DOCSLIB.ORG

14 April 2020 Oil and Gas Sector of GEORGIA in the Transition Period

Total Page：16

File Type：pdf, Size：1020Kb

Download full-text PDF Read full-text
14 April 2020 Oil and Gas Sector of GEORGIA in the Transition Period Teimuraz Gochitashvili Oil and Gas Sector of GEORGIA in the Transition Period TBILISI 2020 უაკ (UDC) 622.691 622.24 Teimuraz Gochitashvili OIL AND GAS SECTOR OF GEORGIA IN THE TRANSITION PERIOD Tbilisi, 2020 The publication deals with the current state of oil and gas sector, prospects for its development and energy security of Georgia; it also focuses on regional oil and gas potential, production and delivery prospects to the European market. Special attention is paid to the transit and inland transmission pipelines, their reliability and safety, preconditioning security of supply to local and European markets. It also highligths the issues of harmonization of Georgian energy legislation with the European one and institutional structures as well as the integration of the market into the single energy space, discussing the corresponding legal grounds. The information presented in this publication, including assessments of the current state of the sector and scenarios for the development of the natural gas market, reflects only the personal opinion of the author, is not related to his job responsibilities and not reproduce the views or positions of his employer or government bodies Editor - Dr. Teimuraz Javakhishvili Language Editor – Tekla Gabunia All rights reserved by the legislation of Georgia „Meridian“ Publishing House, 2020 ISBN 978-9941-25-866-4 2 Acknowledgements I would like to acknowledge the help and support of my colleagues from Georgian Oil and Gas Corporation, including Dr. Soso Gudushauri, Dr. David Tsitsishvili. Ms. Liana Lomidze, Ms. Ia Goisashvili, Mr. Archil Dekanosidze, Mr. Suliko Tsintsadze, Mr. Irakli Chachibaia and others. I am also deeply indebted to many people, including those engaged in the energy sector of Georgia, who have discussed the issues in the publication. 3 TABLE OF CONTENT ABREVIATIONS AND PHYSICAL UNITS …………………………………………… 6 FOREWORD …………………………………………………………………………… 8 CHAPTER I ………………………………………..…………………………………… 1 1 1. REGIONAL MARKET ………………………………………………………………. 11 1.1. GENERAL TRENDS OF DEVELOPMENT ………………………………………… 11 1.2. REGIONAL ENERGY MARKET …………………………………………………….. 12 1.3. OIL AND GAS BEARING AND SUPPLY POTENTIAL ………………………….. 22 CHAPTER II ...............................................…………………………………………… 34 2. TRANSPORATION INFRASTRUCTURE …………………………………………. 34 2.1. SUPPLY OF OIL FROM CASPIAN FIELDS TO EUROPE ……………………….. 34 2.2. THE SOUTHERN GAS CORRIDOR ………………………………………………. 51 CHAPTER III ………………………………………………………………………….. 72 3. OIL AND GAS SECTOR OF GEORGIA …………………………………………… 72 3.1. MAIN PROBLEMS OF THE SECTOR …………………………………………… 72 3.2. PERSPECTIVITY OF OIL AND GAS DEPOSITS………………………………… 74 3.3. EXPLORATION AND PRODUCTION STATUS…………………………………. 82 3.4. GENERAL OVERVIEW OF NATURAL GAS SECTOR ………………………….. 84 - 3.4.1. NATURAL GAS MARKET ……………………………………………… 8 4 - 3.4.2. TRANSIT AND TRANSMISSION INFRASTRUCTURE ……………… 92 3.5. GAS COSUMPTION TRENDS AND FORECAST ……………………………….. 105 3.6. SPECIFIC ASPECTS OF SECURITY OF SUPPLY, CHALLENGES AND OPPORTUNITIES …………………………………………………………………. 109 - 3.6.1. SUPPLY DEFICIT ……………………………………………………….. 1 09 - 3.6.2. DEMAND/SUPPLY IMBALANCE ……………………………………… 113 - 3.6.3. POTENTIAL RISKS AND HAZARDS …………………………………... 117 - 3.6.4. CRITICAL INFRASRUCTURE …………………………………………. 121 - 3.6.5. POTENTIAL SOLUTIONS TO MAINTAIN SECURITY OF SUPPLY … 133 4 CHAPTER IV …………………………………………………………………………... 1 5 0 4. INTEGRATION INTO THE INTERNATIONAL ENERGY ORGANIZATIIONS ………………………………………………………………. 150 4.1. GENERAL ASPECTS OF INTEGRATION ………………………………………. 150 4.2. LAW OF GEORGIA ON ENERGY AND WATER SUPPLY ……………………… 152 4.3. ORGANIZATION OF THE MARKET …………………………………………….. 158 4.4. UNBUNDLING OF ACTIVITIES …………………………………………………. 16 6 4.5. OTHER IMPORTANT PROVISIONS OF THE LAW …………………………….. 171 REFERENCES …………………………………………………………………………. 