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Lesson I...... 3 Save Our Ships Ships Across Time: An Overview

Lesson II...... 8 is an important and exciting part of our past, but it is often Merchant Ships and the Slave Trade neglected in the classroom. Teachers, historians, and maritime experts have worked together to create this manual, providing educators with materials to Lesson III. incorporate the history of ships and other water crafts into a variety of courses...... 10 Why not create a special unit with the art, social studies, and science teachers Navigating the working together to study clipper ships? Or use the story of the Amistad as a case study on slavery and the slave trade? Maritime history provides a dramatic Glossary ...... 12 window through which to examine the evolution of steam power, or the development of the Trade, and fits easily into existing national Resources ...... 13 standards.

You can use this manual as an intro d u c t o ry ove rv i ew or as separate lesson p l a n s . Either way, the subject matter can grab your students’ i n t e rest and help you generate the spark of learning that is so intrinsic to effe c t i ve t e a ch i n g.

The pres e rv a t i o n of our maritime heritage is an important part of Save Our His t o r y, The History Channel Credits The History Channel’s national campaign dedicated to historic pres e rv a t i o n and hi s t o r y educat i on . We encourage you and your students to visit maritime mus e u m s or take electronic field trips via the Internet to the web sites we’ve rec om m e n d e d . Editor Libby Haight O’Connell, Ph.D. The History Channel has worked with Mystic Se a p o rt , in Mys t i c , Business Manager Beth Marian, M.Ed. Connecticut, on this project, and is a proud partner of Amistad America. Refer Writers Louise P. Maxwell, Ph.D. to our list of Resources to find their web sites – they have a wealth of information that your students will enjoy. Jessica Rosenberg Graphic Designer Scott Russo We love fee d b a ck . Please let us know how you are using this material and how your students res p on d . You can e-mail us at sa ve h i s t o ry @ ae t n . c o m, or fax us at Creative Services Debra L. Volz 21 2 - 5 5 1 - 1 5 4 0 . Coordinator Business Coordinator Lourdes Melendez-Gamez

Libby H.O’Connell, Ph.D. Historian-in-Residence,The History Channel

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To The Teacher and goods across vast oceans and seas. Over time, in 1862, th e y shot at each other for more than two Am e ri ca’s maritime history provides a cri t i ca l co u n t r ies increa s i n g l y relied on ships for trade and for hours without ever piercing the armor of the other. foundation for understanding the settlement and wa r . Ships car r ied passengers and car g o , de fe n d e d The use of iron and steel in shipbuilding cle a r ly development of the North American continent tr ade rou t e s , and battled enemy ships. As countrie s changed the cha r acter of naval warfa re . over the past five centuries. co mpeted for dominance of the seas, th e y cons t a n t l y wo r ked to improve their ships. This has meant that Du ring the 20th century, t e ch n o l o g i ca l The activities in this manual are designed to give over the yea r s , ships have changed a lot, be c om i n g im p r ovements have continued to change not onl y students a general overview of the evolution of fa s t e r , sa fe r , and more efficient. Yet despite these the nature of naval warfa r e, but also the ways in ships and their ch a n g i n g, yet steady, role in cha n g e s , ships today still function in many of the wh i c h people and goods are tran s p o r ted across the Am e ri can and Wo rld history. M a ny of the same ways that they did hundreds of years ago, se a s . Tod a y, ships are cons t r ucted from all kinds of extended activities offer opportunities for pl a ying a role in tran s p o rt a t i on , com m e r ce and war. Viking Longship syn t h e ti c ma t e ri a l s , like glass-rei n f o r ced plastic, interdisciplinary instruction, encompassing math, making trav el and tran s p o rt a t i o n faster and easier. science, art and language arts, as well as history. Building Ships ot h e r , mo r e sophi s t i c ated design cal led car avel, th e y Powering Ships This manual is directed toward students in grades As soon as humans discover ed that they could float st a r ted with a strong hull and then laid the planks five through eight, but the lessons presented here on the water by binding together reeds or logs or by over it, si d e - b y - s i d e . The best-known clinker ships In addition to improvements in the way that ships may be adjusted for use with students either above fi l ling animal skins with air, th e y began building we r e Viking long s h i p s . Viking long s h i p s , wh i c h ar e cons t ru c t e d , th e r e also have been big advances in or below these target grade levels. bo a t s . But none of these boats were ships—an ap p e a r ed in the 8th century in Denmark, No rw ay, the way that ships are powe re d , that is, ho w ships are im p o r tant point to rem e m b e r , since many people and Swe d e n , be c ame the most important ships of mo ved forwa rd . Until about 1500 C.E., ships were Project Objectives co nfuse the terms “bo a t ” and “sh i p. ” Ships are larger the open seas. These longships were used to car r y pro p e ll e d by a comb i n a t i o n of oars and sails. Th e By studying the