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To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology?
Portland State University PDXScholar Young Historians Conference Young Historians Conference 2016 Apr 28th, 9:00 AM - 10:15 AM To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology? Hayley A. LeBlanc Sunset High School Follow this and additional works at: https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians Part of the European History Commons, and the History of Science, Technology, and Medicine Commons Let us know how access to this document benefits ou.y LeBlanc, Hayley A., "To What Extent Did British Advancements in Cryptanalysis During World War II Influence the Development of Computer Technology?" (2016). Young Historians Conference. 1. https://pdxscholar.library.pdx.edu/younghistorians/2016/oralpres/1 This Event is brought to you for free and open access. It has been accepted for inclusion in Young Historians Conference by an authorized administrator of PDXScholar. Please contact us if we can make this document more accessible: [email protected]. To what extent did British advancements in cryptanalysis during World War 2 influence the development of computer technology? Hayley LeBlanc 1936 words 1 Table of Contents Section A: Plan of Investigation…………………………………………………………………..3 Section B: Summary of Evidence………………………………………………………………....4 Section C: Evaluation of Sources…………………………………………………………………6 Section D: Analysis………………………………………………………………………………..7 Section E: Conclusion……………………………………………………………………………10 Section F: List of Sources………………………………………………………………………..11 Appendix A: Explanation of the Enigma Machine……………………………………….……...13 Appendix B: Glossary of Cryptology Terms.…………………………………………………....16 2 Section A: Plan of Investigation This investigation will focus on the advancements made in the field of computing by British codebreakers working on German ciphers during World War 2 (19391945). -
Edsger Dijkstra: the Man Who Carried Computer Science on His Shoulders
INFERENCE / Vol. 5, No. 3 Edsger Dijkstra The Man Who Carried Computer Science on His Shoulders Krzysztof Apt s it turned out, the train I had taken from dsger dijkstra was born in Rotterdam in 1930. Nijmegen to Eindhoven arrived late. To make He described his father, at one time the president matters worse, I was then unable to find the right of the Dutch Chemical Society, as “an excellent Aoffice in the university building. When I eventually arrived Echemist,” and his mother as “a brilliant mathematician for my appointment, I was more than half an hour behind who had no job.”1 In 1948, Dijkstra achieved remarkable schedule. The professor completely ignored my profuse results when he completed secondary school at the famous apologies and proceeded to take a full hour for the meet- Erasmiaans Gymnasium in Rotterdam. His school diploma ing. It was the first time I met Edsger Wybe Dijkstra. shows that he earned the highest possible grade in no less At the time of our meeting in 1975, Dijkstra was 45 than six out of thirteen subjects. He then enrolled at the years old. The most prestigious award in computer sci- University of Leiden to study physics. ence, the ACM Turing Award, had been conferred on In September 1951, Dijkstra’s father suggested he attend him three years earlier. Almost twenty years his junior, I a three-week course on programming in Cambridge. It knew very little about the field—I had only learned what turned out to be an idea with far-reaching consequences. a flowchart was a couple of weeks earlier. -
The Turing Approach Vs. Lovelace Approach
Connecting the Humanities and the Sciences: Part 2. Two Schools of Thought: The Turing Approach vs. The Lovelace Approach* Walter Isaacson, The Jefferson Lecture, National Endowment for the Humanities, May 12, 2014 That brings us to another historical figure, not nearly as famous, but perhaps she should be: Ada Byron, the Countess of Lovelace, often credited with being, in the 1840s, the first computer programmer. The only legitimate child of the poet Lord Byron, Ada inherited her father’s romantic spirit, a trait that her mother tried to temper by having her tutored in math, as if it were an antidote to poetic imagination. When Ada, at age five, showed a preference for geography, Lady Byron ordered