17 5 5 ABREVIATIONS AND PHYSICAL UNITS ACER - European Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators AGRI – Azerbaijan-Georgia-Romania Interconnctor AMBO - Albania-Macedonia-Bulgaria Oil Pipeline BAP - Burgas–Alexandroupolis (Oil) Pipeline BAU - Business As Usual Bcm – billion cubic meter BS – Blus Stream Pipeline BTC – Baku-Tbilisi-Ceuhan Oil Pipeline CAC – Central Asia – Center Pipeline CACGP – Central Asia – China Gas Pipeline CCGT – Combined Cycle Gas Turbine CNG – Compressed Natural Gas CNPC – China National Petroleum Company DSO - Distribution System Operator DWT - Deadweight tonnage EAOTC – Euro-Asian Oil Transportation Corridor EASC - Euro-Asian Council for Standartization, Metrology and Certification EnC - Energy Community EWGP – East-West Gas Pipeline System FLNG - Floating Liquefaction of Natural Gas Plant GE Power – General Electric (Manufacturer of Power Generation Equipment) GEE - Georgian Energy Exchange GGTC – Georgian Gas Transportation Company GOGC – Georgian Oil and Gas Corporation GNERC – Georgian National Energy and Water Supply Commission (Commission) HHI - Herfindahl-Hirschman Index HPP – Hydro Power Plant IGAT – Iranian Gas Trunk Pipelines ICP - Intra-Caspian Pipeline ISO – Independent (Transmission) System Operator ITO - Independent Transmission Operator kWh- kilo watt hour LEWS – Law of Georgia on Energy and Water Supply LNG – Liquefied Natural Gasd LPG – Liquide Petroleum Gas Mcm – million cubic meter Mbd – Million barrels per day Mta – million ton per anum NS – Nord Stream Pipeline 6 NSGP – North-South Pipeline System OIES - Oxford Institute for Energy Studies OTC – Over-The-Counter (trade) PEOP – Pan-European Oil Pipeline SCP – South Caucasus Pipeline (Baku-Tbilisi-Erzerum Gas Pipeline) SCPX - South Caucasus Pipeline Expansion Project SGC – Sothern Gas Corridor SOCAR – State Oil Company of Republic of Azerbaijan SSO - Storage System Operator TANAP – Trans-Anatolian Pipeline TAP – Trans-Adriatic Pipeline TAPI – Turkmenistan-Afganistan-Pakistan-India Pipeline TBP – Trans_Balkanian Pipeline TCP – Trans-Caspian Pipeline TNO - Transmission Network Owner TPP – Thermal Power Plant TS – Turkish Stream Pipeline TTF - Title Transfer Facility (European Gas Trading Hub in Holland) TYND-Ten Year Network Development Plan (of Transmission Infrastructure) MCR - Market Concentration Ratio ULCC – Ultra Large Crude Carrier VIU – Vertically Integrated Utility VLCC - Very Large Crude Carrier WREP – Western Route Exsport Pipeline (Baku-Supsa Oil Pipeline WS – White Stream Project 7 FOREWORD Energy of Georgia faces significant challenges and opportunities. Demand on the main energy products: electricity, natural gas and petroleum products has significantly increased during the recent period. Hindering of construction of large hydro power generation facilities and scarcity of local oil and gas resources predetermine unfavorable tendency of growth of the country’s dependence on import. At the same time the process of active implementation of the European legislation into the energy sector of the country has been commenced which is associated with new challenges and significant opportunities. Ensuring energy security and guaranteed supply of the country’s population and economy with affordable energy resources represents a task of critical significance, which is complicated by the geographic location of the country isolated from the partners of the Energy Community and the EU and, inability of supply diversification of the natural gas, which is one of the main components of the total energy balance, will significantly complicate the process of formation of an open and transparent competitive market. On the other hand, favorable location of the inland territory and seaports connecting to the international supply routes of hydrocarbons between the Caspian region rich in resources and Europe dependent on import of energy resources predetermines successful implementation of the transit projects through the territory of the country, which are playing an important role in ensuring security of supply to word’s energy markets. Potential of the neighbor Azerbaijan and other countries of the Caspian region creates further opportunities for the development of new oil and gas transit projects, implementation of which will increase the significance of Georgia as the key player of the international energy market. The sensible implementation of the new Law of Georgia on Energy and Water Supply, which represents an adapted version of the European Energy Acquis allows to establish competitive market(s) based on organized trade in the relatively short period of time and integrate the energy sector of the country into European structures. As a result, the role of local content in ensuring the energy security of the country will be increased and the threats related to the dominance of state companies of foreign countries in significant segments of the market will be minimized. Presentment of a systemized results of the studies on the current state of oil and gas