evolution of ships and their role in in size than boats, and thus are capable of Viking warriors across Europe and to No rt h Eg yptians used a single, sq u a r e sail to propel their American history, students will develop their skills tra n s p o r ting more people and car g o. For the ver y Ame ri c a and could be rowed by groups of oarsmen sh i p s , and this was the onl y sail that was used for of chronological thinking and historical analysis, first boats, built as early as 6300 B.C . E . , pe o p l e on each side or sailed by a single, sq u a r e sail. ma n y yea r s . Chinese ju n k s and Arab ships call e d and will understand cause-and-effect relationships. ho ll o wed out tree s , but because these “du g - o u t s ” dh ow s , me a nw h i l e , used more an g u l a r sa i l s , wh i c h over - t u r ned easily, th e y were not ver y good for In the late 15th century, Eu r opean shipbuilders Eu r opean merchant ships finally adopted in the National Standards car r ying passengers or car g o. Ancient i a n s , ab a n d o ned clinkers for cara ve l s . The cara v el was a M i d dle Ag e s . By the seventeenth century, The activities in this manual support the follow i n g who were the worl d’s first great shipbuilders, fa i r ly small ship, with a rounded bow and a square Eu r opean ships were employing a varie t y of sails of s t a n d a rd s : the Na t i onal St a n d a rds for History c on s t ructed boats around 3400 B. C . E . out of st e r n. Its curved hull caused it to sit higher in the d i f fe rent shapes and size s . E ven after the de veloped by the Nat i o nal Center for History in the pa p y rus ree d s , wh i c h grew beside the River . wa t e r , a quality that made the ship lighter and faster de vel o p ment of steam power in the nineteenth Sc hools for grades 5-12, Sta n d a r ds 1-3 for Eras 1, than earlier models. As a res u l t , ma n y Europ e a n c e n t u ry, sails continued to be an import a n t 2, and 6-10; and the Curriculum Sta n d a r ds for The first ships appeared when Egyptians began ex p l o r ers from the 15th century onwa rd , in cl u d i n g com p o nent of ships for many yea r s . Social Studies developed by the Nat i o nal Council fixing planks of cedar wood together to create the Ch ri s t o p her Columbus, chose the ca ra vel to sail for the Social Stu d i e s , Stra n d s , I I ,V I I ,V I I I , and IX. first ship hu ll s , the bodies of ships capable of ac r oss the open seas. Ex p e ri m e n t a t i o n with many differ ent kinds of sails car r ying passengers and car g o. The world ’s oldest led to the devel o p ment of the clipper ship, the fastest Vocabulary su r viving ship is a cedar funeral barge that was When new technologies and new materials becam e sailing ship in existence, in the mid-1800s. Cl i p p e r Any social studies unit inv o lves learning new c on s t ructed around 2500 B. C . E . for Ph a ra oh available during the I n d u s trial Rev o l u ti o n, ships were designed specifical ly for speed, and were so vocabulary. You will find a glossary at the end of Ch e o p s , who is best known for building the Grea t shipbuilders began using iron and steel to make their named because they could “cli p ” da ys off of a typi ca l this manual that defines key words printed in bold. Pyram i d . Ea r ly Egyptian ships were like gall e ys, ships stronger and more durab l e . Dur ing the mid- sailing voya g e . The hulls of clipper ships were ver y Lesson I: Ships Across Time: wh i c h meant that they had oarsmen on each side, one 18 0 0 s , shipbuilders began cover ing their warships na r r ow, to cut through the water as easily as possible, la r g e , center sail, and a long ram on the ship’s bo w, with iron plates, cr eating ships known as iro n c l ad s . and they were designed to use as muc h sail power as An Overview wh i c h was used literal ly to ram and sink enemy ships. Most ironc lads sat lower in the water than other po s s i b l e . One of the most famous clipper ships was Hi s t o r y, Science & Language Arts boats of the time, giving the enemy little to shoot at, the Cu t t y Sar k, wh i c h had sails on three ma s t s , an d Later ship designers adapted the Egypt i a n s ’ id e a s , and had enclosed gun tur ret s . These fea t u r es made had a maximum sailing speed of 17 kn o t s . Introduction fixing the planks together by two differ ent methods. ir onc lads important ships in the Ame ri c an Civil In one design, cal led cl i n k e r con s t ru c t i on , th e y Wa r. When two iron cl a d s , the C o n fe d e ra t e s’ Although sails continued to be important to ships, For centurie s , ships have been used to car r y people over lapped the planks to create a ship hull. In the Me rrim ac k and the Un i o n ’s Mo n i t o r , met in comb a t the In d u s t rial Revo l u ti o n of the nineteenth century

