DOCSLIB.ORG

Senior Chief Solomon Kasina Wa Ndoo of Migwani Division, Kitui

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
Senior Chief Solomon Kasina Wa Ndoo of Migwani Division, Kitui v \ A BIOGRAPHY OF SENIOR CHIEF SOLOMON KASINA wa NDOO OF MIGWANI DIVISION, KITUI DISTRICT, 1889-1989 ^ 4 r ,> w ® o 'O* ;*•<»* S a # ; , BY ■*4 n , "■* JULIUS M. MANZI. • ’r A THESIS SUBMITTED IN PARTIAL FULFILMENT FOR THE DEGREE OF MASTER OF ARTS IN THE UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI AUGUST 2000 UNIVERSITY OF NAIROBI LIBRARY 0148479 9 DECLARATION THIS THESIS IS MY ORIGINAL WORK AND HAS NOT BEEN PRESENTED FOR A DEGREE IN ANY OTHER UNIVERSITY JULIUS M. MANZI THIS THESIS HAS BEEN SUBMITTED FOR EXAMINATION WITH OUR APPROVAL AS UNIVERSITY SUPERVISORS DR. DAVID SPERLING DR. JOHN KARANJA DEDICATION TO MY PARENTS AND IN MEMORY OF MY GRANDFATHER whose efforts to educate my Dad has had a direct blessing on this thesis. TABLE OF CONTENT PAGE Declaration Dedication Acknowledgements (i) Abstract (iii) Maps (vi) CHAPTER ONE 1.0 Introduction 1 1.1.0 Background: The Geographical Setting 1 1.1.1 Topography 1 1.1.2 Rainfall 2 1.1.3 Vegetation 3 1.1.4 Geographical location of Migwani Division 4 1.2 Statement of Problem 6 1.3 Objectives 8 1.4 Hypotheses 9 1.5 Methodology 9 1.6 Literature Review 12 1.7 Theoretical Framework 17 1.8 Justification o f the study 20 CHAPTER TWO 2.0 Socio-Political,Economic and Historical Background 24 2.1.0 Socio-Political Organization 24 2.1.1 Social ties of kinship 24 2.1.2 Political Organization 27 2.2.0 Pre-colonial Kamba Economy 31 2.3.0 Historical setting 35 2.3.1 Migration and settlement of Kamba people 35 2.3.2 Early immigration to Kitui 36 2.3.3 Establishment of Colonial Rule in Kitui District 39 2.3.4 Effects of Colonial Rule on the Kamba 42 2.3.5 The institution of Chieftainship in Kenya 45 2.3.6 Chieftainship in Kitui District 49 2.3.7 The Local Native Council 53 CHAPTER THREE 3.0 Kasina’s Early Life 55 3.1 Birth, Childhood and Early Occupation 55 PAGE 3.2 Kasina at the Government School in Kitui 62 3.3 Early Association with Colonial Officials 65 3 .4 World War 1 and Recruitment to the Kings African Rifles 66 3 4.1 World War 1 66 3.4.2 Recruitment to the Kings African Rifles 68 CHAPTER FOUR 4.0 Career as a chief and councillor of Migwani Location 78 4.1 Background to his appointment as chief 78 4.2 Kasina as the councillor of Migwani Location 81 4.3 Chief Kasina and soil conservation measures 83 4.4.0 Construction of dams bore-holes and roads 87 4.4.1 Dams and bore-holes 87 4.4.2 Construction of roads 91 4.5 Promotion of Educational facilities 92 4.6 Locust campaign 97 4.7 Kasina and Agricultural development 100 4.8 Kasina’s performance as a colonial chief 106 4 9 Awards, promotions, medals and decorations 115 CHAPTER FIVE 5.0 Kasina and the Second World War: visit to troops during and After the war and journey to England 121 5.1 The Second World War 121 5.2 Visit to troops in various parts of the colony 124 5.3 Visit to troops in the Middle East 129 5.4 Effects of the Second World War on the returning soldiers 133 5.5 Journey and visit to England 140 CHAPTER SIX 6.1 Mau Mau and chief Kasina’s struggle against the movement 148 6.1 Mau Mau - Introduction 148 6.2 Kasina’s struggle against the Mau Mau 155 6.2.1 Previous attempts and threats on chief Kasina’s life 157 6.2.2 Chief Kasina on the hands o f the assailant 161 6.2.3 Chief Kasina in hospital and messages of condolence 167 6.2.4 The trial and conviction of the assailant 171 CHAPTER SEVEN 7.0 Kasina’s family and private life before and after retirement 175 7.1 Kasina’s family life 175 PAGE 7 2 Private family activities 186 7 2 1 Acquisition o f western material culture 186 7 2 2 Distinguished visitors to his home 190 7.2.3 Business ventures 192 7 2.4 Acquisition o f land 195 7 2.5 Development on Kasina’s land 200 7.3.0 Life after retirement 204 7.3.1 Retirement 204 7.3.2 Kasina the farmer and businesman 207 7 3.3 Involvement in development matters: construction of Mwingi Town A.I.C. 209 .4 Establishment of Kasina primary school 212 .5 Death and funeral 214 CHAPTER EIGHT Conclusion 216 Sources and Bibliograpy 225 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I am first of all grateful to the University of Nairobi and particularly the Department of History for considering me for a postgraduate scholarship which has enabled me to complete the writing of this thesis. I would not have completed this work without the assistance, moral support and generous co-operation of many people and institutions to whom I am greatly indebted. I wish to express my deepest appreciation and heartfelt gratitude to my University