Banko Janakari, Vol 29 No. 2, 2019 Pp 28‒41 Karki & Ghimire

https://doi.org:10.3126/banko.v29i2.28097 Orchids of Suspa-Kshamawoti, Dolakha -An annotated checklist

S. Karki1* and S. K. Ghimire1

Suspa-Kshamawoti area of Dolakha district covers diverse vegetation types and harbors many interesting of orchids. This paper documents 69 species of orchids covering 33 genera based on repeated field surveys and herbarium collections. Of them, 50 species are epiphytic (including lithophytes) and 19 species are terrestrial. Information regarding habit and habitat, phenology, host species and elevational range of distribution of each species are provided in the checklist.

Keywords : , ,

rchids are one of the most diverse and contributions on documentation of orchid flora are highly evolved groups of flowering made by Bajracharya (2001; 2004); Rajbhandari Oplants, and orchidaceae is the largest and Bhattrai (2001); Bajracharya and Shrestha family comprising 29,199 species and are (2003); Rajbhandari and Dahal (2004); Milleville globally distributed (Govaerts et al., 2017). Out and Shrestha (2004); Subedi et al. (2011); of them, two-third belong to epiphytes (Zotz and Rajbhandari (2015); Raskoti (2015); Raskoti and Winkler, 2013). In Nepal, orchidaceae is one of Ale (2009; 2011; 2012; 2019) and Bhandari et al. the major families amongst the higher flowering (2016 b; 2019). Suspa-Kshamawoti, the northern and comprises 502 taxa belonging to 108 part of the Dolakha district covers diverse genera, which forms around 8 percent of our flora vegetation and harbors some interesting species (Raskoti and Ale, 2019). The number of species of orchids. Bhandari et al. (2016a) reported the might increase because many areas of Nepal are endemic orchid Panisea panchasensis Subedi., yet to be explored. With various growth forms, from the same area with a very good population orchids are distributed from 62 m to 5,200 m, than in its type locality Panchase, Kaski, Nepal. growing in various types of habitats in Nepal However, no comprehensive record of orchid (Rokaya et al., 2013). flora of this region is available till date. Thus, this research is aimed to document the orchid flora Due to their beautiful long-lasting flowers and of Suspa-Kshamawoti area, the region outside the presence of important chemicals, orchids are the protected area. This work also highlights the harvested, grown and traded for various purposes importance of outside the protected area in as ornamental plants, medicinal products and maintaining orchid diversity. food (Hinsley et al., 2017). Although with great diversity and prodigious economic and ecological Study area values, orchids are also threatened by and fragmentation, unsustainable The study area Suspa-Kshamawoti (now Bhimeshor harvesting and illegal trade in Nepal. These Municipality-1), lies in the northern part of the activities are pushing many orchids into small Dolakha District (27°42'38. 82" N and 86°02'21. populations in the wild and finally towards 88" E) (Figure 1). The elevation ranges from 1,603 extinction. m to around 2,600 m above mean sea level (amsl). The area, moreover, exhibits sub-tropical to lower Research on orchids has been carried out by temperate climate; therefore, experiences high several researchers in Nepal. Some notable rainfall during the monsoon period. Floristically,

1 Central Department of Botany, Tribhuvan University, Kirtipur, Kathmandu, Nepal. *E-mail : [email protected]

28 Karki & Ghimire Banko Janakari, Vol 29 No. 2, 2019 Pp 28‒41 the area is categorized into four forest types, viz. Results Schima-Castanopsis and Alnus nepalensis forest in the lower belt, and Daphniphyllum-Symplocos This research enumerated 69 species of orchids and Quercus semecarpifolia forest in the upper belonging to 33 genera from the Suspa- belt. Although the study area covers the narrow Kshamawoti area (Appendix 1). The present elevational gradient, it represents the diverse study also reported 18 host species of 50 epiphytic forest patches of older and major host tree species, orchids. Global distribution, distinguishing such as Alnus nepalensis, Schima wallichii, character, habit, phenology of flowering and Daphniphyllum himalense, Lyonia ovalifolia, their host species (in case of epiphytes) are also Castanopsis indica and Eurya acuminata. These provided. Some photographs of epiphytic orchids host trees support many interesting epiphytic are presented in Figure 2 and Figure 3 while the orchids on their tree canopies. terrestrial orchids are provided in Figure 4.

Figure 1. Location of the study area in Nepal Figure 2 : (A) Bulbophyllum retusiusculum, (B) B. A. Nepal, B. Dolakha district and C. Suspa- yoksunense, (C) B. viridiflorum, (D) B. careyanum, Kshamawoti (Study area) (E) cristata, (F) luteus, (G) elegans, (H) amoenum Materials and methods and (I) D. heterocarpum

The present study is the result of extensive field surveys covering all the seasons during 2015−2019 AD in different localities of the Suspa-Kshamawoti region, the elevation of which ranges from 1,603 m to 2,500 m amsl. Different community were surveyed during the trips. All the orchid species encountered were recorded along with their voucher specimens adopting the standard technique of Jain and Rao (1977). In the case of epiphytic orchids, their host species were also noted. Photographs of each orchid and their host species (in case of epiphytes) were taken. The identification of species was done by adopting the methods of White and Sharma (2000); Rajbhandari and Bhattrai (2001); Raskoti and Ale (2009); Rajbhandari (2015), and Figure 3. (A) Dendrobium porphyrochilum, (B) Rajbhandari and Rai (2017). Roscov et al. (2019) was D. amplum, (C) calceolaris, (D) followed for the nomenclature and author citation Oberonia pachyrachis, (E) Otochilus porrectus, of the and species. The collected specimens (F) Panisea panchaseensis, (G) were deposited at the Tribhuvan University Central taenialis, (H) humilis and (I) Herbarium (TUCH). cristata

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conservation of forests outside the protected area for long-term conservation of orchid resources.

