the Culture Bureau of The three Tibetan boys who found the hidden thangkas: (Ieft to right) Wan[dui, Gesang Gawa and Gongga. the Tibetan Autonomous Region, these are among the precious relics of the Qing dynasty (1644-1911) Children in Tibet. They include por- traits of eighteen arhats and f our lokapalas, each measuring 80 cm. long and 40 cm. wide. Each Three Tibetan Boys was finely embroidered with gold and silver colored silk thread. The Culture Bureau held an Present Treasures to the State awards ceremony. Amid warm applause, the schoolmates of the three children pinned red flowers nNE day in the summer of 1980, asked two close friends to come on their breasts. The head of the \-/ Gongga, a 12-year-old pupil in with him. 12-year-old Gesang Culture Bureau rewarded each of the Workers, Peasants and Soldiers Gawa, a pupil at the No. 1 Pri- them with 50 yuan, a souvenir Primary School in Lhasa, Tibet, mary School, and 11-year-old medal, a pen, and some pictures was chasing birds in Norbu Lingka Wangdui, who goes to the August and notebooks. He praised their Park, the grounds of Lhasa's 1 Primary School in Lhasa, both public-spirited eagerness to protect ancient summer palace. Walking live near the park. our country's cultural heritage. ! through a wood of poplars he went to the west gate of the park. Many visitors were wandering Embroidered thangka portraits of two of From the set of the eighteen arhats. around the main buildings in the the four Iokapalas. Photos ba Goo Lujia enclosure, the gilded-roofed New Palace in the east; but in the west there were ,few visitors. Near the woodland there is an ancient archway that has collapsed, but part of it still stands. Gongga gave up on the birds and started to move the stones beneath the archway to build a playhouse. Suddenly, he found a hole under the stones. He lay on the ground and looked into it. Oh ! There was a bundle of black labrics. "Are these the clothes of someone buried here?" He felt a bit frightened. He ran back and

MARCII T98I 63 Ancient Carvings on Rocks ' GAI SHANLIN

Heads. Are they portraits or ma.sks?

Ceremonial 'h4e., dance. -t9

t:*". i, Herding. t {+:+' '