sector in such conditions, prospects for its development and energy security of Georgia, as well as the brief but significant information on the regional oil and gas potential, production 8 and delivery to the European markets is extremely important. Special attention has to be paid to transit and inland transmission pipelines, their reliability and safety, preconditioning security of supply to local and European markets. Harmonization of the Georgian energy legislation with the European one and integration into institutional structures of the Energy Community’s single energy space, based on the corresponding legal grounds, also represents a highly significant issue and the first priority of Georgia’s energy sector structural reforms. The
Load more

Recommended publications
  • Village Mirzaani Road (Dedoplistskaro Municipality)
    SFG3121 V19 Public Disclosure Authorized Village Mirzaani road (Dedoplistskaro Municipality) Rehabilitation Sub-Project Public Disclosure Authorized Environmental Management Plan WORLD BANK FINANCED Public Disclosure Authorized SECOND REGIONAL AND MUNICIPAL INFRASTRUCTURE DEVELOPMENT PROJECT Public Disclosure Authorized Tbilisi, Georgia Environmental Screening Form Rehabilitation of the road and installation of the concrete ditches (110,5m3) in village Mirzaani is planned within the SP. Total length of the road to be rehabilitated under this project is about 0,89 km. (A) IMPACT IDENTIFICATION Has sub-project a tangible impact on The project has a modest short term negative the environment? environmental impact while its long term impact is expected to be positive. The main impact will be during the construction phase, which includes works for laying various layers, movement and operation of heavy vehicles, supply of materials. The project is located in urban area with strongly modified environment. Therefore the impact is transitory and insignificant (noise, emissions, construction waste, temporary disturbance of traffic and access, etc.). What are the significant beneficial The subproject has a long term positive impact on the and adverse environmental effects environment through improving living and of sub-project? transportation conditions of the local population. It will decrease existing negative impacts on community, such as dust, emissions, vibration and noise. The expected negative environmental and social impacts are likely to be short term and typical for small to medium scale rehabilitation works in urban landscape: noise, dust, vibration, and emissions from the operation of construction machinery; generation of construction waste; disruption of traffic and pedestrian access. May the sub-project have any No new land take and resettlement are expected.
    [Show full text]
  • The Mineral Industry of Georgia in 2011
    2011 Minerals Yearbook GEORGIA U.S. Department of the Interior September 2013 U.S. Geological Survey THE MINERAL INDUSTRY OF GEORGIA By Elena Safirova Prior to the proclamation of Georgian independence in in mining was $40.2 million, or 3.6% of the total FDI in the 1991, a range of mineral commodities were mined in Georgia, country (National Statistics Office of Georgia, 2012b). including arsenic, barite, bentonite, coal, copper, diatomite, lead, In 2011, Georgia ran a substantial trade deficit—the total manganese, zeolites, and zinc, among others. The country’s value of its exports ($2.19 billion) was greatly exceeded by metallurgical sector produced ferroalloys and steel. Since 1991, the total value of its imports ($7.06 billion). The country’s production of many of these mineral commodities had ceased or major export trade partners were, in order of value, Azerbaijan been significantly reduced. (which received 19.5% of Georgia’s exports), Turkey (10.4%), Following the Rose Revolution of 2003, the Government Armenia (10.2%), Kazakhstan (7.2%), the United States (6.6%), determined to revive the country’s industry. In 2007, Georgia Ukraine (6.5%), and Canada (5.2%). Its major import trade sold its three leading enterprises—Chiatura Manganese, partners were, in order of value, Turkey (which supplied 18.0% Vartzikhe Hydropower, and Zestafoni Ferroalloys to Stemcor of Georgia’s imports), Ukraine (10.0%), Azerbaijan (8.7%), Co. of the United Kingdom. Before the sale, the enterprises China (7.4%), Germany (6.8%), and Russia (5.5%). Mineral were in a difficult financial situation; for example, Zestafoni commodities, especially metals, played a significant role in Ferroalloys owed the Government $35 million in taxes.
