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National Register of Historic Places Multiple Property
NFS Form 10-900-b 0MB No. 1024-0018 (Jan. 1987) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Multipler Propertyr ' Documentation Form NATIONAL This form is for use in documenting multiple property groups relating to one or several historic contexts. See instructions in Guidelines for Completing National Register Forms (National Register Bulletin 16). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the requested information. For additional space use continuation sheets (Form 10-900-a). Type all entries. A. Name of Multiple Property Listing ____Iron and Steel Resources of Pennsylvania, 1716-1945_______________ B. Associated Historic Contexts_____________________________ ~ ___Pennsylvania Iron and Steel Industry. 1716-1945_________________ C. Geographical Data Commonwealth of Pennsylvania continuation sheet D. Certification As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act of 1966, as amended, J hereby certify that this documentation form meets the National Register documentation standards and sets forth requirements for the listing of related properties consistent with the National Register criteria. This submission meets the procedural and professional requiremerytS\set forth iri36JCFR PafrfsBOfcyid the Secretary of the Interior's Standards for Planning and Evaluation. Signature of certifying official Date / Brent D. Glass Pennsylvania Historical & Museum Commission State or Federal agency and bureau I, hereby, certify that this multiple -
DRAFT – Subject to NIST Approval 1.5 IMPACTS of AUTOMATION on PRECISION1 M. Alkan Donmez and Johannes A. Soons Manufacturin
DRAFT – Subject to NIST approval 1.5 IMPACTS OF AUTOMATION ON PRECISION1 M. Alkan Donmez and Johannes A. Soons Manufacturing Engineering Laboratory National Institute of Standards and Technology Gaithersburg, MD 20899 ABSTRACT Automation has significant impacts on the economy and the development and use of technology. In this section, the impacts of automation on precision, which directly influences science, technology, and the economy, are discussed. As automation enables improved precision, precision also improves automation. Followed by the definition of precision and the factors affecting precision, the relationship between precision and automation is described. This section concludes with specific examples of how automation has improved the precision of manufacturing processes and manufactured products over the last decades. 1.5.1 What is precision Precision is the closeness of agreement between a series of individual measurements, values, or results. For a manufacturing process, precision describes how well the process is capable of producing products with identical properties. The properties of interest can be the dimensions of the product, its shape, surface finish, color, weight, etc. For a device or instrument, precision describes the invariance of its output when operated with the same set of inputs. Measurement precision is defined by the International Vocabulary of Metrology [1] as the "closeness of agreement between indications obtained by replicate measurements on the same or similar objects under specified conditions." In this definition, the "specified conditions" describe whether precision is associated with the repeatability or the reproducibility of the measurement process. Repeatability is the closeness of the agreement between results of successive measurements of the same quantity carried out under the same conditions. -
1. Hand Tools 3. Related Tools 4. Chisels 5. Hammer 6. Saw Terminology 7. Pliers Introduction
