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Ornamental Plants in Different Approaches

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Ornamental Plants in Different Approaches Ornamental Plants in Different Approaches Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ÇIĞ cultivation sustainibility ecology propagation ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN DIFFERENT APPROACHES EDITOR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ÇIĞ AUTHORS Atilla DURSUN Feran AŞUR Husrev MENNAN Görkem ÖRÜK Kazım MAVİ İbrahim ÇELİK Murat Ertuğrul YAZGAN Muhemet Zeki KARİPÇİN Mustafa Ercan ÖZZAMBAK Funda ANKAYA Ramazan MAMMADOV Emrah ZEYBEKOĞLU Şevket ALP Halit KARAGÖZ Arzu ÇIĞ Jovana OSTOJIĆ Bihter Çolak ESETLILI Meltem Yağmur WALLACE Elif BOZDOGAN SERT Murat TURAN Elif AKPINAR KÜLEKÇİ Samim KAYIKÇI Firat PALA Zehra Tugba GUZEL Mirjana LJUBOJEVIĆ Fulya UZUNOĞLU Nazire MİKAİL Selin TEMİZEL Slavica VUKOVIĆ Meral DOĞAN Ali SALMAN İbrahim Halil HATİPOĞLU Dragana ŠUNJKA İsmail Hakkı ÜRÜN Fazilet PARLAKOVA KARAGÖZ Atakan PİRLİ Nihan BAŞ ZEYBEKOĞLU M. Anıl ÖRÜK Copyright © 2020 by iksad publishing house All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, distributed or transmitted in any form or by any means, including photocopying, recording or other electronic or mechanical methods, without the prior written permission of the publisher, except in the case of brief quotations embodied in critical reviews and certain other noncommercial uses permitted by copyright law. Institution of Economic Development and Social Researches Publications® (The Licence Number of Publicator: 2014/31220) TURKEY TR: +90 342 606 06 75 USA: +1 631 685 0 853 E mail: [email protected] www.iksadyayinevi.com It is responsibility of the author to abide by the publishing ethics rules. Iksad Publications – 2020© ISBN: 978-625-7687-07-2 Cover Design: İbrahim KAYA December / 2020 Ankara / Turkey Size = 16 x 24 cm CONTENTS PREFACE Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ÇIĞ……………………………………………1 CHAPTER 1 DOUBLE FLOWER TRAIT IN ORNAMENTAL PLANTS: FROM HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO MOLECULAR MECHANISMS Prof. Dr. Şevket ALP Assist. Prof. Dr. İbrahim ÇELİK………………………...…………….3 CHAPTER 2 THE IMPORTANCE OF INDOOR PLANTS Prof. Dr. Murat Ertuğrul YAZGAN..…….………………………….21 CHAPTER 3 POT GERBERA PRODUCTION Assist. Prof. Dr. Ali SALMAN Dr. Meltem Yağmur WALLACE…..…….………………………….37 CHAPTER 4 EDIBLE FLOWERS Ph. Dr. Nihan BAŞ ZEYBEKOĞLU …………………....…………..51 CHAPTER 5 DECORATIVE VEGETABLE: BOTTLE GOURD Assist. Prof. Dr. Muhemet Zeki KARİPÇİN …….………………….77 CHAPTER 6 A STUDY ON PHENOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF FICUS CARICA AND MORUS ALBA ‘PENDULA’ USED IN GREEN AREAS IN ISKENDERUN AS A MEDITERRANEAN COASTAL CITY Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elif BOZDOGAN SERT Research Assistant Zehra Tugba GUZEL………………..………..103 CHAPTER 7 EFFECT OF DIFFERENT TREATMENT ON SEEDLING EMERGENCE OF CENTAUREA PTOSIMOPAPPA, A WILD ENDEMIC PLANT WITH ORNAMENTAL POTENTIAL Prof. Dr. Kazım MAVİ Research Assistant Fulya UZUNOĞLU Sıddık KAYA Dr. Samim KAYIKÇI …..…….……………………….………….127 CHAPTER 8 EFFECT OF PLANTING DATE AND DISTANCE ON TURFGRASS ESTABLISHMENT WITH ZOYSIA JAPONICA ‘MEYER’ BY VEGETATIVELY IN MEDITERRANEAN CONDITIONS Research Assistant Selin TEMİZEL…..……………………………147 CHAPTER 9 WEED MANAGEMENT IN ORNAMENTAL PLANTS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Firat PALA Prof. Dr. Husrev MENNAN…….…...…..……….……...…………173 CHAPTER 10 CONTROL OF MYZUS PERSICAE AND TRIALEURODES VAPORARIORUM IN CHRYSANTHEMUM Assoc. Prof. Dr. Slavica VUKOVIĆ Assist. Prof. Dr. Dragana ŠUNJKA…….………………..…………191 CHAPTER 11 ENSURING SUSTAINABILITY IN HEAVY METAL CONTAINED SOIL AND WATER RESOURCES BY CULTIVATING ORNAMENTAL PLANTS Agricultural engineer (M.Sc) Meral DOĞAN Landscape architect (M.Sc) İbrahim Halil HATİPOĞLU Agricultural Engineer İsmail Hakkı ÜRÜN…...……….…………...209 CHAPTER 12 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS AND THEIR HEAVY METAL ACCUMULATION Assoc. Prof. Dr. Bihter Çolak ESETLILI ..……….……...…………239 CHAPTER 13 THE IMPORTANCE OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN EROSION CONTROL Lecturer Dr. Funda ANKAYA Atakan PİRLİ………………………...……….…………………..265 CHAPTER 14 EVALUATION OF SOME WILLOWS (SALIX L.) SPECIES IN SUSTAINABLE ENVIRONMENT AND LANDSCAPE REPAIR STUDIES Assist. Prof. Dr. Feran AŞUR Assoc. Prof. Dr. Elif AKPINAR KÜLEKÇİ………………..……303 CHAPTER 15 EVALUATION OF PHYTOCHEMICAL COMPOUNDS, BIOLOGICAL ACTIVITY AND USES IN ETHNOBOTANY OF GENERA IN TURKEY OF LILIACEAE FAMILY USED AS ORNAMENTAL PLANTS Dr. Murat TURAN Prof. Dr. Ramazan MAMMADOV…...……….……………………325 CHAPTER 16 DIFFERENT APPLICATIONS IN STERILIZATION OF THE NUTRIENT MEDIUM IN THE MICROPROPAGATION OF ORNAMENTAL PLANTS Prof. Dr. Mustafa Ercan ÖZZAMBAK Dr. Emrah ZEYBEKOĞLU……………..……….……...………….361 CHAPTER 17 PROPAGATION OF TERRESTRIAL ORCHIDS: CURRENT APPROACH AND FUTURE DIRECTIONS Dr. Research Associate Jovana OSTOJIĆ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Mirjana LJUBOJEVIĆ………..………..