Published by Adams, Schwartz & Evans, P.A. Asymptote ® 2001, Vol. 9 A Journal of Intellectual Property Law Issues No. 1 Advances in Navigation Map Our Future Animals Created with Genetically Engineered Homing Devices ——— Finding Our Way ———

efore Magellan circled the globe, symptote Review is now in its Before coming ashore eighteen-hundred before Alexander invaded Africa, ninth year of publication, and miles away on a small Caribbean island, even before our species painted the during that time its subscription Callahan used ingenuity, bravery and walls of caves, humankind and other animals had to find their way to A list has grown from a few incredible skill as a navigator to success- B hundred to over one thousand, five fully plot his course to safety. hunting grounds and home again. Fortunately, knowing how essential navigation is to her hundred. Of all the issues we have We recently asked Steve and his many children, Mother Nature imbued most published, the first issue in 1998 gener- colleague, Kathy Massimini, if they would complex animals with numerous navigational ated by far the most reader response and author an issue of Asymptote Review tools, such as the built-in compasses of interest. In it, we explored the validity of devoted to the history of navigation, and magnetite that she placed into the skulls of the old saying “necessity is the mother of they graciously agreed. This issue will be many migrators. Real-life shanghaied Lassies invention” with the story of Steve of great interest not only to the pilot, hiker have traveled hundreds of miles to find their Callahan, who in 1982 survived for 76 or sailor, but to anyone who is curious dog dishes again. Birds in covered boxes line days alone in an inflatable raft after his about how mankind learned to find his up to face south in the fall and north in the sloop was rammed by some unknown way about the Earth. We hope you spring. Aquatic creatures crowd a two-lane object and sank near the Canary Islands. enjoy it. highway to reproduction, with salmon and shad scurrying up the very streams of their infanthood to spawn while mature Anguilla eels slide out of European and North America long and in what direction. I first learned to rivers toward precise romantic rendevous in the navigate by looking over the side of a sailboat nebulous and meandering Sargasso Sea. to judge the speed of the water moving by, A publication of Humankind’s honing of the art and science following the swing of a compass, and plotting Adams, Schwartz & of navigation has proved crucial to our history, the boat’s position on a paper chart. But from the creation of our most powerful empires because the fluid roads on which mariners and Evans, P.A. to the geographic discoveries of our greatest flyers travel themselves move at unknowable Intellectual Property Lawyers explorers, but today the subject often seems rates, a navigator’s only reliable recourse is to ——— triangulate his position using very distant distant, historical, or so buried within our Patents, Trademarks & technological known objects world that we like the stars. In Copyrights the mid-1970s, I take it for The science of navigation often To request a free subscription to granted. Yet was shooting seems distant, historical, or so buried Asymptote Review, contact us at: when the very the sun with a word “naviga- within our technological world that we sextant and 2180 Two First Union Center tion” conjures take it for granted calculating my Charlotte, N.C. 28282 only quaint position thanks images of to spherical- Tel. (704) 375-9249 nineteenth century captains with sextants geometry tables that were created so fast- Fax (704) 375-0729 raised, we would be advised to remember that moving aircraft during the Second World War navigational skills are actually more critical could find their positions quickly. In two www.adamspat.com today than ever, whether we’re trying to keep hundred years, except for a few fledgling and another Exxon Valdez from making love to a often inaccurate electronic devices, little had reef, preventing a thousand airborne jets from changed in the fundamental ways we naviga- In this issue running into one another, or simply tracking a tors found our way around. Today, however, Finding Our Way ...... 1 package being sent by UPS. we’ve entered a whole new era highly Navigation ...... 1 dependent on our electronically oriented world To find our way around the vast portions of History of Navigation ...... 2 the world with no signs or landmarks, like the and the satellites that whirl around it. How did we get here and where are we going in the Potato Navigation ...... 6 oceans and skies, we must grapple with Who We Are ...... 