supervisors, Dr. David Sperling and Dr. John Karanja from whom I received endless encouragement and guidance. Both showed a genuine interest in my work and offered me patient supervision full of constructive and stimulating criticism of the drafts. Their practical guidance have had immeasurable impact on the final form of this work. They were always available and accessible to me despite their numerous duties and responsibilities. I would also like to make a special mention of other members of staff of the Department of History namely Dr.V.G.Simiyu, Prof.Macharia Munene, George Gona and Margaret Gachichi for their scholarly advice. Special thanks go to Mr. Jeremiah Kitunda for making available his personal computer which I used to type this work. This was a major boost to this study and I can never thank him enough for this generous gesture. May God bless you pal! I also want to thank my friends and my colleagues who were invaluable in their support and encouragement throughout the study period. I would like to acknowledge the contributions of my classmates. Mr.Cosmas Musee, a fellow History postgraduate colleague deserves special thanks. Mr.Milu Muyanga of Economics department, Mr.Ng’ang’a Kariga of Geography department, Mr.Karanja of Religious studies and Mutua wa Isika of Sociology department to name but a few. They were all along a most welcome source of constant encouragement, constructive criticism and inspiration. It was through their ideas, ambitions and competence that I always felt inspired and challenged. 1 The staff of Kenya National Archives were very supportive and co-operative during the various stages of this work. I am particularly grateful to Mr. Richard Ambani [formerly of the KNA Search Room] and other staff of the Search Room of the Kenya National Archives in Nairobi for their assistance during the archival research period. My sincere and heartfelt gratitude go to Mr. Joseph M. Kasina who was indispensable to this study. He was very instrumental in identifying and introducing me to some key informants. His moral support went along way to ensure and enable me to successfully and satisfactorily complete this work. I would also like to register my appreciation to my informants who willingly gave much of their time to help me in my research. Their hospitality and recollections have greatly contributed in giving this project its final form. My profound gratitude goes to the family of Mr. and Mrs. Samson Mutisya for taking care of me during the field research. I am deeply indebted to my sister Mrs. Ruth Mutei. In addition to providing me with accommodation during my field research she also helped me to identify potential informants, escort me and introduced me to them. I wiil always remember her immeasurable support. I wish to take this opportunity to thank everybody who assisted in one way or another during my field research. To you all, it is hard to express my appreciation but my hope and prayer is that our dear Lord will reward you abundantly. Last but not least my heartfelt gratitude go to my wife, Elizabeth Muli, and our two sons masters Peter Muimi and Brain Musyimi. They were particularly patient, understanding and tolerant even when I tended to devote more time to this work than their company. I, alone, take full responsibility for this work. 11 ABSTRACT The study of biographies of those personalities who have contributed in one way or the other in influencing history can be quite fascinating because it furthers our understanding of broader issues and processes in any given society. Quite a number of historians have written biographies of those among the colonial chiefs who in one way or another played important roles in shaping the destinies of their people and of this country to a certain extent. There were those who utilised every opportunity created by the colonial officials to improve education, agriculture, health, water and infrastructure in their areas. Such colonial chiefs included senior chief Waruhiu wa Kung’u, chief Musa Nyandusi, Odera Akong’o, Njiri wa Karanja and paramount chief Kinyanjui Gathirimu just to name a few. As I read through the literature on colonial chiefs, it occurred to me that there is no one who has written a biography on colonial chiefs in Kitui District even though there were a few chiefs among them the likes of senior chief Kasina wa Ndoo and chief Mwendwa wa Kitavi who played very important roles in shaping the destinies of their people. The mention of the name of chief Kasina among the Kitui Akamba rekindles memories of a leader who through collaboration with colonial officials played a significant role in improving the lives of Kitui people.