Conclusion

The environmental and climatic condition of the Suspa-Kshamawoti area is suitable for various epiphytic and terrestrial species of orchids. The moist deciduous forest floor has supported many terrestrial species whereas the large trees with fissured bark covered with moss have supported many epiphytic orchid species to flourish. The destruction of habitats due to deforestation and construction activities have resulted in drastic Figure 4. (A) Calanthe plantaginea, (B) depletion of orchid species in the study area. Odontochilus lanceolatus, (C) Anthogonium The selective logging of trees, such as Schima gracile, (D) Liparis cathcartii, (E) wallichii, A. nepalensis, R. arboreum, and D. sinensis and (F) procera himalense has increased for timber extraction. This has severely reduced the number of epiphytic Discussion orchids in the study area. Therefore, it is necessary to conserve habitats and the most preferable host The present study recorded 69 orchid species species in order to conserve many orchid species belonging to 33 genera from the Suspa- in the wild. Kshamawoti region, Dolakha district. Of these, 50 species are epiphytic and 19 species Acknowledgements are terrestrial. This shows the dominance of epiphytic orchids in the study area where there We are grateful to the Head, Central Department is the presence of most preferable host trees, of Botany for providing necessary laboratory like S. wallichii, A. nepalensis, Rhododendron facilities. We are also thankful to Prabin Bhandari arboreum and D. himalense. Orchid species, for the valuable suggestions during our fieldwork. such as Uncifera acuminata, Porpax elwesi, D. We would also like to thank the local people for amoenum, Rhynchostylis retusa, B. careyanum, D. their support during our fieldwork. moniliforme, tristis, and D. amplum were found to be very rare in the study area, whereas References B. reptans, D. heterocarpum, Vanda cristata, G. calceolaris, coronaria, Liparis resupinata, Bhandari, P., Karki, S. and Budhamagar, S. 2016a. Oberonia pachyrachis and Oberonia falcata were A new locality record for endemic Panisea commonly noticed. Out of the 33 genera present, panchaseensis Subedi (Orchidaceous) in Bulbophyllum was found to be the largest one Nepal. Pleione 10 (1) : 183–185. comprising 11 species followed by Dendrobium with 7 species. Epiphytic orchids were mostly Bhandari, P., Shakya, L. R. and Shrestha, recorded on the host trees, like S. wallichii, D. K. K. 2016b. Zeuxine membranacea himalense and A. nepalensis, the most preferred (Orchidaceae) : An addition to the orchid host species of epiphytic orchids. flora of Nepal. The Journal of Japanese Botany 91 : 317–320. It showed that the forests outside the protected area have also supported for many rare and Bhandari, P., Shakya, L. R. and Chaudhary, R. P. endangered species of orchids to thrive well. 2019. Zeuxine lindleyana (Orchidaceae) : Therefore, it is important to save the patches of the An addition to the orchid flora of Nepal. forest outside the protected area as they function The Journal of Japanese Botany 94 : 45– as habitat islands, which have continuously 46. maintained the population of many endangered orchid species. Thus, it is recommended that future conservation plans should focus on the

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Bajracharya, D. M. 2001. Eria apertiflora Rajbhandari, K. R. and Bhattarai, S. 2001. Summerh. and E. bipunctata Lindl. Beautiful Orchids of Nepal. Keshab R. (Orchidaceae), new records for the Nepal Rajbhandari, Kathmandu, Nepal. Himalaya. The Journal of Japanese Botany 76 : 297–302. Rajbhandari, K. R. and Dahal, S. 2004. Orchids of Nepal : a checklist. Botanica Orientalis Bajracharya, D. M. 2004. The genus Eria 4 : 89–106. Lindley (Orchidaceae) in the : A taxonomic revision. Ph. D. Thesis, Rajbhandari, K. R. 2015. A H and book of the Tribhuvan University, Nepal. Orchids of Nepal. Department of Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu,Nepal. Bajracharya, D. M. and Shrestha, K. K. 2003. Eria nepalensis (Orchidaceae), a new species Rajbhandari, K. R. and Rai, S. K. 2017. A H from Nepal. The Journal of Japanese and book of of Nepal, Botany 78 (3) : 158–161. Volume-1. Department of Plant Resources, Thapathali, Kathmandu, Nepal. Chen, X., Liu Z., Zhu, G., Lang, K., Ji, Z., Luo, Y., Jin, X., Cribb, P. J., Wood, J. J., Raskoti, B. B. 2009. The Orchids of Nepal. Gale, S. W., Ormerod, P., Vermeulen, J. Published by B. B. Raskoti and R. Ale, J., Wood, H. P., Clayton, D. and Bell, A. Kathmandu, Nepal. 2009. Orchidaceae. In Flora of , vol. 25. (eds)Wu Z., Raven P. H. & Hong D. Raskoti, B. B. and Ale, R. 2011. A species Science Press, Beijing; Missouri Botanical of Sunipia (Orchidaceae) from Nepal. Garden Press, St. Louis, USA. Phytotaxa 31 : 55–58.

Govaerts, R., Bernet, P., Kratochvil, K., Gerlach, Raskoti, B. B. and Ale, R. 2012. Liparis ferruginea G., Carr, G., Alrich, P., Pridgeon, A. Lindley (Orchidaceae) : A new record for M., Pfahl, J., Campacci, MA., Holl and the flora of Nepal.Taiwania 57 : 308–311. Baptista, D., Tigges, H., Shaw, J., Cribb, P., George, A., Kreuz, K. and Wood, J. J. 2017. Raskoti, B. B. and Kurzweil, H., 2015. World Checklist of Orchidaceae. Kew : Odontochilusn and ae (Orchidaceae; Facilitated by the Royal Botanic Gardens. ; ) : A new http : //apps. kew. org/wcsp/ (accessed 23 species from Nepal. Phytotaxa 233 (3) : March, 2017). 293–297.

Hinsley, A., de Boer, H. J., Fay, M. F., Gale, S. W., Raskoti, B. B. 2015. A new species of Gastrochilus Gardiner, L. M., Gunasekara, R. S., Kumar, and new records for the orchids of Nepal. P., Masters, S., Metusala, D., Roberts, D. Phytotaxa 233 (2) : 179–184. L. and Veldman, S. 2017. A review of the trade in orchids and its implications for Raskoti, B. B. and Ale, R. 2019. New species of conservation. Botanical Journal of the orchids and notes on Orchidaceae of Nepal. Linnean Society 186 (4) : 435–455. Phytotaxa 394 (4) : 257–266.

Jain, S. K. and Rao, R. R. 1977. A Hand Book Rokaya, M. B., Raskoti, B. B., Timsina, B. and of Field & Herbarium Methods. Today & Muenzbergova, Z. 2013. An annotated Tomorrow´s Printers & Publishers, New checklist of the orchids of Nepal. Nordic Delhi. Journal of Botany 31 : 511–550.