1 1. Hand Tools 2. Types 2.1 Hand tools 2.2 Hammer Drill 2.3 Rotary hammer drill 2.4 Cordless drills 2.5 Drill press 2.6 Geared head drill 2.7 Radial arm drill 2.8 Mill drill 3. Related tools 4. Chisels 4.1. Types 4.1.1 Woodworking chisels 4.1.1.1 Lathe tools 4.2 Metalworking chisels 4.2.1 Cold chisel 4.2.2 Hardy chisel 4.3 Stone chisels 4.4 Masonry chisels 4.4.1 Joint chisel 5. Hammer 5.1 Basic design and variations 5.2 The physics of hammering 5.2.1 Hammer as a force amplifier 5.2.2 Effect of the head's mass 5.2.3 Effect of the handle 5.3 War hammers 5.4 Symbolic hammers 6. Saw terminology 6.1 Types of saws 6.1.1 Hand saws 6.1.2. Back saws 6.1.3 Mechanically powered saws 6.1.4. Circular blade saws 6.1.5. Reciprocating blade saws 6.1.6..Continuous band 6.2. Types of saw blades and the cuts they make 6.3. Materials used for saws 7. Pliers Introduction 7.1. Design 7.2.Common types 7.2.1 Gripping pliers (used to improve grip) 7.2 2.Cutting pliers (used to sever or pinch off) 2 7.2.3 Crimping pliers 7.2.4 Rotational pliers 8. Common wrenches / spanners 8.1 Other general wrenches / spanners 8.2. Spe cialized wrenches / spanners 8.3. Spanners in popular culture 9. Hacksaw, surface plate, surface gauge, , vee-block, files 10. -
Abana Controlled Hand Forging Study Guide As Paginated by the Guild of Metalsmiths - Abana Chapter - Jan 2020 Index
ABANA CONTROLLED HAND FORGING STUDY GUIDE AS PAGINATED BY THE GUILD OF METALSMITHS - ABANA CHAPTER - JAN 2020 INDEX Lesson Number Number Description of Pages Credits (click on box) L 1.01 Drawing Out: Draw a sharp point on a 1/2" square bar 3 Peter Ross and Doug Wilson L 2.01 Hot Punching: Create holes or recesses in bars or plate by driving 2 By Doug Wilson Illustrations by Tom Latané punches into or through hot material. L 3.01 Drawing Out a Round Taper 3 By Jay Close Illustrations by Tom Latané L 4.01 Bending Bar Stock 5 By Jay Close Illustrations by Tom Latané L 5.01 Twisting a Square Bar 4 By Bob Fredell Illustrations by Tom Latané L 6.01 Drawing , Punching, and Bending 4 By Peter Ross Illustrations by Tom Latané L 7.01 Upsetting a Square Bar 3 By Peter Ross Illustrations by Tom Latané L 8.01 Slitting and Drifting Two Mortises or Slots in a Square Sectioned Bar 5 By Jay Close llustrations by Doug Wilson, photos by Jay Close L 9.01 Mortise and Tenon Joinery 3 Text and Illustrations by Doug Wilson L 10.01 Forge Welding 6 By Dan Nauman Illustrations by Tom Latané Photos by Dan Nauman L 11.01 Drawing Down - Part One 6 by Jay Close Illustrations by Tom Latané, photos by Jay Close and Jane Gulden L 11.07 Drawing Down - Part Two 6 by Jay Close Illustrations by Tom Latané, photos by Jay Close and Jane Gulden L 12.01 Forging a Shoulder 4 by Bob Fredell Illustrations by Tom Latané L 13.01 Cutting a Bar 2 by Dan Nauman Illustrations by Doug Wilson L 14.01 Forging a 90-degree Corner 3 Text and Photos by Dan Nauman L 15.01 Forge an Eye on the -
Mounting of Workpieces
Phone (860) 289-3347 Fax (860) 289-4846 www.hschmidt.com 250 Nutmeg RD South, Suite J – South Windsor, CT 06074 Precision Work Holding Solutions Mounting of Workpieces Electro Permanent Magnets Centering Vise Drawbar & Pallet Precision Vise Permanent Magnets Reference Systems The final component of the SquareTech system is the holding of the workpiece. The 90° indexing fixture accepts the Matrix pallet and drawbar from System 3R. The pallets can be either manually loaded and indexed or integrated to a fully automated manufacturing cell. The following options are available for mounting of the workpiece Directly to Matrix pallet. To a reference system. To a manual vise. To a magnetic chuck. Mounting directly to Matrix Pallet The workpiece can be mounted directly to the Matrix pallet (approx 5” diameter) utilizing a series of predrilled holes. The pallet is also available in a 6” automation ready version which allows for custom hole layouts for specific applications. Larger sub-plates are easily implemented for custom mounting, jigs, etc. Mounting to a Reference System Many facilities are already using System 3R, Erowa or Hirschmann referencing systems. Already mounted components can be used by mounting the preferred referencing system manual chuck to the face of the Matrix pallet. The Matrix pallet is still used for the indexing function. When the squaring procedure is finished, the pre- mounted components can be moved to the next process. Mounting to a Manual Vise Two styles of manual vises apply themselves well to SquareTech Self Centering Precision toolmaker The self centering style of vise has many jaw options available to satisfy various part geometries. -
Friction Drilling of Difficult-To-Machine Materials Are Product Quality and Tool Life
