World War II: Breaking the Code Breakout Created by Robyn Young, School Librarian, Avon, Indiana

A breakout to help students understand: • The effect of World War II on American culture • Identify key events from World War II and understand their significance

Developed by Robyn Young, School Librarian, Avon, Indiana ([email protected])

In this packet you’ll find: Overview of the breakout activity with the answer codes Page 3 Instruction cards for students Page 4 Congratulation cards for students Page 5 Activity Materials Key Lock: Date Which Will Live in Infamy Summary Page 6 Image Page 7 4-Digit Lock: Battle of Stalingrad Summary Page 8 QR Codes / Links for Students Page 9 Image Page 10 Quiz Page 11 Directional Lock: Axis and Allied Powers Map Summary Page 12 QR Codes / Links for Students Page 13 3-Digit Lock: Enigma Machine and Hiroshima Summary Page 14 Article 1 (Enigma Machine) Page 15 Article 2 (Bombing of Hiroshima) Page 16 Invisible ink illustration Page 17 Cipher sheet Page 18 Work Lock: Rationing Summary Page 19 Article (Rationing) Page 20 Chart Page 21 Ration book images Page 22-24 Invisible ink illustration Page 25

Additional materials needed: Invisible ink pen and flashlight Two boxes (large and small) Locks (3-digit, 4-digit, directional, word, key) USB drive

Type of Lock/Item Code Additional Information

Small Box Key Lock on the box Flashlight and ABC Cipher inside

Large Box Congratulations inside

3 Digit Lock 603 Hiroshima and enigma machine articles

4 Digit Lock 4645 Answers from the Battle of Stalingrad Quiz

Word Lock SUGAR From ration book and chart in invisible ink

Key Lock On Small Box On USB is image about date which will live in infamy

USB Drive Image of date which will live in infamy

This Breakout will take approximately 1 hour to complete. All materials go inside of a large manila envelope. The Breaking the Code instructions go on top of all of the materials. Place the Congratulations card inside of the large box and put the locks on here. Inside of the small box, place the flashlight and the ABC Cipher. Put the Key lock on it.

World War II: Breaking the Code Breakout created by Robyn Young, School Librarian, Avon, Indiana. ©2020 World War II: Breaking the Code Breakout created by Robyn Young, School Librarian, Avon, Indiana. ©2020 World War II: Breaking the Code Breakout created by Robyn Young, School Librarian, Avon, Indiana. ©2020 Key Lock (following 1 page) • Put image "USS West Virginia burns at Pearl Harbor" on USB drive. • Students will answer the question, “What is the date which will live in infamy? Why is it important?” in order to earn the key from you. • Answer: December 7th, 1941. It was important because the actions by the Japanese are what pulled the United States into World War II.

, ABC-CLIO, 2020, worldatwar.abc- 13 May 2020. Burns at Pearl Harbor." World War: Understanding Conflict and Society

date important?date West Virginia "USS clio.com/Search/Display/994957. Accessed Tell a teacher your answers to receive a clue. a receive to answers your a teacher Tell What is the date that will live in infamy? Why is that live

For the Battle of Stalingrad activity: • Print QR codes, cut apart, and put one with each set of items. • Print the picture of the Soviet soldiers on one side and the Battle of Stalingrad quiz on the back of that. To solve, students will watch the video associated with the QR Code — https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCQBSf1rb7o — then answer the questions to the quiz. The answer to the quiz is: 4645 and that is the code they put in the 4-digit lock.

World War II: Breaking the Code Breakout created by Robyn Young, School Librarian, Avon, Indiana. ©2020 Battle for Stalingrad QR Codes — print on card stock and cut apart codes — leave link on them in case students do not have access to a phone with a QR code reader.

Link is to YouTube video created by Reply History on the Battle of Stalin- grad. Students will answer the quiz questions about the video to open a lock.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCQBSf1rb7o https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bCQBSf1rb7o

[National Archives]

Soviet snipers looking for German targets during the Battle of Stalingrad.

"Soviet Snipers at Stalingrad." World at War: Understanding Conﬂict and Society, ABC-CLIO, 2020, worldatwar.abc- clio.com/Search/Display/1311373. Accessed 13 May 2020.

The Battle of Stalingrad occurred in: 1. France 2. Germany 3. Romania 4. Soviet Union

Why did Hitler want to destroy Stalingrad? 5. It would allow Hitler to control all of Europe. 6. It had the name of the leader of the Soviet Union on it. 7. Hitler visited there once and did not like it. 8. It was very cold there.

What was Germany’s military objective of the Battle of Stalingrad? 1. To kill as many Soviet soldiers as possible 2. To get food for German soldiers 3. To create a turning point in the war 4. To get to the Soviet oil fields

Who won the Battle of Stalingrad? 5. Soviet Union 6. Germany 7. Romania 8. Great Britain

(following 1 page)

QR code to Google Map about Axis and Allied Powers - https://drive.google.com/open? id=1BhsvTbMFgBX9PssrbqWxorYuT0yHEOa1&usp=sharing (or https://tinyurl.com/ybykw7s4 )

Map has photos and information – dates are listed – Set up by Chronological order by the date that each country entered the war. Don’t use countries that don’t have dates listed on the Google Map descriptions.

1 — Germany

2 — Great Britain

3 — Canada

4 — Soviet Union

5 — Italy

6 — Japan

Map the direction that you take to go to each country in chronological order.

Travel from Germany to Great Britain is West (← ).

Travel from Great Britain to Canada is West (← ).

