DRAFT – Subject to NIST Approval 1.5 IMPACTS of AUTOMATION on PRECISION1 M. Alkan Donmez and Johannes A. Soons Manufacturin
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Numerical Control (NC) Fundamentals
Lab Sheet for CNC Laboratory Department of Production Engineering and Metallurgy Prepared by: Dr. Laith Abdullah Mohammed Production Engineering – CNC Lab Lab Sheet Numerical Control (NC) Fundamentals What is Numerical Control (NC)? Form of programmable automation in which the processing equipment (e.g., machine tool) is controlled by coded instructions using numbers, letter and symbols - Numbers form a set of instructions (or NC program) designed for a particular part. - Allows new programs on same machined for different parts. - Most important function of an NC system is positioning (tool and/or work piece). When is it appropriate to use NC? 1. Parts from similar raw material, in variety of sizes, and/or complex geometries. 2. Low-to-medium part quantity production. 3. Similar processing operations & sequences among work pieces. 4. Frequent changeover of machine for different part numbers. 5. Meet tight tolerance requirements (compared to similar conventional machine tools). Advantages of NC over conventional systems: Flexibility with accuracy, repeatability, reduced scrap, high production rates, good quality. Reduced tooling costs. Easy machine adjustments. More operations per setup, less lead time, accommodate design change, reduced inventory. Rapid programming and program recall, less paperwork. Faster prototype production. Less-skilled operator, multi-work possible. Limitations of NC: · Relatively high initial cost of equipment. · Need for part programming. · Special maintenance requirements. · More costly breakdowns. Advantages -
Enrolled Joint Resolution
2009 Assembly Joint Resolution 67 ENROLLED JOINT RESOLUTION Relating to: commending MAG Giddings and Lewis on its sesquicentennial. Whereas, the company now known as MAG Giddings & Lewis was founded in 1859 in Fond du Lac, Wisconsin, as a small machine shop that produced parts and provided repairs for Wisconsin's sawmills and gristmills; and Whereas, over time, the business expanded its shop to include a gray iron foundry, the first in Wisconsin, and became the Novelty Iron Works, with a continued emphasis on sawmill machinery; and Whereas, in the 1870s and 1880s, the Novelty Iron Works continued its expansion into manufacturing industrial steam engines for clients across the United States; and Whereas, in the 1870s and 1880s, changes in ownership brought the Novelty Iron Works under a partnership of Colonel C. H. DeGroat, George Giddings, and O. F. Lewis, leading to a new name, DeGroat, Giddings & Lewis; and Whereas, in 1895, DeGroat sold his interest in the partnership to Giddings and Lewis, and the company was incorporated as the Giddings & Lewis Manufacturing Company, commonly known as Giddings & Lewis; and Whereas, as Wisconsin's lumber industry began to decline in the late 1890s and early 1900s, Giddings & Lewis began to concentrate on manufacturing machine tools, including lathes, gear cutting equipment, shapers, planers, drills, grinders, and even shell lathes for the British Ministry of Munitions during World War I; and Whereas, Giddings & Lewis entered into a sweeping modernization program during the 1920s and 1930s, went public -
What Is a CNC Machine? CNC : Computerised Numerical Control
What is a CNC Machine? CNC : Computerised Numerical Control (Computer + Numerical Control) • Numerical control is a programmable automation in which process is controlled by Numbers, Letters, and symbols. • CNC Machining is a process used in the manufacturing sector that involves the use of computers to control machine tools like lathes, mills and grinders. 1 Why is CNC Machining necessary? • To manufacture complex curved geometries in 2D or 3D was extremely expensive by mechanical means (which usually would require complex jigs to control the cutter motions) • Machining components with high Repeatability and Precision • Unmanned machining operations • To improve production planning and to increase productivity • To survive in global market CNC machines are must to achieve close tolerances. 