that the subject be replaced by additional arithmetic lessons, and her governess soon proudly reported, “she adds up sums of five or six rows of figures with accuracy.” Despite these efforts, Ada developed some of her father’s propensities. She had an affair as a young teenager with one of her tutors, and when they were caught and the tutor banished, Ada tried to run away from home to be with him. She was a romantic as well as a rationalist. The resulting combination produced in Ada a love for what she took to calling “poetical science,” which linked her rebellious imagination to an enchantment with numbers. For many people, including her father, the rarefied sensibilities of the Romantic Era clashed with the technological excitement of the Industrial Revolution. Lord Byron was a Luddite. Seriously. In his maiden and only speech to the House of Lords, he defended the followers of Nedd Ludd who were rampaging against mechanical weaving machines that were putting artisans out of work. -
How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bombe: Machine Research and Development and Bletchley Park
View metadata, citation and similar papers at core.ac.uk brought to you by CORE provided by CURVE/open How I learned to stop worrying and love the Bombe: Machine Research and Development and Bletchley Park Smith, C Author post-print (accepted) deposited by Coventry University’s Repository Original citation & hyperlink: Smith, C 2014, 'How I learned to stop worrying and love the Bombe: Machine Research and Development and Bletchley Park' History of Science, vol 52, no. 2, pp. 200-222 https://dx.doi.org/10.1177/0073275314529861 DOI 10.1177/0073275314529861 ISSN 0073-2753 ESSN 1753-8564 Publisher: Sage Publications Copyright © and Moral Rights are retained by the author(s) and/ or other copyright owners. A copy can be downloaded for personal non-commercial research or study, without prior permission or charge. This item cannot be reproduced or quoted extensively from without first obtaining permission in writing from the copyright holder(s). The content must not be changed in any way or sold commercially in any format or medium without the formal permission of the copyright holders. This document is the author’s post-print version, incorporating any revisions agreed during the peer-review process. Some differences between the published version and this version may remain and you are advised to consult the published version if you wish to cite from it. Mechanising the Information War – Machine Research and Development and Bletchley Park Christopher Smith Abstract The Bombe machine was a key device in the cryptanalysis of the ciphers created by the machine system widely employed by the Axis powers during the Second World War – Enigma. -
CODEBREAKING Suggested Reading List (Can Also Be Viewed Online at Good Reads)
MARSHALL LEGACY SERIES: CODEBREAKING Suggested Reading List (Can also be viewed online at Good Reads) NON-FICTION • Aldrich, Richard. Intelligence and the War against Japan. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000. • Allen, Robert. The Cryptogram Challenge: Over 150 Codes to Crack and Ciphers to Break. Philadelphia: Running Press, 2005 • Briggs, Asa. Secret Days Code-breaking in Bletchley Park. Barnsley: Frontline Books, 2011 • Budiansky, Stephen. Battle of Wits: The Complete Story of Codebreaking in World War Two. New York: Free Press, 2000. • Churchhouse, Robert. Codes and Ciphers: Julius Caesar, the Enigma, and the Internet. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. • Clark, Ronald W. The Man Who Broke Purple. London: Weidenfeld and Nicholson, 1977. • Drea, Edward J. MacArthur's Ultra: Codebreaking and the War Against Japan, 1942-1945. Kansas: University of Kansas Press, 1992. • Fisher-Alaniz, Karen. Breaking the Code: A Father's Secret, a Daughter's Journey, and the Question That Changed Everything. Naperville, IL: Sourcebooks, 2011. • Friedman, William and Elizebeth Friedman. The Shakespearian Ciphers Examined. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1957. • Gannon, James. Stealing Secrets, Telling Lies: How Spies and Codebreakers Helped Shape the Twentieth century. Washington, D.C.: Potomac Books, 2001. • Garrett, Paul. Making, Breaking Codes: Introduction to Cryptology. London: Pearson, 2000. • Hinsley, F. H. and Alan Stripp. Codebreakers: the inside story of Bletchley Park. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1993. • Hodges, Andrew. Alan Turing: The Enigma. New York: Walker and Company, 2000. • Kahn, David. Seizing The Enigma: The Race to Break the German U-boat Codes, 1939-1943. New York: Barnes and Noble Books, 2001. • Kahn, David. The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication from Ancient Times to the Internet. -
