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Perceptions of the Murderess in London and Paris, 1674-1789

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Perceptions of the Murderess in London and Paris, 1674-1789 Anna Clare Jenkin A thesis submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy The University of Sheffield Faculty of Arts and Humanities Department of History August, 2015 Thesis Summary This project is a comparative study of print about women accused of murder in eighteenth-century London and Paris. While gender played an important role in determining how such women were perceived, in that female killers stimulated forms of social introspection that male murderers did not, this thesis demonstrates that a wider variety of factors affected the kinds of women who stimulated concern among the London and Parisian populace. Most importantly, only eleven women accused of murder stimulated high levels of print reaction in the period, implying that aspects beyond their gender were behind such reactions. Through focus on the print material and judicial records of these eleven high-profile murderesses, including ballads, pamphlets, images, novels, legal tracts and printed correspondence, this thesis will expose a number of contemporary concerns present in eighteenth-century London and Paris. In both cities, perceptions of the crime of female- perpetrated murder reflected emerging concerns about the impact of urbanisation on social structures and women’s roles, alongside shifting European-wide ideas of gender difference. Murderous women’s occupations as midwives, servants, aristocrats and household managers were used to explore broader concerns about emerging sites of female independence. Discussion of cases that involved adultery, male sociability and court intrigue were used to reveal the perceived corrupting effects of urban society. But there were noticeable differences in the ways that such women were perceived in London and Paris. Heavy censorship in Paris imbued print on high-profile murderesses with politicised messages of transgression, whereas in London a freer press saw such cases as symbolic of the tensions brought by urban growth to relations between the middle and lower classes. 1 Contents Note on the Text and List of Abbreviations 3 List of Tables and Figures 4 List of Appendices 5 Acknowledgements 6 Introduction 7 1 Female-Perpetrated Murder in London and Paris: in the Courts and in the 34 Press 2 Malcolm and the Marquise: Mass Homicides and the Murderess in Extremis 99 3 Poisoneresses and Petty Tyrants: Narratives of Female Expertise and 152 Governance in 1680s London and Paris 4 Wives with Knives and Lovers: the Adulterous Murderous Wife 193 5 ‘Murder by Inches’: Accusing and Abusing Parish Apprentices and Servant 240 Girls in Late Eighteenth-Century London and Paris Conclusion 291 Appendices 307 Bibliography 311 2 Note on the Text and List of Abbreviations When quoting from primary sources in English, spelling and punctuation have been kept the same as in the original. Primary sources in French have been quoted in the full body of the text in English translation with the original French, with original spelling, provided in the footnote. All translations are the work of the author unless otherwise indicated. Sources and online collections frequently cited in the footnotes have been identified using the following abbreviations. All other sources have been cited in full in the first instance of each chapter. Online Collections of Primary Sources: OBP – Old Bailey Proceedings Online: http://oldbaileyonline.org [Accessed 3rd August 2015]. In citing material from this website I have followed the Project Director’s Citation Guide: http://www.oldbaileyonline.org/static/Legal-info.jsp#citationguide [Accessed 3rd August 2015]. Trial accounts are cited with the month and year of the sessions, defendant’s name, and the trial reference number, for example: OBP, February 1733, trial of Sarah Malcolm, alias Mallcombe (t17330221-52). Ordinary’s Accounts are cited with the date on which the edition was published and the project reference number, such as OBP, Ordinary's Account, 14th September 1767 (OA17670914). Archives: [AN]- Archives Nationales [APP]- Archives de la Préfecture de Police [BnF]- Bibliothèque nationale de France [BnF Arsenal]- Bibliothèque nationale de France, Arsenal [Folger]- Folger Shakespeare Library [LMA]- London Metropolitan Archives 3 List of Tables and Figures Tables and figures have been included within the main body when they provide a clearly intelligible and identifiable message, provide information which could not be easily described in prose, and do not disrupt the flow of the text. Additional figures have been placed in the Appendix. Table: 1.1 Verdicts for women accused of killing (excluding infanticide) at the Old 44 Bailey and Parisian Parlement 1.2 Distribution of verdict by marital status for women accused of killing 49 (excluding infanticide) in the London Old Bailey 1.3 Distribution of verdict by marital status for women accused of killing 50 (excluding infanticide) in the Parisian Parlement 1.4 