2 Ball screw / ball bearing screw / recirculating ballscrew Mechanism • It consists of a screw spindle, a nut, balls and integrated ball return mechanism a shown in Figure . • The flanged nut is attached to the moving part of CNC machine tool. As the screw rotates, the nut translates the moving part along the guide ways. Ballscrew configuration • However, since the groove in the ball screw is helical, its steel balls roll along the helical groove, and, then, they may go out of the ball nut unless they are arrested at a certain spot. 3 • Thus, it is necessary to change their path after they have reached a certain spot by guiding them, one after another, back to their “starting point” (formation of a recirculation path). The recirculation parts play that role. • When the screw shaft is rotating, as shown in Figure, a steel ball at point (A) travels 3 turns of screw groove, rolling along the grooves of the screw shaft and the ball nut, and eventually reaches point (B). -
The Industrial Revolution in America
DO NOT EDIT--Changes must be made through “File info” CorrectionKey=TX-A SECTION 1 The Industrial TEKS 5B, 5D, 7A, 11A, 12C, 12D, 13A, Revolution in 13B, 14A, 14B, 27A, 27D, 28B What You Will Learn… America Main Ideas 1. The invention of new machines in Great Britain If YOU were there... led to the beginning of the You live in a small Pennsylvania town in the 1780s. Your father is a Industrial Revolution. 2. The development of new blacksmith, but you earn money for the family, too. You raise sheep machines and processes and spin their wool into yarn. Your sisters knit the yarn into warm brought the Industrial Revolu- tion to the United States. wool gloves and mittens. You sell your products to merchants in the 3. Despite a slow start in manu- city. But now you hear that someone has invented machines that facturing, the United States made rapid improvements can spin thread and make cloth. during the War of 1812. Would you still be able to earn the same amount The Big Idea of money for your family? Why? The Industrial Revolution trans- formed the way goods were produced in the United States. BUILDING BACKOU GR ND In the early 1700s making goods depend- ed on the hard work of humans and animals. It had been that way for Key Terms and People hundreds of years. Then new technology brought a change so radical Industrial Revolution, p. 385 that it is called a revolution. It began in Great Britain and soon spread to textiles, p. -
ME 440: Numerically Controlled Machine Tools Outline
Outline – Introduction ME 440: Numerically Controlled Machine Tools • Basic Definitions – Machine Tools – Precision Engineering Introduction • Historical Developments • Numerical Control Assistant Prof. Melik Dölen • Direct Numerical Control Department of Mechanical Engineering • CtNilCtlComputer Numerical Control • Distributed Numerical Control Middle East Technical University – Flexible Manufacturing Systems Chapter 1 ME 440 2 Definition of Machine Tool Conventional Machine Tools • Milling Mac hine • A machine used for sculpturing metal and • Lathe other substances to the desired form. • Drilling/Boring Machine • A machine system utilized for producing • Shaper/Planer machine par ts an d e lemen ts. • Grinding Machine •A machine tool is a powered mechanical • Filing Machines device, typically used to fabricate metal • Sawing Machines comppyonents of machines by the selective removal of metal. Chapter 1 ME 440 3 Chapter 1 ME 440 4 Non-traditional Machine Tools Machining Accuracy • Electro-Discharge Machine • Wire EDM • Plasma Cutter • Electron Beam Machine • Laser Beam Machine Chapter 1 ME 440 5 Chapter 1 ME 440 6 Ultraprecision Machining History of Machine Tools Processes • 1770: Simple production machines • Single-point diamond and mechanization – at the turning and CBN beggginning of the industrial cutting revolution. • 1920: Fixed automatic mechanisms • Abrasive/erosion and transfer lines for mass processes (fixed and production. free) • 1945: Machine tools with simple automatic control, such as plug • Chemical/corrosion board controllers. processes (etch- • 1952: Invention of numerical control machining) (NC). Chapter 1 ME 440 7 Chapter 1 ME 440 8 History of Machine Tools (Cont’ d) History of Machine Tools (Cont’d) • 1961: First commercial Industrial robot. • 1972: First CNCs introduced. • 1978: Flexible manufacturing system (FMS); contains CNCs, robots, material transfer system. -