Mounted Hunler Animals. Hunler and r'art,

64 CHINA BECONSTRUCIS rF HE Langshan mountain area in horses in large and small groups ties (221 B.C.-220 A.D.) and the I the western part of the Yin- are properly arranged, brimming last irnperial dynasty, the Qing shan range in the Inner Mongo- with lite and prosperity. Mass (1644-1911). Some, however, are lian Autonomous Region was once migration is also reflected in the much older and may be traced the home of a number of ancient paintings. back to the Bronze Age more than China's nomadic nationalities. Carts are always carved on 4.000 years ago ,:] including the Xiongnu (Hun), rocks along the main lines of com- Tujue (Turk), Huihe (Ouigur), munication of the nomads. Dangxiang and Mongolian peoples. Carvings showing dances are Their life several thousand years seen everywhere. They represent Chinese Cookery ago can be seen in many carvings ceremonies of sacrifice to gods on the smooth surfaces of preci- and ancestor"s. pices and rocks in the places Pictures of human heads are Apples in Spun Sugar where they had camped or usually incomplete, having only gathered for sacrifices and eyes o{ a mouth. some have (Basi Pingguo) prayers. Li Daoyuan (486 or 472- sharply-pointed hats, clearly de- 527), a geographer, saw these carv- picting Turkic people. ings as early as the 5th century Some heads look very strange, 2 small to medium apples and recorded them in his books. and probably represent imaginary 3.,'4 cup sugar As cultural relics, they constitute gods or spirits. They are usually 7 tablespoons flour a body of valuable historical data surrounded by the sun, moon and 2 cups vegetable oil for deep and images. stars. Such works are seen in the frying Wiih the help of the local quiet, deep mountain valleys. ) pooc herdsmen during the last f our A carving of a battle, in which 3 tablespoons water years, I" made a thousand or so a victory clearly being won by one Peel apples and while turning rubbings of these carvings of dif- side, mi.ght have commemorated a in hand slice off wedges about 3 ferent periods, and investigated tribal triumph. centimeters long. Mix flour, eggs many ancient ruins and tombs of Many marks on the caryings are and water and stir in apple the nomadic tribes in order to primitive words or emblems of dif- wedges until evenly coated. study and understand these ferent tribes (see fig. 1). Inscrip- Pour oil into heated skillet. carvlngs. tions in Mongolian, Han, Tibetan, When it bubbles add apple wedges The carvings can be seen from Xixia, and Huihe languages can one by one. Fry until coating the Alxa Left Banner (Bayan Hot) still be seen clearly. Other deeply- swells and browns, then remove in the west, through Dengkou carved marks are possibly nu- and drain. Keep apples warm in county and the Chaoge Banner to merals (see fig. 2). a separate covered pan over low the Urad Zhonghou United Ban- heat. ner in the east, covering an area (r)xx63y-OOD Pour out deep-frying oil, reheat 300 kilometers long by 40 to 70 skillet and add 2 tablespoons oil. kilometers wide. The main Add sugar and stir over slow fire subjects are animals, including until sugar melts, bubbles and horses, cattle, sheep and deer (the (2) I rl lrl nll starts to turn color. Remove from' four most closely connected with fire, swirling contents around for herdsmen's life), roe deer, handa about a minute. When sugar elk, foxes, donkeys, camels, Rock carvings are scattered all turns golden brown 1et it cool a wolves, dogs, tigers, leopards, tor- over the world. Those in China bit until it spins a thread, then toised, snakes and wild geese. A are mainly found in Yunnan, add hot apple wedges. (If apples few birds are represented but Guangxi, Guizhou, Sichuan, and are cold, reheat .in hot oil, for there are no fish at all. Some of Tibet in the southwest, Xinjiang, sugar will not stick to them if the animals are rare in the area Gansu in the northwest, and cold.) Toss or stir apples lightly today, and others like hon,do elk, Heilongjiang in the northeast. until evenly coated with sugar, no longer exist. However, these Those found in the Langshan area then pour onto a greased platter carvings show that the area used of Inner Mongolia are larger in and serve immediately. to be covered by thickets where number and older than those in Provide a bowl of cold water many animals lived. other places" in which to dip and cool'apples There are many carvings about At present it's difficult to date before eating. This dish is often hunting, some made up of only these carvings exactly. However, served as a sweet course at Chi- one bow or a bow and arrow. The their content, carving technique, nese banquets. For variety, carvings of grazing sheep and stone colors and inscriptions, com- substitute banana chunks, tange- pared with those found in Gansu rine sections, or French-fried and Xinjiang, suggest that most of potatoes (without batter) for ap- GAI SHANLIN is a member of the cul- ples. four. tural relics work team of fnuer them were done at different times Serves Mongolia. betwegn the Qin and Han dynas-

MARCII T98T 65 (Temple of Longevity), west oI today's Purple Barriboo Park in Beijing's western suburbs. During the Qing dynasty (1644-1911), Emperor Yong Zheng (1678-1735) ordered it moved to where it now ls. The moving of the bell, whose weight has now been estimated at 46.6 tons, was done quite inge- niously. In the water was poured on the road"vinter betrveen the two temples and the beli was slid over the ice. The new bell tower was built up around it after it got there. The bell was placed on a mound of earth so that it stood at the height it would hang, and Iater the earth was removed. Qing dynasty emperors came here to strike the bell and pray for rain in years of serious drought. T N October 1980. before the I reopening of the temple. specialists from the Acorgitics Re- search Institute of the Chinese Academy of Sciences took the bell's measurements and studied it from the point of view of acoustics. The outer dimensions of the bell were already know,n. It was neces- sary to learn the thickness to estimate the bell's volume and weight. But measuring the thickness of a great bell like this was no easy job for different parts of the bell were of diff erent thicknesses. Associate Professor Zha Jixuan of the institute suc-

