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van den Brink, René; van der Laan, Gerard; Vasil'ev, Valeri

Working Paper On the Extreme Points of Two Polytopes associated with a Digraph and Applications to Cooperative Games

Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, No. 04-069/1

Provided in Cooperation with: Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam and Rotterdam

Suggested Citation: van den Brink, René; van der Laan, Gerard; Vasil'ev, Valeri (2004) : On the Extreme Points of Two Polytopes associated with a Digraph and Applications to Cooperative Games, Tinbergen Institute Discussion Paper, No. 04-069/1, Tinbergen Institute, Amsterdam and Rotterdam

This Version is available at: http://hdl.handle.net/10419/86248

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Games

René van den Brink 1 Gerard van der Laan1 Valeri Vasil’ev2

1 Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, and Tinbergen Institute, 2 Sobolev Institute of Mathematics, Novisibirsk, Russia.

Tinbergen Institute The Tinbergen Institute is the institute for economic research of the Erasmus Universiteit Rotterdam, Universiteit van Amsterdam, and Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam.

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