    [Show full text]
  • Russian Chess on Gas Politics: Evaluation of Turkish Stream
    RUSSIAN CHESS ON GAS POLITICS: EVALUATION OF TURKISH STREAM by Oğuzhan Akyener and Çağrı Şirin HISTORICAL OVERVIEW OF RUS- INTRODUCTION SIAN GAS EXPORT TO EU Turkish Stream Pipeline Project (TSP) is the result of the altering Russian gas supply pol- Initially, existing key gas pipelines feeding icies toward European Union (EU). Due to the Europe will be described shortly in the flustering disputes over Ukraine, initial step concept of the historical overview of Russian was planned as to bypass Ukraine with a new gas export to EU. Latter, the previous steps before the Turkish Stream and South Stream "Due to flustering dis- standalone pipeline that will transit Russian gas to Eastern Europe. However, increasing Pipeline will be adverted. After mentioning the infrastructural situation, customer char- putes over Ukraine, initial conflicts between EU and Bulgarian govern- ment made Russia take a step forward with acteristics of Ukraine and the third energy package of EU will also be analyzed. step was planned as to a new standalone pipeline project, which is named as Turkish Stream. bypass Ukraine with a EXISTING KEY PIPELINES TO FEED THE EUROPE In the concept of Turkish Stream, Russia is new standalone pipeline planning to transport the gas through Black Russia gas export to Europe started before Sea and Turkey and sell it in the Greek border that will transit Russian 1940’s with the small volumes of export to of Turkey. This means, Russia will not have Poland. While considering the small portion to deal with the transportation of her gas in- gas to Eastern Europe." of consumption volumes, location of the ex- side EU’s borders.
    [Show full text]
  • Georgia Armenia Azerbaijan 4
    ©Lonely Planet Publications Pty Ltd 317 Behind the Scenes SEND US YOUR FEEDBACK We love to hear from travell ers – your comments keep us on our toes and help make our books better. Our well- travell ed team reads every word on what you loved or loathed about this book. Although we cannot reply individually to postal submissions, we always guarantee that your feedback goes straight to the appropriate authors, in time for the next edition. Each person who sends us information is thanked in the next edition – the most useful submissions are rewarded with a selection of digital PDF chapters. Visit lonelyplanet.com/contact to submit your updates and suggestions or to ask for help. Our award-winning website also features inspirational travel stories, news and discussions. Note: We may edit, reproduce and incorporate your comments in Lonely Planet products such as guidebooks, websites and digital products, so let us know if you don’t want your comments reproduced or your name acknowledged. For a copy of our privacy policy visit lonelyplanet.com/privacy. Stefaniuk, Farid Subhanverdiyev, Valeria OUR READERS Many thanks to the travellers who used Superno Falco, Laurel Sutherland, Andreas the last edition and wrote to us with Sveen Bjørnstad, Trevor Sze, Ann Tulloh, helpful hints, useful advice and interest- Gerbert Van Loenen, Martin Van Der Brugge, ing anecdotes: Robert Van Voorden, Wouter Van Vliet, Michael Weilguni, Arlo Werkhoven, Barbara Grzegorz, Julian, Wojciech, Ashley Adrian, Yoshida, Ian Young, Anne Zouridakis. Asli Akarsakarya, Simone