…………397 CHAPTER 18 A REVIEW; EVALUATION OF PLANT GROWTH PROMOTING RHIZOBACTERIA IN ORNAMENTAL PLANTS INDUSTRY Assist. Prof. Dr. Fazilet PARLAKOVA KARAGÖZ Prof. Dr. Atilla DURSUN Dr. Halit KARAGÖZ…………………………………...…………..441 CHAPTER 19 INVESTIGATION OF THE FACTORS AFFECTING FIRST FLOWERING TIME OF TULIPA GESNERIANA BY PATH ANALYSIS Assoc. Prof. Dr. Arzu ÇIĞ Assoc. Prof. Dr. Nazire MİKAİL………..……….……...………….491 CHAPTER 20 OUTLOOK ON ORNAMENTAL PLANTS SECTOR IN TURKEY Assist. Prof. Dr. Görkem ÖRÜK Agricultural Engineer M. Anıl ÖRÜK.....…………….……..……...507 Ornamental Plants, which have a different place among plant groups, have started to take their deserved place in our lives. The ornamental plants we use to soften the increasingly stressful living conditions, except for their cultivation and benefit in food, textile, medicine, cosmetics, industry fields, bring us closer to nature, especially in this technological-digital age. In fact, we can say that there are many unknown aspects of these beautiful ornamental plants that we see at home and indoors, on our balconies, parks and gardens, and they touch us in areas we have never known in our lives. In this book, these areas are tried to be addressed from different ways. These studies cover the botanical and phenological characteristics of some ornamental plants, their phyto-chemical content, ecological characteristics, fertilization, disease-pest-weed control, growing conditions, production techniques, usage areas, health benefits and the place of this sector in our country. I would like to thank all of our authors, who were by our sides with their studies and support, in this book, which includes works that are very valuable both academically and scientifically, and I hope that everyone who is interested in these issues find what they are curios about in this book and that the information in it will benefit everyone. Sincerely Yours Arzu ÇIĞ 1 2 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN DIFFERENT APPROACHES CHAPTER 1 DOUBLE FLOWER TRAIT IN ORNAMENTAL PLANTS: FROM HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE TO MOLECULAR MECHANISMS Prof. Dr. Şevket ALP1 Assist. Prof. Dr. İbrahim ÇELİK2 1 Van Yuzuncu Yıl University, Faculty of Architecture And Design, Department of Landscape Architecture, Van, Turkey. [email protected] 2 Pamukkale University, Çal Vocational School of Higher Education, Department of Agricultural and Livestock Production, Denizli, Turkey. [email protected] 3 4 ORNAMENTAL PLANTS IN DIFFERENT APPROACHES INTRODUCTION The transformation change in nature that occurs in the DNA or RNA sequence in the living genome is defined as a mutation. Changes in the outer appearance of a mutated creature can be shown in different ways. One of the results of the transformation change occurring in the genome of plants is stratification. The stratification feature is very rare and rarely occurs in nature. As the interest in plants with double flowers increases, researches on the feature of stratification in the natural environment, even though it is rare, has gained importance. Double flowers are necessarily favorites with almost every one, being, with few and rare exceptions, much more beautiful than the single forms of the genus, and also, in the majority of cases, evincing the exercise of that skill, which, when attended with favorable results, is always so pleasing. 1. DEFINITION The formation of flowers, which is the most remarkable organ of plants in the stratification issue, develops in a mysterious way. Each flower starts to be formed mainly as a small cluster of undifferentiated cells within the bud; then, it changes into a complex structure that includes different organs with defined functions. Each organ in a flower has its own specific cell type, group, and function. The flower shape is formed during the embryonic stage. While some cell groups develop through the cell type they already have, some 5 cell groups can also develop in a different way. Plants that develop in a different way are defined as "mutants". Stratified flowers, which are part of mutant plants and formed naturally, are of specific importance. Although wild plants in nature generally have plain flowers, some kinds have double flowers. The term 'Double Flower' is actually a type of flower which is grown anomalous, and is often used to describe flower varieties with extra petals. Due to the mutation of three genes that have a function in flower formation, as a result of the transformation of early female organs into petals, a double flower is formed. The double flower feature is usually named as 'fl.pl.' which is an abbreviation for the Latin word "flore pleno" meaning "full flower" (Baytop, 1998). Since this feature in plants has a gene character and the morphological characteristics of the recorded types support it, it was seen as a variation for the species and it was accepted at the form level in the botanical classification. 2. FEATURES AND USAGE The stratification feature that takes place in nature during the evolution of the species, over long periods of time and by themselves,
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