Load more

Recommended publications
  • A Water Infrastructure Audit of Kitui County
    Research Report Research Report Sustainable WASH Systems Learning Partnership A WATER INFRASTRUCTURE AUDIT OF KITUI COUNTY Cliff Nyaga, University of Oxford January 2019 PHOTO CREDIT:PHOTO CLIFF NYAGA/UNIVERSITY OF OXFORD Prepared by: Cliff Nyaga, University of Oxford Reviewed by: Mike Thomas, Rural Focus; Eduardo Perez, Global Communities; Karl Linden, University of Colorado Boulder (UCB); and Pranav Chintalapati, UCB. Acknowledgements: The Kitui County Government would like to acknowledge the financial support received from the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). Further, the Kitui County Government appreciates its longstanding partnership with the University of Oxford and UNICEF Kenya through various collaborating programs, including the DFID-funded REACH Program. The leadership received from Emmanuel Kisangau, Kennedy Mutati, Philip Nzula, Augustus Ndingo, and Hope Sila — all from the County Ministry for Water Agriculture and Livestock Development — throughout the audit exercise is appreciated. The sub-county water officers were instrumental in logistics planning and in providing liaison between the field audit teams, communities, and County Ministries for Agriculture, Water, and Livestock Development and Administration and Coordination. A team of local enumerators led field data collection: Lucy Mweti, Grace Muisyo, Abigael Kyenze, Patrick Mulwa, Lydia Mwikali, Muimi Kivoko, Philip Muthengi, Mary Sammy, Ruth Mwende, Peter Musili, Annah Kavata, James Kimanzi, Purity Maingi, Felix Muthui, and Assumpta Mwikali. The technical advice and guidance received from Professor Rob Hope of the University of Oxford and Dr. Andrew Trevett of UNICEF Kenya throughout the planning, data collection, analysis, and preparation of this report is very much appreciated. Front cover: This Katanu Hand pump was developed in the late 1990s by the Government of Kenya and is the main water source for Nzamba Village in Ikutha Ward, Kitui.
    [Show full text]
  • The Geography of the Intra-National Digital Divide in a Developing Country: a Spatial
    The Geography of the Intra-National Digital Divide in a Developing Country: A Spatial Analysis of Regional-Level Data in Kenya A Dissertation Submitted to the Graduate School of the University of Cincinnati in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in Regional Development Planning in the School of Planning of the College of Design, Architecture, Art, and Planning By Kenneth Koech Cheruiyot M.A. (Planning) (Nairobi), M. Arch. in Human Settlements (KULeuven) December 2010 This work and its defense approved by: Committee Chair: Johanna W. Looye, Ph.D. ABSTRACT It is widely agreed that different technologies (e.g., the steam engine, electricity, and the telephone) have revolutionized the world in various ways. As such, both old and new information and communication technologies (ICTs) are instrumental in the way they act as pre- requisites for development. However, the existence of the digital divide, defined as unequal access to and use of ICTs among individuals, households, and businesses within and among regions, and countries, threatens equal world, national, and regional development. Given confirmed evidence that past unequal access to ICTs have accentuated national and regional income differences, the fear of further divergence is real in developing countries now that we live in a world characterized by economic globalization and accelerated international competition (i.e., New Economy). In Africa and Kenya, for instance, the presence of wide digital divides – regionally, between rural and urban areas, and within the urban areas – means that their threat is real. This research, which employed spatial analysis and used the district as a geographical unit of analysis, carried out a detailed study of ICTs’ development potential and challenges in Kenya.
