Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence Jon Woronoff, Series Editor 1. British Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2005. 2. United States Intelligence, by Michael A. Turner, 2006. 3. Israeli Intelligence, by Ephraim Kahana, 2006. 4. International Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2006. 5. Russian and Soviet Intelligence, by Robert W. Pringle, 2006. 6. Cold War Counterintelligence, by Nigel West, 2007. 7. World War II Intelligence, by Nigel West, 2008. 8. Sexspionage, by Nigel West, 2009. 9. Air Intelligence, by Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey, 2009. Historical Dictionary of Air Intelligence Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence, No. 9 The Scarecrow Press, Inc. Lanham, Maryland • Toronto • Plymouth, UK 2009 SCARECROW PRESS, INC. Published in the United States of America by Scarecrow Press, Inc. A wholly owned subsidiary of The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc. 4501 Forbes Boulevard, Suite 200, Lanham, Maryland 20706 www.scarecrowpress.com Estover Road Plymouth PL6 7PY United Kingdom Copyright © 2009 by Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publisher. British Library Cataloguing in Publication Information Available Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Trenear-Harvey, Glenmore S., 1940– Historical dictionary of air intelligence / Glenmore S. Trenear-Harvey. p. cm. — (Historical dictionaries of intelligence and counterintelligence ; no. 9) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-5982-1 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 0-8108-5982-3 (cloth : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-0-8108-6294-4 (eBook) ISBN-10: 0-8108-6294-8 (eBook) 1. Aerial reconnaissance–History–Dictionaries. 2. Military intelligence– History–Dictionaries. I. Title. UG760.T74 2009 358.4’1343203–dc22 2008043110 ∞™ The paper used in this publication meets the minimum requirements of American National Standard for Information Sciences—Permanence of Paper for Printed Library Materials, ANSI/NISO Z39.48-1992. Manufactured in the United States of America. Contents Editor’s Foreword Jon Woronoff vii Acronyms and Abbreviations ix Chronology xiii Introduction xxiii The Dictionary 1 Appendix 209 Bibliography 211 About the Author 219 v Editor’s Foreword Ever since airplanes, or indeed hot air balloons, appeared air intelli- gence has been one of the most productive sources of information on enemies or potential enemies. It has stood the test of time, developing successive and greatly improved generations of planes and photo- graphic equipment specially designed for the task. Among the best known, but hardly the only one, was the U-2. This form then took a huge leap forward during the space age, with the utilization of satellites for reconnaissance purposes, then returning to earth with the use of smaller and simpler drones, whose main advantage was getting closer to the terrain but without endangering a pilot or crew. Indeed, it looked as if nothing could surpass air intelligence over the long decades from World War I and World War II, through the Cold War and assorted hot wars in Korea, Vietnam, Afghanistan, and Iraq—that is, until 11 Sep- tember 2001, and the increasing use of suicide bombers reminded us that there are still some things human operatives can do better. Still, when it comes to war, and for other purposes as well, nothing has and nothing is likely to surpass air intelligence. That explains the need for a special volume in this growing series of Historical Dictionaries of Intelligence and Counterintelligence. Like others in the series, it starts off with a list of acronyms, indispensable merely to read the literature. It is followed by a chronology that traces the rapid evolution over a relatively short period of time for air intelli- gence. The introduction then inserts it in the broader context, showing which methods and equipment were used in which periods and during which wars, and even helping us peep into the future somewhat. The bulk of the information, however, is provided in several hundred dic- tionary entries on the more significant persons, places, and equipment, the various operations and other events, the more notable successes, and some deplorable failures. Although the literature on air intelligence is vii viii • EDITOR’S FOREWORD not that large—only enhancing the value of this volume—it is there to be learned from and the bibliography offers access to it. This Historical Dictionary of Air Intelligence was written by some- one coming directly from the field, Glenmore Trenear-Harvey. After serving in the Royal Air Force as a jet fighter pilot, an intelligence offi- cer, and on the staff of the Signals Command Headquarters, he