6 substantial challenges. We can “dead reckon” third millennium? by keeping track of how fast we move for how (See ‘The Ancients’ on page 2) Adams, Schwartz & Evans, P.A. w 2180 Two First Union Center, Charlotte, N.C. 28282 w (704) 375-9249 Asymptote Review The Ancients Sharpen Their Reading Skills (Continued from page 1) The aborigines and Pacific islanders were not alone in tuning into the natural world. HISTORY OF NAVIGATION No one knows how long Australian aborigines have traveled in accordance with Ancient Norse mariners found land by At a Glance following seabirds with beaks filled with fish. their ancient By the third millennium B.C., the Chinese had “song lines,” a complex method discovered the earth’s magnetism and won a Ancient Navigation fog-bound battle thanks to a magnetized needle of integrating that pointed dutifully south. In the Mediterra- geographic circa 2500 B.C. New Guinea explorers begin to features of the nean by 1000 B.C., Phoenicians created a settle in Pacific Islands. maritime empire by tracking the sun, from Asu landscape with or sunrise (giving rise to the name Asia) in the their history, circa 1000 B.C. Vikings reach and settle spirituality, myths east to Ereb or sunset (to evolve into Europe) Newfoundland, using an 8-point to the west. Homer’s Odyssey describes the and music. We do importance of circumpolar starts to ancient Norse compass. think, however, that as long as navigators, and by 600 B.C., Thales of Miletos was teaching navigators to use Ursa Minor (the circa 500 B.C. Periplus of Scylax, the oldest 4,500 years ago, “Little Dipper”) and the uniquely fixed north known pilot book, is used by the peoples of Oceania began star (Polaris) around which all the heavens Mediterranean navigators and rotate. Still, Heredotus was among the many pushing out from who, a couple centuries later, were still develops into the portolean New Guinea. By atlases of the Middle Ages. the time Magellan, supplementing heavenly information with soundings of the ocean bottom and “ooze on Drake, and Cook the lead.” 384–322 B.C. Aristotle divides the horizon into found them, they had long ago settled the a classical 8-wind system plus entire Pacific Basin without the benefit of Librarian Invents Leap Year & the solstitial points of sunrise compass or charts. Like the aborigines, these Calculates a Round World Pacific navigators learned to read natural and sunset. landmarks, but theirs were more fluid than In Africa and the Mediterranean, astronomy Australia’s hills and deserts. At sea, clouds and geometry became the navigator’s sharpen- circa 250 B.C. Eratosthenes accurately slow and build over islands. Creatures of the ing stone. Around 450 B.C., Oenopides calculates the circumference of deep and air inhabit known regions of the discovered that the ecliptic, which defines the the earth. oceans and travel along known migratory signs of the zodiac, lay at an angle of about 24 paths. Some birds hunt at sea but roost on degrees from the celestial equator, indicating the earth’s tilt on its axis. Eratosthenes, 2nd century B.C. Admiral Timosthenes of Rhodes land. Even the general patterns and specific librarian of the great library of Alexandria, designs a 12-point wind rose, shapes of multiple wave trains compose an intricate code that reveals predominant winds, further refined celestial calculations, mapped naming the winds after the distant storms, the strength and direction of 675 stars, and proposed a “leap day” in the countries from which they blow. current, and the bearing of land still well out of calendar every four years to make sure the sight. seasons would come out right. He also 190–120 B.C. Hipparchus of Nicaea catalogs discovered that the sun shone straight down a stars on a circular sphere with Perhaps the well on one day of the year, so on that day he most important measured a 7.2-degree sun shadow down celestial latitude and longitude, evolution in another well 787 miles north, allowing him to creating the astrolabe. navigational quite accurately calculate the circumference of expertise came as a round earth some 1,742 years before 150 B.C. A large model of the globe, navigators shifted Columbus sailed. showing four land masses, is their gaze from Spherical geometry also spawned virtually exhibited in Rome. terra firma to the heavens where the all future navigational inventions. Around 150 stars and planets B.C., Hipparchus melded Babylonian math with 100 B.C. Eight-sided Tower of the Winds never falter from Greek science to develop a spherical star chart is erected in Athens, with their predictable with latitude and longitude coordinates. emblems for Boreas (north), patterns. The Flattened out, this became the astrolabe, a star Kaikias (northeast), Burus navigators of computer and angle-measuring device. Oceania memo- Eventually, mariner’s astrolabes would become (east), Apeliotes (southeast), the