metals Article Friction Drilling of Difficult-to-Machine Materials: Workpiece Microstructural Alterations and Tool Wear Shayan Dehghan * , Mohd Idris Shah b. Ismail * , Mohd Khairol Anuar b. Mohd Ariffin and B. T. Hang Tuah b. Baharudin Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Universiti Putra Malaysia, UPM Serdang 43400, Selangor, Malaysia * Correspondence: [email protected] (S.D.); [email protected] (M.I.S.b.I.) Received: 3 July 2019; Accepted: 23 July 2019; Published: 29 August 2019 Abstract: Difficult-to-machine materials are metals that have great toughness, high work-hardening, and low thermal conductivity. Friction drilling of difficult-to-machine materials is a technically challenging task due to the difficulty of friction drilling, leading to excessive tool wear, which adversely affects surface integrity and product performance. In the present study, the microstructural changes of workpieces and tool wear for friction drilling of AISI304, Ti-6Al-4V, and Inconel718 are characterized. It helps to have an in-depth understanding of heat generation mechanics by friction and the mechanism of the friction drilling process. The study contributes to providing an enhanced microstructural characterization of workpiece and tool conditions, which identifies the material behavior and shows how it affects the bushing formation quality and drilling tool performance. The results reveal that the abrasive wear is mostly observed in the conical region of the tool, which has maximum contact with hole-wall. Moreover, the low thermal conductivity of Ti-6Al-4V increases frictional heat generation severely, and reduces product quality and tool life subsequently. Keywords: Friction drilling; Microstructure; Tool wear; Difficult-to-machine materials; AISI304; Ti-6Al-4V; Inconel718 1. -
Tool Wear and Material Removal Predictions in Micro-EDM Drilling: Advantages of Data-Driven Approaches
applied sciences Article Tool Wear and Material Removal Predictions in Micro-EDM Drilling: Advantages of Data-Driven Approaches Mattia Bellotti 1, Ming Wu 1,2 , Jun Qian 1 and Dominiek Reynaerts 1,* 1 Department of Mechanical Engineering, KU Leuven and Member Flanders Make, 3001 Leuven, Belgium; [email protected] (M.B.); [email protected] (M.W.); [email protected] (J.Q.) 2 School of Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhoug 510000, China * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +32-16-322-480 Received: 6 August 2020; Accepted: 10 September 2020; Published: 12 September 2020 Abstract: In micro electrical discharge drilling, regression models are commonly used for predicting the material removal rate (MRR) and tool wear rate (TWR) from the applied processing parameters. However, these models can be inaccurate since the processing parameters might not always be representative of the actual machining conditions, which depend on several other factors such as the tool length or gap flushing efficiency. In order to increase the prediction accuracy, the present work investigates the capability of data-driven regression models for tool wear and material removal prediction. The errors in predicting the MRR and TWR are shown to decrease of about 65% and 85% respectively when using data collected through process monitoring as input of the regression models. Data-driven approaches for in-process tool wear prediction have also been implemented in drilling experiments, demonstrating that a more accurate control of the hole depth (50% average reduction of the depth error) can be achieved by using data-driven predictive models. -
Based on Clamping Method
BASED ON CLAMPING METHOD All Platforms, All Workpieces Small in Size – Giant in Performance COMPANY PROFILE OK-VISE FIXTURING CONCEPT A wide selection of WORKHOLDING information as well as In the late 1970s Finnish entrepreneur and inventor Olli Kytölä ( “ok” ) bought The OK-VISE Fixturing Concept features a range of components that are suit- TODAY the latest updates about his first numerically controlled machining centers, but he was not happy with able for clamping different workpiece types, sizes and materials on all types of our products are easily obtained When productivity needs to the workholding solutions that were available then. workholding platforms and machining centers. from our website at improve, we recommend