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An Introduction to English Phonetics for the Estonian Learner

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An Introduction to English Phonetics for the Estonian Learner TARTU STATE UNIVERSITY AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH PHONETICS FOR THE ESTONIAN LEARNER O.MUTT TARTU SSm 19 7 1 TARTU STATE UNIVERSITY Chair of English AN INTRODUCTION TO ENGLISH PHONETICS FO R M ESTONIAN LEARNER O.MUTT'S preface The present survey of English pronunciation is primar­ ily intended to serve as a handbook for students of English in the Estonian S.S.R. There has been no shortage of good surveys of the pho­ netic system of British (and more recently of American) Eng­ lish either abroad or in the Soviet Union. What has been lacking, however, is a more-or-less complete account of the pronunciation of English written from the point of view of the Estonian learner. We do now have a competently written and thorough survey of English intonation and accentuation in comparison with that of Estonian (П. К. Ваараск, Тониче­ ские средства речи, ч. I—II, Таллин 1964 ), but there is as yet no comprehensive account of the English vowels and con­ sonants, of various assimilatory phenomena in English, etc. written with the Estonian learner in mind. The present hand­ book constitutes a modest attempt to fill this gap. The aim of this publication is to provide advanced Estonian learners of English with the essential theoretical and practical material which would enable them to master English pronunciation themselves and to learn how to teach it to others. Chapters 1-2, and the first four sections of Chapter 3» contain material from the course on theoretical » phonetics provided for students of English at universities and institutes in the Soviet Union. The rest of the book is mainly of a practical-normative character and can be used in connection with the teaching of English as a main subject to students at different levels. I am deeply indebted to my colleagues Assistant Pro­ fessor J. Silvet, L. Hone and 0. Haas who have read the -iii- manuscript of the book, made corrections and suggested im­ provements. Any deficiencies remaining in the hook are, of coarse, due entirely to щу own obstinacy, carelessness or ig­ norance. November 1964 0. Mutt PREFACE TO THE SECOND EDITION Since the first publication of this handbook in 1965 substantial advances have been made in the phonetic sciences, especially as regards experimental and applied phonetics. A number of new and comprehensive surveys of English pronunci­ ation have become generally accessible (Dickushina 1965, Vas- silyev 1970, Gimson 1970^). Our knowledge of the articulation of Estonian vowels and consonants has also been considerably extended as a result of recent studies by G. Liiv, A. Eek and others. It is in the light of these developments that a number of mistakes have been corrected and some sections modified or slightly expanded in the present edition. The bibliography has also been updated and extended. CONTESTS Page Preface ...................................... ....111 List of Figures ............................... ....ix List of Abbreviations ...’..........................xi List of Phonetic Symbols ят>л Signs ............ ....x n Chapter 1. INTRODUCTION TO PHONETICS.......... ....1 1 . Phonetics and Phonology......... ....1 2. Subdivisions of Phonetics............3 3* Importance of Hxonetics......... ....4 4. Historical Background to the Deve­ lopment of Ibonetics ............ ....5 5. The Phonemic Concept............ ....10 A. Phonemes, Allophones and Other Belated Terms ................ ....10 B. Brief Historical Survey of the Development of the Phonemic Con­ cept ............................ 13 Chapter 2. SPEECH - ITS FBODUCTIOH AND INVESTIGATION 17 1. The Mechanism of Speech ............ .17 2. Experimental Methods, TechniQues and EQuipment Used in Phonetic Studies ... 23 3. The Classification of Speech-Sounds... 37 Chapter 3. THE SOUNDS OF ENGLISH................. .41 1. Types of English Pronunciation.......41 (1) Local Differences in Pronuciation 41 (2) Individual Differences in Pro­ nunciation ..................... .42 (3) Stylistic Variants of Pronunciation43 (4) Standards of English Pronunciation 44 2. English Pronunciation and Spelling.... 49 3. Hionetic Transcription.............. .51 4. General Articulatory Characteristics of English Speech Sounds ........... .53 -v- 5. The Phonemic Composition of English . 6. The English Vowels. Their Classification ^ and Description ...................... (1) Introductory ..................... (2) Classification of the English Mono­ phthongs ......................... 59 (3) Description of the English Mono- СЛ phthongs ......................... A. Front Vowels .................. 61 B. Back Vowels ................... 65 C. Mixed Vowels .................. 