    [Show full text]
  • Economic Prosperity Initiative
    USAID/GEORGIA DO2: Inclusive and Sustainable Economic Growth October 1, 2011 – September 31, 2012 Gagra Municipal (regional) Infrastructure Development (MID) ABKHAZIA # Municipality Region Project Title Gudauta Rehabilitation of Roads 1 Mtskheta 3.852 km; 11 streets : Mtskheta- : Mtanee Rehabilitation of Roads SOKHUMI : : 1$Mestia : 2 Dushet 2.240 km; 7 streets :: : ::: Rehabilitation of Pushkin Gulripshi : 3 Gori street 0.92 km : Chazhashi B l a c k S e a :%, Rehabilitaion of Gorijvari : 4 Gori Shida Kartli road 1.45 km : Lentekhi Rehabilitation of Nationwide Projects: Ochamchire SAMEGRELO- 5 Kareli Sagholasheni-Dvani 12 km : Highway - DCA Basisbank ZEMO SVANETI RACHA-LECHKHUMI rehabilitaiosn Roads in Oni Etseri - DCA Bank Republic Lia*#*# 6 Oni 2.452 km, 5 streets *#Sachino : KVEMO SVANETI Stepantsminda - DCA Alliance Group 1$ Gali *#Mukhuri Tsageri Shatili %, Racha- *#1$ Tsalenjikha Abari Rehabilitation of Headwork Khvanchkara #0#0 Lechkhumi - DCA Crystal Obuji*#*# *#Khabume # 7 Oni of Drinking Water on Oni for Nakipu 0 Likheti 3 400 individuals - Black Sea Regional Transmission ZUGDIDI1$ *# Chkhorotsku1$*# ]^!( Oni Planning Project (Phase 2) Chitatskaro 1$!( Letsurtsume Bareuli #0 - Georgia Education Management Project (EMP) Akhalkhibula AMBROLAURI %,Tsaishi ]^!( *#Lesichine Martvili - Georgia Primary Education Project (G-Pried) MTSKHETA- Khamiskuri%, Kheta Shua*#Zana 1$ - GNEWRC Partnership Program %, Khorshi Perevi SOUTH MTIANETI Khobi *# *#Eki Khoni Tskaltubo Khresili Tkibuli#0 #0 - HICD Plus #0 ]^1$ OSSETIA 1$ 1$!( Menji *#Dzveli
    [Show full text]
  • Nord Stream 2
    Updated August 24, 2021 Russia’s Nord Stream 2 Natural Gas Pipeline to Germany Nord Stream 2, a natural gas pipeline nearing completion, is which accounted for about 48% of EU natural gas imports expected to increase the volume of Russia’s natural gas in 2020. Russian gas exports to the EU were up 18% year- export capacity directly to Germany, bypassing Ukraine, on-year in the first quarter of 2021. Factors behind reliance Poland, and other transit states (Figure 1). Successive U.S. on Russian supply include diminishing European gas Administrations and Congresses have opposed Nord Stream supplies, commitments to reduce coal use, Russian 2, reflecting concerns about European dependence on investments in European infrastructure, Russian export Russian energy and the threat of increased Russian prices, and the perception of many Europeans that Russia aggression in Ukraine. The German government is a key remains a reliable supplier. proponent of the pipeline, which it says will be a reliable Figure 1. Nord Stream Gas Pipeline System source of natural gas as Germany is ending nuclear energy production and reducing coal use. Despite the Biden Administration’s stated opposition to Nord Stream 2, the Administration appears to have shifted its focus away from working to prevent the pipeline’s completion to mitigating the potential negative impacts of an operational pipeline. Some critics of this approach, including some Members of Congress and the Ukrainian and Polish governments, sharply criticized a U.S.-German joint statement on energy security, issued on July 21, 2021, which they perceived as indirectly affirming the pipeline’s completion.
