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Enhanced Input in LCTL Pedagogy
Enhanced Input in LCTL Pedagogy Marilyn S. Manley Rowan University Abstract Language materials for the more-commonly-taught languages (MCTLs) often include visual input enhancement (Sharwood Smith 1991, 1993) which makes use of typographical cues like bolding and underlining to enhance the saliency of targeted forms. For a variety of reasons, this paper argues that the use of enhanced input, both visual and oral, is especially important as a tool for the less- commonly-taught languages (LCTLs). As there continues to be a scarcity of teaching resources for the LCTLs, individual teachers must take it upon themselves to incorporate enhanced input into their own self-made materials. Specific examples of how to incorpo- rate both visual and oral enhanced input into language teaching are drawn from the author’s own experiences teaching Cuzco Quechua. Additionally, survey results are presented from the author’s Fall 2010 semester Cuzco Quechua language students, supporting the use of both visual and oral enhanced input. Introduction Sharwood Smith’s input enhancement hypothesis (1991, 1993) responds to why it is that L2 learners often seem to ignore tar- get language norms present in the linguistic input they have received, resulting in non-target-like output. According to Sharwood Smith (1991, 1993), these learners may not be noticing, and therefore not consequently learning, particular target language forms due to the fact that they lack perceptual salience in the linguistic input. Therefore, in order to stimulate the intake of form as well as meaning, Sharwood Smith (1991, 1993) proposes improving the quality of language input through input enhancement, involving increasing the saliency of lin- guistic features for both visual input (ex. -
New Age Tourism and Evangelicalism in the 'Last
NEGOTIATING EVANGELICALISM AND NEW AGE TOURISM THROUGH QUECHUA ONTOLOGIES IN CUZCO, PERU by Guillermo Salas Carreño A dissertation submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy (Anthropology) in The University of Michigan 2012 Doctoral Committee: Professor Bruce Mannheim, Chair Professor Judith T. Irvine Professor Paul C. Johnson Professor Webb Keane Professor Marisol de la Cadena, University of California Davis © Guillermo Salas Carreño All rights reserved 2012 To Stéphanie ii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This dissertation was able to arrive to its final shape thanks to the support of many throughout its development. First of all I would like to thank the people of the community of Hapu (Paucartambo, Cuzco) who allowed me to stay at their community, participate in their daily life and in their festivities. Many thanks also to those who showed notable patience as well as engagement with a visitor who asked strange and absurd questions in a far from perfect Quechua. Because of the University of Michigan’s Institutional Review Board’s regulations I find myself unable to fully disclose their names. Given their public position of authority that allows me to mention them directly, I deeply thank the directive board of the community through its then president Francisco Apasa and the vice president José Machacca. Beyond the authorities, I particularly want to thank my compadres don Luis and doña Martina, Fabian and Viviana, José and María, Tomas and Florencia, and Francisco and Epifania for the many hours spent in their homes and their fields, sharing their food and daily tasks, and for their kindness in guiding me in Hapu, allowing me to participate in their daily life and answering my many questions. -
Text Segmentation by Language Using Minimum Description Length
Text Segmentation by Language Using Minimum Description Length Hiroshi Yamaguchi Kumiko Tanaka-Ishii Graduate School of Faculty and Graduate School of Information Information Science and Technology, Science and Electrical Engineering, University of Tokyo Kyushu University [email protected] [email protected] Abstract addressed in this paper is rare. The most similar The problem addressed in this paper is to seg- previous work that we know of comes from two ment a given multilingual document into seg- sources and can be summarized as follows. First, ments for each language and then identify the (Teahan, 2000) attempted to segment multilingual language of each segment. The problem was texts by using text segmentation methods used for motivated by an attempt to