Milleville, R., and Shrestha, T. B. 2004. Nepal Orchids in Pictures. Malla Prakashan, Kathmandu, Nepal.

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Roskov, Y., Ower, G., Orrell, T., Nicolson, D., White, C. and Sharma, B. 2000. Wild orchids of Bailly, N., Kirk, P. M., Bourgoin, T., Nepal : A guide in the Himalayan Orchids DeWalt, R. E., Decock, W., Nieukerken, E. of Tribhuvan Rajpath and Chitwan Jungle. van, Zarucchi J. and Penev L., eds. (2019). White Lotus Press, Bangkok, . Species 2000 & ITIS Catalogue of Life, 2019 Annual Checklist. Digital resource Zotz, G. and Winkler, U. 2013. Aerial roots of at www.catalogueoflife.org/annual- epiphytic orchids : the velamen radicum checklist/2019. Species 2000 : Naturalis, and its role in water and nutrient uptake. Leiden, the Netherlands. ISSN 2405-884X. Oecologia 171 (3) : 733–741.

Subedi, A., Chaudhary, R. P., Vermeulen, J. J. and Gravendeel, B. 2011. Panisea panchaseensis sp. nov. (Orchidaceae) from central Nepal. Nordic Journal of Botany 29 (3) : 361–365.

32 Karki & Ghimire Banko Janakari, Vol 29 No. 2, 2019 Pp 28‒41 Appendix 1. Orchid checklist

AGROSTROPHYLLUM Bl. Syst. Veg. ed. 16 (3) : 732 (1826). Fig. 2D About 60 species distributed in the Old World Anisopetalon careyanum Hook. tropics from Seychelles and tropical east Phylloorchis purpurea (D. Don) Kuntze. to the Pacific Island , as the center Habit : Epiphyte, flowers purplish-brown, 0. 5-0. of distribution (Chen et al., 2009); 2 species in 8 cm long. Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 species in Flowering : Sep-Dec. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 008 Suspa-Kshamawoti. (TUCH) Agrostophyllum callosum Rchb. f. in Seem., Fl. Altitude : 1,604 m Vit. : 296 (1868). Habitat : Epiphyte in dense humid evergreen Habit : Epiphyte, flowers pinkish white. forest Flowering : May-Aug. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 005 Host species : Schima wallichii (TUCH) Bulbophyllum cylindraceum Wall. ex Lindl., Altitude : 1,820 m Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. : 53 (1830). Habitat : Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest and Bulbophyllum imbricatum Griff. humid evergreen forest Habit : Epiphyte, flowers many, pale purple. Host species : Schima wallichii, Daphniphyllum Flowering : Oct-Nov. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 009 himalense and Lyonia ovalifolia (TUCH) ANTHOGONIUM Wall. ex Lindl. Altitude : 1,740−2,400 m Only one species distributed in , Habitat : Epiphyte in dense humid evergreen , , China, N , , forest or lithophytic on moist rocks , Nepal, , Thailand , Host species : Daphniphyllum himalense and (Chen et al., 2009); 1 species in Nepal Schima wallichii (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 species in Suspa- Bulbophyllum hirtum (Sm. ) Lindl. ex Wall., Kshamawoti. Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. : 51 (1830). Anthogonium gracile Wall. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Stelis hirta Sm. Orchid. Pl. : 426 (1840). Fig. 4C Habit : Epiphyte or lithophytes, flowers greenish Anthogonium corydaloides Schltr. white, highly scented. Habit : Terrestrial, flowers pink to white. Flowering : Oct-Nov. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0010 Flowering : Aug-Nov. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 006 (TUCH) (TUCH) Altitude : 1,740−2,400 m Altitude : 1,620−1,780 m Habitat : Epiphyte in dense humid evergreen Habitat : Terrestrial growing on grassy slopes forest or lithophytic on moist rocks and rock Host species : asiatica and Schima BULBOPHYLLUM Thouars. wallichii About 1,900 species distributed in tropical areas Bulbophyllum leopardinum (Wall. ) Lindl. ex of both Old and New Worlds (Chen et al., 2009); Wall., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. : 48 (1830). 36 species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017; Dendrobium leopardinum Wall. Raskoti and Ale, 2019), 11 species in Suspa- Habit : Epiphyte or lithophytes, flowers creamy Kshamawoti. yellow to pale green, spotted with red dots, lip Bulbophyllum affine Wall. ex Lindl. Gen. Sp. yellow. Orchid Pl. : 48 (1830). Flowering : May-Aug. Exsiccatae : Karki S. Bulbophyllum kusukusense Hayata 0011 (TUCH) Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white with pink-lined, Altitude : 1,740−1,800 m solitary. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks or lithophytic Flowering : May-Aug. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 007 on rocks (TUCH) Host species : Schima wallichii, Engelhardia Altitude : 1723 m spicata Habitat : Epiphyte in mixed deciduous forest Bulbophyllum purpureofuscum J. J. Verm., Host species : Schima wallichii and Lyonia Schuit. & de Vogel., Phytotaxa 166 (2) : 105 ovalifolia (2014). Bulbophyllum careyanum (Hook. ) Spreng., Sunipia cirrhata (Lindl. ) P. F. Hunt.

