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The Dasarupa a Treatise on Hindu Dramaturgy Columbia University Indo-Iranian Series

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The Dasarupa a Treatise on Hindu Dramaturgy Columbia University Indo-Iranian Series <K.X-."»3« .*:j«."3t...fc". wl ^^*je*w £gf SANfiNlRETAN V1SWABHARAT1 UBRARY ftlO 72, T? Siali • <••«.•• THE DASARUPA A TREATISE ON HINDU DRAMATURGY COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY INDO-IRANIAN SERIES EDITED R Y A. V. WILLIAMS JACKSON FaOFCSSOR OF INOO-IRANIAH LANGUAGES IN COLUMBIA UNtVERSITY Volume 7 Neto York COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS 1912 AU righis reserved THE DASARUPA A TREATISE ON HINDU DRAMATURGY By DHANAMJAYA NOW FIRST TRANSLATED KROM THE SANSKRIT WITH THE TEXT AND AN INTRODUCTION AND NOTES BY GEORGE C. O. HAAS, A.M., Ph.D. SOMKT1MB PBLLOW IN INDO-IftANIAN LANCOAGES JN COLUMBIA UNIVBRSITY Nrto Yor* COLUMBIA UNIVERSITY PRESS 1912 Alt rights reserved 2 Copyright 191 By Columbia University Press Printed from type. Auffiut, 1913 r«t*« ©r tMC MtV EKA PHtMTI«« COHM«r tAMCUTM. I»».. TO MY FATHER PREFATORY NOTE In the present volume an important treatise on the canons of dramatic composition in early India is published for the first time in an English translation, with the text, explanatory notes, and an introductory account of the author and his work. As a con- tribution to our knowledge of Hindu dramaturgy, I am glad to accord the book a place in the Indo-Iranian Series, particularly as it comes from one who has long been associated with me as a co-worker in the Oriental field. A. V. Williams Jackson. V» PREFACE The publication of the present volume, originally planned for 1909, has been delayed until now by ^arious contingencies both unforeseen and unavoidable. While in some respects unfortu- nate, this delay has been of advantagc in giving me opportunities for further investigation and enabling me to add considerably to my collection of comparative material. For information regarding the plan and scope of the book I would refer the reader to pages xli-xlv of the Introduction. I take this opportunity, however, to emphasize the fact that the transliterated text of Dhanarnjaya's treatise has been included solely for the convenience of those using the book ; with the ex- ception of a few minor corrections and emendations it is the same as that originally published by Hall in 1865. It should be noted, furthermore, that I have not undertaken to present the comments o f Dhanika except in a few specia! cases, the paragraphs headed ' Com.' being devoted chiefly to recording the sou'rce of his numer- ous illustrative quotations. The limitations I have imposed on myself in the notes will be evideat to the reader on insi>ection. In deference to the wishes of the publishers I have refrained from using in the present volume the simpler English spellings recommended by the Simplified Spelling Board. I should have preferred to adopt them here, as I have done in my personal cor- respondence, because I believe that the use of the simpler forms in the publication of books and papers is one of the most effective means of furthering a change at once so necessary and so reason- able. I am indebted to the librarians of the India Office and of the Deutsche Morgenlandische Gesellschaft for their kindness in sending to Professor Jackson, for my use, a nutnber of volumes that were not accessible in this country. It is a pleasure to ac- knowledge also the uniform courtesy of the publishers, «whose vii VU1 PREFACE patience must have been sorely taxed by the long course of pub- lication, and of the printers, who have not only performed their part of the task in a highly creditable manner, but have shown the greatest forbearance with the unavoidable delays incident to the production of the book. My special thanks are due to Professor E. Washburn Hopkins for the use of his copy of the Satsaiya of Bihari and for com- ments on certain diflReult passages ; to Professor Charles R. Lan- man for placing at my disposal a rare version of the Mahanataka and giving me suggestions regarding certain parts of my transla- tion ; and to Dr. Franklin Edgerton for material from an unpub- lished MS. of the Vikramacarita. I am sincerely grateful as well to Dr. Charles J. Ogden, who read the entire book in proof and gave me numerous welcome corrections and suggestions, and to Dr. Louis H. Gray, who carefully examined with me many diffi- cult passages and whose broad scholarship has been helpful at all stages of the work. I wish to express also my appreciation of the help of two other friends, Miss Marie L. Weiss and Miss Jane Porter Williams, who have in various ways generously contrib- uted to the successful completion "o f my task. And 1 wish to record here, above all, some expression, how- ever inadequate, of the debt of gratitude 1 owe to my friend and teacher, Professor A. V. Williams Jackson. His kindly interest in my work has never flagged since the day, now twelve