fhe temple where the Yong Le Bell hangs was built in 1733. Li Fen rf\HE Yong Le Beli the second of the Ming dynasty (1368-16aa) I largest in the - world can calligrapher Shen Du. be seen today aI Da Zhong- This giant- bell, long f amed for Si (Great BelI Tempie) in Beijing's its tone and exquisite workman- western suburbs. This bronze bell ship, has been described in an has a body 4.5 meters high and a ancient book as follows: "Struck rnaximum outer diameter of 3.3 day or night, it is heard several meters. The loop for hanging dozen li* roundabout; its tone, alone is 1.1 meters high. Inscribed harmonious and diff erent from on its inner and outer surfaces that of other be),ls, seems to come are the Lotus Sutra and 16 other from both far and near." sutras totalling 227,A00 characters The bell was cast during the and said to be in the handwriting Yong Le reign (1403-1424) of the Ming dynasty. Hence its name Prof. Chen Iong, Vice-Dlrector of the the Yong Le Bell. It was first- Acoustics Research Institule of the Si Chinese Academy of Sciences, took housed in the Wan Shou part in the analysis of ihe bell's acoustical properties. i One li=1i3 mile

66 quite. possible that the ancients Finally, we invited musicians to took pitch into consideration when listen to the sound of the bell. they cast the bell. Unfortunately Associate Professor Li Huinian of we haven't been able to find out the Chinese Music Academy yet exactly how the casting was described it as "round and deep done. when the bell is struck lightly; sonorous! vigorous and penetrat- A FTER the bell is struck. its ing when it is struck harder. A1- A s6u66 gradually fades away. together most inspiring." This is called attenuation. Dif- Orchestra conductor Liu Deyu ferent partial tones have different admired the beII's tone quality rates of attenuation, These were and the fact that when struck it festing l'ibratjons. At left is author Chen Tong. Acoustics Research lnstitute ceeded in taking the needed measurements by means of ultra- sonic equipment. The bell's thin- nest part, right above the waist. measures 9.4 centimeters. Its sound bow or edge, 18.5 cm., is its thickest part, deliberately made so to prevent cracking when struck and to improve tone quality. The sound of a bell is made up of many "partial" tones, each with a different mode of vibration. Those with the greatest amplitude are the dominant tones, Studying the acoustical properties of the bell, assistant researcher Zheng Darui and I made a record of the bell's vibrating spots, 50 in all, and then analysed their vibrations with a computer. Among the dominant partial tones were two in the vicinity of 98 Hz (cycles per second). The in- teraction of these two tones pro- duces a slow undulation called a frequency beat. It was probably this that ancients described as the "far and near" effect. Other par- tial tones were found near 110, I'he loop for hanging is 1.1 meters high and is also covered with sutras, as is 729, i64,212,278,223 and 229 Hz. almost every inch of the top surface, Acoustics Research lnsti,tute There are still others with even higher frequencies, but these are hardly audible to the human ear. also recorded and measured. In produces a harmonious cord, which The Yong Le Bell's lowest partial this bell, the tones gradually at- he has scored as follows: tone is at 22 Hz. tenuate to a hum of very low Next, we determined the frequency which lasts a long time musical pitch of the main partial and produees its particular effect tones according to the standard of solemnity. temperament which sets the tone We also measured the intensity Aa at 440 Hz. The bell's 164 Hz of the sound. At 3 meters from partial tone, for instance. is very the bell's axis the sound level is close to the standard pitch of E3 about 720 decibels, the "feeling or 164.81 Hz. The other frequencies and hurting" level. It is still mentioned above correspond to Fe, around 92 decibels in the court- This corresponds with our own Gz, Az, C,r and ,A.3 respectively, yard in front of the bell tower. At tests. So perhaps one of the Yong and all are quite accurate. Per- this rate, the bell should easily be Le Beil's most outstanding charac- haps this was intentionai. It is heard "dozens of Ii away." teristics is its musical quality. tr

MARCH 1987 67 CI{IilESE IiISTORY-)()()( The Qing Dynasty 0. Traditional Gulture and Gritical ldeas

