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Introduction By what process of becoming did I myself finally appear in the world? Introduction “If you think this is going to be a history lesson, you’ve come to the wrong place.” Or, so says Christopher Morcom at the start of our play. This Actor Packet is ​ the history lesson to accompany Single Carrot’s 2019 production of Pink Milk ​ by Ariel Zetina, directed by Ben Kleymeyer. Here you will find information about the life and work of Alan Turing; elaborations on his relationships with Christopher Morcom, Joan Clarke, Arnold Murray and his parents; and an immersive look into the world in which Alan lived. Comments from me, your dramaturg, are throughout to offer connections between this biographical survey and the text of our play. While Pink Milk is ​ ​ not a history lesson, connecting the journey within the play to the rich facts of Alan’s life can help us map out “the process of becoming” by which Alan the man and Alan the character “finally appear” in both the world we live in and the world we’re creating. Please, feel free to reach out to me any time with questions, research requests, or conversations about what you read here. Thank you for letting me be part of your process of becoming. Many Thanks, Abby NOTES: Photo captions are in the alt-text for each photo. Hover over the photo to read the caption. AT:TE is for Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges; TMWKTM is for The Man ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​ Who Knew Too Much by David Leavitt. ​ 1 Table of Contents Introduction Table of Contents Alan Turing Biography Additional Resources Alan Turing Biography Timeline Other Characters Christopher Morcom Mr. and Mrs. Turing Arnold Murray Joan Murray (née Clarke) Alan’s Work Papers On Computable Numbers with an application to the Entscheidungsproblem Computing Machinery and Intelligence The Chemical Basis of Morphogenesis Machines History Timeline - Homosexuality and the Law in Britain “Treatments” Organotherapy Conversion Therapy 2 Alan Turing Biography Andrew Hodges, Author of Alan Turing: The Enigma features an excellent biographical article ​ ​ on his webpage: link here. ​ ​ Additional Resources Texts Alan Turing: The Enigma by Andrew Hodges ​ The Man Who Knew Too Much Videos SciShow: Great Minds - Alan Turing Excerpt from Breaking the Code - Derek Jacobi as Alan Turing ​ ​ ​ "Stories of Life and Death" Lecture by Andrew Hodges on Alan Turing to the Skeptics Society ​ (fairly long, but great overview of Hodges’ book.) Lecture to the Royal Society by Andrew Hodges in 2012 ​ Alan Turing Biography Timeline 1873 Julius Turing, Alan’s father, born. 1881 Ethel Sara Stoney, Alan’s mother born. 1912 June 23 - Alan Mathison Turing born in London to Julius and ​ Ethel Sara Turing. He has one older brother, John. 1926 Aged 14, he was sent to Sherborne School in Dorset. His first day of term coincided with the 1926 General Strike. Turing was so determined not to miss his first day of school that he cycled the 97km (60 miles) from his home in Southampton. His teachers worried that he leaned too heavily towards maths and science, at the expense of the classics. The headmaster wrote to his parents: "If he is to be solely a scientific specialist, he is wasting his time at a public school". 1927 3 At the age of 16, Turing got to grips with Albert Einstein's work and extrapolated Einstein's questioning of Newton's Laws of Motion from a text in which this was never made explicit. 1930 Turing's close school friend Christopher Morcom dies suddenly from bovine tuberculosis. Turing renounces his religious faith and becomes an atheist. 1931 Turing goes to study Mathematics at King's College, Cambridge. 1935 Turing wins a scholarship to King's College, Cambridge, and takes the Mathematics degree with distinction. He thrives in a culture that encourages his scientific interests and as a young gay man he also finds protection in the liberal ambiance the college provided. At just 22, he is elected to a Fellowship. Turing is already on track for a distinguished career in pure mathematics. Yet his unusual interest in finding practical uses for abstract mathematical ideas pushes him in an altogether different direction. 1936 Turing publishes his paper “On Computable Numbers and an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem (decision problem)”. Turing analyses what it meant for a human to follow a definite method or procedure to perform a task. For this purpose, he invents the idea of a ‘Universal Machine’ that could decode and perform any set of instructions. This is an idealised computing device that is capable of performing any mathematical computation that can be represented as an algorithm. Ten years later he will turn this revolutionary idea into a practical plan for an electronic computer, capable of running any program. 