Outlook for Numerical Control of Machine Tools 28 ’65
L 2*. 3 ' W37 OUTLOOK FOR NUMERICAL CONTROL OF MACHINE TOOLS 28 ’65 A Study of a Key Technological Development in Metalworking Industries Bulletin No. 1437 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF LADOR W. Willard Wirtz, Secretary BUREAU OF LABOR STATISTICS Ewan Clague, Commissioner Digitized for FRASER http://fraser.stlouisfed.org/ Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis OTHER BLS PUBLICATIONS ON AUTOMATION AND PRODUCTIVITY Manpower Planning to Adapt to New Technology At an Electric and Gas Utility--A Case Study (Report No. 293, 1965). Techniques used to facilitate manpower adjustments. Covers three technological innovations affecting more than 1,900 workers. Case Studies of Displaced W orkers (Bulletin 1408, 1964), 94 pp. , 50 cents. Experiences of workers after layoff. Covers over 3, 000 workers from five plants in different industries. Technological Trends in 36 Major American Industries, 1964, 105 pp. Out of print, available in libraries. Review of significant technological developments, with charts on employment, production,and productivity. Prepared for the President's Advisory Committee on Labor-Management Policy. Implications of Automation and Other Technological Developments: A Selected Annotated Bibliography (Bulletin 1319-1. 1963), 90 pp. , 50 cents. Supplement to bulletin 1319, 1962, 136 pp. , 65 cents. Describes over 300 books, articles, reports, speeches, conference proceedings, and other readily available materials published prim arily between 1961 and 1963. Industrial Retraining Programs for Technological Change (Bulletin 1368, 1963), 34 pp. Out of print, available in libraries. A study of the performance of older workers based on four case studies of industrial plants. Impact of Office Automation in the Internal Revenue Service (Bulletin 1364, 1963), 74 pp. -
Machine Code Glossary for Machining Centers
Machine Code Glossary for Machining Centers What is G-Code? G-code is the common name for the most widely used numerical control (NC) programming language. Used primarily in automation, it is part of computer-aided engineering. G-code is also known as “G programming language”. In basic terms, G-code is a language in which people tell computerized machine tools what to make and how to make it. The "how" is defined by instructions on where to move to (direction of travel), how fast to move (rapid or controlled feedrate) and through what path to move (linear, circular, etc). The most common example is that, within a machine tool, a cutting tool is moved according to these instructions through a toolpath, cutting away excess material to leave only the finished workpiece. The same concept also applies to non-cutting tools, such as forming or burnishing tools and to measuring probes that validate the results. Commonly Used G Codes for Machining Centers G00 = Linear move (Rapid) G01 = Linear move (Feed) G02 = Circular move (interpolation) CW G03 = Circular move (interpolation) CCW G04 = Dwell time G10 = Zero offset shift G11 = Zero offset shift (cancel) G17 = XY plane selection G18 = ZX plane selection G19 = YZ plane selection G20 = Check for Inch mode G21 = Check for MM mode G28 = Return to reference point G29 = Return from reference point G30 = Return to 2nd, 3rd (etc.) reference point G40 = Cutter (diameter or radius) compensation off G41 = Cutter (diameter or radius) compensation to the left of the programmed path (climb) G42 = Cutter (diameter -
Colt╎s Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company Collection