standard shipboard tool carried by Notos (south), Lips (southwest), rized these patterns so well that they could tell which stars Magellan, Drake and Columbus. Zephyrus (west), and Skiron would rise or set behind specific islands at At about the same time, the first world (northwest). different times of the year at different latitudes. globe showing four land masses appeared in The whole sky also became an ever-whirling Rome. Claudius Ptolemy built upon his 85–165 A.D. Ptolemy maps the known world compass. The skill of these navigators has forebears’ work in Alexandria during the first with coordinates of latitude and become legend, but it is not pure art. In the century A.D. His eight-volume Geography not longitude. early 1980’s, mathematician Marvin Creamer only mapped the entire known world but also extrapolated and codified their techniques so divided it into latitude and longitude, a system effectively that he sailed around the globe without the benefit of instruments. (See ‘Longitude’ on page 3) Adams, Schwartz & Evans, P.A. w 2180 Two First Union Center, Charlotte, N.C. 28282 w (704) 375-9249 Asymptote Review

Longitude, Latitude Discovered in First Century A.D. (Continued from page 2) powerhouse. Even Sir Francis Drake was only able to sail around the world after capturing a transposed on the earth from the heavenly HISTORY OF NAVIGATION Portuguese navigator. At a Glance globe surrounding it. The earth, too, was divided into 360 The marine astrolabe, which had been in degrees of longitude — 180 east and 180 west use by 1481, was soon surpassed by the cross- From the Middle Ages — and ringed by 90 degrees of staff, invented by Levi ben to the Age of Empires latitude above and below the Gersen in 1330 but only first and Enlightenment equator. Eventually, the used at sea in 1498 by Vasco da Gama. Sighting down the staff, 1187 Alexander Neckham, an English nautical mile (6,076 feet) became the measure of a minute the navigator could slide along monk, records the first use of of arc (1/60 of a degree) at the a short crossbar until one end of the compass by Europeans. equator, making much more the bar appeared to touch the horizon and the other the star or 1109 Beatus map of Europe, Africa, geographic sense than the 5,280-foot statute mile. And sun. A graduated measure on and Asia (copied from a 776 since the earth rotates 360 the staff gave the angle, which map) includes a continent degrees every 24 hours, decreased as the navigator slid beyond the Red Sea. navigators could equate time to the crossbar away from his eye. De Gama also used the Arabian circa 1290 Pisa chart (oldest surviving sea arc — 15 degrees per hour or a mile every four seconds at the equator. They kamal in a similar fashion. The kamal chart) depicts two 16-point could calculate how far east or west they were employed a simple square of wood as the rhumb-line compasses. from a reference point by “taking sights” or crossbar and a string as the “staff.” Neither invention was easy to use, especially when 1270 First recorded use of a sea chart measuring the angles between the horizon and heavenly bodies, and then comparing those looking into the bright sun, so by 1595 as King Louis IX sails from Tunis measurements to theoretical ones calculated for navigators welcomed the backstaff, a more on his last, ill-fated crusade. the reference point at the same time. Unfortu- complex device that allowed navigators to turn nately, no one would be able to measure time away from the sun. Also aiding navigators 1310–1330 Pietro Vesconte of Venice came charts that more accurately depicted the becomes the earliest known accurately for centuries. Until then, navigators could only guesstimate their longitude and globe. In 1500, Juan de la Cosa, who professional chart maker. employ their astrolabes or accompanied Columbus in similar devices to measure the 1492, produced one of the first 1330 Levi ben Gerson invents the world charts, but all map cross staff altitude of Polaris. Polaris rests on the horizon at the equator— makers also remained chal- 14th century Navigators move pegs on zero degrees of altitude at zero lenged by longitude, the lines of traverse boards every half hour degrees latitude. At the north which converge on the poles while latitude lines remain to determine average course. pole, or 90 degrees of latitude, Polaris stands at 90 degrees to evenly spaced. To make 1403–1483 Lunar calendars allow the horizon. Knowing that accurate, flat maps, it took until navigators to calculate high Polaris indicates latitude fairly 1569 before Flemish map maker Gerard Mercator learned tides. well, wayfarers would venture north or south to the same to spread apart the latitude lines 1420 Prince Henry the Navigator latitude as their destination, and in proportion