Travel from Canada to the Soviet Union is East (→).

Travel from the Soviet Union to Italy is West (←).

Travel from Italy to Japan is East (→).

World War II: Breaking the Code Breakout created by Robyn Young, School Librarian, Avon, Indiana. ©2020 Map of Axis and Allies QR Codes — print on card stock and cut apart codes — leave link on them in case students do not have access to a phone with a QR code reader. Link is to a Google Map that contains the Axis and Allied Powers. (This may be easier for students to view on a computer.)

https://tinyurl.com/ybykw7s4 https://tinyurl.com/ybykw7s4

(following 3 pages)

• Have articles about Enigma Machine and Hiroshima back-to-back. • Highlight in invisible ink the web link at the top to the online enigma machine—http:// enigmaco.de/enigma/enigma.html • A computer must be used to access this site and Flash needs to be enabled. Phones won’t work. • Write the letters R, M, D in invisible ink near the enigma website — make them large enough to see. • On the article on Hiroshima, highlight the word Hiroshima everywhere it appears in invisible ink on the page.

When students go to the enigma website - http://enigmaco.de/enigma/enigma.html - and change the dials to the letters R, M, and D, they input the word Hiroshima, and the output is SKIGTZMWH. When they go to the cipher sheet and input those letters, the numbers that repeat are 603.

Reference Articles

At the 1923 International Postal Congress, Arthur Scherbius, a German, demonstrated his invention of commercial encoding machine, known as the Enigma device. Enigma resembled a typewriter in appearance with a series of rotors or wheels, the settings of which could be changed. Early versions of the device enabled the operator to encode a plaintext in any of 150 million possible ways.

As with all major military powers, the Germans sought to develop a secure means of military communications and assumed that messages encoded by Enigma were unbreakable. By 1928, the German military was using the Enigma, and Japan and Italy also bought the machine and used it. Other countries, such as the United States, purchased the Enigma machine but did not attempt to unlock its secrets.

The Poles, concerned about a resurgent Germany as a threat to their own security, formed a special cryptography group at the University of Poznan in 1928. They also purchased the commercial model of Enigma, and by 1935, they had broken into the German radio codes, information they largely shared with the British and French in 1938. Late that year, however, the Germans added a sixth rotor, which helped to convince the Poles that the Germans were about to make an aggressive military move. The Poles modified their own machines to keep up with the German advances, and they continued to break into the German codes, but the defeat of their country came too quickly for Enigma to be of use to them.

After Poland's defeat, the Polish code-breakers and their machines were spirited away to France and England. At Bletchley Park outside of Buckingham, the British assembled a mixed group of experts to continue the work begun by the Poles. Over time, Bletchley Park developed additional devices that could sort through the possible variations of an encoded text, although the Enigma's changeable settings meant that most messages could not be read in "real time." Nonetheless, Enigma proved invaluable in the Allied military effort and undoubtedly shortened the war. Information on ultra intercepts was not made public until 1974, when Group Captain F. W. Winterbotham published The Ultra Secret. Its revelations forced the rewriting of most earlier histories of the war.

Spencer C. Tucker

Further Reading Lewin, Ronald. Ultra Goes to War. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1978; Winterbotham, F. W. The Ultra Secret. New York: Harper and Row, 1974.

MLA Citation Tucker, Spencer C. "Enigma Machine: World War II." World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society, ABC-CLIO, 2020, worldatwar.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/757178. Accessed 13 May 2020.

(following 5 pages)

• Print "Food and Clothing" article excerpt.

• Print ration book pages from the Library of Congress along with additional pages and bind the book.

• In invisible ink on the ration coupon page, write, “What can you buy with coupon E5?”

• Students will look at the chart to determine that E5 coupon is used for SUGAR.

• The word lock is SUGAR.

World War II: Breaking the Code Breakout created by Robyn Young, School Librarian, Avon, Indiana. ©2020 "Child with War Rationing Book." World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society, ABC-CLIO, 2020, worldatwar.abc-clio.com/Search/ Display/816774. Accessed 13 May 2020.

Carroll, James F. "Rationing: World War II." World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society, ABC-CLIO, 2020, worldatwar.abc-clio.com/ Search/Display/758621. Accessed 13 May 2020.

World War II: Breaking the Code Breakout created by Robyn Young, School Librarian, Avon, Indiana. ©2020 World War II: Breaking the Code Breakout created by Robyn Young, School Librarian, Avon, Indiana. ©2020 "Front Cover of a War Ration Book." World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society, ABC-CLIO, 2020, worldatwar.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/2249612. Accessed 13 May 2020.

World War II: Breaking the Code Breakout created by Robyn Young, School Librarian, Avon, Indiana. ©2020 "Back Cover of War Ration Book." World at War: Understanding Conflict and Society, ABC-CLIO, 2020, worldatwar.abc-clio.com/Search/Display/2249611. Accessed 13 May 2020.

World War II: Breaking the Code Breakout created by Robyn Young, School Librarian, Avon, Indiana. ©2020 United States Office Of War Information. War ration book no. 3. This new ration book, replacement for present books when their stamps are used up, will be distributed during the early summer. It contains four pages of "point" stamps, similar to the point stamps in war ration book 2, though slightly different in design and printed in brown ink. It also contains four pages of "unit" stamps for the type of rationing now used for sugar, coffee, and shoes. Each page of fourty-eight stamps bears the design of a different war machine, includ-ing guns, tanks, aircraft carriers and planes. [Between 1940 and 1946] Photograph, Retrieved from the Library of Congress, .