focusing While fastening the washing line to the brick wall of his house, he started www.ok-vise.com not only on machine tool or cut- to study the screw anchor that he was using - the rest is part of workholding ting tool properties like feed rates history. Stop modules S and spindle speeds. When you invest in modern fix- Clamp modules C Actuator (bolt/cylinder) turing concepts, in many cases radical improvements in production efficiency, flexibility and product Workpiece quality are much easier and more eco nomical to realize than putting money into the machine tool itself. Side guide G Forget old-school machine vises Today, the OK-VISE clamping method is known worldwide, and has been and strap clamps. complemented with further components which form the OK-VISE Fixturing concept. Riser block / Paraller P In addition to the most reliable clamping method on the market, OK-VISE Multi-Rail base now also offers easier and faster setup change. -
The Possibilities and Limitations of DRY MACHINING
MWF | Special Section Dr. Neil Canter / Contributing Editor The Possibilities and Limitations of DRY MACHINING Dry and near-dry machining won’t replace traditional metalworking fluid technology anytime soon, but they do offer advantages for some niche markets. etalworking fluids are known to Mprovide many benefits to ensure that metal parts can be machined in a cost-effective manner. The positive fea- tures of metalworking fluids have long been established and include friction re- duction, cooling, corrosion protection, welding protection from the tool to the workpiece and the washing away of met- al chips. But metalworking fluids have under- gone intense regulatory scrutiny during the last 20 years. The United Auto Work- ers petitioned the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) to lower the permissible exposure limit for metalworking fluids from 5.0 mg/m3 to 0.5 mg/m3. In response, OSHA estab- lished the Metalworking Fluid Standards Advisory Committee (MWFSAC) in 1997 to develop standards or guidelines related to metalworking fluids. In its final report in 1999, MWFSAC recom- mended that the exposure limit be 0.5 mg/m3 and that medical surveillance, ex- posure monitoring, system management, workplace monitoring and employee training are necessary to monitor worker exposure to metalworking fluids. In the current, competitive manufac- Metalworking fluids have undergone intense turing environment, end-users of met- alworking fluids are looking to reduce regulatory scrutiny during the last 20 years. 40 • MARCH 2009 TRIBOLOGY & LUBRICATION TECHNOLOGY WWW.STLE.ORG THE DRy-MACHINING CHALLENGE Metalworking is composed of a number of different machining operations that place different requirements on the lubricant. -
NIMS Machining Level I Preparation Guide Job Planning, Benchwork
NIMS Machining Level I Preparation Guide Job Planning, Benchwork, and Layout Table of Contents Overview pages 2 – 5 • Introduction page 2 • Who Wrote the Questions page 2 • How to Prepare for the Credentialing Exam page 3 • Areas of Knowledge Measured by the Exam page 3, 4 • Before the Exam page 4 • At the Testing Site page 5 Machining Exam – Job Planning, Benchwork, and Layout pages 6 – 26 • Exam Content and Sample Question Overview page 6 • Exam Specification page 7 • Task List and Sample Questions pages 8 – 23 • Answer Key pages 24 26 © 2003 National Institute for Metalworking Skills, Inc. Page 1 of 26 Overview Introduction This preparation guide or test advisor is intended to help machinists study and prepare for the National Institute for Metalworking Skills (NIMS) written credentialing exam. The sample test will help prepare machinists to take the actual credentialing exam. None of the questions are duplicates from the actual exam. However, this preparation guide is a useful tool for reviewing technical knowledge and identifying areas of strength and deficiency so that the student has what is needed to do well on the exam. Achieving a NIMS credential is a means through which machinists can prove their abilities to themselves, to their instructors or employers, and to the customer. By passing the NIMS credentialing exam you will earn a valuable and portable credential. Because the test is tough, you will have the satisfaction of proving to yourself and others that you have reached a level of competency that is accepted nationally. Who Wrote the Questions A panel of technical experts, from all areas of the metalworking industry, wrote the questions used on the credentialing exam. -