years past, when I first took up the study of Sanskrit under his guidance, and, even amid the pressure of multifarious duties, he has always placed his time and energy ungrudgingly at my disposal. In the preparation of this book I have had throughout the benefit of his encouragement and his stimulating criticism, and it bears some evidence of his comments and suggestions on almost every page. My years of association with him at Columbia as pupil and as co-worker will always remain a precious memory. George C. O. Haas. July 28, 1912. CONTENTS Prefatory Note by the Editor of THE Series . vi Preface vii BlBLIOGRAPHY xtii CoNSPFCTUS OF EoiTIONS OF TeXTS .... xiv List of Abbreviations and Symbols . xviii Introduction xxi xxi i. Concerning the Dasarupa of Dhanamjaya . The author and his patron .... xxi xxiv . Contemporaries of Dhanamjaya xxvi Scope and importance of the Dasarupa . Style and method of treatment xxviii Meters and metrical considerations xxix 2. Concerning Dhanika's commentary on the Dasarupa xxxii Authorship and date xxxii Character and value xxxv Dhanika's explanatory and illustrative quotations XXXV 3. Concerning previous editions of the Dasarupa XXXIX Hall's edition .... XXXIX Jivananda Vidyasagara's edition xl Parab's edition xli 4. Concerning the present edition xli Constitution of the text . xli The numbering of sections xlii The translation xliii Extracts from the commentary of Dhanika xliii The notes in this volume .... xliv The Dasarupa: Text, Translation, Extracts from the Com- mentary, and Notes : . Book One . ' 1 Introductory remarks . 2 Fundamental definitions 3 CONTENTS Pantomime and Dancing as accessories 4 Basis of classification of dramas . 6 Subdivisions of the Subject-matter 6 Elements of the Plot .... 8 The five Stages of the Action 9 The five Junctures .... ii The Opening and its subdivisions 12 The Progression and its subdivisions . iS The Development and its subdivisions . 20 The Pause and its subdivisions . 24 The Conclusion and its subdivisions 28 Sixfold application of the subdivisions . 32 Twofold treatment of the Subject-matter 33 The five kinds of Intermediate Scene . 33 Asides, Confidential Remarks, and the like 36 Conclusion of the First Book 38 Rook Two 40 Characteristics of the Hero 40 The four types of Hero 40 The Hero as lover 42 Companions of the Hero 44 The Opponent of the Hero 45 Qualities of the Hero . 45 The three kinds of Heroine 48 The Hero's wife as Heroine 49 A maiden or another's wife as Heroine 52 A courtezan as Heroine 53 Classification of Heroines according to their relations with the Hero 54 Messengers of the Heroine . 58 The twenty natural graces of the Heroine 58 Assistants of the Hero when a king 65 Grouping of characters according to rank 67 The Gay Style of Procedure . 67 The Grandiose Style of Procedure 70 CONTENTS r/un The Horrific Style of Procedure . 71 Other Styles of Procedire . 73 Employment of the StyJes of Procedure 74 Loc.al characteristics of a drama . 74 Language of the various characters 75 Prescribed modes of address 76 Conclusion of the Serond Book . 77 Book Three 79 The Nataka as the typical variety of drama 79 The beginning of a play 79 The Eloquent Style .... 81 The Introduction and its various forms 82 The subdivisions of the Vlthi 84 Use of these introductory elements 88 Selection of the Principal Subject 89 Adaptation of the story 89 Arrangement of the dramatic structure 90 Appropriate arrangement of the beginning 90 Characteristics o f an Act 9i The Sentiments and their uses 92 Actions not permitted on the stage 93 The contents of an Act 93 The number of Acts in the Nataka o^. Description of the Prakarana 94 Description of the Niitika . 95 Description of the Bh!i*a 98 The forms of Gentle Dahce . 99 Description of the Prahasana 99 Description of the Dfma 100 Description of the Vyeyoga . 101 Description of the Safnavakara 102 Description of the Vfthl 103 Description of the UtSrstikarika 104 Description of the Ihamrga . 104 Conclusion of the Third Book 105 . CONTENTS rAGB Book Fouh 106 Sentiment and its production 106 Determinants and Consequents defined 106 A State defined .... 1 08 The Involuntary States 108 The thirty-three Transitory States 109 The Permanent States . 124 Fourfold character of the Sentiments 127 Sentiment defined .... 129 The Erotic Sentiment . 130 Varieties of the Erotic Sentiment 131 Privation and its stages 132 Separation and its varieties . 134 Union and its characteristics T 40 The Heroic Sentiment . 141 The Odious Sentiment . 141 The Furious Sentiment 142 The Comic Sentiment . 143 The Marvelous Sentiment . 145 The Terrible Sentiment 145 The Pathetic Sentiment 146 Various matters omitted in this work 147' Conclusion of the Fourth Book . 148 Conclusion of the entire work 148 Appendix: Classification of the sixteen types of Heroine 149 Aduenda 150 Index of Sanskrit Tecunical Terms 151 General Index 159 BIBLIOGRAPHY Bohtlingk, Otto: Znr Kritik und Erklarung verschiedener indi- scher Werke.
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