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wh i c h then turned prop e l lers that were mounted at engine is the Hoverspeed Great Britain. In 1990, the i m p o rtant role in the Fi r s t , and especially the the back of the ship. These new engines were muc h Hoverspeed broke the record for the fastest Trans- Se c on d , Wo rld Wa r s . To d ay, m a ny countries re ly faster and more efficient than the earl i e r Atlantic crossing.Forty years earlier, a ship had p ri m a ri ly on n u cl e a r s u b m a ri n e s , w h i ch are pa d dl ew h e e l s , since they were muc h lighter and did made the crossing in 3 days, 10 hours, and 40 capable of remaining underwater for months at a not stick out from the sides of the ship. minutes; the Hoverspeed made this trip in 3 days, 7 time and of firing lon g - range nuclear missiles hours, and 54 minutes. without surf a c i n g. These improvements have These advances in the steam engine made possible made submarines an even more important part of the emergence of great pa s s e n g er liners in the late 19th Modern Ships naval warf a re than before . c e n t u ry. Passenger liners quick ly became the S u b m a ri n e s, w h i ch can tra vel on and below the pre fe r r ed method of trav el across the Atlantic Ocean, w a t e r, a re another example of the amazing Sh i p s , s u ch as submari n e s , h a ve been and and they remained the fastest and most comf o rt a b l e advances that have been made in ship c ontinue to be cri t i cal to naval warf a re, but ships op t i o n until the appearance of affordable air trav el in c on s t ru c t i on and ship pro p u l s i on . The first also still play a crucial role in shipping ca r go. O n e the 1960s. By the 1930s, re a lly luxuri o u s s u b m a ri n e s , built in the early 1600s, had wooden of the most important c o m m o d i ti e s t ra n s p o rt e d passenger liners, k n own as l u x u ry liner s, o f fe re d f ra m e s , w e re cove red by greased leather, and were by ship today is c ru d e o i l . In fact, the demand for f i r s t - class passengers a dizzying array of dances, p ro p e lled by oars that stuck out through small , oil has become so great around the world that it d i n n e r s , and part i e s , a ll in elabora t e ly decora t e d a i rtight holes. Since that time, re m a rk a b l e has led to the con s t ru c t i on of the largest ship eve r s u r ro u n d i n g s . E ven third class a c c o m m o d a ti o n s, i m p rovements have been made in submari n e built—the s u p erta n k er. The supertanker is almost Clipper ship or s t e e ra g e, o ften offe red its passengers a step-up d e s i g n . Su b m a rine hull s , w h i ch are shaped like c om p l e t e ly devoted to ca r rying ca r go ; n i n e - br ought huge changes to ship prop u l s i on . Shi p s cyl i n d e r s , a re surrounded by outer rings that ca n tenths of a supertanker is used for storage tanks, began rel ying on steam, instead of sails. Ste a m - be filled with air or water. (Think of a doughnut, while on ly one-ninth is used for engines, pow e r ed ships req u i r ed some o ne to feed coal into a with the hole in the middle as the submari n e p a s s e n g e r s , and con t rol ro om s . The J a h re Vi k i n g, bo i l e r , wh i c h heated water and produced enough h u ll , and the actual doughnut as the outer ri n g. ) the worl d’s largest supert a n k e r, m e a s u res 1,591 steam to turn huge cyli n d e r - e n g i n e s . The first This outer ring actually is split into two part s , feet lon g, 226 feet wide, and weighs more than steamboats relied on huge wheels mounted on the ca lled ballast ta n k s, that have vents which can be 565,000 tons! sh i p ’s side, cal led pad d l ew h e el s , wh i c h were turned by opened to let water in when the submarine needs these giant cyli n d e r s . Pad dl ew h e e l s , how e ver , we r e to s u b m e r g e. When the submarine is B e cause supertankers like the J a h re Viking a re so ver y heavy and cu m b e r s o m e , and often ended up u n d e rw a t e r, its ballast tanks are filled with water. h u g e, t h ey are ve ry difficult to steer and to dock . sl o wing ships down . One of the most famous of these When the submarine is coming back to the Su p e rtankers sit too low in the water to come to ea r ly paddle wheel steamships was the Great Eastern, s h o re, so they dock at deep-water a n ch o ra g e s, Queen Mary i n s t e a d . H e re, s u p e rtankers can hook up to a f rom their typ i cal living con d i t i on s . M a ny people pipeline and pump their oil to shore . This pro c e s s h a ve heard of the Ti ta n i c, the famous ship that is ve ry risky and can destroy the env i ronment if sank off the coast of New f o u n dland when it an accident occurs. When the E x xon Va l d ez h a d c o llided with an iceberg. But other ships of the an oil spill in 1989, it leaked 11 mill i on gall ons of time were equally famous. E n g l a n d’s Queen Mary oil into the water, p o lluting more than 1,000 and Fra n c e’s No rm a n d i e w e re two of the best- miles of coastline. This disaster has demon s t ra t e d k n own luxury liners of the 1930s. The Qu e e n the need for even safer and more efficient ships, M a ry m e a s u red 1,017 feet long and 118 feet wide, in spite of the tremendous advances that have making it the biggest ship ever built at that time. been made in ship design over the past centuri e s . Submarine Steamboat In the late 20th century, turbine engines were replaced by water jets, which function almost like w a t e r’s surf a c e, the top vents are shut and Conclusion built by a British engineer and launched in 1858. an octopus, drawing water in and driving it out c o m p re s s e d air forces the water out of the tanks. E ven though ships have changed a lot since Pad dl e wheels even t u a l ly were replaced by a new kind under great pressure through pipes at the ship’s When the submarine is floating on the water, t h e the first re c o rded ships put to some 5,000 ye a r s of steam-powe r ed engine cal led a tur b i n e en g i n e . stern. This new engine has made for even faster vents are cl o s e d , and the tanks are filled with air. a go, t h ey continue to perf o rm many of the same Tur bines pushed steam against thousands of blades, travel. One modern ship that uses a water-jet It was this kind of submarine that played an v i t a l f u n c t i ons for human civiliza t i ons that they