Distribution of occupations of women accused of killing (excluding 51 infanticide) in the London Old Bailey 1.5 Distribution of occupations of women accused of killing (excluding 51 infanticide) in the Parisian Parlement 1.6 Distribution of conviction rates cross referenced with victim gender in 56 cases of women accused of killing (excluding infanticide) at the London Old Bailey Figure: 1.1 Distribution of trials of women accused of killing per decade (excluding 43 infanticide) at the London Old Bailey and Parisian Parlement, 1700-1790 1.2 Distribution of trials of men accused of killing per decade (excluding 43 infanticide) at the London Old Bailey and Parisian Parlement, 1700-1790 1.3 Proportional distribution of methods used in cases of men and women 59 accused of killing (excluding infanticide) in London, 1674-1790 1.4 Distribution of print coverage of women accused of murder in the years 69 surrounding high-profile female killers Sarah Malcolm and Marie Catherine Taperet. 2.1 C. Le Brun, La Marquise de Brinvilliers (Paris, 1676) (lithograph 106 reproduction) 2.2 W. Hogarth, Sarah Malcolm in her Prison Cell in Newgate (London, 1733) 106 2.3 Distribution of extended print publications about Sarah Malcolm in London 107 by decade, 1733-1789 2.4 Distribution of extended publications about the Marquise de Brinvilliers in 107 Paris by decade, 1674-1789 2.5 Distribution of publications about the Marquise de Brinvilliers in London by 110 decade, 1674-1789 2.6 Main text source for extended publications about Sarah Malcolm by decade 113 1733-1789 2.7 Sarah Malcolm: No Recompense but Love (London, 1735) 122 2.8 ‘The Apprehending of Sarah Malcolm’, The Tyburn Chronicle, Vol. 2 122 4 (London, 1768), p. 368 3.1 A. Coypel, Portrait de La Voisin (Paris, 1680), two different versions 163 3.2 F. Barlow, ‘Revolution’ Playing Card Pack (London, 1689) 171 3.3 A Representation of the Bloody Murder Committed by Mary Aubry (London, 172 1680) 3.4 Woodcut from G. Croom, A Warning Piece to all Husbands and Wives 186 (London, 1680) 4.1 Portrait de Marie Catherine Taperet (Paris, 1755) 206 4.2 Le véritable portrait de Marie Catherine Taperet (Paris, 1755) 207 4.3 Frontispiece, A Narrative of the Barbarous and Unheard of Murder of John 218 Hayes (London, 1726 4.4 ‘Catherine Hayes Assisting Wood and Billings in Cutting Off the Head of 218 her Husband John Hayes’, The Tyburn Chronicle, Vol. 2 (London, 1768), p. 262 4.5 ‘Catherine Hayes and her Accomplices Cutting Off her Husband’s Head’ in 219 A. Knapp and W. Baldwin, The Newgate Calendar, Vol. 2 (London, 1824), p. 239 5.1 Illustration from The Gentleman’s Magazine (September, 1767), p. 578 254 5.2 Frontispiece, God’s Revenge Against Murder! (London, 1767) 255 5.3 Illustration from The Annals of Newgate, Vol. 4 (London, 1776), p. 200 255 5.4 Illustrations from The Malefactor’s Register, Vol. 4 (London, 1779), p. 311 256 5.5 ‘The Skeleton of Elizabeth Brownrigg in Surgeon’s Hall’, The Malefactor’s 262 Register (London, 1779), p. 316 5.6 L’innocence reconnue de Marie Françoise Victoire Salmon (Paris, 1786) 265 5.7 L’innocence reconnue dédié aux âmes sensibles (Paris, 1786) 265 5.8 L’innocence reconnue de Marie Françoise Salmon au Parlement de Paris 275 (Paris, 1786) 5.9 Portrait de Pierre Noël LeCauchois (Paris, 1786) 276 5.10 Convoi de très haut et très puissant Seigneur des Abus mort sous le règne de 278 Louis XVI (Paris, 1789) 5.11 ‘Mrs Brownrigg in her Cell, Newgate’, from The Malefactor’s Register or 282 New Newgate and Tyburn Calendar, Vol. 4 (London, 1779), p. 312 5.12 Le Mariage de la célèbre Dlle Salmon (Paris, 1786) 285 5.13 ‘Innocence Reconnue’ in Cabinet des Modes 22 (1 October 1786) 286 List of Appendices Appendix One: Records of print material generated on cases of female murder in 307 the years surrounding high-profile cases. 5 Acknowledgements My first and greatest acknowledgement must go to my supervisor, Robert Shoemaker, for his constant support and rigorous attention to detail which have brought this thesis to life. Thanks also go to my secondary supervisor, David McCallam, for all his advice and enthusiasm throughout this project. This project was undertaken at the University of Sheffield and thanks must go to all fellow researchers, staff and administrators for their contribution to such a vibrant, supportive and stimulating research environment. I am indebted to the Arts and Humanities Research Council for providing the funding that allowed me to carry out this project. The Parisian research was undertaken through an Entente Cordiale Fellowship at Paris Sorbonne IV in the autumn semester of 2013 with additional research trips funded by the Economic History Society, the Society for the Study of French History, the Society for French Studies and the Royal Historical Society. Thanks in particular must go to my mentor at Paris Sorbonne IV, François Joseph Ruggiu and to all at and affiliated with the Centre Roland Mousnier for their generous hospitality: Reynald Abad, Julie Doyon, Stéphane Jettot, Sabine Juratic, Léa Lebourg-Leportier, Matthieu Marraud, and Adrien Pitor.
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