collect a large non-segmented languages. For this purpose, he used amount of linguistic data for non-major lan- a gold standard of multilingual texts annotated by guages from the web. The problem is formu- lated in terms of obtaining the minimum de- borders and languages. This segmentation approach scription length of a text, and the proposed so- is similar to that of word segmentation for non- lution finds the segments and their languages segmented texts, and he tested it on six different through dynamic programming. Empirical re- European languages. Although the problem set- sults demonstrating the potential of this ap- ting is similar to ours, the formulation and solution proach are presented for experiments using are different, particularly in that our method uses texts taken from the Universal Declaration of only a monolingual gold standard, not a multilin- Human Rights and Wikipedia, covering more than 200 languages. -
Languages of the Middle Andes in Areal-Typological Perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran
Languages of the Middle Andes in areal-typological perspective: Emphasis on Quechuan and Aymaran Willem F.H. Adelaar 1. Introduction1 Among the indigenous languages of the Andean region of Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, northern Chile and northern Argentina, Quechuan and Aymaran have traditionally occupied a dominant position. Both Quechuan and Aymaran are language families of several million speakers each. Quechuan consists of a conglomerate of geo- graphically defined varieties, traditionally referred to as Quechua “dialects”, not- withstanding the fact that mutual intelligibility is often lacking. Present-day Ayma- ran consists of two distinct languages that are not normally referred to as “dialects”. The absence of a demonstrable genetic relationship between the Quechuan and Aymaran language families, accompanied by a lack of recognizable external gen- etic connections, suggests a long period of independent development, which may hark back to a period of incipient subsistence agriculture roughly dated between 8000 and 5000 BP (Torero 2002: 123–124), long before the Andean civilization at- tained its highest stages of complexity. Quechuan and Aymaran feature a great amount of detailed structural, phono- logical and lexical similarities and thus exemplify one of the most intriguing and intense cases of language contact to be found in the entire world. Often treated as a product of long-term convergence, the similarities between the Quechuan and Ay- maran families can best be understood as the result of an intense period of social and cultural intertwinement, which must have pre-dated the stage of the proto-lan- guages and was in turn followed by a protracted process of incidental and locally confined diffusion. -
Arxiv:1806.04291V1 [Cs.CL] 12 Jun 2018 Hnwrigo Hsfil.Sneidgnu Agae R Di Are Languages Indigenous Since P We field
Challenges of language technologies for the indigenous languages of the Americas Manuel Mager Ximena Gutierrez-Vasques Instituto de Investigaciones en Matem´aticas GIL IINGEN Aplicadas y en Sistemas Universidad Nacional Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico Aut´onoma de M´exico [email protected] [email protected] Gerardo Sierra Ivan Meza GIL IINGEN Instituto de Investigaciones en Matem´aticas Universidad Nacional Aplicadas y en Sistemas Aut´onoma de M´exico Universidad Nacional Aut´onoma de M´exico [email protected] [email protected] Abstract Indigenous languages of the American continent are highly diverse. However, they have received little attention from the technological perspective. In this paper, we review the research, the dig- ital resources and the available NLP systems that focus on these languages. We present the main challenges and research questions that arise when distant languages and low-resource scenarios are faced. We would like to encourage NLP research in linguistically rich and diverse areas like the Americas. Title and Abstract in Nahuatl Masehualtlahtoltecnologias ipan Americatlalli In nepapan Americatlalli imacehualtlahtol, inin tlahtolli ahmo quinpiah miac tlahtoltecnolog´ıas (“tecnolog´ıas del lenguaje”). Ipan inin amatl, tictemoah nochin macehualtlahtoltin intequiuh, nochin recursos digitales ihuan nochin tlahtoltecnolog´ıas in ye mochiuhqueh. Cequintin problemas monextiah ihcuac tlahtolli quinpiah tepitzin recursos kenin amoxtli, niman, ohuic quinchihuaz tecnolog´ıa ihuan ohuic quinchihuaz macehualtlahtolmatiliztli. Cenca importante in ocachi ticchihuilizqueh tlahtoltecnolog´ıas macehualtlahtolli, niman tipalehuilizqueh ahmo mopolozqueh inin tlahtolli. 1 Introduction The American continent is linguistically diverse, it comprises many indigenous languages that are nowa- days spoken from North to South America. -