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a lw ays have . Ships still play important military the Spanish , or the paddlewheel steamship. h i s t o ri cal eras and show the pro g re s s i on of taken to the West Indies, where they were traded ro l e s , d e fending trade routes and battling enemy Find out as many details as you can about the ship’s shipbuilding technology. Draw pictures of the most for rum and molasses. Whatever the route, it was n a t i on s . T h ey still ca r ry people across vast oceans, construction and its uses. Draw a picture of the important ships of each type. (You could do this as clear that slavery was a crucial component of this and they still ca r ry ca r go upon which so many ship that you have chosen to study and then present a class project, extending a blank timeline around cycle and that the slave trade was extre m e ly people depend. E ven in the age of space and air the drawing in class. After all of your classmates the walls of your classroom, and having different profitable for many participants. t ra ve l , ships continue to tra n s p o rt the worl d’s have presented their drawings, “frame” the prints students work on different ships or time periods.) heaviest ca r goes and offer passengers the most with construction-paper backing and display the The use of West Indian sugar and molasses in these l u x u rious accom m o d a t i ons for lon g - d i s t a n c e prints on the walls of the classroom. Sample Timeline global trading patterns, for example, was made t ra ve l . Ships cert a i n ly will remain central to our 3000 B.C.E. Egyptian Reed Boat possible by slave labor. B l a ck slaves in the n a t i onal heritage for years to com e . 2. As a classroom or homework assignment, find 1180 B.C.E. Egyptian War Galley C a ribbean raised and processed sugar into out more about the famous Civil War battle 150 C.E. Roman Merchant Ship m o l a s s e s , w h i ch then was used by Am e ri ca n Questions between the Merrimack and the Monitor.When 850 Viking Longship distillers to make rum, which was exchanged for 1. Explain the difference between boats and ships. did this battle take place? What was its significance 1490 Spanish Caravel more enslaved Africans. In addition, African slaves What made the Egyptians’ first boats different in the overall picture of the Civil War? How did 1570-1620 Galleon (leading warship) g rew most of the cotton , ri c e, and tobacco from later ships? this battle help change naval warfare? Individually 1802 First Working Steamship exchanged by American merchants for imports 2 . What is the worl d’s oldest surviving ship? or with a partner, create a poster-board exhibit on 1859 Ironclads such as cotton cloth and English manufactured What does its function tell you about Egyptian this battle and these famous ships, illustrating the 1897 First Ship with Tur bine Engines goods. The slave trade became a hugely profitable society? significance of this naval engagement. 1906 Dreadnought enterprise for merchants, not just for those who 3. Describe the difference between clinker and 1923 First Aircraft Carriers bought and sold slaves, but also for all of those who ca ra vel ships. Why did early explorers like 3 . Ships alw ays have been more than mere ly enter service traded goods produced by slaves. Chiefs along the prefer for long- fu n c t i on a l . Th e y often car r y tremendous emotiona l 1920s-1930s Luxury Liners, like the African coast kidnapped members of rival tribes distance travel? si g n i f i c ance for people, as is evident in the age-old Queen Mary (1934) and sold them for western goods. Yankee traders 4. What effect did the Industrial Revolution have tra d i t i o n of naming and chr istening ships. Re s e a r ch 1960s Guided-Missile Warship e a rned their livelihoods by selling goods to on ship design? How do you think that these the name of one ship and write a brief essay to 1980s Supertanker plantation owners, and in turn, marketing the changes affected modern warfare on the ocean? explain how and why it got its name. Be sure to goods produced by slave labor.Northern farmers Lesson II: Merchant Ships 5. Why do you think that early ships relied on both explain the significance of the name. and fishermen, in addition, profited from the sale oars and sails for power? What disadvantages and the Slave Trade of these goods to plantation owners. In other would clipper ships have had, even though they 4. A number of famous Ame ri c an writers have Hi s t o r y and Geography w o rd s , m a ny diffe rent groups of people were the fastest sailing ships in existence? written about ships or about life at sea. Find an participated in and profited from the slave trade. 