Stdin (Ditroff)
Notes to accompany four Alan Turing videos 1. General The recent (mid-November 2014) release of The Imitation Game movie has caused the com- prehensive Alan Hodges biography of Turing to be reprinted in a new edition [1]. This biog- raphy was the basis of the screenplay for the movie. A more recent biography, by Jack Copeland [2], containing some new items of information, appeared in 2012. A more techni- cal work [3], also by Jack Copeland but with contributed chapters from other people, appeared in 2004. 2. The Princeton Years 1936–38. Alan Turing spent the years from 1936–38 at Princeton University studying mathematical logic with Prof. Alonzo Church. During that time Church persuaded Turing to extend the Turing Machine ideas in the 1936 paper and to write the results up as a Princeton PhD. You can now obtaing a copy of that thesis very easily [4] and this published volume contains extra chapters by Andrew Appel and Solomon Feferman, setting Turing’s work in context. (Andrew Appel is currently Chair of the Computer Science Dept. at Princeton) 3. Cryptography and Bletchley park There are many texts available on cryptography in general and Bletchley Park in particu- lar. A good introductory text for the entire subject is “The Code Book” by Simon Singh [5] 3.1. Turing’s Enigma Problem There are now a large number of books about the deciphering of Enigma codes, both in Hut 6 and Hut 8. A general overview is given by “Station X” by Michael Smith [6] while a more detailed treatment, with several useful appendices, can be found in the book by Hugh Sebag-Montefiore [7]. -
Sir James Alfred Ewing, K.C.B., M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S
150 Obituary Notices. Sir James Alfred Ewing, K.C.B., M.A., D.Sc, LL.D., F.R.S. JAMES ALFRED EWING, a great engineer, scientific man, and charming Scot, was distinguished in many fields of activity. Born in 1855 at Dundee, where his father was a minister of the Free Church of Scotland, he grew up in an intellectual and spiritual atmosphere in which his early education was greatly influenced by his mother, whose critical taste in letters was passed on to her children. From Dundee High School Ewing proceeded in the early seventies to the University of Edinburgh, where his great ability soon manifested itself in the classes of Tait and Fleeming Jenkin, the latter of whom brought him into touch with Sir William Thomson (afterwards Lord Kelvin), then engaged in the development of submarine telegraph cables, an introduction which led to Ewing taking part in three cable-laying voyages to Brazil and the River Plate. Fleeming Jenkin was a man of wide culture, and his literary and scientific circle included Ewing and another young student, Robert Louis Stevenson, then at the commence- ment of an engineering training, soon to be abandoned for a literary career of the greatest distinction, the beginnings of which have been happily described by Ewing in "The Fleeming Jenkins and Robert Louis Steven- son." In 1878, at the early age of twenty-three, Ewing went to Japan as Professor of Mechanical Engineering in the University of Tokyo, a post which he occupied for five years, and there he made his classical researches in the widely different fields of magnetism and seismology. -
Kasparek, Christopher, "Krystyna Skarbek: Re-Viewing Britain's