JIAO JIAN

Kang Xi and Yong Zheng reigns N Ei. fiF & (1661-1735). It covers six major ft tr. *.r rt t, fields, each with many subdivi- sions, and contains a wealth of I material particularly on China's economic history. Another compilation, the Si Ku 3,457 in HrIl! ffi Quan Shu, with titles /t' 79,070 volumes was put together in the Qian Long period. It is a collection of works from ancient times, ineluding classics, histories, _ philosophical writings and others. Seven hand-copied sets were made and kept in the cities of Beijing, Chengde (the summer palace in Hebei province), Shenyang in nbrtheast China, Zhenjiang on the Changjiang (Yangtze) River and . ;:;n;r::. -r,enr,. ",i Yangzhou also in Jiangsu Province A bronze armillary sphere of the Qine Illustration in 5th volume of the Golden Hangzhou on the southeastern dynasty Kang Xi period, more precise Mirror of Medicine, showing ac- and lhan earlier ones. upuncture poinis of "kialney channel." coast. Three were destroYed bY fire, but three are extant todaY on the mainland and one in Taiwan. |HINA'S CULTURE during the Inner Mongolia, he was recognized \-l Qing dynasty (1644-1911) con- very early for his mathematical The Novel 'Red Mansions' in and served as scientific tinued to develop in fields talent a This period is the great age of which ancient had advisor to Emperor Kang Xi. He her civilization the novel and drama in China. excelled, particularly astronorny worked for 50 years in the im- One the most outstanding was and medicine. As feudalism began periai institute of astronomy and of A Dream. of Red Mansions bY Cao to decline, ideas critical of it found calendrical calculations and also Xueqin (?-1763 or 64).* expression in literature. took part in a nationwide cartog- the Kang Xi, The biggest advances in the na- raphical project early in the dyn- Cao lived during Yong Zheng and Long reigns, tural sciences were made in astron- asty. His Method De- Qian Quick for the peak of dynastY rule. calendrical termining S egment Areas is China's Qing omy and calculation. grandfather Mei Wending (1633-1721), a mathe- first work on the theory of in- Both his father and the manufacture of silk maticiarl versed in both Chinese finite series. supervised household and western calendrical science In medicine, the Qian Long fabrics for the imperial post commissioner wrote some 80 works. One, reign (1736-1796) sponsored a re- in the of textile Doubts Concerning Caletldrical vised edition of the Golden Mimor of Jiangning prefecture (present- Calculations, combined China's of Medicine, a famous early work day Nanjing and adjacent counties) traditional knowiedge with that summarizing traditional Chinese and there Cao spent his childhood. from the west. Another work by medicine and listing many valuable Later his family fortunes declined htm lnoesti.gation of Chinese CaL- medical books and folk prescrip- and his aristocratic life came to endars, Nero and OId is China's tions. an end. He moved north to Beijing field. with 10,000 first history in thls A new encyclopedia tRecently Ming Antu (?-1765) was an out- volumes, the Gu Jin Tu Shu Ji published in three volumes in a new translation by Yang Xianyi standing and versatile scientist of Cheng, was compiled by a large and Gladys Yang by the Foreign Mongolian nationality. Born in number of scholars during . the Languages Press, Beijing.