Welding ABSTRACT Units Are General Safety, Basic Metalworking Tools, Layout, Bench Metal Casting, Welding, Metal Finishing, Plan
DOCUMENT RESUME ED 223 837 CE 034 374 TITLE lndustrial Arts Curriculum Guide in Basic Metals. Bulletin No. 1685. INSTITUTION Louisiana State Dept. of Education, Baton Rouge. Div. of Vocational Education. PUB DATE Sep 82 NOTE 127p.; For related documents, see CE 034 372-375. PUB TYPE Guides Classroom Use Guides (For Teachers) (052) EDRS PRICE MF01/PC06 Plus Postage. DESCRIPTORS Behavioral Objectives; *Course Content; Curriculum Guides; Equipment Utilization; Hand Tools; *Industrial Arts; Instructional Materials; Learning Activities; Machine Tools; Metal Industry; *Metals; *Metal Working; Planning; *Program Implementation; Safety; Secondary Education; Sheet Metal Wolk; *Trade and Industrial Education; Vocational Education; Welding IDENTIFIERS *Louisiana ABSTRACT This curriculum guide contains operational guidelines to help local-administrators, teacher educators, and industrial arts teachers in the State of Louisiana determine the extent to which their basic metals courses are meeting the needs of the youth they serve. It consists of a discussion of course prerequisites, goals, content, and implementation as well as 16 units devoted to various subject areas addressed in a basic metals course. Covered in the units are general safety, basic metalworking tools, layout, bench metalwork, sheet metal, art metal, ornamental metalwork, forging, metal casting, welding, metal finishing, planning, careers in metalworking, and basic metals projects. Each unit contains some or all of the following: objectives, time allotments, suggested topics, student activities, teacher activities, resources, and a unit inventory listing necessary tools and equipment. Among those items appended to the guide are safety rules, steps in making a layout, samples of basic metals projects, a sample student-planning sheet, suggestions for measuring achievement, sample test questions, techniques for conducting classes and for motivating students, and a list of resource materials. -
From Bloomery Furnace to Blast Furnace Archeometallurgical Analysis of Medieval Iron Objects from Sigtuna and Lapphyttan, Sverige
EXAMENSARBETE INOM TEKNIK, GRUNDNIVÅ, 15 HP STOCKHOLM, SVERIGE 2019 From Bloomery Furnace to Blast Furnace Archeometallurgical Analysis of Medieval Iron Objects From Sigtuna and Lapphyttan, Sverige ANDREAS HELÉN ANDREAS PETTERSSON KTH SKOLAN FÖR INDUSTRIELL TEKNIK OCH MANAGEMENT Abstract During the Early Middle Ages, the iron production in Sweden depended on the bloomery furnace, which up to that point was well established as the only way to produce iron. Around the Late Middle Ages, the blast furnace was introduced in Sweden. This made it possible to melt the iron, allowing it to obtain a higher carbon composition and thereby form new iron-carbon phases. This study examines the microstructure and hardness of several tools and objects originating from archaeological excavations of Medieval Sigtuna and Lapphyttan. The aim is to examine the differences in quality and material properties of iron produced by respectively blast furnaces and bloomery furnaces. Both methods required post-processing of the produced iron, i.e. decarburization for blast furnaces and carburization for bloomeries. These processes were also studied, to better understand why and how the material properties and qualities of the items may differ. The results show that some of the studied items must have been produced from blast furnace iron, due to their material composition and structure. These items showed overall better material quality and contained less slag. This was concluded because of the increased carbon concentration that allowed harder and more durable structures such as pearlite to form. The study also involved an investigation of medieval scissors, also known as shears, made from carburized bloomery furnace iron.