KRYSTYNA SKARBEK: RE-VIEWING BRITAIN'S LEGENDARY POLISH AGENT Author(s): CHRISTOPHER KASPAREK Source: The Polish Review , 2004, Vol. 49, No. 3 (2004), pp. 945-953 Published by: University of Illinois Press on behalf of the Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America Stable URL: https://www.jstor.org/stable/25779483 JSTOR is a not-for-profit service that helps scholars, researchers, and students discover, use, and build upon a wide range of content in a trusted digital archive. We use information technology and tools to increase productivity and facilitate new forms of scholarship. For more information about JSTOR, please contact [email protected]. Your use of the JSTOR archive indicates your acceptance of the Terms & Conditions of Use, available at https://about.jstor.org/terms University of Illinois Press and Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America are collaborating with JSTOR to digitize, preserve and extend access to The Polish Review This content downloaded from 95.183.180.42 on Sat, 17 Apr 2021 09:46:54 UTC All use subject to https://about.jstor.org/terms The Polish Review, Vol. XLIX, No. 3, 2004:945-953 ? 2004 The Polish Institute of Arts and Sciences of America CHRISTOPHER KASPAREK KRYSTYNA SKARBEK: RE-VIEWING BRITAIN'S LEGENDARY POLISH AGENT Poland's Krystyna Skarbek (1915-52), also known as Christine Granville, was, according to author Marcus Binney, "the longest-serving and most capable of all SOE's women agents" in World War II. (She actually became a British agent months before the Special Operations Executive was founded in July 1940.) Binney credits Skarbek's resourcefulness and success with influencing the espionage-and-subversion organization's policy of recruiting increasing numbers of women.1 I first heard substantial accounts of Skarbek in the latter 1990s, from my father, Jozef Kasparek (1915-2002). -
Former Fellows Biographical Index Part
Former Fellows of The Royal Society of Edinburgh 1783 – 2002 Biographical Index Part Two ISBN 0 902198 84 X Published July 2006 © The Royal Society of Edinburgh 22-26 George Street, Edinburgh, EH2 2PQ BIOGRAPHICAL INDEX OF FORMER FELLOWS OF THE ROYAL SOCIETY OF EDINBURGH 1783 – 2002 PART II K-Z C D Waterston and A Macmillan Shearer This is a print-out of the biographical index of over 4000 former Fellows of the Royal Society of Edinburgh as held on the Society’s computer system in October 2005. It lists former Fellows from the foundation of the Society in 1783 to October 2002. Most are deceased Fellows up to and including the list given in the RSE Directory 2003 (Session 2002-3) but some former Fellows who left the Society by resignation or were removed from the roll are still living. HISTORY OF THE PROJECT Information on the Fellowship has been kept by the Society in many ways – unpublished sources include Council and Committee Minutes, Card Indices, and correspondence; published sources such as Transactions, Proceedings, Year Books, Billets, Candidates Lists, etc. All have been examined by the compilers, who have found the Minutes, particularly Committee Minutes, to be of variable quality, and it is to be regretted that the Society’s holdings of published billets and candidates lists are incomplete. The late Professor Neil Campbell prepared from these sources a loose-leaf list of some 1500 Ordinary Fellows elected during the Society’s first hundred years. He listed name and forenames, title where applicable and national honours, profession or discipline, position held, some information on membership of the other societies, dates of birth, election to the Society and death or resignation from the Society and reference to a printed biography. -
STEM DISCOVERY: LONDON 8 Or 11 Days | England
® Learn more at Tour s for Girl Scouts eftours.com/girlscouts or call 800-457-9023 STEM DISCOVERY: LONDON 8 or 11 days | England Let STEM be your guide during your exploration of London. Uncover secret messages at Bletchley Park, the birthplace of modern information technology. Practice your sleuthing skills during a CSI-inspired forensics workshop. And plant your feet on two different hemispheres at the Royal Observatory in Greenwich, with the English capital as your backdrop. Make a special visit to Pax Lodge in Hampstead where you will participate in unique Girl Scout programming. EVERYTHING YOU GET: Full-time Tour Director Sightseeing: 2 sightseeing tours led by expert, licensed local guides (3 with extension) Entrances: London Eye, Science Museum/Natural History Museum, Tower of London, theater show, National Museum of Computing, Thames River Cruise, Royal Observatory; with extension: Louvre; Notre-Dame Cathedral Experiential learning: Forensics workshop, Stonehenge activities, Bletchley Park interactive workshop WAGGGS Centre visit: Pax Lodge All of the details are covered: Round-trip flights on major carriers; Comfortable motorcoach; Eurostar high-speed train with extension; 7 overnight stays in hotels with private bathrooms (9 with extension); European breakfast and dinner daily DAY 1: FLY OVERNIGHT TO ENGLAND DAY 2: LONDON – Meet your Tour Director at the airport in London, a city that has become one of the world’s great melting pots while maintaining a distinct character that’s all its own. – Take a walking tour of the city and ride the London Eye, a large Ferris wheel along the River Thames that offers panoramic views of the city. -