On the External Relations of Purepecha: an Investigation Into Classification, Contact and Patterns of Word Formation Kate Bellamy
On the external relations of Purepecha: An investigation into classification, contact and patterns of word formation Kate Bellamy To cite this version: Kate Bellamy. On the external relations of Purepecha: An investigation into classification, contact and patterns of word formation. Linguistics. Leiden University, 2018. English. tel-03280941 HAL Id: tel-03280941 https://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-03280941 Submitted on 7 Jul 2021 HAL is a multi-disciplinary open access L’archive ouverte pluridisciplinaire HAL, est archive for the deposit and dissemination of sci- destinée au dépôt et à la diffusion de documents entific research documents, whether they are pub- scientifiques de niveau recherche, publiés ou non, lished or not. The documents may come from émanant des établissements d’enseignement et de teaching and research institutions in France or recherche français ou étrangers, des laboratoires abroad, or from public or private research centers. publics ou privés. Cover Page The handle http://hdl.handle.net/1887/61624 holds various files of this Leiden University dissertation. Author: Bellamy, K.R. Title: On the external relations of Purepecha : an investigation into classification, contact and patterns of word formation Issue Date: 2018-04-26 On the external relations of Purepecha An investigation into classification, contact and patterns of word formation Published by LOT Telephone: +31 30 253 6111 Trans 10 3512 JK Utrecht Email: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustration: Kate Bellamy. ISBN: 978-94-6093-282-3 NUR 616 Copyright © 2018: Kate Bellamy. All rights reserved. On the external relations of Purepecha An investigation into classification, contact and patterns of word formation PROEFSCHRIFT te verkrijging van de graad van Doctor aan de Universiteit Leiden, op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. -
EL SONIDO DE LA LUZ /Fj *,L-Qgj
t tU7Q£ - ~W'6N£ I { (d (J7fIfI·); (~ MARTiNEZ, G., Vila mesa ritual ell Sucre. La Paz, Hisbol, 1987. MEISCH, L.. "Spinning in Bolivia". Spin Off, 1986, Vol X. n° I. ..' jI1'I7l'bllCif eN1(o, IhJr. (m)lL -1R:A, 4rY!'1; InJ MOLINA, R. & BARRAGAN, R., De los senorlos a las comunidades: Hlslona EtnIca de IDS Quillacas. La Paz, 1987, ms. EL SONIDO DE LA LUZ *,l-Qgj MURRA, 1., Formaciones econc/micas y politicas del mUlldo alldillo. LIma. Inslilulo de 1 /fJ Estudios Peruanos, 1975. COMUNICACION EMERGENTE EN UN MURRA, J., La orgalliz.aci6n econ6mica del estado Inca. Mexico, Siglo Vemtlllno, 3da. Edici6n, 1980. .' DIALOGO CHAMANICO QUECHUA J pARSSINNEN, M., Tawantinsuyu. The Inca state and Its polwccd orgonl.l'OtllJ!1. Helsinki, SHS, 1992. PLATI, T., Espejos y matz.. Temas de 10 estructura sim/J6lica andina. La Paz, Cipca, 1976. (Cuadernos de Investigacion, n° 10). .' . PLATT, T., "Entre Ch'axwa y Muxsa. Para una historia del pensa~lento pohliCO Aymara", en Tres rejlexiones sabre el pensamiento andino. La Paz, Hlsbol, 19X7. RASNAKE, R., Autoridad Y poder en Los Andes. Los Kuraqkuna de Yum. La Paz, Hishol, 19X9. XV Y SAIGNES, T., En IW.I'cadel poblamiento etnico de 10.1' Andes bolivianos. (Slglo,l' XVI). La Paz, MUSEF, 1986. (Avances de Investigaci6n n° 3). SILVERMAN- P., G., "Cuatro Motivos Inti de Q'ero". Boletin de Lima, n° 43, aiio 8, Se vuelve cada vezmas arduo interpretar los testimonios orales andinos aislados de un amplip abanico de tecnicas de memoria visual. que a la vez presuponen e Enero, 1986. -
Typological and Social Constraints on Language Contact