6. Even though steamships were evidence of an example and choose a passage from the novel or The development of ships brought with it the important technological advance in ship design, poem (or song) that depicts the power of the sea. You expansion of merchant shipping among different Du t ch , Fre n ch , and English colon i za t i on of the they still had certain shortcomings. Describe some might recite the passage to the cla s s , asking other countries. In America during the 18th century, a Am e ri cas opened tremendous new markets for of these problems. students to comment on what images the passage t h riving tra d e, o ften re fe r red to as “ t ri a n g u l a r s l a ve tra d e r s , e s p e c i a lly as it became clear that 7. Describe the evolution from steam to turbine to evok e s . Or write out the passage on parchment paper trade,” developed between the American colonies settlers in these colonies would not succeed in water-jet engines. and illu s t r ate the lyrics or words . Mount you r (and later the United States), the West Indies, the c reating a v i a b l e a g ri c u l t u ral work force from 8. Why are supertankers so vital to human society ill u s t r ated works and create a cla s s ro o m art exhibit. coast of Africa, and the British Isles. “Triangular n a t i ve inhabitants of the land or from Euro p e a n today? (S ome examples to get you started are: Ro b e r t Lou i s trade” did not really refer to a specific , i n d e n t u red serv a n t s . Sl a ve ry in the Am e ri ca s , 9. What advantages do submarines have over other Ste ven s o n’s Trea s u r e Island; He r man Melvi ll e ’s Mo b y but there were two basic patterns or “triangles” of t h e n , emerged expre s s ly to meet the labor ships in naval warfare? Di c k ; Er nest Hemingway’s The Old Man and the Sea; trade established. In one scenario, goods from New s h o rtage that arose as a result of the spread of Rud y a r d Kipling’s Cap t ains Courage o u s .) England were shipped to the West Indies, where s t a p l e - c ro p a g ri c u l t u re . Extended Activities 5. Create an illustrated timeline of ships, starting they were traded for sugar; the sugar, in turn, was See our Resources section at the end of this manual with the earliest known ship, the funeral barge of transported to England, where it was traded for Most of the slaves that fed the Atlantic slave trade for web site and print sources for additional res e a r ch. the Ph a ra oh Cheops and ending with the manufactured goods. In another scenario, New came from the region in West Africa that extended s u p e rtanker (see suggested timeline below ) . England goods were shipped to Africa, where they from the River through the Congo. For 1. Do additional research on the Viking longship, Identify the ships associated with diffe re n t were traded for slaves, and then these slaves were enslaved Africans, the Middle Passage, the sea-

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Lesson III: Navigating the Seas voyage across the Atlantic, was undeniably horrific. attempt escape by any means. In 1842, p ri v a t e O rl e a n s , Lo u i s i a n a ; Rio De Janeiro, B ra z i l ; The enslaved passengers were shackled and stowed and mission a ry organiza t i ons helped ra i s e H a v a n a , C u b a ; and Kingston (form e rly Po rt Science, History & Technology below deck where they had little or no access to enough mon ey to send the 35 survivors from the Royal), Jamaica. Using an or some other Early ship captains determined their ships’ courses fr esh air and water. Sic kness and disease was difficult Am i s tad b a ck to their homes in Si e r ra Le on e . means, determine the distance of each port from by c e l e s tial naviga ti o n, meaning that they to cont r ol under such unhealthy cond i t i on s , and the coast of Africa. In each case, for what distances measured the angle between the sun, moon or ma n y Afric ans died during the trip . Most slaves who By this time, ships had ceased to be an import a n t did the enslaved Africans have to endure the and the ship to figure out where they were. To do survived the trip were sold into slavery, and there w ay of supplying slaves to the No rth Am e ri ca n perilous conditions of the Middle Passage? this, they used instruments like the astrolabe or c o l on i e s , since the intern a t i onal slave trade had q u a d ra n t, and later the s ex t a n t. C e l e s t i a l been outlawed. Other countri e s , like and 2 . Le a rn more about the individuals inv o lve d depended upon knowing exactly where C u b a , h ow eve r, c ontinued to import slaves ill e g a lly in the con t roversy over the Am i s tad mu t i ny in the sky the sun, the moon, and certain stars and f rom Afri ca for many ye a r s . Ships also con t i n u e d (see our Resources section for ideas to get yo u planets would be seen from day to day. This to play a crucial role in maintaining the s t a rt e d ) . Pretend that you are a re p o rter and information was published every year after 1766 in p ro f i t a b i l i ty of slave ry, by making sure that go o d s write a short newspaper art i cle on one of the a book called the Nautical Almanac. p roduced by slave labor could be tra n s p o rted to m a rk e t . Ships and slave ry, t h e re f o re, c ontinued to This method of worked fairly be intertwined long after the legal slave trade had well for determining a ship’s , that is the e n d e d , and enslaved Afri cans continued to prov i d e ship’s distance north or south of the equator, mu ch of the labor upon which the Atlantic worl d because all that a ship captain had to do was depended prior to 1860. measure the height of the sun or the North above the horizon. It was of little help, however, in Questions calculating longitude, that is how far east or west a Replica of the schooner Amistad 1. What is “triangular trade”? Draw a diagram to ship is. Measuring longitude depended upon a was little that captured Africans could do to escape illustrate this. sailor’s ability to make an exact determination of this future. On a rar e occa s i on ,h ow ever , in July 1839, 2. What role did slavery and slave labor play in his local time.The problem was that most 17th and enslaved Africans aboard the Amistad rebelled. sustaining “triangular trade”? 