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Prostorové Aspekty Proliferace Jaderných Zbraní

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Prostorové Aspekty Proliferace Jaderných Zbraní UNIVERZITA PALACKÉHO V OLOMOUCI Přírodovědecká fakulta Katedra geografie Bc. Jan FRYČKA Prostorové aspekty proliferace jaderných zbraní Diplomová práce Vedoucí práce: RNDr. Miloš FŇUKAL, Ph.D. Olomouc 2011 Prohlašuji, že jsem zadanou diplomovou práci vypracoval sám pod vedením RNDr. Miloše FŇUKALA, Ph.D. a že jsem veškerou použitou literaturu a zdroje uvedl v příslušném seznamu. V Olomouci dne 19. dubna 2011 …………………………………. podpis Obsah 1 Úvod ........................................................................................................................................... 1 2 Cíle práce .................................................................................................................................... 3 3 Přehled literatury a zdrojů ......................................................................................................... 4 3.1 Česká literatura ................................................................................................................... 4 3.2 Anglická literatura ............................................................................................................... 5 4 Jaderná zbraň ............................................................................................................................. 7 4.1 Princip fungování ................................................................................................................ 7 4.2 Účinky jaderných výbuchů ................................................................................................ 12 4.3 Typy nosičů jaderných zbraní ............................................................................................ 14 5 Vývoj jaderných zbraní v USA a jejich použití .......................................................................... 15 5.1 Projekt Manhattan ............................................................................................................ 15 5.2 Bojové použití .................................................................................................................... 16 6 Supervelmoci a Studená válka ................................................................................................. 19 6.1 USA do roku 1962 .............................................................................................................. 24 6.1.1 Jaderný program ........................................................................................................ 24 6.1.2 Nosiče jaderných zbraní ............................................................................................. 25 6.1.3 Vývoj jaderné strategie v plánování NATO ................................................................ 27 6.2 Sovětský svaz do roku 1962 .............................................................................................. 30 6.2.1 Jaderný program ........................................................................................................ 30 6.2.2 Nosiče jaderných zbraní ............................................................................................. 32 6.2.3 Vývoj jaderné strategie v plánování Varšavské smlouvy ........................................... 33 6.3 Jaderné zbraně USA a SSSR 1963-1991 ............................................................................. 34 6.3.1 1962–1970 ................................................................................................................. 34 6.3.2 1971-1980 .................................................................................................................. 38 6.3.3 1981-1991 .................................................................................................................. 39 7 Statutární jaderné velmoci ....................................................................................................... 44 7.1 USA a Rusko po roce 1991 ................................................................................................ 44 7.1.1 Redukce jaderných arzenálů ...................................................................................... 44 7.1.2 Současné americké síly a jejich jaderná doktrína ...................................................... 46 7.1.3 Současné ruské síly a jejich jaderná doktrína ............................................................ 48 7.2 Velká Británie .................................................................................................................... 49 7.2.1 Historie jaderného programu .................................................................................... 49 7.2.2 Vývoj nosičů a změny strategie .................................................................................. 52 7.3 Francie ............................................................................................................................... 56 7.3.1 Historie jaderného programu .................................................................................... 56 7.3.2 Nosiče jaderných zbraní a proměny strategie ........................................................... 58 7.4 Čínská lidová republika ..................................................................................................... 63 7.4.1 Historie jaderného programu .................................................................................... 63 7.4.2 Vývoj nosičů a strategie ............................................................................................. 65 8 Nestatutární jaderné mocnosti ................................................................................................ 67 8.1 Izrael .................................................................................................................................. 67 8.1.1 Historie jaderného programu .................................................................................... 67 8.1.2 Vývoj nosičů a strategie ............................................................................................. 71 8.2 Indie................................................................................................................................... 73 8.2.1 Historie jaderného programu .................................................................................... 73 8.2.3 Vývoj nosičů a strategie ............................................................................................. 75 8.3 Jihoafrická republika ......................................................................................................... 77 8.4 Pákistán ............................................................................................................................. 81 8.2.1 Historie jaderného programu .................................................................................... 81 8.2.2 Vývoj nosičů a strategie ............................................................................................. 83 8.5 KLDR .................................................................................................................................. 87 9 Potenciální jaderné velmoci – Írán a Saúdská Arábie .............................................................. 88 10 Závěr ....................................................................................................................................... 91 Seznam literatury a zdrojů .......................................................................................................... 95 1 Úvod Proliferace jaderných zbraní je i v době po skončení Studené války vysoce aktuálním problémem. Ačkoliv hrozba celosvětového jaderného konfliktu mezi dvěma supervelmocemi pominula jiţ před 20 lety, po rozpadu Sovětského svazu se objevila nová hrozba, kterou představuje rozšíření know-how na výrobu JZ do problematických států (KLDR, Irán, Sýrie apod). Teoretický základ pro vývoj jaderných zbraní přinesly objevy na poli jaderné fyziky v první polovině 20. století. Průlomem pak bylo v roce 1938 objevení jaderného štěpení Otto Hahnem a Lisou Meitnerovou, ke kterému ovšem došlo v nacistickém Německu. Po propuknutí II. světové války z něj (především do USA) emigrovalo mnoho jaderných fyziků, včetně Alberta Einsteina. Vedoucí pozice nacistického Německa v jaderném výzkumu vedla vědce k obavám, ţe by mohlo tyto znalosti vyuţít pro výrobu jaderné zbraně a k vítězství ve válce. Ve svém známém dopise prezidentu Rooseveltovi proto Albert Einstein naléhal na zahájení amerického vojenského jaderného programu, který byl realizován pod krycím názvem „projekt Manhattan“. V počátcích se proliferace jaderných zbraní odehrávala především na poli špionáţe. Projekt Manhattan se realizoval především díky jaderným fyzikům z celé Evropy (Velká Británie, Francie, Dánsko, Maďarsko…). V červenci 1945 provedly Spojené státy první pokusný jaderný výbuch, následované o čtyři roky později Sovětským svazem. Velká Británie a Francie při výrobě jaderné zbraně mohly vyuţít znalostí svých vědců, podílejících se na projektu Manhattan. To se však nedá říci o Číně, které tyto informace předal po svém propuštění z vězení a následné emigraci do NDR Klaus Fuchs. Velkou zásluhu na jaderném vyzbrojení ČLR měl ovšem i Sovětský svaz, který jí původně zamýšlel předat veškeré své znalosti a technologii. To se ovšem po ideologické roztrţce mezi Nikitou Chruščovem a Mao Ce-Tungem nerealizovalo. Pět zmíněných států – USA, SSSR, Velká Británie, ČLR a Francie – podepsalo v roce 1968 Smlouvu o nešíření jaderných zbraní (Non-proliferation treaty), kterou samy sebe definovaly jako „statutární jaderné mocnosti“.
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