did a stint supervising work on confidential ciphers. Since then he has be- come a specialist on air intelligence, lecturing on the topic to the gen- eral public and more select audiences at the British Defence Intelligence and Security Centre. A member of the main bodies dealing with defense and intelligence studies, he is also associate editor of a specialized mag- azine, Eye Spy, and editor of IntelDigest as well as heading a consul- tancy, IntelResearch. With more than four decades of experience under his belt, it was indeed fortunate to have him as the author of this handy and informative guide to a field all intelligence professionals and buffs regard as particularly vital. Jon Woronoff Series Editor Acronyms and Abbreviations AFESC Air Force Electronic Security Command AFOSI Air Force Office of Special Investigations AFSA Armed Forces Security Agency AFSS Air Force Security Service AIA Air Intelligence Agency ARIES Airborne Reconnaissance Integrated Electronic Sys- tem ASA Army Security Agency ASW Anti-Submarine Warfare AVMF Aviatsiya Voenno Morskova Flota (Soviet Naval Air Service) BND Bundesnachrichtendienst (Federal German Intelli- gence Service) BTTR Brothers to the Rescue C Chief of the Secret Intelligence Service CAZAB Canadian, American, New Zealand, Australian, and British counterintelligence liaison CIA Central Intelligence Agency (United States) CIAA Coordinator of Inter-American Affairs CIC Counter-Intelligence Corps CIO Central Imagery Office CSDIC Combined Services Detailed Interrogation Centre CSE Communications Security Establishment (Canada) CSIS Canadian Security Intelligence Service CSO Composite Signals Organization DARO Defense Airborne Reconnaissance Office DGSE Direction Générale de Securité Extérieure (French in- telligence service) DIA Defense Intelligence Agency ix x•ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS DIAS Defence Intelligence Analysis Staff DIS Defence Intelligence Staff DMI Director of Military Intelligence DNI Director of Naval Intelligence DO Directorate of Operations ECM Electronic Counter-Measures ELINT Electronic Intelligence FARC Armed Front of the Republic of Colombia FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation (United States) FRA Forsvarets Radioanstalt (Swedish Signals Intelligence Agency) FRG Federal Republic of Germany GC&CS Government Code and Cypher School GCHQ Government Communications Headquarters GDR German Democratic Republic GRU Glavnoe Razvedyvatel’noe Upravlenie (Soviet Mili- tary Intelligence Service) HARM High-speed Anti-Radiation Missile ICBM Inter-Continental Ballistic Missile IDF Israeli Defense Force INS Immigration and Naturalization Service IRBM Intermediate Range Ballistic Missile JIC Joint Intelligence Committee KGB Komitei Gosudarstevnnoi Bezopasnosti (Soviet Intel- ligence Service) LAKAM Israeli Bureau of Scientific Liaison MAV micro air vehicles MI5 British Security Service MI6 British Secret Intelligence Service MRBM Medium Range Ballistic Missile MSIC Missile and Space Intelligence Center NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NIE National Intelligence Estimate NIMA National Imagery and Mapping Agency NIO National Intelligence Officer NISC Naval Intelligence Support Center NPIC National Photographic Intelligence Center NRO National Reconnaissance Office ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS •xi NSA National Security Agency OSS Office of Strategic Services PR Photographic Reconnaissance PRC People’s Republic of China PRU Photographic Reconnaissance Unit RAF Royal Air Force RSM Radio Squadron Mobile SAM Surface-to-Air Missile SDECE Service de Documentation Extérieure et de Contre- Espionage (French Intelligence Service) SHAPE Supreme Headquarters Allied Powers Europe SIGINT Signals Intelligence SIS Secret Intelligence Service (Great Britain) SRBM Short-Range Ballistic Missile TACAN Tactical Air Navigation UNMOVIC United Nations Verification and Inspection Commis- sion UNSCOM United Nations Special Commission VPVO Voiska Protivovozdushnoi Oborony (Soviet Air De- fense Force) The nation with the best photographic intelligence will win the next war. General Werner von Frisch Commander in Chief of the Wehrmacht, 1935–1938 For all the billions of dollars spent on satellite and other overhead surveillance, on electronic eavesdropping, on export controls, on the debriefing of defectors and on human espionage, I have to conclude that the failure in the case of Iraq was monumental. Hans Blix Chairman, UNMOVIC, 2000–2003 Chronology 1783 Montgolfier brothers fly in a balloon. 1793 A balloon corps formed in France. 1794 Captain J. M. J. Coutelle is the first soldier in the air under fire at the Battle of Fleurus. 1797 A Companie d’Aérostiers deployed during the siege of Mantua.