Timeline / 1860 to 1880 / / ALL THEMES

Date Country Theme

1860 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

7 November: on the initiative of painter Gheorghe Panaitescu-Bardasare, a School of Fine Arts and an art gallery are founded in Ia#i.

1863 Romania Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

The literary society Junimea, which had an important role in promoting , is founded in Ia#i. In 1867 it begins publishing a periodical in which the works of Romanian writers appear and also translations from worldwide literature.

1863 Romania Reforms And Social Changes

December: the National Gathering of the United Principalities adopts the law through which the land owned by monasteries (more than a quarter of Romania’s surface) becomes property of the state.

1864 Romania Economy And Trade

27 October: foundation of the Romanian Chamber of Commerce and Industry.

1864 Romania Political Context

14 May: coup d’état of , who dissolves parliament and proposes a new constitutional project, which is voted the same month and ratified by the Ottoman Empire and the guaranteeing Powers in June 1864. The Statute Expanding the Convention assigned greater power to the prince and the government.

1864 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces

19 August: establishment of ’s city hall. Bucharest had been the United Principalities’ capital since 1861.

1864 Romania Cities And Urban Spaces

14 April: the Commune Law is adopted by which cities and towns become urban communes, led by a mayor and a council. All urban communes must have a fire department and a hospital.

1864 Romania Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

4 August: establishment of the General Directorate of the Post and the Telegraph in the United Principalities.

1864 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

Dimitrie Bolintineanu, the Minister of Religion and Public Instruction, organises in Bucharest an exhibition displaying works of contemporary Romanian artists, the Date Country Theme most important of the time being painters , and Carol Popp de Szathmari.

1864 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

14 November: a School of Fine Arts (which today is the National University of Art) is founded in Bucharest by painters Gheorghe Tattarescu and Theodor Aman.

1864 Romania Reforms And Social Changes

26 August: Alexandru Ioan Cuza promulgates the first Romanian land reform, which transforms peasants into owners of the land on which they had been working on the estates of the aristocracy. Peasants are also freed from the duties they had to perform for the nobility.

1864 Romania Reforms And Social Changes

December: the law of public instruction establishes free, compulsory primary education.

1865 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

The first showing of the “Living Artists Exhibition” (for painters and sculptors), organised by painter Theodor Aman, takes place in Ia#i. The annual organisation of such an exhibition is established by a decree issued in December 1864.

1866 Romania Political Context

14–20 April: plebiscite leading to German Prince Carol de Hohenzollern- Sigmaringen being elected ruler of the United Principalities and recognised by the Ottoman Empire in October. On 13 July a new constitution is adopted, based on the Belgian one from 1835.

1866 Romania Political Context

February: because of his authoritative regime, Cuza is forced to abdicate by a coalition of conservative and liberal-radical politicians.

1867 Romania Economy And Trade

4 May: proclamation of the law for the introduction of a new monetary system and for the issuing of national coins; 1870 is the year when the first Romanian coins are minted in Romania having previously been minted abroad.

1867 Romania Rediscovering The Past

The Pietroasa Treasure is displayed at the International Exposition in Paris.

1867 Romania Political Context

The centre of present-day Transylvania is integrated into the Hungarian kingdom after the creation of the Austro-Hungarian monarchy. Partium and Banat had already been included in Hungary. Date Country Theme

1867 Romania International Exhibitions

At the International Exposition held in Paris, the United Principalities of and have their own pavilions.

1867 Romania International Exhibitions

On the occasion of the International Exposition of Paris a book with information about Romania’s agriculture, commerce, industry and resources is published in Paris by a commission coordinated by Alexandru Odobescu.

1868 Romania Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

29 April: the Romanian Philharmonic Society is founded by conductor Eduard Wachmann with the aim of organising a permanent symphony orchestra. The inaugural concert takes place in the same year on 15 December.

1869 Romania Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

Timi#oara is the first city in Romania to use horse-drawn trams for public transportation. In Bucharest they are introduced in 1871.

1869 Romania Great Inventions Of The 19th Century

Installation of the first public telephone line in Romania (in Bucharest between the Minister of Internal Affairs and the Central Post Office).

1871 Romania Rediscovering The Past

Alexandru Odobescu sends an archaeological questionnaire to teachers all over the country, who have to return information about archaeological discoveries or vestiges of antique monuments existing in the areas where they live or work.

1873 Romania International Exhibitions

Two are members of the international jury of the Vienna International Exposition: agronomist and economist P.S. Aurelian and doctor Carol Davila.

1873 Romania Travelling

The first tourism organisation from Romania, called the Alpine Association of Transylvania, is founded in Bra#ov.

1874 Romania Reforms And Social Changes

Issue of the first sanitation law in the United Principalities. The sanitation system is organised hierarchically and a Superior Medical Council, with a consultative role, is created.

1874 Romania Rediscovering The Past Date Country Theme

18 April: decree for the founding of the Commission of Public Monuments to record the public monuments on Romanian territory and to ensure their conservation.

1876 Romania Fine And Applied Arts

19 February: birth of the great Romanian sculptor Constantin Brâncu#i, author of sculptures such as Mademoiselle Pogany, The Kiss, Bird in Space, and The Endless Column. His works are today exhibited in museums in France, the USA and Romania.

1876 Romania Reforms And Social Changes

Foundation of the Romanian Red Cross.

1879 Romania Music, Literature, Dance And Fashion

18–20 January: the National Theatre of Bucharest premieres the comedy A Stormy Night by , the greatest Romanian playwright. It is Caragiale’s first staged play and is a great public success.

1880 Romania Rediscovering The Past

Grigore Tocilescu’s book Dacia before the Romans is awarded the grand prize of the Academic Society, for the best work on the history of Dacia before the Roman conquest.

1880 Romania Economy And Trade

29 April: promulgation of the law for the founding of the National Bank of Romania.