    [Show full text]
  • The Impacts of Hydropower Development on Rural Livelihood
    View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by Lirias International Journal of Water Resources Development, 2015 http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/07900627.2015.1056297 The impacts of hydropower development on rural livelihood sustenance Eric Ochieng Okukua,b*, Steven Bouillona, Jacob Odhiambo Ochiewob,c, Fridah Munyib, Linet Imbayi Kiteresib and Mwakio Toled aDepartment of Earth and Environmental Sciences, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; bKenya Marine and Fisheries Research Institute, Mombasa, Kenya; cDepartment of Development Studies, Jomo Kenyatta University of Agriculture and Technology, Nairobi, Kenya; dDepartment of Environmental Sciences, Pwani University, School of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences, Kilifi, Kenya (Received 22 October 2014; accepted 24 May 2015) The existing reservoirs on the River Tana (Kenya) were mainly constructed for hydropower generation, with inadequate consideration of the long-term impacts on downstream livelihoods. We investigated the impacts of the reservoirs on people’s livelihoods downstream. The results showed a few positive impacts in the vicinity of the reservoirs and numerous negative impacts downstream (i.e. reduced flood-recess agriculture and floodplain pastoralism, and escalating resource-use conflicts). Inadequate stakeholders’ consultation during reservoir development was also observed. We recommend a detailed basin-wide socioeconomic assessment for future reservoir developments and controlled flood release to simulate the natural flow regime, thereby restoring indigenous flood-based livelihoods while retaining sufficient reserves for power generation. Keywords: River Tana; Kenya; communities’ perception; hydropower development; impact assessment; floods Introduction River basins are the cradles of civilization and cultural heritage. Ancient and modern civilizations first developed in the vicinity of great rivers due to the role of rivers in the provision of food to support livelihoods, inputs for industries, and by providing opportunities for commerce and navigation.
    [Show full text]
  • Economics of Harvesting and Marketing Selected Indigenous Fruits in Mwingi District, Kenya
    ECONOMICS OF HARVESTING AND MARKETING SELECTED INDIGENOUS FRUITS IN MWINGI DISTRICT, KENYA By: C. M. Mwema J. K. Lagat and B. K. Mutai Invited paper presented at the 4th International Conference of the African Association of Agricultural Economists, September 22-25, 2013, Hammamet, Tunisia Copyright 2013 by [authors]. All rights reserved. Readers may make verbatim copies of this document for non-commercial purposes by any means, provided that this copyright notice appears on all such copies. 107- ECONOMICS OF HARVESTING AND MARKETING SELECTED INDIGENOUS FRUITS IN MWINGI DISTRICT, KENYA C.M. Mwema 1*, J.K. Lagat1 and B.K. Mutai1 1 Egerton University, Department of Agricultural Economics, P.O. Box 536-20115, Egerton, Kenya. Abstract Constant droughts especially in the Arid and Semi-Arid Lands (ASAL) have led to recurrent crop failures and livestock losses. Households have therefore resulted to other alternatives which can provide both food and income. Trade in indigenous fruits contributes to livelihoods through income generation and as a safety net for consumption and income smoothing. This paper presents the analysis of economic returns from harvesting and marketing indigenous fruits and the socio economic factors that influence participation in trade of indigenous fruits. The results are based on a survey conducted in Nuu division, Mwingi District, where 120 randomly selected households were interviewed using a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Logistic regression model, Gross Margin Analysis, and Benefit cost ratios were used during the analysis. Data was processed and analyzed using SPSS20. The Gross margins depicted harvesting of indigenous fruits for trade as a profitable venture. High benefit cost ratios of greater than 3.0 were reported in all the three fruits under study.