6B CIIINA RECONSTRUCTS author portrays various characters with idiosyncrasies, and also op- pressed young men and women trying to smash the shackles of feudalism. As many heroines he chose innocent, courageous and faithful women, indicating pro- gressive attituCe for his time. .\ Two noted satirical novels are li The Scholars by Wu ,Iingzi (1701- 1754) and Fl.ousers in the Mimar by Li Ruzhen (c.1763-1830). The former, di.recting its spearheaci mainly against the inhuman feudal morality and the stereotyPed "eight-legged essay" civil service examination, bitingly satirizes the ugly behavior of the uPPer social strata. The latter novel, through Cao Xueqin, author of A Dream of Red Pu Songling, famous for his Strange descriptions of an imaginarY Mansions. Tales of Liaozhai. foreign land, criticizes social in- justices and abu-se-q" Particulariy praiseworthy are the authttr'** and lived in poverty. tlis contacts, The novel is admired for iis democratic ideas expressed in tl:e during this period, with people of grand scheme, many-faceted plot, resPect {or the lower social strata broadened vivid description. rich language 1o"*"". "t""erning his understanding of society. and sharp characterization. The The drastic change in his social main characters, the rebels, Jia status and way of life brought Baoyu and Lin Daiyu, the about a change in his thlnking and unyielding bondmaids Qingwen way of looking at things. Out of and Yuanyang, the feudal apol- his anger and indignation he con- ogist Jia ZL,eng and the vicious ceived the novel A Dream of Red family memlrer who manages the Mansions, which is a penetrating all mansion Wang Xifeng are L -,. i criticism of feudal society. Ill and highly individualized. yet at the t unable to afford proper medical same time typical. treatment. he died with only 80 Of all China's classical literary & chapters finished. It was com- works, this novel is the finest pleted in 40 chapters by Gao E content and example of integrating t!:l["l (c. 1738-1815). artistic f<;rm. It occupies an The main theme of the novel is important place in rv.:rid literature. the tragic romance of the girl Lin Daiyu and Jia Baoyu, darling son Critical Fiction of an aristocratlc family, in the period of the decline of feudalism. Another great work of fiction Lin Daiyu, whose parents had died was the Strange Tales oJ Liaozhai early, had grown up with her (also'Strong" translated under the title cousin Baoyu in the Jia mansion, Tales from o thin"tn home of her maternal grandmoth- Studio) by Pu Songling (1640-1715), er. The two young people's hatred a collection of several hundred for feudal oppression and desire popular stories written in concise for freedom to develop their indi- and vivid language. Through tales viduality helps a deep love to de- about ghosts and supernatural velop between them, but it is beings, as well as amazing adven- eventually strangled by the feudal tures of men, he gives vent to his ethical code. Baoyu is tricked into hatred of the world he lived in. marrying Xue Baochai, who rep- He lays bare the evilness of feudal resents all the orthodox feudal society and the corruption of the values. As the strains of the wed: government, and satirizes rapa- ding music sound, the ailing Daiyu cious officials, and local tyrants A Scholar in Seclusion bY Yun Shou- dies of a broken heart and Baoyu evil gentry. The book also contains ping shows a diny scholar in hut arnid runs away to become a monk. many love stories in which the a vast landscape,

MARCII T98T 69 Drama and Art and Gansu provinces, Anhui'prov- ference of 15 kilometers, it enclosed ince and the well-known kunqu over 150 splendid pavilions and Drama in the dynasty Qing from Jiangsu and Zhejiang prov- palaces among lakes, ponds and continued in the tradition devel- inces merged into the Beijing artificial mountains, and housed a oped in the Yuan and later Ming opera form. magnificent collection oI relics, dynasty (spoken plays with songs). The first century of the Qing fine furniture and art works, many Chief Qing dramatists were Hong dynasty was one of the great of which were carried away when Sheng (1645-1704) and Kong Shang- creative periods of Chinese paint- the British and French troops ren (1648-1718). The Palace of ing. Exhibiting originality in burned and looted the palace in Eternal Youth by the former is a composition and free and intense 1860*. I tragedy of the love between Tang emotion were a group of painters dynasty Emperor Ming Huang and known as the Eight Eccentrics of History Series Concludes his favorite concubine Yang Guifei. Yangzhou (in Jiangsu province). The Peach Bl,bssom Fon by Kong They broke with conventions in ?his is the last of this series ol Shangren portrays the harrowing revolt against narrow ideas. Other historg articles, rohich began in 1978, China's events at the time of the fall of outstanding painters, drawing on October treating the Ming dynasty. The love story techniques of earlier dynasties, history dynasty bg dgnasty. At Re- of a scholar and a courtesan is were Wang Shimin (1592-1680), sonae future date China used hopes publish in to picture the rottenness of feudal Wang Jian (1598-1677) who did a constructs to booklet this set of 3a arficles society and the selfishness of high great series of landscapes, and Yun form which couer politics, economy and officials, which, in the author's Shouping (1633-1690) noted for his culture primitiue society to opinion, of flower paintings. from brought the downfall earlg pertod. the dynasty. ' In architecture, the outstanding Qing China's rnodern history is local opera reached its full vigor project was the Yuan Ming Yuan. known as the Old Summer Palace consi.dered to begin lrom the during the Qian Long reign (1736- outside Beijing. With a circum- Opium War of 1840. We are 1796) and one after another they planning another series of articl,es were brought to Beijing. Around 'A fuller description of Yuan Ming couertng China's modern history the turn of the 19th century several Yuan with photos appeared in our from that time up to 7919. of the local styles from Shaanxi Eebruary 1981 issue.

