A Note on Automatic Transfers Author(S): P

A Note on Automatic Transfers Author(s): P. Cribb, R. Holttum, J. Stewart, G. Seidenfaden, E. A. Schelpe and L. A. Garay Reviewed work(s): Source: Taxon, Vol. 34, No. 1 (Feb., 1985), pp. 122-124 Published by: International Association for Plant Taxonomy (IAPT) Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1221575 . Accessed: 23/07/2012 03:26

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http://www.jstor.org TAXON 34(1): 122-135. FEBRUARY 1985

POINTS OF VIEW

A NOTE ON AUTOMATICTRANSFERS

Some ten years ago a proposal to add a new Principle to the International Code was presented (Holttum, 1973), the gist of which was that "the Code of Nomenclature is applicable only to taxonomic situations which are the result of observations of plants followed by taxonomic judgement. No one ought to apply the Code without making independent observations and judgement." The proposal was meant as a warning against "automatic transfers," not based on the full knowledge of the taxa transferred, and examples were given of cases where such transfers had led to much confusion and many superfluous names. The rapporteurs commented on this (Taxon 24: 203, 1975) that "while the advice is sound the matter is hardly a Principle, nor is it capable of enforcement," and the proposal was rejected in Leningrad by an overwhelming majority. The purpose of the present note is accordingly not an attempt to have a rejected proposal recon- sidered, but we have felt that it might serve a useful purpose to strongly recommend as "sound advice" that new combinations should be based on careful taxonomic studies of the taxa involved. To the examples submitted in the above cited paper many others could be added. What has directly provoked this note is the recent treatment of the subtribe Dendrobiinae (Orchi- daceae) by Brieger (1981: 636 ff.) where he proposes the establishment of 18 new genera mainly based on groups that had been considered sections of Dendrobium and Eria by earlier authorities. He also proposes the re-establishment of eight earlier genera that had been considered sections of Dendrobium and Eria, to which must be added his genus Latourorchis which is a new name for Latouria Bl. (non. (Endlicher) Lindl.). Brieger estimates that a total number of about 850 species could be referred to these 27 genera. Accepting some 50 old taxa in the re-established genera, he himself transfers a rather small number of species (about 116, not counting his new combinations in Callista Lour. which are not new). This leaves according to Brieger a number of some 650-700 taxa which should be transferred to one or other of his 27 genera. This opens a wide road to authors accepting Brieger's system to start a race to undertake an immense number of transfers, and this could in many cases be done "automatically" without any taxonomical studies with evaluation, trusting earlier authors who have placed the taxa in sections of Eria or Dendrobium more or less comparable to the new genera. The race to obtain authorship to the 650-700 or more new combinations necessitated by acceptance of Brieger's new generic concepts has already started. We are especially worried by a recent paper by Rauschert (1983: 433 ff.). This author is already known for his unfortunate nomenclatural papers dealing with other families (cf. e.g. Dransfield, 1982; Haegi, 1983; Parris, 1983; Wilson, 1983; Zarucchi and Cannon, 1983; Friis, 1984). He now presents us with approximately 775 new names in Orchidaceae, in the main centered around Brieger's new genera. A typical example of Rauschert's non-taxonomical method of work is provided already on the first page of his paper, dealing with Evrardia Gagnep. He uncritically accepts this generic concept, disre- garding doubts expressed on its validity and its relationship to neighbouring genera (Seidenfaden, 1978: 59). Therefore, when changing the generic epithet due to an earlier homonym, he automatically must create a new combination for the type species. But Rauschert moves one step further, proposing new combinations for two other entities which no taxonomist so far has ventured to include in Gagnepain's genus, both on account of the uncertainty on the validity of the genus, and on account of the uncertainty on the validity of the two taxa. It is, however, when entering the field opened by Brieger's new genera that Rauschert really shows his colours. A critical survey of his new combinations naturally presupposes a very time-consuming taxonomical work, actually the much needed thorough monographic revision of the two large tradi- tional genera Eria and Dendrobium. At random we may only give a few examples of the uncertainties and the obvious risks involved in Rauschert's new combinations and Brieger's grandiose proposals. 122 TAXON VOLUME34 Aeriodostachya is taxonomically a complicated group much in need of further studies. Some of Rauschert's transfers cover taxa insufficiently known, often only recorded once, e.g. Eria dasystachya Ridl. (by Holttum placed in section Hymeneria), and Eria reptans Ridl. which may be proved conspecific with Eria crassipes Ridl. (which again may be conspecific with a Sumatran entity). Eria purpureocentrum J. J. Smith is by himself reduced to a synonym of Eria robusta (Bl.) Lindl., and it should have been a warning to Rauschert that J. J. Smith (1933: 264) notes that probably other species will prove to be identical with this. Accordingly, Rauschert's mass-transfers seem partly superfluous, partly premature. Quite apart from the doubts surrounding Brieger's proposal to assemble several different older sections of Dendrobium in a large genus Aporum, it is well known that much uncertainty prevails on many entities on the specific level. A critical consideration of the many transfers necessitates a full taxonomical investigation. A few examples may however be given, where a look at the plants or studies of available literature would have induced the author to show greater caution before creating new combinations:

Aporum adpressifolium (J. J. Sm.) Rausch. is conspecific with Dendrobium flexile Ridl. A. albicolor (Ridl.) Rausch. with D. kentrophyllum Hk. f. A. christianae (Hawkes & Heller) Rausch. with D. hypodon Schltr. A. heterocaulon (Guill.) Rausch. with D. exile Schltr. A. kwashotanense (Hayata) Rausch. with D. crumenatum Sw. A. pendulicaule (Hayata) Rausch. is Thrixspermum pendulicaule (Hay.) Schltr. A. verlaquii (Costantin) Rausch. is probably Dendrobium terminale Par. & Rchb. f. A. blumei (Lindl.) Rausch. is nomenclaturally incorrect, Lindley's Dendrobium blumei has Onychium fimbriatum Bl. as a basionym.

In Bolbidium Rauschert has six new combinations, he correctly states that (if this genus is accepted) the name of the type species must be Bolbidium pusillum (Bl.) Rauschert and not Bolbidium pumilum (Roxb.) Brieg. as proposed by Brieger. But the other taxa mentioned are highly problematic taxonomically, it seems likely that B. hymenanthum and B. micholitzii (and B. quadrangulare) are the same species, and it is questionable if Carr's three taxa are justifiable. A taxonomical treatment should have preceded a doubtful series of new names. Of Rauschert's combinations in Conchidium, C. jerdonianum (Wight) Rausch. is considered to belong in Porpax; C. articulatum (Lindl.) Rausch. is an insufficiently known entity, originally by Lindley called Alvisia tenuis, which probably is older than Dendrobium articulatum Lindl., and Rau- schert's new combination therefore anyway questionable. Rauschert purports to validate Brieger's invalid genus Cymboglossum, and correctly states that (if the name and the genus is accepted) the type species must be Cymboglossum cymbiforme (J. J. Smith) Rauschert, not mentioned by Brieger. But the two other combinations, C. longifolium (Hk. f.) Brieg. ex Rauschert and C. strictum (Lindl.) Brieg. ex Rauschert are wrong for taxonomical reasons, they cannot be referred to this genus. A time-consuming assessment through the whole alphabet would tax the reader and hardly serve any purpose now the harm has been done. On each and every page similar examples may be found. The above should sufficiently prove that Rauschert has supplied a disservice to systematic botany not enhancing the reputation of this branch of science. The problems created by Brieger's quite revolutionary new system and the superficial automatic follow-up by Rauschert are twofold. First, as we are reminded by Brieger (1975: 177 ff.), one may aim at a natural system or an artificial system (perhaps in the hope that these will converge or at least not contradict each other), but we suggest that it is important that the system proposed can be a tool for the identification of species. The usefulness of Brieger's system in this respect can only be judged after taxonomic studies of each of the 850 species he proposes to disperse in his 27 genera, and so far his approach and treatment has found practically no support among botanists with a knowledge of these genera. On many of the species much disagreement has prevailed on their mutual relationship, here the sectional approach has been convenient because disagreement on the place of a species did not influence the specific name. A single agreed specific name is the necessary means for communication between students. Accordingly, we feel that the decision to transfer a species to one of the new genera must be based on a taxonomic judgement of the validity of the new genus involved. Brieger himself was careful in just FEBRUARY1985 123 proposing a quite small number of transfers, while indicating an often much larger number for the species he felt should be transferred, without enumerating them. Rauschert is just careless. A taxonomic study of all individual taxa would ascertain not only if the individual transfer is justifiable, but also if the new genus is acceptable (a small example of such a study has recently been given in connection with the new genus Cymboglossum (Seidenfaden, 1984). Secondly, any transfer must be based on study of the taxon in question. Before a new combination is proposed, the author must feel assured that it is not conspecific with an earlier established taxon, and that the new combination is in accordnace with the ICBN. The ICBN unfortunately offers no remedies against superfluous and uncritical transfers causing confusion and unnecessary complications for scientists and horticulturists alike. To the extent that a call for general responsibility by the authors is in vain, an appeal to sensible editors of the scientific journals seems in place.