to the spreading establishes an academy at then simply turn left or right and keep on of longitude lines as both Sagres, Portugal. trucking until they arrived. distanced themselves from the equator. Although distorted—for example, Greenland 1480s Portuguese formalize tables to Age of Exploration appearing much larger than similar sized determine latitude from the sun, Enlightens the Dark Ages landmasses to the south—bearings remain and make globes. consistent over an entire Mercator projection, Throughout the middle ages, navigational so it remains today’s standard for most 1481 Mariner’s astrolabe, made of advances seemed to languish. Around 1187, maritime charts and land maps. wood and eventually cast in the compass appeared in Europe, and by the late 13th century, ships carried a magnetized Even with greatly improved tools, however, brass, is adopted. needle fixed onto a compass card. (Previously, mariners still faced grave dangers. On long 1489 Cross-staff is first used at sea by needles were inserted into straw and floated in voyages, they could time their speed using Vasco da Gama, who also used a bowl of water, creating a the so-called “straw knotted lines paid out astern and estimate their distance run, but these were crude measuring the Arabian kamal. compass”). Also, by the late 1200s, charts had become standard fare, with Spanish and Italian devices. In addition, both currents and shifting 1500 Juan de la Cosa develops one of maritime ordinances requiring them aboard all magnetic variation of compasses made huge the first charts of the world. ships. Despite this handful of advances, it was differences over a matter of days or weeks. not until 1420 when Prince Henry the Travelers simply could not tell how far east or 1569 Flemish map maker Gerard Navigator of Portugal founded a school of west they had traveled. Charts also still proved Mercator devises a solution to navigation at Sagres that the field entered a wildly inaccurate, in part because longitudinal projecting the spherical earth on whole new era in which techniques became coordinates remained highly dubious. A a flat surface. codified and the invention of instruments system to accurately determine longitude blossomed. Henry was so successful that his tiny country became an enviable maritime (See ‘Rewards Spur’ on page 4) Adams, Schwartz & Evans, P.A. w 2180 Two First Union Center, Charlotte, N.C. 28282 w (704) 375-9249 Asymptote Review Rewards spur further navigational inventions (Continued from page 3) bureaucrats, Harrison finally claimed the £20,000 prize, an equivalent of millions today. HISTORY OF NAVIGATION became the navigator’s Holy Grail. Finding it At a Glance could literally spell the difference between an Along with a reliable way to tell time, empire and a second-rate nation. So in 1567, navigators now enjoyed greatly improved Philip II of Spain offered prizes celestial protractors, which had 1582 A map of the world includes for anyone who succeeded—no previously been unable to Judgment, Purgatory, and the one did—and established a measure large angles. In 1731, circles of Hell. royal observatory. In 1675, John Hadley had claimed a Charles II followed Philip’s lesser prize for his reflecting 1595 Backstaff is described by John lead by founding the Royal quadrant (sometimes called an Davis in his Seamans Secrets. Observatory at Greenwich, octant), which employed which on most maps today rests mirrors to allow the navigator 1701 Edmund Halley publishes the at zero degrees longitude. With to view both the horizon and a first chart of worldwide the English empire at stake, celestial body simultaneously, magnetic variation. Parliament offered a £20,000 and to measure the angle very prize in 1714 for a reliable accurately. In 1757, Captain 1731-1734 John Hadley invents and patents system to find longitude, with John Campbell directed John the reflecting quadrant. £2,000 awards for other Bird to modify the quadrant to “worthy” navigational inventions. measure angles up to 120 degrees. The 1755 Geography professor Tobias chronometer and reflecting sextant became the Mayer designs the first sextant. What followed was a fascinating saga navigator’s mainstay for two hundred years. ranging, from the ridiculous to the sublime, so 1765 John Harrison builds his final full of crony politics, professional jealousies Navigators Try to Figure Out What chronometer, wins the longitude and backbiting, and a single inventor’s genius Wavelength They’re On and fortitude that it led Dana Sobel’s book on prize. the subject, Longitude, to the New York Times The battle to control the seas generated the 1768 Jesse Ramsden develops the first best seller’s list. Some of the high and mighty previous navigational revolution so it’s no surprise that World War II issued in a new “dividing engine”sextant with suggested idiotic systems, such as mooring ships across the Atlantic (in an average of paradigm. James Clerk Maxwell predicted the accurate measures. 