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70 CEINA BECONSTBUCTS HUANG WENYAN Lesson 3 Some Ohinese Oustoms ,l'E: tqfl, t, f tr Li€, tfr t$fi'| It. i*. b &- T *\'ftj Xitro Wdng: Mflli, ziri Zhdnggu6 shEnghud, ni M6ri: Dui. Xi liln yE bt ylyirng.-++. Wdmen Xiao Wang: Mary, in China tive, you Mary: Right. Wash face also not same. We 'tr|+ Ez tit "i*,1 b tt€t m f judde zdnme ying? xile liln ylhiru, yOng g6n feel how? wash face afterward, use drY Jli'\, 611" {,f **' fE A le M6Ii: Hdi hto. mAojln c5; Zh6nggu6 rdn b6 Mary: All right. towel wipe; Chinese people ,J. J-: tkltl f,a *\'ftt f E ,\ fr1 € f ik-tL dcg, 'iX.T Xiio WAng: Nimen hd wdmen Zhdnggud r6n de mAojin fingziri shuill, xile Xiao Wang: You(r) and we Chinese people's towel put (in) water. Wash 2,W r. vt6; fr* A4r-f Al ,Y, xlguin bir yiying.-t+" yihdu, nlngqir mAojlnshimg de shui, customs not same. after, wring out towel's water, t%*,1a *",ltt fi, tk Fl n+. x_+, trl iE +-fr JF. MTIi: W6men chi fAn ydng djiozi, chizi, ydng shl m6oiln cEi. Mary: \4'e eat food use knives, forks, use Wet towel wipe. f E l. rfl f*f. ,l'-a: al Zh6nggu6 r6n ybng kuirizi. Xilo lVdng: Hii ydu hEn dud bU ylyirng de Chinese people use chopsticks. Xiao Wang: Still have many not same ,'l. J-: tk Rfi1 4k-',* ttT, vl6 tfr .A,z\ Xi[o WAng: Fdrn ciri de zuirfl difang, yihdu ni hui Xiao Wang: Food (and) vegetables cooking methods place (which) later on you will dL T lEI. t fr+rtlJ yE bt t6ng. lilojiE de. " also not same. understand. ,4+1, +E l'. pLrL, T Ifl nt Mili: Zh6nggu6 r6n chl fhn, bri y0ng diiozi Translation Mary: Chinese people eat food not use knives Xiao Wang: Mary, how does it feel to be living in China? tn f.6,EI * lk-tkrtb ,t Mary: Fine. qie ddngxi, yinwei zuir fin de r6n Xiao Wang: Our customs are different from yours. (to)cut person things because make-food Mary: Yes. We eat with knives and forks, but the (-rA lv- Fl F *fs Chinese people use chopsticks. yijing bA rdu cad d6u Xiao Wang: The way of cooking isn't the same either. already meat, vegetables all Mary: The Chinese people don't use knives when they tn*tl,fr\ ,f*+ vi iL4t" eat because the cooks have already cut up the vegetables That makes it easy to use qiEhlo le, ydng kuiizi chl jiil xlng. and meat. cut (up) (to) use chopsticks eat then all right. chopsticks. Xiao Wang: In your country you can't eat beefsteak without ,l.I: f, ff4t1 gX oi +t4t-, a knife. XiIo WAng: Z\i ni6pdi, nlmen Cu6iii chl Mary: That's right. And we wash our faces differently Xiao Wang: In your country eat beefsteak too. After we wash, we wipe our faces with a iX-Zi, nt ,-rt v{ T To dry towel. But the Chinese people put the mdiydu ddozi iin chi bir lito. towel in the water. After washing, you wring out without knife then eat cannot. the towel and wipe your face with the wet towel. Xiao Wang: There are many other differences. You'll get to HUANG WENYAN, instructor, Beijins Language Institute. know them later on. MARCII D8T "71 Notes 2. ln qiE cut qiE (up) 1. Habits and customs. tnfl . ciri cut vegetables tn qiE riru meat Usually the Chinese words f6ngsri xiguin Nfd A N cut qi6 ,ffi (customs and habits) are used together. Since tn fr fl_ miinbdo cut bread +n qiE what we are talking about in this lesson are t & ddngxi cut things social customs and not personal habits, xlguin 3. .,*. xi wash A ffi has been translated "customs". r"tE xi liin wash face 2. mdn fl, plural for persorxi. ,dL:* xi zio bathe *. wd (I) Ci.4tt w6men (we) "*.