18th century clocks, which were pendulum clocks, Pocket watch 3. Who were some of the parties involved in were not very good at telling time at sea because This well - k n own re b e ll i on occurred when 5 2 keeping the Atlantic slave trade going? Is this web people inv o lve d , either in the mu t i ny itself or the motions of the ship and changes in humidity n ew ly arri ved Afri can slave s , who had been of participants bigger or smaller than you expected? in the subsequent court battle, explaining his and temperature threw them off. Even if a clock p u rchased in Cuba—in violation of the ban on Explain. or her role in the eve n t s . was off by only 1 minute, a ship could be off course the intern a t i onal slave tra d e — w e re being 4. What was the “Middle Passage”? Why was it so by 15 nautical miles! t ra n s p o rted along that country’s coastline. Led by horrific for slaves? 3. The Atlantic slave trade was not the first J o s e ph Cinqué, the slaves pried open their ch a i n s 5. Explain the connection between staple-crop s l a ve trade in history, but it diffe red from It was not until perfected a seagoing and took con t rol of the Am i s tad, the ca r go ship agriculture and the expansion of slavery. others in important ways . Do addition a l timepiece—what turned out to be a small pocket on which they were being tra n s p o rt e d . A fter tw o 6. Describe the events associated with the Amistad re s e a rch to learn about the diffe re n c e s watch—between 1731 and 1759 that a sailor could m onths at sea, as the Afri cans tried to find their mutiny. Why do you think that this was such an b e tween the Atlantic slave trade and slave ry get an accurate reading of time at sea. In 1714, the w ay back to Afri ca , the ship was ca p t u red by an explosive issue when it occurred? f rom an earlier time period of your ch o o s i n g B ritish Pa rliament had announced a pri ze for Am e ri can ship and taken to New Lon d on , 7 . What role did ships continue to play in (examples of other slave societies might anyone who could solve the problem of finding C on n e c t i c u t , a state in which slave ry was still perpetuating slavery, even after the end of the i n clude Ancient China, E gyp t , Athens or longitude at sea, and Harrison, a carpenter’s son, l e g a l . Cinqué and the other Afri cans aboard the international slave trade? A f ri ca ) . Make a ch a rt com p a ring the diffe re n t solved the problem.Harrison’s clock, known as H4, ship were charged with mu ti ny and brought to w ays in which slaves were traded in these tw o lost only five seconds during a six–week voyage Extended Activities t rial in U. S. c o u rt . Their case made it all the way time periods and present your findings in from Britain to Jamaica in 1761-1762.This was an to the U. S.Su p reme Court , w h e re the justices 1. On a map of the world, mark the primary cl a s s . Discuss with your classmates why these amazing feat, but it took many years for Britain’s ruled in 1841 that since the Afri cans had been regions of West Africa that supplied the Atlantic d i f fe rences existed. Board of Longitude to give Harrison his prize i ll e g a lly imported from Afri ca , t h ey were the slave trade. Also mark the following trading ports because they were skeptical of his invention. victims of kidnapping and thus had the right to in the Americas: Charleston, South Carolina; New

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Extended Activities Glossary Although the British Pa rliament was slow to longitude—measurement of location east or west recognize Harrison’s achievement, the effects of his 1. Conduct additional research on one of the early a c c o m m o d a ti o n s— l o d g i n g, food and serv i c e s of the Prime Meridian; measured either in degrees invention were felt immediately. Sailors began to tools of navigation mentioned in the re a d i n g. pr ovi d e d or in hours, minutes and seconds depend more and more on such time-keeping Explain how, when, and by whom it was used. anchorage—place where ships anchor —long pole rising from the deck of a ship that devices, and by the 17th century, chronometers, as angular—sharp-cornered; having an angle supports the sails they came to be called, were standard equipment 2. Calculate the longitude and latitude of a number a s tro l a b e— s m a ll instrument that was used to —period in European history from on most ships. The better that ship captains got at of leading maritime cities around the world. Plot measure the position of the sun, the moon, and the the collapse of Roman civilization in the 5th determining their positions on the oceans, the these cities on a world map, showing their distances stars before the invention of the century C.E. to the Renaissance better that they got at making detailed maps. from each other. bow—pointed, front end of a ship Middle Passage—term for an enslaved person’s E x p l o ra t i on and navigation thus continued to cargo—goods or merchandise transported in a ship journey across the Atlantic Ocean from Africa to develop hand in hand. 3. Old maps