3,000+ feet of water!). The ships would shoot electromagnetic spectrum in the 1860s, and Heinrich Hertz produced radio waves in 1887, 1774 Jean-Charles Borda invents the fireworks to let others track their positions. The truly learned, however, took more rational but it took the war to inspire inventors to fully reflecting circle sextant, approaches. If navigators could accurately exploit the longer wavelengths and lower th continuously used into the 20 measure the position of the frequencies of the Hertzian band. Still reliant century. moon and planets in relation to on geometry, they also built on the stars across which they experiments from 1920 and Murdoch Mackenzie develops moved, they could calculate 1930s to usher humankind into the station pointer for coastal time. In 1755, Tobias Mayer of the electronic era. surveying, used by James Cook. Gottingen submitted lunar Radar bounced signals off tables and a “reflecting circle” 1816 U.S. Coast and Geodetic Survey instrument to measure the distant objects and timed their is organized to surveys of U.S. return to determine range. moon’s position. Unfortu- Sonar and depth sounders coast. nately, the system proved too clumsy at sea, so Parliament mimicked the system underwa- 1825 Thomas Drummond’s limelight, ter. Direction-finding radio- rejected Mayer’s claim to the beacon stations sent out with parabolic mirrors, prize. But the establishment, including Sir Isaac Newton, omnidirectional signals into illuminates lighthouses. which navigators could tune to clung to celestial answers, so obtain bearings. With two 1830 U.S. Hydrographic Office is continued to snub theories of men like Genna Frisius, who had maintained in 1530 that the bearings navigators could get a “fix,” but established to study oceanogra- bearings proved highly inaccurate except when phy. best answer was a reliable clock. Frisius’s received quite close to the transmitters, so sixteenth century lacked the clock technology to handle the extreme changes in heat, radio beacons proved most effective when 1833 U.S. Naval Observatory is navigators simply followed the signal to its founded to facilitate the laying humidity and motion found on ships. Even in source. Despite its limitations, similar of transatlantic cables. the eighteenth, the longitudinal grail would become a 40-year quest for inventor and direction-finding equipment has remained the primary flight-control system for air-traffic 1850 Hydrographic surveyors like Sir master clockmaker John Harrison. routing ever since. Loran (LOng RAnge Frances Beaufort, William Henry Harrison had built clocks even of wood that Navigation, and its close-cousin DECCA), Smyth, Captain Robert Fitzroy of remain reliable today. While he struggled to however, would become the most widely used HMS Beagle, have produced create the right mechanics without pendulums, and most precise navigational tools in the 2,000 nautical charts of the he also finely tuned metalurgical components world by the early 1990s. Two or more Loran transmitters emanate a signal simultaneously. globe. to balance the expansion of one material with the contraction of another. After five proto- Receivers then note the difference in time types and countless mudfights with jealous (See ‘Satellites’ on page 5) Adams, Schwartz & Evans, P.A. w 2180 Two First Union Center, Charlotte, N.C. 28282 w (704) 375-9249 Asymptote Review Satellites usher in latest age of discovery (Continued from page 4) nature to go backward, however. Soon the U.S. Coast Guard — yes, another branch of the between the reception of the two signals, HISTORY OF NAVIGATION producing a fix. The original units were as big federal government — was installing “differen- tial GPS” stations to send Loran-style signals At a Glance as steamer trunks and required navigators to to GPS receivers to resharpen their accuracy. adjust and line up incoming sine waves, but computerization shrunk units to the size of a Thankfully, in 2000, the government finally regraded the signals they had degraded, The Electromagnetic phone and automated reception. For the first making obsolete the multimillion dollar Revolution time in history, travelers enjoyed push-button, near-instantaneous position fixes. But for all differential GPS system another part of the 1860s James Clerk Maxwell, British government had created — go figure. its wonder, Loran, too, suffered limitations. physicist, predicts the Although covering land and a few hundred Perhaps humankind hasn’t proved itself the electromagnetic spectrum. miles offshore, Loran transmitters failed to sharpest tool in the shed when pursuing