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Doktori (Phd) Értekezés NEMZETI KÖZSZOLGÁLATI EGYETEM Hadtudományi Doktori Iskola Doktori (PhD) értekezés Kis J. Ervin Budapest, 2017. NEMZETI KÖZSZOLGÁLATI EGYETEM Hadtudományi Doktori Iskola Kis J. Ervin A LÉGVÉDELMI ÉS LÉGIERŐK EVOLÚCIÓJA, HELYE, SZEREPE, AZ ARAB-IZRAELI 1967-ES, 1973-AS és 1982- ES HÁBORÚK SORÁN, VALAMINT AZ IZRAELI LÉGIERŐ HAMÁSZ ÉS A HEZBOLLAH ELLENI HÁBORÚS ALKALMAZÁSÁNAK TAPASZTALATAI Doktori (PhD) értekezés Témavezető: Dr. habil. Jobbágy Zoltán ezredes, (Ph.D.) egyetemi docens Budapest, 2017 2 TARTALOMJEGYZÉK I. BEVEZETÉS ....................................................................................................................... 5 I.1. A kutatási témaválasztás indoklás ..................................................................................... 9 I.2 A kutatási téma feldolgozásának és aktualitásának indoklása ........................................ 9 I.3 A tudományos probléma megfogalmazása ................................................................... 12 I.4 Hipotézisek ..... .................................................................................................................... 14 I.5 Kutatási célok...................................................................................................................... 14 I.6 Alkalmazott kutatási módszerek ...................................................................................... 20 I.7. A témával foglalkozó szakirodalom áttekintése.................................................. .............21 I.8 Az értekezés felépítése ........................................................................................................ 23 II. AZ IZRAELI LÉGIERŐ LÉTREJÖTTE ÉS FEJLŐDÉSE 1967-IG .......................... 26 II.1 Polgári célú repülőgép beszerzések .................................................................................. 26 II.2 Az izraeli légierő létrejötte ............................................................................................... 28 II.3 Az izraeli légierő alkalmazása az 1948-49-es háborúban.............................................. .32 II.4 Az izraeli légierő a szuezi válság alatt .............................................................................. 36 II.5 Összefoglalás ...................................................................................................................... 39 III. AZ 1967. ÉS 1973. ÉVI ARAB-IZRAELI HÁBORÚK TÖRTÉNELMI ÉS KATONAI HÁTTERE...........................................................................................................................40 III.1 A Szovjetunió szerepe a közel-keleti konfliktusokban ................................................... 40 III.2 Helyi háborúk, korlátozott háborúk – fogalmi háttér ................................................... 48 III.2.1 A helyi háborúk biztonságpolitikai környezete a XX. században – a hidegháború időszak........................................................................ ........... 52 III.3 A Közel-Kelet geopolitikai, geostratégiai helyzete ........................................................ 54 III.4 Szíria, Irak és Algéria repülő és légvédelmi erői a hatnapos haború előtt .................. 67 III.4.1 Szíria légiereje 1967-ben .............................................................................. 67 III.4.2 Az Iraki Légierő 1967 júniusában ................................................................ 71 III.4.3 Az Algériai Légierő ...................................................................................... 73 III.4.4 A háború kitörése előtti erőviszonyok .......................................................... 74 III.5. Összefoglalás ..................................................................................................................... 76 IV. AZ 1967. ÉVI ARAB-IZRAELI HÁBORÚ .................................................................. 77 IV.1 Izrael repülő és légvédelmi eszközei 1967 júniusában .................................................. 78 IV.2 Izrael szerepe 1967-ben .................................................................................................... 82 IV.3 Egyiptom légiereje 1967-ben ........................................................................................... 85 IV.3.1 Az egyiptomi légierő szervezete 1967 júniusában ........................................ 92 IV.4 Egyiptom szerepe ............................................................................................................. 96 IV.5 A háború története a légi művelet szempontjából ......................................................... 97 IV.6. A hatnapos háború összegzése ....................................................................................... 