provide a wealth of information, both or other vehicle the Americas about the extent of geographical knowledge at a celestial—relating to the sky; the sun, moon, and mutiny—resistance or revolt against established Te ch n o l o g i cal advances have made navigation certain point in time and about the social and stars are celestial bodies authority, especially on a ship more precise, but they also have made accurate political climate of a country or civilization. Look chronometer—timepiece that is designed to keep nautical—having to do with ships or navigation navigation more critical. Modern navigation is not through a collection of old maps, or reference the time very accurately navigation—science of directing a ship or other just about staying on course, it also is necessary in following web sites: co m m o d i t y—e c on o mic good used for trade or sale c ra ft by determining its position , c o u r s e, a n d order for ships to avoid collision with other ships, http://www.iag.net/~jsiebold/carto.html compressed—under great pressure, so as to be distance traveled to minimize fuel usage, and to meet established http://www.library.yale.edu/MapColl/online.html reduced in size or volume n u cl e a r— p ow e red by a nuclear re a c t i on — a s ch e d u l e s . To d ay, ships re ly on a vari e ty of http://lcweb2.loc.gov/ammem/gmdhtml/gmdhome.html C o n fe d e ra t e— s om e one who joined the reaction in an atom’s nucleus e l e c t ronic dev i c e s , like ra d a r, c om p u t e r s , a n d Consider what each map tells you about a certain C on fe d e rate States of Am e ri ca when they pe n d u l u m —object that is suspended so that it swings satellites to determine their positions. Although society or era in history, and then discuss your separated from the Union in the U.S. Civil War fre e l y, ba c k and forth , under the force of grav i t y navigation has been transformed by advances in findings in class. crude—raw, unprocessed precise—exactly or sharply defined electronics and space science, it still depends upon cu m b e r s o m e —h a r d to handle because of size or weight Prime Merid i a n —i n d i c ates 0° lon g i t u d e ; im a g i n a r y the precise measurement of time—just as it did dhow—Arab sailing ship, with one or two masts no r th-south line on the Earth ’s surface that passes hundreds of years ago during the quest to solve the and slanting, triangular sails th r ough Gree nw i ch , England and connects the Nort h problem of longitude. enterprise—activity that is economic in nature and South Pol e s ; established in 1884, this is the galley—long, low ship, propelled mainly by oars, refe r ence line for the measurement of longitude and Questions that was used for war and trade especially in the the basis for the world ’s standard time zone syst e m profitable—generating positive results or returns 1. How did celestial navigation work? What kinds hull—body or shell of a ship propel—to drive forward or onward of problems might have made this form of I n d u s trial Rev o l u ti o n— change from an quadrant—instrument used to measure altitude; direction-finding unreliable? a g ri c u l t u ra l , h a n d - w o rk econ omy to on e usually has a 90° arc 2. Why was (and is) it so important for a ship dominated by machine-driven industry; in modern ram—a heavy beam at the bow of a warship that is captain to know a ship’s latitude and longitude? history, this process began in England in the 18th used to ram or pierce an enemy ship 3. Why was knowing the local time so important to century and spread to other parts of the world s ex t a n t— t riangular-shaped instru m e n t , w h o s e a ship captain trying to determine longitude? ju n k —ancient Chinese sailing vessel with a high base is an arc marked with a scale of degre e s ; 4. Who was John Harris o n? What did he accomp l i s h ? st e rn ; car r ies up to five masts and is still in use today a sailor determined his position by measuring 5. Why has precise navigation become even more knot—measurement of a ship’s speed; originally the angle between the hori zon and whateve r crucial to ship captains today? calculated by tying knots in a rope, then streaming h e a ve n ly body he was using to navigate—the sun, 6.What kinds of devices do ships use today to the rope from a ship’s stern and counting the m o on , or stars determine their position? number of knots that run out; 1 knot is equal to 1 skeptical—doubtful or suspicious of nautical mile, or 6,076 feet per hour s t a p l e - c ro p— c rop that is produced re g u l a rly l a ti tu d e— m e a s u rement on a globe or map, and/or in large quantities indicating location north or south of the equator; steerage—section in a ship for passengers who are measured in degrees paying the lowest fare