    [Show full text]
  • SK NCPWD List of Hospitals.Xlsx
    S/NO PROVINCE DISTRICT HEALTH FACILITY NAME TYPE OF HEALTH FACILTY 1 central Gatundu south Gatundu District Hospital District Hospital 2 central kirinyaga east kianyaga sub-District Hospital Sub-District Hospital 3 central Thika west Thika District Hospital District Hospital 4 central Ruiru Ruiru Sub-District Hospital Sub-District Hospital 5 central kabete Nyathuna Sub-District hospital Sub-District Hospital 6 central Murang`a west kangema Sob-District Hospital Sub-District Hospital 7 central kiambaa kiambu District Hospital District Hospital 8 central kiambaa Kihara Sub-District Hospital Sub-District Hospital 9 central Murang`a east Murang`a District Hospital District Hospital 10 central murang`a east Muriranjas District Hospital District Hospital 11 central kinangop Engineer District Hospital District Hospital 12 central kirinyaga central Kerugoya District Hospital District Hospital 13 central kiambu west Tigoni District Hospital District Hospital 14 central Murang`a south Maragwa Distric Hospital District Hospital 15 central Mathira east Karatina District Hospital District Hospital 16 central Mukurweini Mukurweini Sub-District hospital Sub-District Hospital 17 central kirinyaga south Kimbimbi Sub-Distric Hospital Sub-District Hospital 18 central Nyeri central Nyeri provincial General hospital Provincial Hospital 19 central Nyeri central Mt. kenya Sub-district Hospital Sub-District Hospital 20 central Nyandarua central Ol`kalou District Hospital District Hospital 21 central Nyandarua north Nyahururu District Hospital District Hospital
    [Show full text]
  • Improve Livelihoods in Targeted Drought Affected Communities in Kenya”
    Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Office of Evaluation Improve Livelihoods in Targeted Drought Affected Communities in Kenya- OSRO/KEN/002/SWE Evaluation report February 2012 Final Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Office of Evaluation (OED) This report is available in electronic format at: http://www.fao.org/evaluation Permission to make copy, download or print copies of part or all of this work for private study and limited classroom use is hereby granted, free of charge, provided that an accurate citation and suitable acknowledgement of FAO as the source and copyright owner is given. Where copyright holders other than FAO are indicated, please refer to the original copyright holder for terms and conditions of reuse. All requests for systematic copying and electronic distribution, including to list servers, translation rights and commercial reuse should be addressed to [email protected] . For further information, please contact: Director, OED Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 1, 00153 Rome, Italy Email: [email protected] ___________________________________________________________________________ The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of FAO concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or
    [Show full text]
  • Explaining Resource Use, Management and Productivity Among the Akamba, Orma and Somali in the Former Eastern Statelands of Kenya
    ©Kamla-Raj 2004 Stud. Tribes Tribals, 2(1): 55-63 (2004) Common Range, Different Tribes: Explaining Resource Use, Management and Productivity among the Akamba, Orma and Somali in the former Eastern Statelands of Kenya Dickson Mong’are Nyariki1 and Jan Van den Abeele2 1. Department of Range Management, University of Nairobi P.O. Box 29053, Nairobi, Kenya Email: [email protected] 2. Forestry Development Support Programme, Belgian Technical Cooperation, P.O. Box 30513, Nairobi, Kenya KEYWORDS Common use; range management; resource conflicts; Eastern Statelands; Kenya ABSTRACT This paper describes the major livelihood activities of three ethnic communities who use in common the former Kenyan Eastern Statelands. It also looks at how the livelihoods and the range could be improved while maintaining the common access to resources, so as to avoid potential conflicts. It is suggested that for improvement of range management the unsettled lands should be accessed by all the communities under ranching societies without having to exclude non-members. A number of approaches should be instituted, including bush control and reseeding. Bush control can be achieved through exploitation of trees of low timber value for charcoal production to earn income for households. To increase livestock productivity, it is proposed that proper livestock and grazing management be practised, including the introduction of superior breeds, improved livestock facilities, adequate animal healthcare and rotational grazing through paddocking. INTRODUCTION and improve the living standards of the communities, the stakeholders and development The colonial government in Kenya set aside agents should rethink the use and management the former Eastern Statelands for State of this resource.