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Bulbophyllum cirrhatum (Lindl. ) Hook. f. Cirrhopetalum brevipes Hook. f. Habit : Epiphyte, white purple veins, 4-8 Habit : Epiphyte, flowers 6-12, creamy white flowered, lip purple. with pink stripes. Flowering : Oct-Dec. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0012 Flowering : Sep-Nov. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0017 (TUCH) (TUCH) Altitude : 1,800−2,215 m Altitude : 2,000−2,210 m Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks Habitat : Epiphyte on subtropical mixed forest Host species : Schima wallichii Host species : Daphniphyllum himalense and Bulbophyllum reptans (Lindl. ) Lindl. ex Wall., Symplocos ramosissima Numer. List : n. 1988 (1829). CALANTHE R. Brown Tribrachia reptans Lindl. About 150 species distributed in tropical and Habit : Epiphyte, flowers 3-6, pale yellow with subtropical Asia, , New Guinea, SW purplish-red stripes. Pacific Islands, as well as tropical Africa and Flowering : Jan-Mar. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0013 Central and NW South America (Chen et al., (TUCH) 2009); 16 species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, Altitude : 1,930−2,400 m 2017; Raskoti and Ale, 2019), 4 species in Suspa- Habitat : Epiphyte on evergreen forest or Kshamawoti. lithophytic on rocks Calanthe brevicornu Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid Pl. Host species : Schima wallichii, Daphniphyllum : 251 (1833). himalense and Symplocos sp. Alismorkis brevicornu (Lindl. ) Bulbophyllum retusiusculum Rchb. f., Gard. Habit : Terrestrial, flowers laxy, 5-13 in number, Chron. 1869 : 1182 (1869). Fig. 2A yellowish-green with pinkish-red strations. Cirrhopetalum retusiusculum (Rchb. f. ) Hemsley, Flowering : May-Jun. Exsiccatae : Karki S. DO Gard. 1 (TUCH) Habit : Epiphyte, flowers yellow with reddish Altitude : 1,800−2,200 m veins. Habitat : Terrestrial in the dense forest floor Flowering : Sep-Dec. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0014 Calanthe mannii Hook. f., Fl. Brit. Ind. 5 : 850 (TUCH) (1890). Altitude : 2,400 m Calanthe brachychila Gagnep. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks Habit : Terrestrial, flowers dark brown, lip golden Host species : Rhododendron arboreum yellow. Bulbophyllum roseopictumJ. J. Verm., Schuit. & Flowering : May-Jun. Exsiccatae : Karki S. DO de Vogel (2014). 2 (TUCH) Sunipia bicolor Lindl. Altitude : 1,800−2,200 m Habit : Epiphyte, flowers small, whitish with Habitat : Terrestrial in the dense forest floor purplish-red stripes, lip purple-red. Calanthe plantaginea Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid Pl. Flowering : Jul-Nov. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0015 250 (1833). Fig. 4A (TUCH) Alismorkis lindleyana Kuntze Altitude : 2,000−2,400 m Habit : Terrestrial, flowers 12-25 or more, pinkish Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks to white, scented. Host species : Schima wallichii and Flowering : Mar-Apr. Exsiccatae : Karki S. DO Daphniphyllum himalense 3 (TUCH) Bulbophyllum viridiflorum (Hook. f. ) Schltr., Altitude : 1,950−2,200 m Orchis 4 : 108 (1910). Fig. 2C Habitat : Terrestrial in the evergreen broad Cirrhopetalum viridiflorum Hook. f. leaved forest floor Habit : Epiphyte, flowers 5-12, yellow. Calanthe trulliformis King & Pantl., J. Asiat. Flowering : Oct-Nov. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0016 Soc. Bengal 64 (2) : 337 (1895). (TUCH) Habit : Terrestrial, flowers chocolate brown, lip Altitude : 2,300 m white, trowel-shaped. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks Flowering : Jul. Exsiccatae : Karki S. DO 4 Host species : Daphniphyllum himalense (TUCH) Bulbophyllum yoksunense J. J. Sm. Bull. Jard. Altitude : 1,800−2,200 m Buitenzorg 28 : 29 (1912). Fig. 2B Habitat : Terrestrial in the dense and humus-rich

34 Karki & Ghimire Banko Janakari, Vol 29 No. 2, 2019 Pp 28‒41 forest floor Host species : Schima wallichii COELOGYNE Lindl. Griff. About 200 species distributed in tropical and About 10 species in Bhutan, S China, N India, subtropical Asia to Oceania (Chen et al., 2009); S , Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand , 11 species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), Vietnam (Chen et al., 2009); 3 species in Nepal 4 species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017; Raskoti and Ale, Coelogyne corymbosa Lindl., Fol. Orchid., 2019), 1 species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. Coelogyne 5 : 7 (1854). Conchidium muscicola (Lindl. ) Rauschert, Pleione corymbosa (Lindl. ) Feddes Report. 94 : 444 (1983). Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white, lip with four Eria muscicola (Lindl. ) Lindl. yellow eyelike spots surrounded by red reddish- Habit : Epiphyte or lithophytes, flowers small orange, lip 3 lobed. pale green, 2-5 flowered, lip sub-elliptic. Flowering : May-Jun. Exsiccatae : Karki S. Flowering : Mar-May. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0018 (TUCH) 0022 (TUCH) Altitude : 2,000−2,300 m Altitude : 1,650−2,100 m Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks of evergreen Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks or moist rocks forest Host species : Schima wallichii Host species : Schima wallichii, Juglans regia CREPIDIUM Blume. and Daphniphyllum himalense About 280 species throughout the Asian tropics Coelogyne cristata Lindl., Collect. Bol. : sub t. 33 and sub-tropics, Australasia, Indian Ocean Islands, (1824). Fig. 2E few species are found in temperate Asia (Chen et Cymbidium speciosissimum D. Don al., 2009); 2 species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Habit : Epiphyte or lithophytes, flowers white, Rai, 2017; Raskoti and Ale, 2019), 1 species in lip 3 lobed, callus having 5 fimbriate lamellae. Suspa-Kshamawoti. Flowering : Feb-May. Exsiccatae : Karki S. Crepidium acuminatum (D. Don) Szlach., 0019 (TUCH) Fragm. Florist. Geobot. Suppl. 3 : 123 (1995). Altitude : 1,700−2,110 m Malaxis acuminata D. Don. Habitat : Epiphyte or lithophytes on tree trunks Habit : Terrestrial, flowers yellow, pink or or exposed rocks purple, small 5-7 flowered, lip apex truncate and Host species : Schima wallichii, Castanopsis emarginate, callus with 2 longitudinal lamellae. indica and Daphniphyllum himalense Flowering : May-Jul. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0023 Coelogyne fuscescens Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. (TUCH) Pl. 41 (1830). Altitude : 1,732 m Coelogyne fuscescens var. viridiflorum Pradhan Habitat : Terrestrial in dense forest Habit : Epiphyte, flowers pale brown or ocher- CRYPTOCHILUS Wall. yellow, large 2-5 flowered around 4 cm across, lip About 10 species in Bhutan, S China, N pale brown with dark brown spots, 3 lobed. India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, and Flowering : Oct-Dec. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0020 Vietnam (Chen et al., 2009); 2 species in Nepal (TUCH) (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 species in Suspa- Altitude : 1,700−2,110 m Kshamawoti. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks Cryptochilus luteus Lindl., J. Proc. Unn. Soc. Host species : Schima wallichii, Rhododendron Bot. 3 : 21 (1858). Fig. 2F arboreum, Juglans regia Cryptochilus ferrari Schltr. Coelogyne longipes Lindl., Fol. Orchid., Habit : Epiphyte, flowers campanulate, yellow, Coelogyne 5 : 10 (1854). many-flowered, enclosed in a tube, entire Pleione longipes (Lindl. ) and encallose. Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white to yellow, small Flowering : Jun-Jul. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0024 5-7 flowered, lip apex truncate and emarginate, (TUCH) callus with 2 longitudinal lamellae. Altitude : 2,110−2,300 m Flowering : May-Jun. Exsiccatae : Karki S. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks 0021 (TUCH) Host species : Schima wallichii and Altitude : 1,980−2,100 m Daphniphyllum himalense Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks

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CYMBIDIUM Sw. Flowering : May-Jun. Exsiccatae : Karki S. About 55 species distributed in tropical and 0028 (TUCH) subtropical Asia, south to Papua New Guinea and Altitude : 1,720−1,900 m Australia (Chen et al., 2009); 9 species in Nepal Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 3 species in Suspa- Host species : Kshamawoti. Alnus nepalensis, Ficus auriculata, Schima Cymbidium elegans Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. wallichii and Daphniphyllum himalense 163 (1833). Fig. 2G Dendrobium amplum Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Cymbidium longifolium D. Don. Pl. : 74 (1830). Fig. 3B Habit : Epiphyte, flowers cream-yellow to Epigeneium amplum Lindl. pale yellowish-green, around 18-38 flowered, Habit : Epiphyte, flowers yellowish-green, oblanceolate-triangular. spotted with deep brown, 1 flowered, lip p and Flowering : Sep-Oct. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0025 urate in outline, 3 lobed. (TUCH) Flowering : Sep-Nov. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0029 Altitude : 1,800−2,300 m (TUCH) Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks Altitude : 1,720−2,000 m Host species : Schima wallichii, Daphniphyllum Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks himalense Host species : Rhododendron arboreum and Cymbidium erythraeum Lindl., J. Proc. Linn. Schima wallichii Soc. Bot. 3 : 30 (1859). Dendrobium eriiflorum Griff., Icon. Pl. Asiat. 3 Habit : Epiphyte, flowers green with heavy : 316 (1851). reddish-brown longitudinal stripes, flower large Callista eriiflora (Griff. ) 3-8 flowered, lip white with red-brown spots on Habit : Epiphyte, flowers greenish-cream, 7-10 the mid-lobe. flowered, lip curved and spotted with purple Flowering : Oct-Dec. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0026 stripes. (TUCH) Flowering : Sep-Oct. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0030 Altitude : 2,110−2,300 m (TUCH) Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks Altitude : 1,720−1,900 m Host species : Schima wallichii and Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks Daphniphyllum himalense Host species : Alnus nepalensis and Schima Cymbidium lancifolium Hook., Exot. Fl. 1 : t. 51 wallichii (1823) Dendrobium heterocarpum Wall. ex Lindl., Gen. Cymbidium caulescens Ridl. Sp. Orchid. Pl. : 78 (1830). Fig. 2I Habit : Terrestrial, flowers white to pale green, Dendrobium aureum Lindl. flower large 2-6 flowered, lip white with purplish- Habit : Epiphyte, flowers silver-white or creamy brown markings. yellow, usually 10-15 flowered, scented, lip Flowering : May-Aug. Exsiccatae : Karki S. yellow with red stripes. 0027 (TUCH) Flowering : Apr-May. Exsiccatae : Karki S. Altitude : 1,500−2,400 m 0031 (TUCH) Habitat : Terrestrial in deciduous forest Altitude : 1,720−2,200 m DENDROBIUM Sw. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks in open forests. Around 1,100 species in India across to Japan, Host species : Alnus nepalensis, Schima wallichii, south to and , east to Australia, Buddleja asiatica and Castanopsis indica New Guinea, and Pacific is lands (Chen et al., Dendrobium longicornu Lindl. in Edwards’s 2009); 26 species (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 8 Bot. Reg. 16 : t 1315 (1830). species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. Dendrobium bulleyi Rolfe. Dendrobium amoenum Wall. ex Lindl., Gen. Sp. Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white, usually 1-5 Orchid. Pl. : 78 (1830). Fig. 2H flowered, pendulous, lip veined with yellow or Dendrobium mesochlorum Lindl. orange, fimbriate. Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white with pale violet Flowering : Sep-Nov. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0032 margins, flower many 2-3 cm across, lip white (TUCH) with violet spots on the apex and greenish-yellow Altitude : 1,720−2,400 m on the middle region. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks in open forests.