References Brieger, F. G. 1975. Questions of taxonomic nomenclature with special reference to Orchidaceae. Taxon 24: 177-189. 1981: 39. Subtribus Dendrobiinae. In: Schlechter, Die Orchideen 3. Aufl. 1: 636-752. Paul Parey, Berlin and Hamburg. Dransfield, J. 1982. Nomenclatural notes on Laccosperma and Ancistrophyllum (Palmae: Lepido- caryoideae). Kew Bull. 37: 455-457. Friis, I. 1984. Sciaplea Rauschert (1982) is a synonym of Dialium L. (1767). Taxon 33: 505-506. Haegi, L. 1983. Symonanthus, the correct name for Isandra F. Muell. (Solanaceae) non Salisb. (Liliaceae). Taxon 32: 461-462. Holttum, R. E. 1973. Proposal to add new principle to the Code. Taxon 23: 648-650. Parris, B. S. 1983. Proposal to conserve Cystodium Fee (Fungi: incertae sedis). Taxon 32: 648-649. Rauschert, S. 1983. Beitrag zur Nomenklatur der Orchidaceae. Fed. Repert. 94: 433-471. Seidenfaden, G. 1978. Orchid Genera in Thailand VI. Neottioideae Lindl. Dansk Bot. Arkiv 32: 1- 195. . 1984. A note on the section Cymboglossum Schltr. of Eria (Orchidaceae). Nord. J. Bot. 4: 35-52. Smith, J. J. 1933. Enumeration of the Orchidaceae of Sumatra and neighboring islands. Fed. Repert. 32: 129-386. Wilson, K. L. 1983. Publication of superfluous names. Taxon 32: 644-645. Zarucchi, J. L. and P. F. Cannon. 1983. Proposal to conserve Urnularia Stapf(1901) against Urnularia P. Karsten (1866) (Fungi). Taxon 32: 306-307. P. Cribb, R. Holttum and J. Stewart, The Herbarium, Royal Botanical Gardens, Kew, Richmond, Surrey TW9 3J2, England; G. Seidenfaden, Borsholmgard, 3100 Hornbaek, Denmark; and E. A. Schelpe, Bolus Herbarium, University of Cape Town, Rondebosch7700, South Africa

BIOLOGICAL REALITIES AND THE PROPER METHODOLOGY: A REPLY TO DUNCAN

Although Duncan (1984) has chosen Churchill et al. (1984) and Farris et al. (1970) for special criticism, his paper is really a criticism of the majority of phylogenetic systematists who have attempted to apply Hennig's (1966) and Wagner's (1961, in Benson, 1962, and nearly all of the 29 papers reviewed by us, op. cit., using the WGD scheme) methods for reconstructing phylogenies. He claims that Hennig's (1966) method is really a compatibility method. He also claims that we have misunderstood Wagner GPD methods, at least to the extent that we came up with the wrong tree for the "Dendrogrammaceae." We suggest that Duncan's (1984) claims regarding Hennig (1966) are fallacious and perhaps based on a semantic mistake on his part. We shall also claim that Wagner's (1980) published comments on Wagner GPD methods as well as the nearly thirty botanical papers that employed the Wagner GPD scheme lead us to believe that we did the analysis correctly regardless of the fact that Duncan taught the lab.

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