TYPOLOGICAL AND SOCIAL CONSTRAINTS ON LANGUAGE CONTACT AMERINDIAN LANGUAGES IN CONTACT WITH SPANISH VOLUME I Published by LOT phone: +31 30 253 6006 Janskerkhof 13 fax: +31 30 253 6406 3512 BL Utrecht e-mail: [email protected] The Netherlands http://www.lotschool.nl Cover illustrations: The Building of the Babel Tower by Pieter Bruegel (1563); Guaraní Indians by Ulrico Schmidl (1599, plates 6 and 11); Columbus’s Second Voyage, Anonymous (1584). ISBN 978-90-78328-62-9 NUR 616 Copyright © 2008: Jorge Gómez Rendón. All rights reserved. Typological and social constraints on language contact Amerindian languages in contact with Spanish VOLUME I ACADEMISCH PROEFSCHRIFT ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit van Amsterdam op gezag van de Rector Magnificus prof. dr. D.C. van den Boom ten overstaan van een door het college voor promoties ingestelde commissie, in het openbaar te verdedigen in de Agnietenkapel der Universiteit op donderdag 2 oktober 2008, te 12.00 uur door Jorge Arsenio Gómez Rendón Quito, Ecuador Promotiecommissie Promotor: Prof. Dr. P.C. Hengeveld Copromotor: Dr. D. Bakker Overige leden: Prof. Dr. P. Muysken Prof. Dr. T. H. Stolz Prof. Dr. W. Dietrich Prof. Dr. M. A. Woidich Dr. U. Ansaldo Dr. E. Hekking Faculteit der Geesteswetenschappen Universiteit van Amsterdam Para mis padres, Arsenio y Edith vii CONTENTS Volume I INTRODUCTION 1 PART I. THE THEORY 5 1 Taking a stand 7 1.1 On language and theories 8 1.2 The structure of this book 8 2 Views on language contact 11 2.1 What is language contact? 12 2.2 Communities -
The Languages of the Andes
THE LANGUAGES OF THE ANDES The Andean and Pacific regions of South America are home to a remark- able variety of languages and language families, with a range of typologi- cal differences. This linguistic diversity results from a complex historical background, comprising periods of greater communication between dif- ferent peoples and languages, and periods of fragmentation and individual development. The Languages of the Andes is the first book in English to document in a single volume the indigenous languages spoken and for- merly spoken in this linguistically rich region, as well as in adjacent areas. Grouping the languages into different cultural spheres, it describes their characteristics in terms of language typology, language contact, and the social perspectives of present-day languages. The authors provide both historical and contemporary information, and illustrate the languages with detailed grammatical sketches. Written in a clear and accessible style, this book will be a valuable source for students and scholars of linguistics and anthropology alike. . is Professor of Amerindian Languages and Cul- tures at Leiden University. He has travelled widely in South America and has conducted fieldwork in Peru on different varieties of Quechua and minor languages of the area. He has also worked on the historical- comparative reconstruction of South American languages, and since 1991 has been involved in international activities addressing the issue of lan- guage endangerment. His previously published books include Tarma Quechua (1977) and Het Boek van Huarochir´ı (1988). . is Professor of Linguistics at the University of Nijmegen. He has travelled widely in the Caribbean and the Andes, and was previously Professor of Sociolinguistics and Creole Studies at the Uni- versity of Amsterdam and Professor of Linguistics and Latin American Studies at Leiden University. -
Northern Pastaza Kichwa (Ecuador and Peru) – Language Snapshot
Language Documentation and Description ISSN 1740-6234 ___________________________________________ This article appears in: Language Documentation and Description, vol 19. Editor: Peter K. Austin Northern Pastaza Kichwa (Ecuador and Peru) – Language Snapshot ALEXANDER RICE Cite this article: Rice, Alexander. 2020. Northern Pastaza Kichwa (Ecuador and Peru) – Language Snapshot. Language Documentation and Description 19, 181-196. Link to this article: http://www.elpublishing.org/PID/219 This electronic version first published: December 2020 __________________________________________________ This article is published under a Creative Commons License CC-BY-NC (Attribution-NonCommercial). The licence permits users to use, reproduce, disseminate or display the article provided that the author is attributed as the original creator and that the reuse is restricted to non-commercial purposes i.e. research or educational use. See http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ ______________________________________________________ EL Publishing For more EL Publishing articles and services: Website: http://www.elpublishing.org Submissions: http://www.elpublishing.org/submissions Northern Pastaza Kichwa (Ecuador and Peru) – Language Snapshot Alexander Rice University of Alberta Language Name: Northern Pastaza Kichwa (also Bobonaza Quichua, Canelos Quichua, Pastaza Quichua) Language Family: Quechuan ISO 639-3 Code: qvz Glottolog Code: nort2973 Population: 18,000-20,000 Location: Ecuador (Pastaza province), Peru (Loreto department) Vitality rating: EGIDS 6b Threatened (Ethnologue) Resumen El kichwa del Pastaza Norte es un idioma quechua que se habla en Ecuador (provincia de Pastaza) y Perú (departamento de Loreto). Los hablantes de esta lengua provienen de varios grupos étnicos y se encuentran hoy en ciudades, comunidades rurales y comunidades apartadas en la selva amazónica. Es un tema de debate de cómo un idioma quechua llegó a la zona noroccidental de la Amazonía y requiere mayor documentación y trabajo descriptivo, tanto lingüístico como etnográfico. -