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Host species : Lyonia ovalifolia, Schima wallichii, D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. : 32 (1825). Fig. 3C Rhododendron arboreum and Daphniphyllum Aerides calceolaris Buch. -Ham. Ex Sm. in Rees. himalense Habit : Epiphyte, flowers yellow with purplish- Dendrobium moniliforme (L. ) Sw., Nova Acta brown markings, lip with white epichile and Regiae Soc. Sci. Upsal. 6 : 85 (1799). yellow hypochile. Epidendrum moniliforme L. Flowering : Feb-Apr. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0036 Habit : Epiphyte; flowers white, 2-5 or even more (TUCH) in number, lip white tip acute, lip with greenish- Altitude : 1,700−2,300 m yellow on the middle region. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks Flowering : Sep-Oct. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0033 Host species : Schima wallichii and Eurya (TUCH) acuminata Altitude : 2,300 m Gastrochilus distichus (Lindl. ) Kuntze, Revis. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks Gen. Pl. 2 : 661 (1891). Host species : Schima wallichii and Saccolabium distichum Lindl. Daphniphyllum himalense Habit : Epiphyte, flowers pale green with reddish- Dendrobium porphyrochilum Lindl., J. Proc. brown spots, 2-4 flowered, lip with saccate Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 : 18 (1859). Fig. 3A hypochile. Dendrobium caespitosum King &Pantl. Flowering : Jan-May. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0037 Habit : Epiphyte, flowers pale green with red (TUCH) veins, 10 or even more in number, lip deep Altitude : 2,300 m purplish-brown. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks Flowering : May-Aug. Exsiccatae : Karki S. Host species : Symplocos ramosissima, Eurya 0034 (TUCH) acuminata, and Quercus semecarpifolia Altitude : 1,800−2,500 m GOODYERAR. Br. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks About 100 species distributed in S Africa, Asia, NE Host species : Schima wallichii, Viburnum Australia, Europe, Madagascar, North America erubescens and Berberis sp. including Mexico, SW Pacific Islands (Chen et ERIALindl. al., 2009); 11 species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Eria (s. l. ) comprises around 370 species, Rai, 2017; Raskoti and Ale, 2019), 4 species in widespread in tropical Asia and the whole of Suspa-Kshamawoti. the Malay Archipelago, east to New Guinea and Goodyera biflora (Lindl. ) Hook. f., Fl. Birt. India Bougainvillea Island (Chen et al. 2009); 14 species 6 : 114 (1890). in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017; Raskoti and Georchis biflora Lindl. Ale 2019), 1 species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. Habit : Terrestrial, flowers tubular, creamy white, Eria coronaria (Lindl. ) Rchb. f. in Walp., Ann. usually 2 rarely 3 flowered. Bot. Syst. 6 : 271 (1861). Flowering : Feb-Jul. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0038 Coelogyne coronaria Lindl. (TUCH) Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white with purple Altitude : 2,200−2,300 m stripes, usually 1-6 in number, large, lip oblong in Habitat : Terrestrial in humus-rich, moist soil outline and curved. Goodyera foliosa (Lindl. ) Benth. ex C. B. Clarke, Flowering : May-Jun. Exsiccatae : Karki S. J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 25 : 73 (1889). 0035 (TUCH) Georchis foliosa Lindl. Altitude : 1,700−2,500 m Habit : Terrestrial, greenish-white, pubescent. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks Flowering : Jul-Sep. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0039 Host species : Schima wallichii and (TUCH) Daphniphyllum himalense Altitude : 2,000−2,100 m Habitat : Terrestrial in humus-rich, moist soil GASTROCHILUS D. Don Goodyera procera (Ker-Gawl. ) Hook., Exot. Fl. About 47 species distributed from India and Sri L : t. 39 (1823). Fig. 4F Lanka to East Asia and South to Indonesia (Chen Neottia procera Ker-Gawl. et al., 2009); 7 species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Habit : Terrestrial, flowers white, many (5-20) Rai, 2017), 2 species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. flowered, lip ovate. Gastrochilus calceolaris (Buch. -Ham. ex Sm. ) Flowering : Feb-May. Exsiccatae : Karki S.

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0040 (TUCH) than 10 flowered, lip elliptic-ovate. Altitude : 900−2,000 m Flowering : Jun-Jul. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0044 Habitat : Terrestrial in humus-rich, moist soil (TUCH) Goodyera repens (L. ) R. Br. Altitude : 2,200−2,400 m repens L. Habitat : Terrestrial in moist, humus-rich soil Habit : Terrestrial, flowers tubular, creamy white, Liparis resupinata Ridl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 22 : hairy, many-flowered. 290 (1886). Flowering : Jan-Feb. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0041 Liparis ridleyi Hook. f. (TUCH) Habit : Epiphyte, flowers pale green or greenish- Altitude : 1,900−2,300 m yellow, 10-50 flowered, lip elliptic-oblong or Habitat : Terrestrial in humus-rich, moist soil ovate-oblong. HABENARIA Willd. Flowering : Oct-Dec. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0045 About 600 species distributed worldwide, mainly (TUCH) in tropical and subtropical areas (Chen et al., Altitude : 1,800−2,500 m 2009); 17 species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks 2017), 1 species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. Host species : Daphniphyllum himalense and Habenaria arietina Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India 6 : Eurya acuminata 138 (1890). Liparis viridiflora (Blume) Lindl., Gen. Sp. Ochyrorchis arietina (Hook. f. ) Szlach. Orchid. Pl. : 31 (1830) Habit : Terrestrial, flowers white or greenish- Malaxis viridifloraBl. white, many-flowered, petals forming a hood. Habit : Epiphyte, flowers pale yellowish-green, Flowering : Jun-Aug. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0042 lip orbicular or ovate-orbicular. (TUCH) Flowering : Nov-Feb. Exsiccatae : Karki S. Altitude : 1,400−3,000 m 0046 (TUCH) Habitat : Terrestrial in damp places, sloppy grass Altitude : 1720-1900 m lands Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks HERMINIUM R. Br. Host species : Daphniphyllum himalense and About 25 species distributed in Europe, parts of Schima wallichii SW and C Asia, extending to E and SE Asia and LUISIA Gaudich. the Himalayas (Chen et al., 2009); 24 species in About 40 species distributed in Bhutan, China, Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 species in India, Indochina, Indonesia, Japan, Malaysia, Suspa-Kshamawoti. New Guinea, Pacific is lands, , Sri Herminium lanceum (Thunb. ) Vuijk, Blumea 11 Lanka, and Thailand (Chen et al., 2009); 1 species : 228 (1961). in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 species Ophrys lancea Thunb. Ex Sw. in Suspa-Kshamawoti. Habit : Terrestrial, flowers pale yellowish to (G. Forst.) Hook. f., Fl. Brit. India green, many-flowered, petals forming a hood. 6 : 25 (1890). Flowering : Jun-Aug. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0043 Epidendrum triste G. Forst. (TUCH) Habit : Epiphyte, flowers greenish-yellow, 2-4 Altitude : 1,700−2,400 m flowered, lip oblong. Habitat : Terrestrial in damp places, sloppy grass Flowering : Mar-Aug. Exsiccatae : Karki S. lands 0047 (TUCH) LIPARIS L. C. Rich. Altitude : 1,741 m About 320 species : tropical Asia, New Guinea, Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks Australia, SW Pacific Islands, subtropical and Host species : Fraxinus floribunda and Schima tropical Americas, Europe and North America wallichii (Chen et al., 2009); 18 species in Nepal OBERONIA Lindl. (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017; Raskoti and Ale, Around 150-200 species, centered in tropical 2019), 3 species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. S and SE Asia but extending to tropical Africa, Liparis cathcartii Hook. f. in Hooker, Icon. Pl. 19 Madagascar, the Mascarene is lands, the : t. 1808 (1889). Fig. 4D Philippines, New Guinea, NE Australia, and the Leptorkis cathcartii (Hook. f. ) Kuntze SW Pacific is lands across to Tahiti (Chen et al., Habit : Terrestrial, flowers green to purple, more 2009); 19 taxa in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai,

