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Images of Women in Eighteenth Century English Chapbooks, from Banal Bickering to Fragile Females Katherine Barber Fromm Iowa State University

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Images of Women in Eighteenth Century English Chapbooks, from Banal Bickering to Fragile Females Katherine Barber Fromm Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Retrospective Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2000 Images of women in eighteenth century English chapbooks, from banal bickering to fragile females Katherine Barber Fromm Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd Part of the English Language and Literature Commons, and the European History Commons Recommended Citation Fromm, Katherine Barber, "Images of women in eighteenth century English chapbooks, from banal bickering to fragile females " (2000). Retrospective Theses and Dissertations. 13899. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/rtd/13899 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Retrospective Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. INFORMATION TO USERS This manuscript has been reproduced from the microfilm master. UMI films the text directly from the original or copy submitted. Thus, some thesis and dissertation copies are in typewriter face, while others may be from any type of computer printer. The quality o# this reproduction Is dependent upon the quality of ttie copy submitted. Broken or indistinct print, cotored or poor quality illustrations and photographs, print bleedthrough; substandard margins, and improper alignment can adversely affect reproduction. In the unlikely event that the author dkl not send UMI a complete manuscript and there are missing pages, these will be noted. Also, if unauthorized copyright material had to be removed, a note will indicate the detetnn. Oversize materials (e.g., maps, drawings, charts) are reproduced by sectioning the original, beginning at the upper left-hand comer and contirxjing from left to right in equal sections with small overiaps. Photographs included in the original manuscript have been reproduced xerographically in this copy. Higher quality 6* x 9" black and v^ite photographic prints are available for any photographs or illustratkms appearing in this copy for an additional charge. Contact UMI directly to order. Bell & Howell Informatnn arKl Leaming 300 North Zeeb Road, Ann Arbor, Ml 48106-1346 USA 800-521-0600 NOTE TO USERS Page(s) not included in the original manuscript are unavailable from the author or university. The manuscript was microfilmed as received. 433 This reproduction is the best copy available. UMI Images of women in eighteenth century English chapt>ooks, from banal bickering to fragile females by Katherine Bartjer Fromm A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Major Agricultural History and Rural Studies Major Professor Dr. Andrejs Plakans Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2000 Copyright © Katherine Barber Fromm. 2000. All rights reserved. UMI Number 9962815 Copyright 2000 by Fromm, Katherine Bart)er All rights reserved. UMI^ UMI Microform9962815 Copyright 2000 by Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company. All rights reserved. This microform edition is protected against unauthorized copying under Title 17, United States Code. Bell & Howell Information and Leaming Company 300 North Zeeb Road P.O. Box 1346 Ann Artx}r, Ml 48106-1346 ii Graduate College Iowa State University This is to certify that the Doctoral dissertation of Katherine Barber Fromm has met the dissertation requirements of Iowa State University Signature was redacted for privacy. Maibr Professor Signature was redacted for privacy. Signature was redacted for privacy. College iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS vii CHAPTER ONE. INTRODUCTION 1 CHAPTER TWO. A SOCIO-ECONOMIC PORTRAIT OF THE SEVENTEENTH AND EIGHTEENTH CENTURIES 9 Chapbooks in Context 9 The Idea of Patriarchy 11 The Staying Power of the Old Order 13 A Society of Orders 14 The Commercialization of Agriculture 16 I nterpretations of the Transition 19 Women and Work in the Eighteenth Century 21 Women as Consumers 26 CHAPTER THREE. THE NATURE OF POPULAR CULTURE 34 Magic 37 Astrology and Almanacs 41 Providence 42 Marriage 44 Marriage among the Gentry/Aristocracy 45 Marriage among the Lower Orders 48 Popular Culture and Personal Relationships: Husbands and Wives 50 Challenges to Patriarchal Authority 53 Village Life and the Moral Economy 56 CHAPTER FOUR. LITERACY, PRINT. AND READING 66 The Oral Tradition 67 Early Modem England—'Soaked in Proverbs 70 The Growth of Literacy 72 Almanacs 78 Popular History 80 News 80 News and Libels 82 The Provincial Press 83 Hawkers, Bawlers, and Mercuries-Women and the Printing Business 84 The Female Reader 85 The Individual Reader-the