    [Show full text]
  • Turkey Energy Outlook Book
    Turkey Energy Outlook 2020 Prof. Carmine Difiglio Bora Şekip Güray Ersin Merdan Sabancı University IICEC Istanbul International Centre for Energy and Climate Minerva Palas, Bankalar Caddesi, No:2 Karaköy 34420 Istanbul / Turkey Phone: +90 212 292 49 39 TEO Book Design-works: CEEN Enerji Bilgi Servisleri Dan. ve Org. ve Tic. Ltd. Şti. Kavacık Mah. FSM Cad. Tonoğlu Plaza No: 3/4 Beykoz 34810 Istanbul / Turkey Phone: +90 216 510 12 40 TEO Book Printing: G.M. Matbaacılık ve Tic. A.Ş. 100 yıl Mah. MAS-SİT 1.Cad. No:88 Bağcılar/Istanbul / Turkey Phone: +90 212 629 00 24 Fax: +90 212 629 20 13 Matbaa Sertifika No: 45463 November 2020 ISBN: 978-605-70031-9-5 About IICEC The Sabancı University Istanbul International Center for Energy & Climate (IICEC) is an independent Center at Sabancı University that produces energy policy research and uses its convening power at the energy crossroad of the world. Utilizing this strategic position, IICEC provides national, regional and global energy analyses as a research and an international networking center. Since it was established in 2010, IICEC has leveraged Istanbul’s strategic position to host high-level Forums featuring sector leaders from government, international organizations, industry and academia fostering substantive discussion among key stakeholders with the aim of charting a sustainable energy future. IICEC also hosts seminars and webinars on important energy policy, market and technology areas. As a research center in one of the most reputable universities in its region, IICEC has built a comprehensive technological and economic overview of the Turkish energy economy, published research reports on a wide variety of energy and climate topics and supports energy education at Sabancı University.
    [Show full text]
  • Azerbaijani Settlements of the Gardabani Municipality
    Unknown Suburbs: Azerbaijani Settlements of the Gardabani Municipality 2020 POLICY STUDY Unknown Suburbs: Azerbaijani Settlements of the Gardabani Municipality Aleksandre Kvakhadze POLICY STUDY 2020 Introduction Since declaring its independence, the Georgian state has been struggling with the integration of its ethnic minorities. The regions densely populated by ethnic Azerbaijanis and Armenians have been passively involved in the social and political processes in Georgia. The combination of the legacy of Soviet ‘national policy,’ an ineffective educational system and socio-economic problems hinder the integration of these regions. This paper will be devoted to the Gardabani municipality, an administrative entity with a significant Azerbaijani population. Several factors have determined the choice of this region for this study. Firstly, geographically speaking, the region represents a suburban area of the cities of Tbilisi and Rustavi. It can be considered as a part of ‘greater Tbilisi/Rustavi’ or a ‘Tbilisi-Rustavi agglomeration.’ Secondly, despite its proximity to Georgia’s political and economic center, the Azerbaijani community in this region has been leading a parallel life and is disconnected from the country’s social and political dynamics. Simultaneously, very little is known about this region and very little research has been carried out on its multi-ethnic population. Unlike the neighboring Marneuli municipality, which has been receiving increasing attention from academia, the media and the non-governmental sector, the Azerbaijani population in Garbadani remains neglected by academic and non-governmental bodies. For instance, there is no comprehensive academic research on the linguistic, historical, ethnologic, social and religious parameters of Azerbaijanis in Gardabani. The absence of reliable works leads to myths and uncertainties regarding Georgia’s Azerbaijanis.
    [Show full text]
  • Ua2017 24.Pdf
    Ural-Altaic Studies Урало-алтайские исследования ISSN 2500-2902 ISBN 978-1-4632-0168-5 Ural-Altaic Studies Scientific Journal № 1 (24) 2017 Established in 2009 Published four times a year Moscow © Institute of Linguistics, Russian Academy of Sciences, 2017 ISSN 2500-2902 ISBN 978-1-4632-0168-5 Урало-алтайские исследования научный журнал № 1 (24) 2017 Основан в 2009 г. Выходит четыре раза в год Москва © Институт языкознания Российской академии наук, 2017 CONTENTS No 1 (24) 2017 Arkady Baulo, Natalia Tuchkova. Myth about diving birds who pulled out the Earth, world structure and the way into the world of the dead: folklore heritage of the Selkups of Upper Ket′ in the materials of the Novosibirsk ethnographic expedition of 1980......................................................................................7 Sergey Kovylin, Natalia Saynakova. On the specifics of the Middle-Ob dialect and trying to determine the Šöšqup / Šöšqum dialectal local group settlement borders based on toponymy.......................................................................................................................................19 Elena Napolnova. Verbs of motion in the modern Turkish (vertical direction)....................................................34 Yulia Normanskaya. Clarification of the Protoselkup reconstruction of vowels of the first syllable. Part II. Analysis of archival audio materials on the Togur sub-dialect of the Middle-Ob dialect of Selkup.......................................................................48 Sonya Oskolskaya,
    [Show full text]
