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Soft Copy [Ph.D. Thesis] Chapter V Discussion 5.1. Analysis of the Orchid Flora The present work comprises a comprehensive study of the diversity of Orchid Flora of Darjeeling Himalaya. From extensive field collection spanning over from June 2007 – April 2015, the present study has enumerated 321 species of Orchids under 86 genera from the Darjeeling Himalaya region. The diversity seen in Orchid species, in a small area like Darjeeling, is indeed amazing. The reason for enormous richness in Orchid diversity within the area is because of favourable factors like conducive climatic, variation in edaphic, altitudinal and their natural complex inter-relationships within the species. The another reason could be of its sufficient rainfall distributed almost throughout the year. As the region covers tropical to sub-alpine region, it holds a large number of very significant Orchid species having prospective to serve the humanity. It is also observed that many species are horticulturally important and are directly grown in the floral gardens by local people, research institutions, floral nurseries etc. The species richness of the region upholds an integral part of “Himalayan Biodiversity Hotspot” in the Eastern Himalayan region. It provides an enormous variety of habitats and this is reflected in the richness of its Orchid flora. The Orchid species recorded during the survey from Darjeeling Himalaya represents the Himalayan origin with major representative taxa of Sino-Himalayan, followed by South-East Asian, Sumatra, Taiwan, Borneo, Afghanisthan, Australia, Malay-Archipelago, Japan, Cambodia, Laos, Java, Malaysia, Indonesia, Myanmar, Nepal, Thailand, Vietnam, New Guinea, Philippines, South West Pacific Islands, Sulawesi, Sri Lanka, and of African origin. Comparatively a very less number of cosmopolitan species of plants are recorded from the region. 431482 5.2. Habitat Groups Darjeeling Himalaya covers tropical to sub-alpine region, it upholds a huge number of Orchids that grow over a wide range of habitats. Conducive environmental conditions like exposure to light regime, space, temperature, humidity, precipitation, soil type and soil pH play important role for the growth and regeneration of Orchids. The Orchids found in the Darjeeling Himalaya, based upon their habitats, can be primarily classified into epiphytes (rarely lithophytes) terrestrial and saprophyte (mycotropic) species. It has been recorded that 2 species with 2 genera are saprophytic, 100 species with 34 genera are terrestrial and the rest 219 species with 52 genera are epiphytic. The number of epiphytic are greater than the terrestrial and saprophytic species. It is observed that epiphytic species are more dominant than the terrestrial and the saprophytic throughout the region. While many of the species remain restricted to a specific type of habitat other occupy diverse habitat range. Cymbidium and Liparis are two genera which have both epiphytic and terrestrial habitats. The list of Orchid species of Darjeeling Himalaya with habitat, place of occurrence (locality), altitudinal range, date of collection, flowering time is presented in (Annexure A). 5.2.1. Epiphytic Genera The epiphytes constitute a specialized group adapted to their habitats with the presence of clinging roots that help in their attachment and aerial roots with the spongy velamen tissue help them draw and retain moisture from the atmosphere. The majority of Orchid species are epiphytes and grow perching on tree trunks and sometimes even on moss covered boulders. The 52 epiphytic Orchid genera include Acampe Lindl., Acrochaene Lindl., Aerides Lour., Agrostophyllum Szlach., Appendicula Bl., Ascocentrum Schltr., Biermannia King & Pantl., Bulbophyllum Schltr., Ceratostylis Bl., Chiloschista Lindl., Cleisocentron Bruhl., Cleisostoma Bl., Coelogyne Lindl., Cryptochilus Wall., Cymbidium Sw., Dendrobium Sw., Epigeneium Gagnep., Eria Lindl., Esmeralda Rchb. f., Flickengeria A.D. Hawkes, Gastrochilus D. Don, Liparis Rich., Luisia Gaud., Micropera Lindl., Monomeria Lindl., Oberonia Lindl., Ornithochilus (Lindl.) Benth., Otochilus Lindl., Panisea (Lindl.) Steud., Pelatantheria Ridl., Papilionanthe Schltr., Phalaenopsis Bl., Pholidota Lindl. ex Hook., Phreatia Lindl., Pinalia Lindl., Pleione D. Don, Podochilus Bl., Pomatocalpa Breda , Porpax 432483 Lindl., Pteroceras Hasskari, Rhynchostylis Bl., Saccolabiopsis J.J. Sm., Smitinandia Holtt., Steriochilus Lindl., Sunipia Lindl., Thelasis Bl., Thunia Rchb. f., Trichotosia Bl., Tylostylis Bl., Uncifera Lindl., Vanda Jones ex R. Br. and Vandopsis Pfitz. The list of epiphytic species arranged in alphabetical order is presented in (Annexure B) and those that are epiphytic but occasionally modification of this habit and grow on moss covered rocks and boulders, such species