http://oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8hh6mgb No online items Finding Aid to the Colt’s Patent Firearms Manufacturing Company Collection 89.62 Finding aid prepared by Holly Rose Larson and Jeffrey Richardson Autry National Center, Autry Library 4700 Western Heritage Way Los Angeles, CA, 90027 (323) 667-2000 ext. 349 [email protected] 2012 March 7 Finding Aid to the Colt’s Patent 89.62 1 Firearms Manufacturing Company Collection 89.62 Title: Colt’s Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company Collection Identifier/Call Number: 89.62 Contributing Institution: Autry National Center, Autry Library Language of Material: English Physical Description: 3.4 Linear feet(2 boxes) Date (inclusive): 1894-1946 Abstract: Samuel Colt patented his revolver with a mechanically rotating cylinder in 1835 and 1836. It revolutionized the firearms industry and was the first truly global manufacturing export in American history. The success of the revolver ultimately allowed Samuel Colt to incorporate Colt’s Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company in 1855. This collection of Colt’s Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company documents spans 1894-1946 and includes contracts, correspondence, invoices, memos, notes, receipts, stock certificates, and trademark registration certificates regarding manufacture, registration and trade of Colt products. Language: English, Spanish, French. creator: Colt Manufacturing Company creator: Colt's Patent Fire Arms Manufacturing Company creator: Colt, Samuel, 1814-1862 Access Collection is open for research. Appointments to view materials are required. To make an appointment please visit http://theautry.org/research/research-rules-and-application or contact library staff at [email protected]. An item-level inventory is available from library staff. -
1. Hand Tools 3. Related Tools 4. Chisels 5. Hammer 6. Saw Terminology 7. Pliers Introduction
1 1. Hand Tools 2. Types 2.1 Hand tools 2.2 Hammer Drill 2.3 Rotary hammer drill 2.4 Cordless drills 2.5 Drill press 2.6 Geared head drill 2.7 Radial arm drill 2.8 Mill drill 3. Related tools 4. Chisels 4.1. Types 4.1.1 Woodworking chisels 4.1.1.1 Lathe tools 4.2 Metalworking chisels 4.2.1 Cold chisel 4.2.2 Hardy chisel 4.3 Stone chisels 4.4 Masonry chisels 4.4.1 Joint chisel 5. Hammer 5.1 Basic design and variations 5.2 The physics of hammering 5.2.1 Hammer as a force amplifier 5.2.2 Effect of the head's mass 5.2.3 Effect of the handle 5.3 War hammers 5.4 Symbolic hammers 6. Saw terminology 6.1 Types of saws 6.1.1 Hand saws 6.1.2. Back saws 6.1.3 Mechanically powered saws 6.1.4. Circular blade saws 6.1.5. Reciprocating blade saws 6.1.6..Continuous band 6.2. Types of saw blades and the cuts they make 6.3. Materials used for saws 7. Pliers Introduction 7.1. Design 7.2.Common types 7.2.1 Gripping pliers (used to improve grip) 7.2 2.Cutting pliers (used to sever or pinch off) 2 7.2.3 Crimping pliers 7.2.4 Rotational pliers 8. Common wrenches / spanners 8.1 Other general wrenches / spanners 8.2. Spe cialized wrenches / spanners 8.3. Spanners in popular culture 9. Hacksaw, surface plate, surface gauge, , vee-block, files 10. -
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) Technologist/Specialist Location
CNC (Computer Numerical Control) Technologist/Specialist Location: Sydney, NS Term: Permanent, Full-Time (Morning, Day, Evening, Flexible Hours) Anticipated Start Date: As Soon As Possible About the Organization Established in 2001, Protocase Inc is a rapidly expanding company that focuses on combining advances in software with advanced manufacturing techniques to offer unique custom manufacturing to the engineering, design, and research industries. Using the expertise and dedication of 130 employees (and counting), Protocase is proud to have a client base of more than 12,000 customers throughout North America and around the globe. Customers include Boeing, L3, Raytheon, Google, Apple, Microsoft, NASA, MIT and many more. To learn more about the company, visit http://www.protocase.com. About the Opportunity: Protocase is currently seeking a dedicated and experienced CNC Machining Technologist/Specialist to join our Production team in the fast-paced CNC Machining department in Sydney (Cape Breton), Nova Scotia. Our customers – engineers, designers and scientists – depend on Protocase to quickly and accurately CNC machine custom enclosures, panels and parts. Our CNC Machining equipment includes 3- and 5-axis milling machines, CNC Router, and CNC turning. As a member of the busy CNC team, you will help operators and programmers to optimize jobs, solve problems and improve processes, along with performing CNC programming tasks yourself. You will also assist our CNC Machining Specialist with troubleshooting equipment problems and repairing -
What Was the Assembly Line ?