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stern—back or after part of a vessel resources for teachers. Books & Lick l e, 1 9 9 6 ) . I n t roduces young readers to a submerge—to go or put under water B i e s ty, St e phen and Rich a rd Pl a t t . S te p h e n v a ri e ty of won d e rful attempts to map our worl d , syn t h e ti c —p r oduced arti f i c i a l ly; not natural ly occurrin g http://www.ironclads.com B i e s ty’s Cro s s - S e c ti o n s : M a n - o f - Wa r. ( D o rl i n g beginning with an ancient Babyl onian map turret—small, enclosed structure on a warship that A great site with pictures and descriptions of the Kindersley, 1993). Presents a detailed look, deep e t ched on a cl ay tablet, and ending with a ra d a r often revolves and is armored; used to protect the battle between the Merrimack and the Monitor. inside an 18th-century war ship. Each page reveals image of a Russian volca n o. guns that are mounted within it a different layer of the ship, depicting activities and Union—name for the states that did not secede http://www.civilwarhome.com/navalwar.htm people on the ship in cut-away illustrations. Tassin, Myron. Ed. The Delta Queen: Last of the during the U.S. Civil War Learn about the little discussed Navy’s role in the Paddlewheel Palaces. Includes an essay and vintage viable—capable of working, growing or developing Civil War. Culver, Henry B., Gordon Grant (Illustrator). photos tracing the history of steamboating on the vital—necessary to keeping something alive The Book of Old Ships: From Egyptian Galleys to Mississippi River, a history of the Delta Queen, and Resources http://www1.minn.net/~keithp/index.htm Clipper Ships. (Dover Pictorial Archive: 1992). a diary account by one passenger of the “Good Go to the Columbus Navigation Homepage, an I n cludes 80 incredible line ill u s t ra t i ons of Times Jazz Cruise” held in the fall of 1972. Web Sites a w a rd-winning site dedicated to the history, h i s t o ry’s most important sailing ships, b e g i n n i n g h t tp : / / w w w. c om p t on s . c om / e n cycl o p e d i a / navigation, and landfall of Christopher Columbus. with an Egyptian gall ey and ending with a Wo o d m a n , R i ch a rd . The Hi s t o ry of the Ship. ARTICLES/0150/01667840_A.html clipper ship built in 1921. ( C onw ay Maritime Pre s s , 1 9 9 7 ) . I n s p i red by A comprehensive history of ships and shipping http://www.whom.co.uk/squelch/bbships.htm H o u s e, D e re k . Gre e n w i ch Time and the C onw ay’s 12-volume, Hi s t o ry of the Ship, t h i s from Comptons Encyclopedia. Brook Bond tea presents the Saga of Ships, a Longitude. (Philip Wilson Publishers, Ltd., 1997). concise edition provides a comprehensive story of collection of historical ships picture cards. Tells the story of the finding of longitude at sea, seafaring from the earliest times to the present day. http://www.nmm.ac.uk/education/fact_ships.html w h i ch precipitated the founding of the Roy a l A concise history of ships from the National ht tp : / / w w w. s c i a m . c om / 1 9 9 8 / 0 2 9 8 i s s u e / 0 2 9 8 h a l e . h t m l Observatory at Greenwich, over 300 years ago. Note Maritime Museum. This Scientific Ame rica n art i c le explains how long ,na r r ow Younger readers may find the Eyewitness Readers ships packed with warriors helped to make the Vik i n g s Humble, Richard. Timelines:Ships, Sailors and the on Pirates and the Titanic helpful resources. http://www.boatsafe.com/kids/navigation.htm the dominant power in Europe for three centuri e s . Sea. (Franklin Watts, Grolier Publishing: 1996). BoatSafeKids offers a great history of navigation Features a thorough overview of the evolution of from 3500 B.C.E. up to the 20th century. h t tp : / / w w w. g l o b a l i n d e x . c om / cl i p p e r s / mu s e u m / ships and a brief history of those who sailed them, welcome.htm#BL from the earliest known ships to the most modern, http://titanic.eb.com/ Visit the Clipper Ship Museum to learn about the multihulled ferries. Check out a special exhibit on the Titanic from history of the clipper ship and the impact that Britannica Online. Learn all about the luxury liner these speedy ships had on their time. _____. Ships: A Stunning Visual History of Ships. and its ill-fated passengers through fabulous (Barnes & Noble Books, 1995). Provides a well- photos and a wonderful narrative. http://www.oilspill.state.ak.us/ illustrated history of ship design, from Egyptian The Exxon Val d e z Oil Spi l l Trustee Council provi d e s warships to high-speed ferries. ht tp : / / w w w. u n c om m on j o u rn e ys. c om / p a g e s / q u e e n m r y.h t m in f o rm a t i o n about the impacts of the oil spill, an d Learn about the famous Queen Mary, the luxury in f o rm a t i o n about ong oing res t o ra t i o n and res e a r ch Konstam, Angus. The History of Shipwrecks. (The passenger steam turbine liner built in 1936. ac t i v i t i e s . Get the basics under Historic al Info. Lyons Press: 1999). Visit sunken Roman warships, Spanish galleons, colonial vessels and 20th century h t tp : / / w w w. ro g. n m m . a c . u k / mu s e u m / h a r ri s on / http://www.mysticseaport.org luxury liners, in full color at the bottom of the sea! longprob.html Visit the Mystic Se a p o rt Museum to learn about The Royal Obs e rv a t o r y’s online exhibit about the the fascinating history of a shipbuilding town and _____. Pirates: 1660-1730. (Obsprey Publishing, lo ngitude problem and John Harris o n’s eighteenth- about Am e ri ca’s maritime past. Ltd.: 1998). Portrays those pirates who sailed the ce n t u r y solution, the seagoing timepiece known as H4. waters of the Caribbean and of the American http://www.seahistory.org coastline during the golden age of piracy. http://www.amistadamerica.org Find out more about current efforts to preserve our Visit Amistad America’s online of the historic ships and how to get involved through the La Pi e rre, Yve t t e,Na n cy Kober (Editor). Amistad mutiny of 1839-1842. Offers valuable National Maritime Historical Society. M apping a Changing Wo rl d.(T h om a s s on - G ra n t

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