its 1884 William Ferrel constructs an reach much of the oceanic world and the skies navigational goals, but today it’s nearly above it. The final answer, once again, impossible to get lost. It’s true that many analog tide predictor. demanded that we look to the heavens. charts still in use are based on the original 1887 German physicist Heinrich Hertz surveys by Captain Cook and others. Some In 1957, our family joined the entire produces the first communica- neighborhood on our front lawns, eyes turned islands in the Pacific, for instance, are mapped miles away from where they actually are. tion radio waves. toward space. There it was: a slowly moving Generally, however, thanks to improved maps star. Sputnik. I could not have imagined that 1915 Alfred Wegener proposes the navigational welfare of my adult life would and satellite photos, our picture of the earth is continental drift from data now clear and collected by the HMS Challenger develop from the complete. In fallout of that night between 1872 and 1876. when a cold war in addition, instru- ments accurately 1925 American physicists Gregory space began. measure our speed Researchers tracked Breit and Merle Tuve use radio Sputnik by measuring through the air or water and over the waves to detect distant objects, the Doppler shift in ground plus our leading to Radar. its emitted radio signal. It didn’t take height in the air or mid-1920s Radiobeacons are developed. depth in the sea. scientists long to Radars have 1930s British, French, German, and realize that they could American researchers develop reverse the process, shrunk in size and cost until experimental radar. allowing a receiver to calculate a position on recreational boaters take them for granted. earth relative to a satellite along a known route. 1940 DECCA becomes the radio- Within a decade, the U.S. government had Thanks to the integration of homing signals and satellite technology, ELTs (Emergency navigation system for much of launched 11 satellites as part of the SatNav Locator Transmitters, also called EPIRBs) navigation system for Polaris submarines, and the world. released it for nonmilitary use. But receivers bring rescuers directly to shipwrecked sailors, downed pilots, and injured hikers. And both 1940s Loran-A is developed by the required multiple satellites for accuracy, and GPS, and electronic mapping systems are U.S. Defense Department. the satellites needed to pass at relatively steep angles to the receiver. Because the satellites appearing everywhere, often integrated with late 1940s Omega, with very long waves, is cellular communications, weather forecasting, designed by U.S. Department of were polar orbiting, a navigator at the equator and other technologies. Shipping and trucking might have to wait for almost two hours to get Defense for general worldwide a fix. Still, for those of us still reliant upon companies now follow and direct their underway fleets to hone efficiencies. GPS and navigation. sextants, SatNav was a miracle. electronic mapping are standard gear in some 1957 Sputnik is launched by the cars already. In the not-distant future, a cyber- Not for long, however. Even before Russians. SatNav was in widespread use, the U.S. armed voice will direct you away from traffic jams or forces and Defense Mapping Agency proposed even slowdowns by integrating maps, GPS 1960s U.S. Navy develops the Navy a refined satellite system that became known as data, and information from highway sensors, Navigation Satellite System GPS (Global Positioning System). With 11 allowing you to reach work or grandma’s (NNSS) for Polaris submarines. satellites launched between 1978 and 1985, the quickly. GPS bracelet-transmitters already system became an immediate success, quickly reassure mothers at malls that they won’t lose 1967 NNSS, also called Transit or Sat displacing Loran and SatNav. Today, with 24 their children. Similar systems will likely track Nav, is released for nonmilitary GPS satellites orbiting at six altitudes, at least stolen cars or other lifted valuables on the way use. five satellites are “in view” at any time from to the pawn shop. The paranoid may fear a anywhere in the world, giving very quick and future when we’ll each have a transmitter 1970s Loran-C is developed to improve extremely accurate positions. The positions installed within our heads at birth so Big accuracy. Brother can keep an eye on us, but it’s up to us were too good (as little as three to fifteen feet), 1973–1985 Global position system (GPS) is at least from the military view. Afraid that to navigate around such science fiction enemies might utilize GPS for their own nightmares with inventions that offer only developed and becomes guidance systems, the U.S. government exciting new frontiers. dominant nav system. purposely degraded the signals for all but U.S. military navigators. It’s not in humankind’s § § § § §