are termed as ‘lithophytes’ and available species are Bulbophyllum bisetum, B. hirtum, B. leopardinum, B. odoratissimum var. odoratissimum, B. scabratum, Coelogyne corymbosa, C. cristata, C. fuscescens, C. flaccida, C. nitida, C. raizadae, Cymbidium aloifolium, C. bicolor, C. devonianum, Dendrobium aphyllum, D. chrysanthum, D. densiflorum, D. denudans, D. moschatum, D. nobile, Pholidota imbricata, Epigeneium amplum, E. rotundatum, Eria coronaria, E. lasiopetala, E. spicata, Otochilus albus, O. fuscus, O. lancilabius, Panisea demissa, Pholidota articulata, P. articulata var. griffithii, P. pallida, Pleione hookeriana, P. humilis, P. praecox, Rhynchostylis retusa, Thunia alba, Tylostylis discolor, Vanda cristata, Vandopsis undulata etc. 5.2.2. Terrestrial Genera Terrestrial Orchids grow in soil and perinate with the help of tubers or rhizomes which store food material in them for inhospitable seasons. The availability of terrestrial Orchid genera in the region is lesser than the epiphytic genera. Present study found only 34 terrestrial Orchid genera in the region which include Acanthephippium Bl., Anoectochilus Bl., Anthogonium Wall. ex Lindl., Arundina Bl., Calanthe R. Br., Cheirostylis Bl., Chrysoglossum Bl., Cremastra Lindl., Crepidium Bl., Cymbidium Sw., Dienia Lindl., Diplomeris D. Don, Eulophia R. Br., Geodorum Jackson, Goodyera R. Br., Gymnadenia R. Br., Habenaria Willd., Herminium R. Br., Herpysma Lindl., Liparis Rich., Malaxis Soland. ex Sw., Nephelaphyllum Bl., Nervilia Commerson ex Gaud., Odontochilus Bl., Paphiopedilum Pfitz., Peristylus Bl., Phaius Lour., Platanthera Rich., Rhomboda Lindl., Satyrium Sw., Spirenthes Rich., Tainia Bl., Tipularia Nuttall, and Zeuxine Lindl. Of these, 78 species were found to grow in soil while, 19 species occur in the undisturbed humus on forest floors viz . Anoectochilus grandiflorus, Goodyera foliosa, G. fusca, G. hemsleyana, G. hispida, G. schlechtendaliana, G. vittata, Herpysma longicaulis, Liparis cathcartii, L. cordifolia, Odontochilus crispus, O. elwesii, O. lanceolatus, Tainia minor, Tipularia josephi, Zeuxine affinis, Z. flava, Z. 433484 goodyeroides, Z. reflexa etc. The soil growing terrestrial species is alphabetically presented in the (Annexure C). 5.2.3. Saprophytic Genera Saprophytic is also terrestrial. But grow in soil rich in decaying organic substances and leafless characteristic has categorize them separately into saprophytic. The available saprophytic Orchid genera is very meagre in compared with epiphytic and terrestrial genera in the region. Present study found only two saprophytic Orchid genera in the region. They are Didymoplexis Griff. and Galeola Lour. 5.3. Monotypic Genera There are three monotypic Orchid genera available in the region viz ., Acrochaene , Anthogonium and Herpysma and their species are Acrochaene punctata , Anthogonium gracile and Herpysma longicaulis . 5.4. Numerical Distribution of Species The present floristic work on Orchid Flora of Darjeeling deals with an account of 86 genera and 321 species enumerated in this study. 52 genera that accounted for 59.09% were epiphytic and 34 or 38.64% were terrestrial and 2 or 2.27% of the Orchid genera of the region were saprophytic (Fig. 5.1). In terms of the species 219 or 68.22% were epiphytic with 100 or 31.15% being terrestrial and 2 or 0.62% saprophytic (Table 5.1, Fig. 5.2). Thus, the epiphytic species far outnumber the terrestrial species in this region being nearly one and a half time greater in terms of the representative genera and more than twice in terms of the species. Table 5.1: Numerical Presentation of species Habitat of species Total Epiphytic Terrestrial Saprophytic Total number of 86 52 34 2 genera Total number of 321 219 100 2 species 434485 Fig. 5.1: Percentage Distribution of Orchid Genera Fig. 5.2: Percentage Distribution of Orchid Species 5.4.1. Epiphytic Species Diversity Some epiphytic Orchid species frequently occur as lithophytes if suitable habitat persists on rocks and stones with moist mosses. There are 52 genera with 219 epiphytic Orchid species recorded from the regions and some of epiphytic species frequently growing as lithophytes. 435486 Table 5.2: Numerical representation of epiphytic species with each genus along with their respective percentage Sl. Epiphytic No. of % of Sl. Epiphytic No. of % of No. Genera spp. spp. No. Genera spp. spp. 1 Acampe 2 0.91 27 Ornithochilus 1 0.46 2 Acrochaene 1 0.46 28 Otochilus 3 1.37 3 Aerides 2 0.91 29 Panisea 2 0.91 4 Agrostophyllum 4 1.83 30 Papilionanthe 1 0.46 5 Appendicula 1 0.46 31 Pelatantheria 1 0.46 6 Ascocentrum 1 0.46 32 Phalaenopsis 4 1.83 7 Biermannia 1 0.46 33 Pholidota 6 2.74 8 Bulbophyllum 36 16.4 34 Phreatia 1 0.46 9 Ceratostylis 2 0.91 35 Pinalia 5 2.28 10 Chiloschista 1 0.46 36 Pleione 4 1.83 11 Cleisocentron
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