Reading Public 89 Conclusion 91 CHAPTER FIVE. CHAPBOOKS 102 iv Secular Prophecy and 'Practical' Religion 103 The Historic Past 105 The Trade 105 The Eighteenth Century and Consumer Demand 109 Penny Merriments: The Pepys Collection 111 The Bosvvells' Collection 115 French Chapbooks 116 The Cheao Repository Tracts 119 CHAPTER SIX. BALLADS 129 The Genre 129 The English Context 134 'Godly Ballads' and Historic Stories 139 Historic Persons 143 CHAPTER SEVEN. LEGENDS AND LORE: A GENRE OF CHAPBOOKS 154 Mother Bunch, Mother Shipton, and Robert Nixon 158 Active Heroes 163 Aristocratic Women 168 CHAPTER EIGHT. BALLADS AND CHAPBOOKS: BANAL BICKERING AND BANTER 181 Chap-Ballads 188 Themes in the Roxburohe Ballads Compared to Chapbooks 191 Entertaining Stories in Chapbooks 195 Tewkesbury Chapbooks 202 Diverting Dialogues 203 Later Eighteenth-Century Dialogues 208 Older Women 218 Good Fellows and the Ale House 221 Conclusion 224 CHAPTER NINE. DIFFERENTIATION WITHIN THE GENRE: CONTRIVED AND ARTIFICIALLY PROTRACTED AGONIES. POST-1750 242 The Impact of Eighteenth-Century Novels 252 Post-1750 Chapbooks 256 The Sabine Publications 271 Chapbooks by Sarah Wilkinson (Commissioned by Ann Lemoine and J. Rowe at the end of the 'long eighteenth century') 276 Other Chapbooks Commissioned by Ann Lemoine 279 Amelia-A Popular Abridgment 285 Concluding Comments on Chapbooks 287 Connections:The Chapbook and the Novel 290 Novelistic Features 291 V CHAPTER TEN. WITCHCRAFT AND CRIME 309 Witchcraft 310 Chapbooks on Witchcraft 315 Concluding Comments 321 Crime 322 Women and Social Justice 327 Murder Pamphlets and Criminal Biography 333 Defoe and Criminal Biography 337 Assorted Chapbooks on Crime 340 Horrific Crimes 342 Women as Victims 348 Mockeries of Class Pretensions 352 The Survivors 355 Moll Flanders 355 Other Chapbooks 359 Fanny Davies 360 Conclusion 362 CHAPTER ELEVEN. FULMINATIONS AND POLEMICS 381 The Chapbooks 391 The Cloak of Reform 393 Traditional Laments and Paeans to Lost Virtue and the Countryside 399 Venemous Polemics and Vile Complaints 404 Frivolous Females—Arabella and Miranda 412 Betty Bolaine~A Survivor 419 Conclusion 420 CHAPTER TWELVE. WOMEN OF UNCOMMON TALENTS 434 Queens—Women in Power 434 Eleanor of Acquitaine 435 Queen Elizabeth I 436 Marie Antoinette 438 Later Warrior Women 439 Cross-Dressing 443 Long Meg of Westminster 444 Hannah Snell 445 Literary Devices 457 Boadicea 464 Concluding Remarks 473 CHAPTER THIRTEEN. SHIPWRECK AND CAPTIVITY 481 "The Life. Adventures, and Distresses of Charlotte Dupont" 492 "The Life. Voyages, and Surprising Adventures of Mary Jane Meadows, vi 'Written by Her own Hand" 496 The Story 497 Comparison of Charlotte Dupont and Mary Jane Meadows 500 Comparison of Robinson Crusoe and Mary Jane Meadows 500 Gender 503 Race/Imperialism 506 The State of Nature 508 Religion/Government 509 Poetry and Prose 510 CHAPTER FOURTEEN- CONTINUED ANALYSIS 522 Spiritual Self-Examination in Crusoe and Meadows 523 Spiritual Autobiographies and Diaries 523 A Female Author 525 Captivity Narratives 527 Why This Work in 1802 529 Conclusion: And Who is the Female Author of These 'Surprising Adventures?' 534 CHAPTER FIFTEEN. ASSESSING THE CHAPBOOK: TEXTS AND CONTEXTS 550 The Oral Tradition and the Printed Word 550 Literacy and Print 553 The 'Undifferentiated Matrix* 555 The Changing Reading Audience—The 'Interpretive Community?' 558 Periodizing Eighteenth-Century Chapbooks 560 The Two Major Types of Chapbooks 562 'Diverting Dialogues' 564 Mid Eighteenth-Century Chapbooks-Virtue Rewarded 566 Diversity and Variety 568 Cultural Wars of the 1790s 571 Ann Lemoine's Chapbooks 572 Chapbooks-The Identity ofAuthors 574 APPENDIX ONE. POPULAR EIGHTEENTH-CENTURY CHAPBOOKS FROM THE DICEY A ND MARSHALL FIRMS 580 APPENDIX TWO. A LIST OF SABINE CHAPBOOKS 584 BIBLIOGRAPHY 586 vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Paul Simon once did a concert title with the theme, 'born at the right time.' It was my good fortune to be born both at the right time and place. Nothing equals the innocent yet indescribable and unsurpassable beauty of northern San Diego County in the late 40s and 50s. From the 'hidden valley' of Escondido, to the trips to the High Sierras, to Yosemite, and others spots with luxurious natural scenery, it was a birthright that we can never truly appreciate. Alas, much of it is only barely discernible beyond the expanded population and problems. It did, however, endow many of us us with a larger perspective. Many of us were emboldened by that experience and less willing to settle for the banal. Some of us developed a sense of self identified totally with the need for change that found its outlet in the activism of the eariy 60s. We would change the world, and we certainly tried through the movements that played on the public stage in the 60s and t)eyond.
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