Adams, Schwartz & Evans, P.A. w 2180 Two First Union Center, Charlotte, N.C. 28282 w (704) 375-9249 The Back Page

On the Lighter & Literary Side – Who We Are Potato Navigation Adams, Schwartz & Evans, P.A., specializes solely in patent, trademark If you get lost on the road, you can pull to make a compass card out of a dinner and copyright law, and the related over, dig out a map, look for signs, or if all plate, an AM radio into a direction finder, else fails, ask for directions. At sea, you’re and a protractor out of your fingers, among areas of unfair competition and trade on your own to sort things out, and despite other things. For the real skinny on how the secret law. The firm’s practice within the efficacy of GPS and other modern ancients did it, tune into David Lewis’s We this specialty is diverse, including navigational miracles, electronic reliability the Navigators (Honolulu: University Press of prosecution of patent and trademark has proved more mythical than legendary. Hawaii, 1972), a classic and scholarly work applications in the United States So mariners often fall that details the Patent and Trademark Office, back on common sense methods used by real litigation in Federal and State Courts, and simple methods of navigators who guided and domestic and international navigation that have Lewis throughout the patent, trademark and copyright worked for centuries if Pacific. Stephen not millennia. Thomas’s The Last licensing. Navigator (Camden, Many of the firm’s clients file It is said that along corresponding patent applications in the fog-shrouded, ME: International granite-toothed coast of Marine Publishing, Europe and Asia. The firm has 1997) covers some of Maine, sailors having no reciprocal relationships with radar and, caught the same ground in a intellectual property firms in many highly readable threading their way foreign countries. through flotillas of narrative about life in The firm is also United States the islands. The islands, have been patent counsel for a number of following books will known to revert to foreign corporations, including many potato navigation. Simply put, the crew also enlighten those interested in the subject: that have facilities in the Charlotte, with the strongest arm stands on the bow, N.C., area. The firm also assists both equipped with a large basket of Downeast William J. H. Andrewes, ed., The Quest for foreign and domestic companies and spuds. Every once in awhile, the crew wings Longitude, Boston: Harvard University Collection a potato forward. The boat continues to of Historical Scientific Instruments, 1993. individuals in planning and executing overall patent and trademark follow the sounds of splashing until there David Burch, Emergency Navigation, Camden, comes back through the fog a gentle thud. ME: International Marine Publishing, 1986. strategy. The pomme de terre, having found some The firm’s domestic clients, located Bonnie Dahl, The Users Guide to GPS, The terre in which to roost, signals the crew that Global Positioning System, Chicago: Richardsons’ primarily in the southeastern United it’s time to drop the hook. Marine Publishing, 1993. States, include companies involved in Such whimsical tools for finding one’s Dava Sobel, Longitude: The True Story of a the design and manufacturing of way around are not far off the reality mark. Lone Genius Who Solved the Greatest Scientific textile machinery and products, David Burch’s Emergency Navigation is a Problem of His Time, New York: Penguin Books. filtration equipment, medical compendium of fundamental navigational Peter Whitfield, The Charting of the Oceans, products, power transmission skills, combining wisdom of the ages with Ten Centuries of Maritime Maps, Rohnett Park, equipment, hydraulic pumps, modern-day inventiveness to teach you how CA: Pomegrante Artbooks, 1996. electronic controls, and microprocessor-controlled audio and Adams, Schwartz & Evans, P.A. PRSRTD STD video tape winding and loading POSTAGE PAID equipment. Other clients include 2180 Two First Union Center advertising agencies, record Rock Hill, S.C. Charlotte, N.C. 28282 producers, computer programming Permit No. 195 specialists, photographic film processors, and an NBA professional basketball franchise. Asymptote Review is published by Adams, Schwartz & Evans, P.A., to inform our clients and friends of changes and trends in certain areas of patent, trademark and copyright law. It is not intended to provide legal advice, which can be given only after consideration of the facts of a specific situation. © 2001, Adams, Schwartz & Evans, P.A. Adams, Schwartz & Evans, P.A. w 2180 Two First Union Center, Charlotte, N.C. 28282 w (704) 375-9249