106 V. AZ 1973. ÉVI ARAB-IZRAELI HÁBORÚ ................................................................... 110 V.1 A háború előzményei ........................................................................................................ 110 V.1.1 A ’73-as Jom Kippur-i háborúhoz kapcsolódó olajembergó – mint gazdasági előzmény és következmény......................................... ..............114 V.2. A felek erői 1973 októberében ........................................................................................115 V.3. Az 1973. évi háború eseményei .................................................................................... ...119 V.4. Az izraeli légi fölény kivívásának módjai és sajátosságai ............................................. 125 V.4.1 A repülőterek rombolása és a repülőgépek földön történő megsemmisítése .......................................................................................... 125 V.4.2 Az izraeli légierő által az arab légvédelem ellen alkalmazott fogások ........ 130 V.5 Az izraeli légierő harctevékenységének sajátosságai, új légi harcászati módszerek 134 V.5.1 A rádióelektronikai zavaró harceszközök jelentősége ................................ 138 V.5.2 Az izraeli légierő és a szárazföldi csapatok együttműködése ...................... 139 V.5.3 Az izraeli vadászrepülő és vadászbombázó erők alkalmazásának jellemzői ...................................................................................................... 142 V.6 Az arab légierők harctevékenységek sajátosságai ......................................................... 145 V.7 A légvédelem jelentősége az 1973. évi háborúban ......................................................... 149 3 V.7.1 Az arab légvédelem hatékonyságának elemzése ......................................... 150 V.7.2 A légvédelmi eszközök vegyes alkalmazása ............................................... 152 V.7.3 Az arab légvédelem eredményei ................................................................. 153 V.7.4 A légvédelem kihívásai és nehézségei ........................................................ 155 V.8 Az 1973-as háború tapasztalatainak összegzése ............................................................ 157 VI. AZ ÖTÖDIK ARAB-IZRAELI HÁBORÚ (1982.).......................................................159 VI.1 Előzmények .....................................................................................................................159 VI.2 Erőviszonyok a ’82-es háború előtt ...............................................................................162 VI.3. Izrael háborús terve .......................................................................................................164 VI.4. Az ötödik arab-iraeli háború (melyet az első palesztin-izraeli háborúnak is neveznek) ..........................................................................................................................................164 VI.5 A ’82-es háború összefoglalása .......................................................................................183 VI.6 A közel-keleti helyzet alakulása az ötödik arab-izraeli háború után...........................185 VII. LÉGIERŐ ÉS LÉGVÉDELEM A XXI. SZÁZADI IZRAELBEN ............................ 186 VII.1 Izrael katonai stratégiája .............................................................................................. 186 VII.2 Az izraeli légvédelem napjainkban .............................................................................. 193 VII.3 A légierő jelenlegi helyzete ............................................................................................ 199 VII.3.1 Az izraeli légierő haditechnikai fejlesztései ................................................ 204 VII.3.2 A terrorizmus jelentette kihívások .............................................................. 208 VII.4 Az izraeli légierő alkalmazása a Hamász és a Hezbollah ellen .................................. 210 VII.4.1 A 2008. december 27 és 2009. január 18 közötti háború ... Error! Bookmark not defined. VII.4.2 A 2014. július 08-a és augusztus 26-a közötti háború ................................. 217 VII.4.3 A 2006. július 12. és augusztus 14. közötti háború ..................................... 220 VII.5 Összegzés ..................................................................................................................... 220 VIII. ÖSSZEGZETT KÖVETKEZTETÉSEK, ÚK KUTATÁSI EREDMÉNYEK.. ......222 VIII.1 A hadviselés alapelveinek érvényesülése az arab-izraeli háborúkban .................... 222 VIII.1.1 A meglepés ................................................................................................. 222 VIII.1.2 A biztosítás ................................................................................................. 224
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