1936-1938 Turing spends time at Princeton in the US studying under Alonzo Church. There he starts to study cryptology as well as mathematics. In 1938 he receives his PhD; his dissertation is called Systems of Logic Based on Ordinals and introduced original logic and relative computing. Alan sees Snow White and the Seven Dwarfs. ​ ​ September - Turing starts to work part-time at the Government ​ Code and Cypher School. 4 1939 September - Germany goes to war with Poland followed by England and France. ​ The day after war is declared, Turing arrives at Bletchley Park. There he works with Gordon Welchman to develop the Bombe, a device for decrypting the messages sent by Germans using their Enigma machines. The Bombe built on a machine that the Polish had already made, called the Bomba Kryptlogiczna. Turing used statistical techniques to optimise the trial of different possibilities in the code-breaking process using probability. 1941 June - Germany goes to war with the Soviet Union. ​ December - The United States joins the war against Germany and Japan. ​ Turing’s section at Bletchley Park, ‘Hut 8’, masters the German submarine communication system that was vital to the battle of the Atlantic. In the course of this exciting work he finds the friendship of another mathematician, Joan Clarke. Turing proposes to her, but immediately told her of his ‘homosexual tendencies’, and the engagement soon ends. After this, he becomes more confident in developing his homosexual life. Meanwhile, the war takes a new turn as America joins the war. 1942 Turing is sent to the US as part of an intelligence collaboration. He shares what he knew about Enigma in return for being allowed to inspect the speech encryption system being set up to allow conversations between Churchill and Roosevelt. Turing is somewhat dismissive of US cryptanalysis, believing the Americans to rely too heavily on machinery instead of thought. 1941-43 Turing and colleagues manage to break the more complicated German Naval Enigma system. This is extremely helpful for the Allies during the Battle of the Atlantic as it could help them avoid the fearsome German U-boats, which had been responsible for sinking more than 700 Allied ships with 2.3 million tons of vital cargo. 1944 Turing worked on other technical innovations during the war – in particular, a system to encrypt and decrypt spoken telephone conversations. Codenamed Delilah, it was successfully demonstrated using a recording of one of Winston Churchill's speeches, but was never used in action. However, it gave Turing hands-on experience of working with electronics, and led to a 5 position at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL), where he worked on what he sometimes described as an ‘electronic brain’. 1945 At the end of World War II, Turing is awarded an OBE for his services to his country October - Turing joined the National ​ Physical Laboratory where he worked on developing an electronic digital stored-program computing machine that would later become the ACE (Automatic Computing Engine). By 1946 he had a finished proposal for the computer, but NPL did not have the resources to turn it into reality. 1947 Turing returns to Cambridge for a sabbatical year. 1948 June 21 - The Small-Scale Experimental ​ Machine (SSEM) or “Baby” makes its first ​ ​ successful run of a program. 1949 Turing became deputy director of the Computing Laboratory at Manchester University, working on software for one of the earliest stored program computers – the Manchester Mark 1, built from the Baby. He also explored the problem of artificial intelligence and proposed an experiment (in his seminal paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”) which became that attempted to define a standard for machine intelligence, which would later become known as the Turing Test. The core idea was that a computer could be said to "think" if a human interrogator could not tell it apart, through conversation, from a human being. 1950 The Pilot ACE is built in Alan’s absence from NPL and executes its first program on 10 May 1950. 1951 Alan Turing is elected to the Royal Society for his definition of the theory of computability in 1936. 6 1952 Without a computer powerful enough to execute his chess program, Turing played a game in which he simulated the computer, taking about half an hour to perform each move. January - Turing meets a 19 year-old man called Arnold Murray and invites him over to his ​ house. Murray visits Turing's house on a number of occasions, staying the night. Murray later helps an accomplice break into Turing's house. Turing reports the crime and admits having a sexual relationship with Murray. Homosexual acts are illegal in the UK and so both were charged with gross indecency. Turing is given the choice of being imprisoned or chemically castrated with oestrogen hormone injections. He chooses the latter. Turing's conviction means his security clearance is removed which means he is barred from his cryptopgraphic consultancy for the British government.
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