    [Show full text]
  • Rift Valley Fever in Kenya: History of Epizootics and Identification Of
    Epidemiol. Infect. (2011), 139, 372–380. f Cambridge University Press 2010 This is a work of the U.S. Government and is not subject to copyright protection in the United States. doi:10.1017/S0950268810001020 Rift Valley fever in Kenya: history of epizootics and identification of vulnerable districts R. M. MURITHI 1, P. MUNYUA1,P.M.ITHONDEKA1, J.M. MACHARIA1, A. HIGHTOWER2,E.T.LUMAN3, R.F. BREIMAN2 AND M. KARIUKI NJENGA 2* 1 Kenya Ministry of Livestock Development, Kabete, Kenya 2 Global Disease Detection Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention – Kenya, Nairobi, Kenya 3 Global Immunization Division, U.S. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Atlanta, GA, USA (Accepted 9 April 2010; first published online 18 May 2010) SUMMARY Since Kenya first reported Rift Valley fever (RVF)-like disease in livestock in 1912, the country has reported the most frequent epizootics of RVF disease. To determine the pattern of disease spread across the country after its introduction in 1912, and to identify regions vulnerable to the periodic epizootics, annual livestock disease records at the Department of Veterinary Services from 1910 to 2007 were analysed in order to document the number and location of RVF-infected livestock herds. A total of 38/69 (55%) administrative districts in the country had reported RVF epizootics by the end of 2007. During the 1912–1950 period, the disease was confined to a district in Rift Valley province that is prone to flooding and where livestock were raised in proximity with wildlife. Between 1951 and 2007, 11 national RVF epizootics were recorded with an average inter-epizootic period of 3.6 years (range 1–7 years); in addition, all epizootics occurred in years when the average annual rainfall increased by more than 50% in the affected districts.
    [Show full text]
  • Aprp 2011/2012 Fy
    KENYA ROADS BOARD ANNUAL PUBLIC ROADS PROGRAMME FY 2011/ 2012 Kenya Roads Board (KRB) is a State Corporation established under the Kenya Roads Board Act, 1999. Its mandate is to oversee the road network in Kenya and coordinate its development, rehabilitation and maintenance funded by the KRB Fund and to advise the Minister for Roads on all matters related thereto. Our Vision An Effective road network through the best managed fund Our Mission Our mission is to fund and oversee road maintenance, rehabilitation and development through prudent sourcing and utilisation of resources KRB FUND KRB Fund comprises of the Road Maintenance Levy, Transit Toll and Agricultural cess. Fuel levy was established in 1993 by the Road Maintenance Levy Act. Fuel levy is charged at the rate of Kshs 9 per litre of petrol and diesel. The allocation as per the Kenya Roads Board Act is as follows: % Allocation Roads Funded Agency 40% Class A, B and C KENHA 22% Constituency Roads KERRA 10% Critical links – rural roads KERRA 15% Urban Roads KURA 1% National parks/reserves Kenya Wildlife Service 2% Administration Kenya Roads Board 10% Roads under Road Sector Investment Programme KRB/Minister for Roads KENYA ROADS BOARD FOREWORD This Annual Public Roads Programme (APRP) for the Financial Year (FY) 2011/2012 continues to reflect the modest economic growth in the country and consequently minimal growth in KRBF. The Government developed and adopted Vision 2030 which identifies infrastructure as a key enabler for achievement of its objective of making Kenya a middle income country by 2030. The APRP seeks to meet the objectives of Vision 2030 through prudent fund management and provision of an optimal improvement of the road network conditions using timely and technically sound intervention programmes.
    [Show full text]
  • Cross-Border Interaction Spurs Innovation and Hope Among Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Women of Ethiopia and Kenya by D
    Cross-Border Interaction Spurs Innovation and Hope Among Pastoral and Agro-Pastoral Women of Ethiopia and Kenya By D. Layne Coppock, Seyoum Tezera, Solomon Desta, Mark Mutinda, Stellamaris Muthoka, Getachew Gebru, Abdillahi Aboud, and Azeb Yonas On the Ground • African pastoralists endure poverty, drought, and hunger. Women are especially marginalized because they are illiterate, unskilled, disempowered, and engaged in daily drudgery. • Such women, however, are capable of remarkable, sustained achievements in collective action, livelihood di- versification, micro-finance, and community-based wealth generation. • Women can be profoundly inspired by successful peers. After careful training and mentoring, inspired women can then start new initiatives. • Husbands can be supportive of women’s empowerment because household welfare improves. Men sometimes join—and occasionally help lead—collective-action efforts. • Women’s empowerment should be a major focus in pastoral development projects because of the positive community synergisms women create. Keywords: Boran, Il Chamus, Tugen, Borana Plateau, Marsabit County, Baringo County, peer-to-peer learning, diffusion of innovations. La interacción transfronteriza estimula la innovación y la esperanza entre las mujeres pastoras y agropastoras de etiopía y kenia Perspectiva desde el campo: • Las y los pastores africanos soportan pobreza, sequía y hambre. Las mujeres son especialmente marginadas debido a que son analfabetas, no representan mano de obra calificada, no están empoderadas y se dedican al arduo y tedioso trabajo cotidiano. • Sin embargo, estas mujeres son capaces de logros notables y sostenidos en términos de acción colectiva, diversificación del sustento, microfinanzas y generación de riqueza basada en la comunidad. • Las mujeres pueden ser inspiradas profundamente por pares exitosos.