Exploring Phonological Areality in the Circum-Andean Region Using a Naive Bayes Classifier
Exploring phonological areality in the circum-Andean region using a naive Bayes classifier Lev Michael, Will Chang, and Tammy Stark December 4, 2013 Abstract This paper describes the Core and Periphery technique, a quantitative method for exploring areality that uses a naive Bayes classifier, a statistical tool for inferring class membership based on training sets assembled from members of those classes. The Core and Periphery technique is applied to the exploration of phonological areality in the Andes and surrounding lowland regions, based on the South American Phonological Inventory database (SAPhon 1.1.3; Michael, Stark, and Chang 2013). Evidence is found for a phonological area centering on the Andean highlands, and extending to parts of the northern and central Andean foothills regions, the Chaco, and Patagonia. Evidence is also found for Southern and North-Central phonological sub-areas within this larger phonological area. Keywords: naive Bayes classifier; linguistic areality; Andean languages; South Ameri- can languages 1 Introduction The goals of this paper are to describe the Core and Periphery technique, an intuitively appealing quantitative method for exploring large linguistic datasets for evidence of linguistic areality, and to illustrate the utility of this technique by applying it to a dataset of South American phonological inventories, focusing on the evidence of phonological areality in the Andes and surrounding lowland areas. Core and Periphery is a method that uses as a starting point linguists' knowledge of the languages and history of a region to generate initial hypotheses regarding `cores': sets of languages that constitute possible linguistic areas (Campbell, Kaufman, and Stark 1986, Thomason 2000, Muysken 2008), or parts of ones. -
Quechua Language Shift, Maintenance, and Revitalization in the Andes: the Case for Language Planning
University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons GSE Faculty Research Graduate School of Education 4-2004 Quechua Language Shift, Maintenance, and Revitalization in the Andes: The Case for Language Planning Nancy H. Hornberger University of Pennsylvania Serafin M. Coronel-Molina University of Pennsylvania Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/gse_pubs Part of the Anthropological Linguistics and Sociolinguistics Commons, Bilingual, Multilingual, and Multicultural Education Commons, Education Policy Commons, Latin American Languages and Societies Commons, Latin American Studies Commons, and the Other Languages, Societies, and Cultures Commons Recommended Citation Hornberger, N. H., & Coronel-Molina, S. M. (2004). Quechua Language Shift, Maintenance, and Revitalization in the Andes: The Case for Language Planning. International Journal of the Sociology of Language, 2004 (167), 9-67. http://dx.doi.org/10.1515/ijsl.2004.025 This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/gse_pubs/381 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Quechua Language Shift, Maintenance, and Revitalization in the Andes: The Case for Language Planning Abstract Although Quechua is spoken by eight to twelve million people across six South American countries, by most measures, Quechua is an endangered language. This article provides an overview of the current situation of Quechua language shift, maintenance, and revitalization, and makes a case for the importance of language planning for the survival and development of the language. We use Fishman’s notion of physical/demographic, social, and cultural dislocations as an organizing rubric for discussing Quechua’s current situation (Fishman 1991: 55–65), and the typology of status, corpus, and acquisition planning to discuss the role of language planning in Quechua’s position, both current and future.