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2017), 3 species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. Otochilus lancilabius Seidenf., Bot. Tidsskr. 71 : Oberonia caulescens Lindl., Fol. Orchid. 13. T. 11 (1976). Oberonia 2 : 7, no. 39 (1859) Otochilus albus var. lancilabius (Seidenf.) Malaxis caulescens (Lindl. ) Rchb. f. Pradhan Habit : Epiphyte, distichous, falcate leaves. Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white, small many- Flowering : Jun-Jul. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0069 flowered. (TUCH) Flowering : Oct-Nov. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0051 Altitude : 2,000−2,200 m (TUCH) Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks Altitude : 2,115 m Host species : Buddleja asiatica and Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks Daphniphyllum himalense Host species : Daphniphyllum himalense Oberoniafalcate King &Pantl., J. Asiat. Soc. Otochilus porrectus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. : Bengal, Pt. 2, Nat. Hist. 64 (2) : 329 (1895). 36 (1830). Fig. 3E Oberonia caudata King &Pantl. Otochilus latifolius Griff. Habit : Epiphyte, densely flowered, falcate Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white, small many- leaves. flowered, lip 3 lobed. Flowering : Jun-Jul. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0048 Flowering : Oct-Dec. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0052 (TUCH) (TUCH) Altitude : 1,700−2,200 m Altitude : 1,870−2,115 m Habitat : Epiphytic on medium-sized tree trunks Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks Host species : Buddleja asiatica, Daphniphyllum Host species : Schima wallichii and himalense, and Prunus cerasoides Daphniphyllum himalense Oberonia pachyrachis Rchb. f. ex Hook. f., Fl. PANISEA (Lindl. ) Steud. Brit. India 5 : 681 (1888). Fig. 3D About 7 species distributed in Bhutan, Cambodia, Oberonia umbraticola Rolfe. China, North East India, Laos, Myanmar, Nepal, Habit : Epiphyte, flowers pale brown, small Thailand , Vietnam (Chen et al., 2009); 3 species many-flowered. in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 2 species Flowering : Nov-Mar. Exsiccatae : Karki S. in Suspa-Kshamawoti. 0049 (TUCH) Panisea demissa (D. Don) Pfitz. In Engler, Pfl. Altitude : 1,700−2,115 m -reich IV. 50, I1B-7, Ht. 32 : 141, t. 49 (1907). Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks Dendrobium demissum D. Don. Host species : Alnus nepalensis, Schima wallichii, Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white, 5-8 flowered, lip Prunus cerasoides and Fraxinus floribunda sigmoid shaped. ODONTOCHILUS Blume. Flowering : Oct-Jan. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0053 About 40 species : N India and the Himalayas, (TUCH) through SE Asia, as far north as Japan, east to the Altitude : 2,000−2,300 m SW Pacific is lands (Chen et al., 2009); 3 species Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks in Nepal (Raskoti and Kurzweil, 2015), 1 species Host species : Daphniphyllum himalense and in Suspa-Kshamawoti. Symplocos sp. Odontochilus lanceolatus (Lindl. ) Bl., Coll. Panisea panchaseensis Subedi, Nord. J. Bot. 29 Orchid. 80 (1859). Fig. 4B (3) : 361 (2011). Fig. 3F Anoectochilus lanceolatus Lindl. Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white, 1-3 flowered, lip Habit : Terrestrial, flower yellow, lip golden tip acute. yellow. Flowering : Oct-Jan. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0054 Flowering : Jun-Sep. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0050 (TUCH) (TUCH) Altitude : 2,100−2,500 m Altitude : 1,700−2,115 m Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks Habitat : Terrestrial in humus-rich soil. Host species : Daphniphyllum himalense and OTOCHILUS Lindl. Quercus semecarpifolia Around Four species : Bhutan, China, NE India, PERISTYLUS Bl. Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand , and Indochina (Chen About 70 species distributed in E, S, and SE Asia et al., 2009); 4 species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and to New Guinea, NE Australia, and the SW Pacific Rai, 2017), 2 species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. Islands (Chen et al., 2009); 11 species in Nepal