  • G Georgia's Climate and Protects the Nation from the Penetration of Colder Air Masses from the North
    UNITED NATIONS ECONOMIC COMMISSION FOR EUROPE United Nations Development Account project Promoting Eneergy Efficiency Investments for Climate Change Mitigation and Sustainable Development Case study GEORGIA MUNICIPAL ENERGY EFFICIENCY POLICY REFORMS IN GEORGIA Developed by: Energy Effficiency Center Georgia Contents Geographical and climate characteristic of republic of Georgia .................................................... 3 Geography ................................................................................................................................... 3 Climate .................................................................................................................................... 4 Sector Characteristics: .................................................................................................................... 4 Electric power supply of Georgia and Tbilisi ............................................................................. 5 Natural gas supply and heating system in Georgia and Tbilisi ................................................... 6 Current Policy: ................................................................................................................................ 8 Energy Efficiency Potential .......................................................................................................... 11 Assessment Methodology: ............................................................................................................ 13 Economic, Environmental and Policy
    [Show full text]
  • Annual Report 2009
    1 2 In summer 2008, Division of National/Ethnic Minority Issues and Division of Civil Integration were established under the Office of the State Minister of Georgia for Reintegration. It is noteworthy that the staff members of these two divisions are the representatives of national minorities in Georgia (Azeris, Armenians, and Chechens). Prior to this, the Civil Integration and Tolerance Council functioning under President of Georgia has been working on the elaboration of the “National Concept for Tolerance and Civic Integration” and its five-year Action Plan. Several on-site visits in the regions compactly settled with national minorities (Kvemo Kartli, Kaspi district of Shida Kartli region settled compactly with ethnic Azeris, Samtskhe-Javakheti and Kakheti regions settled with ethnic Ossetians, Azeris, Armenians, Assyrians, Udins, Lezghins, Roma, Kists) have been organized with a purpose to make more effective the functioning of the Office and to enhance competence. During on-site visits in the regions, several meetings have been conducted with the representatives of the local self-governments as well as with the local population. On-site visits enabled us to get information on the existing condition and considerably promoted our effective involvement in the elaboration of the National Concept. With the cooperation of the Civil Integration and Tolerance Council functioning under President of Georgia the “National Concept for Tolerance and Civic Integration” and Action Plan has been approved by the governmental decree №348 of 8 May 2009. According to the National Concept, the Office of the State Minister has been entitled for the elaboration and coordination of the policy as well as for the presentation of the annual reports (on December of each year) on the implementation of the Action Plan for Tolerance and Civic Integration to the Government of Georgia and Civil Integration and Tolerance Council functioning under President of Georgia.
    [Show full text]
  • The Curious Case of Rustavi-2 PROTECTING MEDIA FREEDOM and the RULE of LAW in GEORGIA
    The Curious Case of Rustavi-2 PROTECTING MEDIA FREEDOM AND THE RULE OF LAW IN GEORGIA PONARS Eurasia Policy Memo No. 400 November 2015 Cory Welt1 George Washington University Rustavi-2 is the most popular television channel in Georgia. It has the most advertising revenue and airs most of the country’s top-watched programs, including news shows. In opinion polls, over 80 percent of respondents say they regularly watch the station (and Imedi, Georgia’s second most popular channel). This is why a controversial Tbilisi court decision to take the station away from its opposition-affiliated owners has caused such consternation. It has raised questions about media freedom and judicial independence under the watch of the Georgian Dream ruling coalition, which came to power in protest against former president Mikheil Saakashvili’s government, which frequently disregarded both. The present government has pledged to adopt democratic European values and is working to implement governance reforms as part of an EU association agreement. Whether the legal process can now right itself will be an important test of Georgia’s democratic standing. Ideally, potential injustices leading to Rustavi-2’s current ownership status can still be properly investigated and remedied. But this should not come at the cost of rule of law abuses and the undermining of Georgia’s democratic media environment. The Politics Around Rustavi-2 In addition to being popular, Rustavi-2 has a reputation for being close to politics. The station was a fierce critic of Eduard Shevardnadze and an active supporter of the 2003 Rose Revolution that brought Saakashvili to power.
    [Show full text]