&XE xi yifu wash clothes ' (you) tfr ni (you) {f.tfi nimen 4_ J+ ning wring ,fu. 4U. +U, t te ( i&.. t ).1t1 tdmen fr{-f ning mAojin wring towel (he,she, it) (they) ff&XE ning yifu wring clothes r[ i p6ngydu (friend) M Lltl p6ngydumen j?+ ninggf,n wring water out (friends) 5. J* c[ wipe f 3f xu6sheng (student) 4 *ltl xu6shengnten (students) JFm c[ Ii[n wipe face c[ zhudzi wipe table The suffix m6n cannot be used with things. ,#*" j6++{f clgdnjing zhudzi wipe table clean We cannot say +,ftl shfimen (books) or *+fi1 zhudzimen (tables). When the plural meaning is oi chi eat obvious ,ftl m6n is usually omitted. For example: ,Ltfr- chi fin eat (food) fu,fn&+ L Tdmen shi xriesheng (They are oL-llfrtft chi yi drin fin eat a meal students). oLX- cltr cii ear vegetables ,Lly-X chi shuigud eat fruit 3. Negatives bir 6 and m6i ;f - oLh chi tfng eat candy Affirmative: r\.ftl Fl fl *4"y-t Wdmen ydng ' dlozi h6 chEzi (We use knives and forks). Exercises Negative: J!. n n f;e i-a Wdmen bf yirng M^ | l. Answer the following questions in Chinese: dlozi h6 chdzi (We don't use knives and forks). (l) How would you say the equivalent of Note: If the verb is ydu (have), use mdi. fi ;t "How're things?" in Chinese? Affirmative: *,ALt Wdy6um6ojin. (I have (2) What is one way to answer the above a towel). question ? Negative: ,I.EA{ Wd m6iydu m6ojin. f Fill in the blanks with "'^" 61 "it". ([ have no towel). (1) *.ryl *-_*fr ls 4. Change of tone for 4 bri. (2) 4e_A,F{+, {L_A&_A." Usually is pronounced in the 4th tone: fi (3) + a,\,Lffi-_H n Afue-X bi chi fioi, (don't eat); bir t6ng fiFl (different); (4) 4uA+-drtrul*. " bir hio i1 (not good). But when is followed fi it 3. Read the following sentences and write the pronounced by a word in the 4th tone, fr is in Chinese characters for the words in phonetic ydng (don't the 2nd tone: bri .6Fl use); bri ziro spelling. fi.{* (don't do). (1) tq*tEf E Ai*, +u t.,+ zEnmeying? 5. 4if h6i hio. This is an idiom meaning (2) Zud firn de AJeh H*f qi6h[o f + " E "rather good". (3) f El:;teE#-t,l"L'f ff fnngziri eA e 9o * Everyday Expressions (4) ,\f,"*U f'lr .*-it tJ bi yiying. 'Ifr ffi. Read following paragraph: P l. E,A)t? Zdnmeying? How? . the E *-it ShEnghu6 z6nmeying? tl'W^- E'al+? A*lt" lxtl *-i*. *+ " lx.oLm-H,F{ +, -. How is your life? 4n n ++p9-+ *U$r{ni + gtfr_, **.n n t*"* l ZEnmeying ydng kuiizi? " L EAI+FI,Fif t +, . t4*li*"bv\En+Lfrt*. ,I.EJs Jr, How do you use L+ik&fly-g,^Fl,Ef $ct v\8, ff*{-fr -ta1ry, FljE )L chopsticks ? tfJ*" a4+ & a ++? *,1E4*1, drf B*-i*, tr,4+EAt+, *t-iilz 4 (. E= . fi:1-iliJiffi:li"-' )4.*t oD H 72 CIIINA, RECONSTRUCTS , o eur 1{o Furs frcDm Heilon iiang rovrnGe

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