The First Americans the 1941 US Codebreaking Mission to Bletchley Park
United States Cryptologic History The First Americans The 1941 US Codebreaking Mission to Bletchley Park Special series | Volume 12 | 2016 Center for Cryptologic History David J. Sherman is Associate Director for Policy and Records at the National Security Agency. A graduate of Duke University, he holds a doctorate in Slavic Studies from Cornell University, where he taught for three years. He also is a graduate of the CAPSTONE General/Flag Officer Course at the National Defense University, the Intelligence Community Senior Leadership Program, and the Alexander S. Pushkin Institute of the Russian Language in Moscow. He has served as Associate Dean for Academic Programs at the National War College and while there taught courses on strategy, inter- national relations, and intelligence. Among his other government assignments include ones as NSA’s representative to the Office of the Secretary of Defense, as Director for Intelligence Programs at the National Security Council, and on the staff of the National Economic Council. This publication presents a historical perspective for informational and educational purposes, is the result of independent research, and does not necessarily reflect a position of NSA/CSS or any other US government entity. This publication is distributed free by the National Security Agency. If you would like additional copies, please email [email protected] or write to: Center for Cryptologic History National Security Agency 9800 Savage Road, Suite 6886 Fort George G. Meade, MD 20755 Cover: (Top) Navy Department building, with Washington Monument in center distance, 1918 or 1919; (bottom) Bletchley Park mansion, headquarters of UK codebreaking, 1939 UNITED STATES CRYPTOLOGIC HISTORY The First Americans The 1941 US Codebreaking Mission to Bletchley Park David Sherman National Security Agency Center for Cryptologic History 2016 Second Printing Contents Foreword ................................................................................ -
Bibliografia Naukometryczno-Bibliometryczno
POLSKA AKADEMIA UMIEJĘTNOŚCI Tom XIV PRACE KOMISJI HISTORII NAUKI PAU 2015 Michał KOKOWSKI Instytut Historii Nauki im. Ludwika i Aleksandra Birkenmajerów Polskiej Akademii Nauk [email protected] BIBLIOGRAFIA NAUKOMETRYCZNO ‑BIBLIOMETRYCZNO‑ ‑INFORMETRYCZNA (WYBÓR) Streszczenie Przedstawiono wybór bibliografii z zakresu naukometrii, bibliometrii oraz infor metrii. Bibliografia została wyselekcjonowana w ramach autorskich badań prowadzonych w zakresie: a) aktualnej debaty na temat naukometrii, bibliometrii oraz informetrii w Pol sce, b) historii tych dyscyplin oraz c) historii naukoznawstwa. Zaletą takiego wyboru jest uwzględnienie wielu publikacji, które: a) przedstawiają poglądy zarówno polskich, jak i zagranicznych autorów; b) omawiają poważne ograni czenia metodyczne naukometrii, bibliometrii oraz informetrii; c) ukazują nierozerwalny związek tych dyscyplin z naukoznawstwem. Prezentowaną niżej bibliografię autor wykorzystał także w dwóch artykułach opubli kowanych w tomie 14. Prac Komisji Historii Nauki PAU (rok 2015). Słowa kluczowe: bibliografia, naukometria, bibliometria, informetria, metodologia naukometrii, nadużycia metod naukometrycznych, naukoznawstwo, polityka naukowa, polskie i międzynarodowe standardy naukometrii ADLER Robert, EWING John, TAYLOR Peter 2008: Citation statistics: A report from the International Mathematical Union (IMU) in cooperation with the International Council of Industrial and Applied Mathemat ics (ICIAM) and the Institute of Mathematical Statistics (IMS). Available online: http://www.mathunion.org/fileadmin/IMU/Report/CitationStatistics.pdf.