    [Show full text]
  • Kitui County Drought Early Warning Bulletin for April 2017
    APRIL EW PHASE National Drought Management Authority KITUI COUNTY DROUGHT EARLY WARNING BULLETIN FOR APRIL 2017 Early Warning (EW) Phase Classification Livelihood Zone Phase Trend Marginal Mixed Farming Alarm Improving Mixed Farming Alarm Improving Formal/Urban Employment Alarm Improving COUNTY Alarm IMPROVING Biophysical Value Normal Drought Situation & EW Phase Classification Indicators Range/Value Biophysical Indicators VCI-3 month 9.72 >35 State of Water Sources 4 5-6 . The onset of the long rains was late in the first Vegetation Condition Poor Good week of April compared to third week of Production Value Normal March normally and progression has been indicators poor Livestock Migration Pattern Normal Normal . The county experienced extreme vegetation Livestock Body Conditions Borderline Normal greenness deficit (VCI of 9.72) but the onset of Milk Production (in litres) 1.1 >1.6 rains triggered recovery. Livestock death(Drought) No deaths No deaths . The state of water in main water points is inadequate compared to the long term mean. Crops Condition Fair Good Socio Economic Indicators (Impact Indicators) Access Indicators Value Normal . Normal livestock migration patterns were reported. Terms of Trade (ToT) 57 >83 . The livestock body condition is fair for cattle Milk Consumption (in litres) 1.0 >1.4 and good for goats in most areas of the county. Return distance to water 2.7Km <3.0Km . Milk production and consumption was below sources long term average Utilization indicators Value Normal . Terms of Trade were unfavourable compared Nutrition Status, MUAC (% at 8.6 <8.0 to long term mean. risk of malnutrition) . Percentage of children at risk of malnutrition Coping Strategy Index (CSI) 7.03 N/A was slightly above the normal range.
    [Show full text]
  • Challenges and Prospects for Effective Water Conservation in Mwingi North District, Kitui County, Kenya
    CHALLENGES AND PROSPECTS FOR EFFECTIVE WATER CONSERVATION IN MWINGI NORTH DISTRICT, KITUI COUNTY, KENYA WACHIRA N. SHELMITH Research Project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the Degree of Bachelor of Environmental Planning and Management of Kenyatta University. DECLARATION I Wachira .N. Shelmith declare that this project report is my original work and it has never been submitted to any department in any institution or university for examination or an award. Signature: ……………………….. Date: …………………………. Wachira .N. Shelmith (N36S/17918/2009) APPROVAL This project report has been submitted for examination with my approval as the supervisor. Signature: ………………………… Date: …………………………. Mr. Wilson Nyaoro DEDICATION I dedicate this project to my parents, Mr. and Mrs. Wachira. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I first of all thank God for the much he has done for me this far. I thank my parents for the support and provision during the research. My siblings, friends and classmates, thank you for the encouragement and motivation to finishing this project. I thank Kenyatta University for the opportunity to study my course and the School of Environmental Studies at large. Thanks to the Department of Environmental Planning and Management, for the support for the four years that I have been in school. Special thanks to my project supervisor, Mr. Wilson Nyaoro for the encouragement and guidance through this project. I would finally love to acknowledge the entire Mwingi Community, Institutions and residents for giving me support and provision of relevant information during my research. ABSTRACT Water conservation involves the strategies and activities that are used to manage water resources, especially fresh water as a sustainable resource.
    [Show full text]