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(Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 species in Suspa- Eria spicata (D. Don) H and . -Mazz. Kshamawoti. Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white, lip apex yellow, Peristylus aristatus Lindl., Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. : many-flowered. 300 (1835). Flowering : Nov-Feb. Exsiccatae : Karki S. Habenaria aristata (Lindl. ) Hook. f. 0058 (TUCH) Habit : Terrestrial, flowers green, many-flowered, Altitude : 2,135−2,200 m lip longer than and petals. Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks Flowering : Aug-Sep. Exsiccatae : Karki S. Host species : Daphniphyllum himalense and 0055 (TUCH) Symplocos sp. Altitude : 2,300−2,500 m PLEIONE D. Don Habitat : Terrestrial on humid and humid slopes About 25 species distributed throughout Nepal, PHALAENOPSIS Bl. across C, S, and E China and Bhutan, south to About 46 species distributed in India, South Laos, Myanmar, Thailand , and Vietnam (Chen East Asia,Indonesia, Philippines and North et al., 2009); 5 species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Australia (Chen et al., 2009); 3 species in Nepal Rai, 2017), 2 species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 species in Suspa- Pleione humilis (Sm. ) D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. Kshamawoti. : 37 (1825). Fig. 3H Phalaenopsis taenialis (Lindl. ) Christenson & Coelogyne humilis (Sm. ) Lindl. Pradhan., Indian Orchid J. 1 : 154 (1985). Fig. 3G Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white, lip white, spotted Aerides taenialis Lindl. with crimson or yellow-brown. Kingidium taeniale (Lindl. ) P. F. Hunt. Flowering : Feb-Mar. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0059 Habit : Epiphyte, flowers pale pink, lip rose- (TUCH) purple, 1-2 flowered, lip 3 lobed. Altitude : 2,135−2,500 m Flowering : Apr-Jun. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0056 Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks (TUCH) Host species : Quercus semecarpifolia, Altitude : 1,700−2,300 m Daphniphyllum himalense, and Symplocos sp. Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks Pleione praecox (Sm. ) D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. Host species : Schima wallichii, Alnus nepalensis : 37 (1825). PHOLIDOTA Lindl. ex Hook. Coelogyne praecox (Sm. ) Lindl. About 30 species distributed in the main l and Habit : Epiphyte, flowers pink with yellow callus, SE Asia, Australia, New Guinea and Pacific lip fimbriate. Islands (Chen et al., 2009); 5 species in Nepal Flowering : Sep-Nov. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0060 (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 species in Suspa- (TUCH) Kshamawoti. Altitude : 1,800−2,500 m Pholidota pallida Lindl. in Edwards’s Bot. Reg. Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks 21 : sub t. 1777 (1835). Host species : Daphniphyllum himalense, Schima Coelogyne calceata Rchb. f. wallichii and Symplocos sp. Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white, many-flowered. PORPAX Lindl. Flowering : Jun-Jul. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0057 About 11 species : main l and Asia, from India (TUCH) through Thailand and Indochina to Peninsular Altitude : 1,700−1,800 m Malaysia (Chen et al., 2008); 2 species in Nepal Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 species in Suspa- Host species : Buddleja asiatica and Schima Kshamawoti. wallichii Porpax elwesii (Rchb. f. ) Rolfe, Orchid. Rev. 16 Lindl. : 8 (1908). About 160 species distributed from NW Eria elwesii Rchb. f. Himalayas and NE India to Myanmar, S China, Habit : Epiphyte or lithophyte, flowers dark red Vietnam, Laos, Thailand , the Malay Archipelago, or chocolate color, one flowered. NE Australia, and the Pacific is lands (Chenet al., Flowering : Apr-Aug. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 2009); 7 species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, 0061 (TUCH) 2017), 1 species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. Altitude : 1,700−1,920 m Pinalia spicata (Lindl. ) Kuntze., Fl. China. 25 : Habitat : Epiphytic or lithophyte 354 (2009). Host species : Schima wallichii

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RHYNCHOSTYLIS Bl. Altitude : 1,900−2,100 m About 4 species distributed in India, Srilanka, Habitat : Terrestrial on moist areas, wetland Myanmar, South East Asia, Malaysia, Philippines UNCIFERA Lindl. and Indonesia (Chen et al., 2009); 1 species in About six species distributed in Tropical Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 species in Himalayan regions to Indochina and Thailand Suspa-Kshamawoti. (Chen et al., 2009); 2 species in Nepal Rhynchostylis retusa (L. ) Bl., Bijdr. Fl. Nederl. (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 species in Suspa- Ind. 7 : 286, t. 49 (1825). Kshamawoti. Epidendrum retusum L. Uncifera acuminata Lindl., J. Linn. Soc. Bot. 3 Habit : Epiphyte, flowers purplish pink, lip apex : 40 (1859). and spur white. Saccolabium acuminatum (Lindl. ) Hook. f. Flowering : Jun-Jul. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0062 Habit : Epiphyte, flowers yellow, many-flowered. (TUCH) Flowering : Apr-Jun. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0066 Altitude : 1,750 m (TUCH) Habitat : Epiphytic on tree trunks Altitude : 1,670 m Host species : Alnus nepalensis and Ficus sp. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks Host species : Eurya acuminata and Schima SATYRIUM Lw. wallichii About 90 species distributed mainly in S Africa, Vanda Jones ex R. Br. with a few species also found in S Asia (Chen About 40 species distributed in tropical Asia to et al., 2009); 1 species and 1 variety in Nepal New Guinea and Australia (Chen et al., 2009); (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 species in Suspa- 7 species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017; Kshamawoti. Raskoti and Ale, 2019), 1 species in Suspa- Satyrium nepalense D. Don, Prodr. Fl. Nepal. 26 Kshamawoti. (1825). Vanda cristata Lindl. Gen. Sp. Orchid. Pl. 216 Satyrium albiflorum A. Rich. (1833). Fig. 3I Habit : Terrestrial, flowers whitish pink or pale Trudelia cristata (Wall. ex Lindl. ) Senghas purple, floral bract reflexed.Flowering : Jul-Nov. Habit : Epiphyte, flowers yellowish-green, lip Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0063 (TUCH) golden yellow to white, two-lobed. Altitude : 2000-2500 m Flowering : May. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0067 Habitat : Terrestrial on moist areas like grass (TUCH) lands. Altitude : 1,670−2,200 m SPIRANTHES Rich. Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks About 50 species distributed in North America, Host species : Prunus cerasoides, Schima Africa, Asia, Australia, Central, and South wallichii, Alnus nepalensis, Euphorbia royelena, America, and Europe (Chen et al., 2009); 2 Buddleja asiatica and Ficus sp. species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 2 VANDOPSIS Pfitz. species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. About five species distributed in India, China, Spiranthes sinensis (Pers. ) Ames, Orchid. 2 : 53 main l and SE Asia, the Philippines, the Malay (1908). Fig. 4E Archipelago to New Guinea (Chen et al., 2009); Neottia sinensis Pers. 1 species in Nepal (Rajbhandari and Rai, 2017), 1 Habit : Terrestrial, flowers pink, lip white, many- species in Suspa-Kshamawoti. flowered. Vandopsis undulata (Lindl. ) J. J. Sm., Natuurk. Flowering : Jul-Aug. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0064 Tijdschr. Ned. -Indio 72 : 77 (1912). (TUCH) Vanda undulata Lindl. Altitude : 1,900−2,500 m Habit : Epiphyte, flowers white, fragrant, lip Habitat : Terrestrial on open grassl and yellow to white. Spiranthes spiralis (L. ) Chevall., Fl. Gen. Env. Flowering : May-Jun. Exsiccatae : Karki S. Paris 2 : 330 (1827). 0068 (TUCH) Ophrys spiralis L. Altitude : 1,670−2,300 m Habit : Terrestrial, flowers white, lip white, Habitat : Epiphyte on tree trunks many-flowered. Host species : Daphniphyllum himalense, Flowering : Apr-Jun. Exsiccatae : Karki S. 0065 Quercus semecarpifolia and Schima wallichii (TUCH)

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