70 (4) Description of the English Diphthongs 73 (5) The FreQuency of Occurrence of BP Vowels.................... ....... 83 7. The English Consonants. Their Classifi­ cation and Description.............. 84 (1) Introduction and Classification ... 8* (2) Detailed Description of the English Consonants...................... 87 I. The Stop Consonants .......... 87 A. Plosive Stops ............. 88 B. Nasal Stops ............... 94 C. Affricates ................ 98 II. The Spirant Consonants ........ 99 A. The Fricative Spirants..... 100 B. The Sonant Spirants........ 111 (3) Consonant Clusters .............. 124 (4) The FreQuency of Occurrence of EP Consonants ...................... 126 (5) Brief Summary of the Main Diffi­ culties Confronting the Estonian Learner in the Field of English Consonants and Their Combinations 126 Chapter 4. ASSIMILATION IN ENGLISH.......... ^29 1 . Assimilation Affecting the Place of Obstruction, and/or the Active Organ of -vi- Speech, Voicing or Devoicing......... .130 2. Degree of Completeness ............... .132 3. Direction of Assimilation............ .133 4. Constancy........................... .134 Chapter 5. THE SYLLABUS........................... 136 Chapter 6. WORD STRESS ............................ .140 (1) Introductory.........................140 (2) Stress in Simple and Derivative Words.. 143 (3) Stress in Compound Words ............ .144 (4) Words vith Level Stress ............. .145 (5) Rhythmical Variations ............... .146 (6) Relative Instability of Stress Pott eras 14-7 Chapter ?. SENTENCE STRESS ......................... 149 Chapter Õ. STRONG AND WEAK FORMS ................... 155 (1) Introductory........................ 155 (2) The Use of Strong and Weak Forms of Some Words................... ...... .157 (3) Elision......... .................. .161 (4) Liaison............................ .164 (5) Juncture ........................... .164 Chapter 9. INTONATION ............................. 167 (1) Introductory........................ 167 (2) Methods of Indicating Intonation..... 170 (3) General Characteristics of Baglish Into­ nation ............................. 172 (4) The Use of the Principal Intonation Tunes of English .................... 174 A. English Unemphatic Intonation..... 174 Principal Uses of the Falling Tune.. 175 ftrincipal Uses of the Rising Tune... 177 The Use of the Level T u n e ........ 179 The Special Rise ................. 180 B. English Emphatic Intonation Tunes Used, in Emphatic Speech...... 181 -vii- 1. The Emphatic Palling Tone (High Pall) ........................ .183 2. The Emphatic Rising Tune (High Rise) ........................ .184 3. The Rising-Falling Tune (Rise- Fell)......................... .184 4. The Falling-Rising Tune (Fall- Rise) ........................ .184 5. The R1p1ng-Falling-Rising Tune (Rlse-Fall-Rise) ............. .185 Other International Means of Em­ phasis ....................... .185 C. The Intonation of Sentences Contain­ ing More Than One Sense Group......187 1. Fall + Fall ................... .188 2. Rise + Fall ................... .189 3. Fall + Rise ................... .190 4. Rise + Rise ................... .191 D. The Intonation of Parentheses ......193 E. The Intonation of Direct Address ... 195 F. Various Other Cases of Intonation .. 198 G. Conclusion....................... .200 Selected Bibliography ........................... .201 List of Phonetic Terms and Their Estonian Equivalents203 bist of Plffirraa Page Fig. 1. Organs of speech (schematic diagram) .... 18 Fig. 2. Diagrams of the vocal cords........... 19 Fig. 3. The Artificial Palate................. 25 Fig. 4. Palatograms of some English sounds and their combinations.................... 25 Fig. 5* The Laryngoscope ...................... 26 Fig. 6. The Kymograph......................... 27 Fig. 7« Kymograph!с curves of the Estonian words 'ette* - 1 and 'edu' - 2 .............. 27 Fig. 8. The Oscillograph...................... 29 Fig. 9* Examples of oscillograms .............. 29 Fig.10. X-ray photograph and diagram.......... 30 Fig.11. Spectrograms of the English vowels /it, d:, e/ and /ai/....................... 33 Fig.12. Spectrograms of some Sigllsh consonants*. 34 Fig. 13 . Spectrograms of the biglish diphthongs /ai/ and /au/ ....................... 36 Fig. 14. Diagram of the cardinal vowels........ 60 Fig.15 . fielative tongue-positions for E. /i:/ - 1 and Est. long i - 2 ................... 62 Fig.16. Relative tongue-positions for E. /1/ - 1 and Est. i - 2 ....................... 63 Fig.17 . Belative tongue—positions for E. Л*:/ and Est. a - 2 ........................... 66 Fig.18. Belative tongue-positions fox E. /л/ - 1, Est. 0 - 2 and u - 3 .................. 70 Fig.19 . Belative tongue-positions for E. /3 :/ - 1 and Est. 2 “ 2 ....................... 71 Fig.20. Belative tongue-positions for Б. /э:/ - 1 and /э/ - 2 .......................... 73 Fig.21. Table of the BP consonants...........
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