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Limiting Factors of Five Rare Plant Species in Mesic Forests, Hawai`I Volcanoes National Park

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Limiting Factors of Five Rare Plant Species in Mesic Forests, Hawai`I Volcanoes National Park Technical Report HCSU-015 LIMITING FACTORS OF FIVE RARE PLANT SPECIES IN MESIC FORESTS, HAWAI`I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK Linda W. Pratt1, Joshua R. VanDeMark2, and Melody Euaparadorn2 1U.S. Geological Survey, Pacifi c Island Ecosystems Research Center, Kilauea Field Station, P.O. Box 44, Hawai`i National Park, HI 96718 2Hawai`i Cooperative Studies Unit, University of Hawai`i at Hilo, Pacifi c Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center, P.O. Box 44, Hawai`i National Park, HI 96718 Hawai`i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai`i at Hilo Pacifi c Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center (PACRC) 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, HI 96720 (808) 933-0706 May 2010 The views and conclusions contained in this document are those of the authors and should not be interpreted as representing the opinions or policies of the U. S. Government. Mention of trade names or commercial products does not constitute their endorsement by the U. S. Government. Technical Report HCSU-015 LIMITING FACTORS OF FIVE RARE PLANT SPECIES IN MESIC FORESTS OF HAWAI`I VOLCANOES NATIONAL PARK Linda W. Pratt1, Joshua R. VanDeMark2, and Melody Euaparadorn2 1U.S. Geological Survey, Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center, Kīlauea Field Station, Hawai`i National Park, HI 96718 2U.S. Geological Survey Hawai`i Cooperative Studies Unit, Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center, University of Hawai‘i at Hilo, Kīlauea Field Station, Hawai`i National Park, HI 96718 KEY WORDS Limiting factors, rare and endangered plant species, Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park CITATION Pratt, L. W., J. R. VanDeMark, and M. Euaparadorn. 2010. Limiting factors of five rare plant species in mesic forests of Hawai`i Volcanoes National Park. Hawai`i Cooperative Studies Unit Technical Report HCSU-015. University of Hawai`i at Hilo. 142 pp., incl. 43 figures, 11 tables, & 2 appendices. STATEMENT OF GPS DATUM NAD 1983 Hawai`i Cooperative Studies Unit University of Hawai`i at Hilo Pacific Aquaculture and Coastal Resources Center (PACRC) 200 W. Kawili St. Hilo, Hawai`i 96720 808-933-0706 May 2010 This product was prepared under Cooperative Agreement CA CA03WRAG0036 for the Pacific Island Ecosystems Research Center of the U. S. Geological Survey ii TABLE OF CONTENTS TABLE OF CONTENTS ........................................................................................................... iii LIST OF TABLES................................................................................................................... v LIST OF FIGURES .................................................................................................................vi ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................... 1 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................................... 3 THE STUDY AREA ................................................................................................................ 7 Geology and Soils ............................................................................................................. 7 Climate ............................................................................................................................ 8 Vegetation and History of Management ............................................................................. 9 METHODS .......................................................................................................................... 11 Size Class Structure, Growth, and Mortality ...................................................................... 11 Sampling Methods for Phenology and Reproduction .......................................................... 11 Success of Fruit Development ......................................................................................... 12 Pollination Studies .......................................................................................................... 13 Floral Visitor Observations ........................................................................................... 13 Pollen Transport ......................................................................................................... 14 Pollen Viability ............................................................................................................ 15 Stigma Receptivity ...................................................................................................... 15 Pollen Limitation ......................................................................................................... 16 Self-compatibility ........................................................................................................ 17 Understory Thinning at Melicope zahlbruckneri ................................................................. 17 Rat Exclusion Trees ........................................................................................................ 18 Seed and Seedling Predation ........................................................................................... 19 Seed Plots in and Outside Rodent Exclosures ................................................................ 19 Seed Predation by Rodents .......................................................................................... 19 Seed Predation by Insects ........................................................................................... 20 Seedling Predation by Kalij Pheasants (Lophura leucomelanos) ...................................... 20 Seed Plots and Seedlings with and without Grass ............................................................. 21 Seeds and Seed Germination ........................................................................................... 21 Soil Seed Bank ............................................................................................................ 21 Seed Germination in the Greenhouse ........................................................................... 22 Seed Viability Tests ..................................................................................................... 23 Data Analysis ................................................................................................................. 24 RESULTS ........................................................................................................................... 26 Hibiscadelphus giffardianus, Hau kuahiwi ......................................................................... 26 Growth and Mortality of Planted Population in Two Kīpuka ............................................ 26 Reproductive Phenology 2006-2008 ............................................................................. 29 Success of Fruit Development ...................................................................................... 33 Nectar-robbed Fllowers ............................................................................................... 33 Pollination Studies ....................................................................................................... 34 Rat Exclusion Trees and Controls ................................................................................. 38 iii Seed and Seedling Predation ....................................................................................... 39 Seeds and Seed Germination ....................................................................................... 40 Melicope hawaiensis, Manena .......................................................................................... 41 Size Class Structure, Growth, and Mortality .................................................................. 41 Reproductive Phenology 2006-2008 ............................................................................. 44 Success of Fruit Development ...................................................................................... 48 Floral Visitation Rates of Potential Pollinators ................................................................ 48 Seed Predation ........................................................................................................... 49 Seeds and Seed Germination ....................................................................................... 51 Melicope zahlbruckneri, Alani ........................................................................................... 53 Size Class Structure, Growth, and Mortality .................................................................. 53 Reproductive Phenology 2006-2008 ............................................................................. 55 Success of Fruit Development ...................................................................................... 58 Understory Thinning Experiment .................................................................................. 59 Seed Predation ........................................................................................................... 60 Seeds and Seed Germination ....................................................................................... 61 Zanthoxylum dipetalum var. dipetalum, Kāwa`u ............................................................... 62 Size Class Structure, Growth and Mortality ................................................................... 62 Reproductive Phenology 2006-2008 ............................................................................. 65 Success of Fruit Development .....................................................................................
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