59 WHAT WAS THE ASSEMBLY LINE ? DAVID E. NYE INTRODUCTION Today, ”assembly line” immediately suggests Asian or Latin-American factories where poorly-paid workers make consumer goods for export to the West. For example, many US corporations shifted jobs to northern Mexico beginning in 1965 as part of the Border Industrialization Program. This process accelerated dramatically after January 1, 1994, when the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) went into effect. It abolished tariffs and made re-importation of assembly line goods easy. By 2000, 1.2 million US jobs had been relocated to Mexico. Most of the Mexicans hired were semi-skilled women, preferred both for their manual dexterity and their willingness to accept low wages.1 Corporations built factories where environmental legislation was lax and unions were weak or non-existent. In such places, “the danger is that repression rather than innovation becomes a competitive advantage.”2 Yet if the assembly line of today is often part of a global production system for offshore, semi-skilled work, at its inception in 1913 the Americans saw the assembly line as the guarantor of high wages and domestic prosperity. This essay reviews the origins of the assembly line, what exactly it was as a technology, and how it was initially understood. In hindsight, it was less a beginning than a mid-point in long- term developments that are still underway. Historians frequently refer to the assembly line as an historical stage, in a sequence from Taylorism to Fordism to “post-Fordism,” with additional stages sometimes included such as “lexible production,” “lean production” and most recently “post- lean production.”3 As convenient as these historical stages once seemed, their proliferation suggests that the whole notion of a sequence was mistaken to begin with. -
Abana Controlled Hand Forging Study Guide As Paginated by the Guild of Metalsmiths - Abana Chapter - Jan 2020 Index
ABANA CONTROLLED HAND FORGING STUDY GUIDE AS PAGINATED BY THE GUILD OF METALSMITHS - ABANA CHAPTER - JAN 2020 INDEX Lesson Number Number Description of Pages Credits (click on box) L 1.01 Drawing Out: Draw a sharp point on a 1/2" square bar 3 Peter Ross and Doug Wilson L 2.01 Hot Punching: Create holes or recesses in bars or plate by driving 2 By Doug Wilson Illustrations by Tom Latané punches into or through hot material. L 3.01 Drawing Out a Round Taper 3 By Jay Close Illustrations by Tom Latané L 4.01 Bending Bar Stock 5 By Jay Close Illustrations by Tom Latané L 5.01 Twisting a Square Bar 4 By Bob Fredell Illustrations by Tom Latané L 6.01 Drawing , Punching, and Bending 4 By Peter Ross Illustrations by Tom Latané L 7.01 Upsetting a Square Bar 3 By Peter Ross Illustrations by Tom Latané L 8.01 Slitting and Drifting Two Mortises or Slots in a Square Sectioned Bar 5 By Jay Close llustrations by Doug Wilson, photos by Jay Close L 9.01 Mortise and Tenon Joinery 3 Text and Illustrations by Doug Wilson L 10.01 Forge Welding 6 By Dan Nauman Illustrations by Tom Latané Photos by Dan Nauman L 11.01 Drawing Down - Part One 6 by Jay Close Illustrations by Tom Latané, photos by Jay Close and Jane Gulden L 11.07 Drawing Down - Part Two 6 by Jay Close Illustrations by Tom Latané, photos by Jay Close and Jane Gulden L 12.01 Forging a Shoulder 4 by Bob Fredell Illustrations by Tom Latané L 13.01 Cutting a Bar 2 by Dan Nauman Illustrations by Doug Wilson L 14.01 Forging a 90-degree Corner 3 Text and Photos by Dan Nauman L 15.01 Forge an Eye on the