Completamente Aberta Intensidade Da Pigmentação Antociânica Dos Pêlos Prostrados Da Extre- 003 4 Média Midade 004 3 Densidade De Pêlos Prostrados Da Extremidade Baixa

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Completamente Aberta Intensidade Da Pigmentação Antociânica Dos Pêlos Prostrados Da Extre- 003 4 Média Midade 004 3 Densidade De Pêlos Prostrados Da Extremidade Baixa VINO VERT LIVRE BLANC LIBRO BLANCO LIVRO BRANCO SUR LES SOBRE SOBRE AS VARIÉTÉS VARIEDADES VARIEDADES RESISTANTES RESISTENTES RESISTENTES Compétitivité des PME WWW.VINOVERT.EU LIVRE BLANC SUR LES VARIETES RESISTANTES ÉTAT DES LIEUX EN FRANCE, ESPAGNE ET PORTUGAL LIBRO BLANCO SOBRE VARIEDADES RESISTENTES ESTADO DE SITUACIÓN EN FRANCIA, ESPAÑA Y PORTUGAL LIVRO BRANCO SOBRE AS VARIEDADES RESISTENTES PONTO DA SITUAÇÃO EM FRANÇA, ESPANHA E PORTUGAL Auteurs (FR) : Jean-Michel Salmon, Hernan Ojeda, Anne Hubert, Eric Giraud Héraud, Ale- jandro Fuentes Espinoza Autores (ES) : Felicidad de Herralde, Leonor Ruiz -García, Robert Savé, Xoán Elorduy, Enric Bartra, José María Gil, Cristina Escobar Autores (PT) : José E. Eiras Dias, João Brazão, Jorge Cunha, Helena Oliveira, Isabel Rodri- go, Cristina Carlos, Fernanda Almeida WWW.VINOVERT.EU © Vinovert - 2018 - 2 Ce livre blanc est issu du travail mené dans le cadre du projet Interreg Sudoe « Vinovert » et a été rédigé avec l’aide des partenaires suivants : Este documento se basa en el trabajo realizado dentro del proyecto Interreg Sudoe ‘Vinovert’ y fue escrito con la ayuda de los siguientes socios : Este documento é baseado em trabalho realizado no âmbito do projecto Interreg Sudoe ‘Vino- vert’ e foi escrito com a ajuda dos seguintes parceiros : France / Francia / França : INRA Pech Rouge, INRA Montpellier, INRA Bordeaux, Univer- sité de Bordeaux (GREThA). Espagne / España / Espanha : IRTA, CREDA, INCAVI, IMIDA. Portugal : INIAV, ADVID, ISA. © Vinovert - 2018 - 3 TABLE DES MATIERES / TABLA DE CONTENIDO / TABELA DE CONTEÚDOS RÉSUMÉ 9 RESUMEN 11 RESUMO 13 INTRODUCTION 15 TOUR D’HORIZON DES VARIÉTÉS RÉSISTANTES 16 • HISTORIQUE D’UNE PRATIQUE ANCIENNE 16 • LA RECHERCHE DANS LE MONDE (HORS FRANCE) 17 • LA RECHERCHE EN FRANCE 18 ■ LES OBTENTIONS FRANÇAISES INRA D’ALAIN BOUQUET 18 ■ LES OBTENTIONS FRANÇAISES INRA-RESDUR 19 LA RÉGLEMENTATION FRANÇAISE ACTUELLE 22 D’UN POINT DE VUE AGRONOMIQUE 23 • QU’EN EST-IL DES RENDEMENTS ? 23 • ARCHITECTURE DE LA VIGNE ET RÉSISTANCE ? 24 • STABILITÉ DE(S) RÉSISTANCE(S) ? 25 D’UN POINT DE VUE ŒNOLOGIQUE 26 • PRODUCTION DE JUS 26 • PRODUCTION DE VINS À FAIBLE TENEUR EN ALCOOL 26 • PRODUCTION DE VINS ET APTITUDE TECHNOLOGIQUE 26 • SENSIBILITÉ À L’OXYDATION 29 D’UN POINT DE VUE ÉCONOMIQUE, COÛTS ET BÉNÉFICES 30 • LE COÛT DES TRAITEMENTS PHYTOSANITAIRES 30 • DES ÉCONOMIES ENGENDRÉES PAR LA CULTURE DE VARIÉTÉS RÉSISTANTES ? 31 ■ COÛTS 31 ■ EMISSIONS 34 • DE NOUVEAUX FRAIS GÉNÉRÉS ? 35 QUELLES ATTENTES SOCIÉTALES ? 37 • DU POINT DE VUE DES VITICULTEURS : 37 • DU POINT DE VUE DES CONSOMMATEURS : 38 ■ CONTEXTE SOCIÉTAL : 38 ■ SÉLECTION DES VINS, RECRUTEMENT DES CONSOMMATEURS ET PROTOCOLE : 39 ■ RÉSULTATS ET ANALYSE DES COMPORTEMENTS D’ACHAT DES © Vinovert - 2018 - 4 CONSOMMATEURS : 40 CONCLUSIONS 42 BIBLIOGRAPHIE 43 ANNEXES 46 RESUME 53 RESUMEN 54 RESUMO 55 INTRODUCCIÓN 56 EL CONTEXTO EN ESPAÑA 56 LA LEGISLACIÓN ACTUAL EN ESPAÑA 57 LOS PROGRAMAS DE MEJORA 58 • EL PROGRAMA DEL IMIDA 58 ■ REALIZACIÓN DE CRUZAMIENTOS DIRIGIDOS (HIBRIDACIÓN). 59 ■ GERMINACIÓN DE SEMILLAS 60 ■ ANÁLISIS MOLECULAR DE LA PRESENCIA DE GENES DE RESISTENCIA EN LOS CRUCES GENERADOS 60 ■ ANÁLISIS AGRONÓMICO, MORFOLÓGICO Y DE CALIDAD DE LA UVA DE LOS CRUCES SELECCIONADOS 60 • EL PROGRAMA VRIAACC 62 • OTROS ESTUDIOS 63 CONCLUSIONES 64 REFERENCIAS 65 RESUME 67 RESUMEN 69 RESUMO 71 INTRODUÇÃO 73 1.1. ENQUADRAMENTO HISTÓRICO 73 • 1.1.1. PRIMEIROS TRABALHOS DE MELHORAMENTO GENÉTICO DA VIDEIRA 73 • 1.1.2. ORGANIZAÇÃO DA INVESTIGAÇÃO SOBRE GENÉTICA E MELHORAMENTO DA VIDEIRA 77 • 1.2. INTERESSE DAS VARIEDADES RESISTENTES VS. VARIEDADES TRADICIONAIS 78 2. A LEGISLAÇÃO PORTUGUESA 80 • 2.1. INSCRIÇÃO DE NOVAS VARIEDADES NO CATÁLOGO NACIONAL DE VARIE- DADES DE ESPÉCIES AGRÍCOLAS E DE ESPÉCIES HORTÍCOLAS (CNV) 80 • 2.2. INTRODUÇÃO EM CULTURA DE VARIEDADES APTAS À PRODUÇÃO DE VINHO 80 3. A INVESTIGAÇÃO EM PORTUGAL 81 4. CARACTERIZAÇÃO DAS VARIEDADES RESISTENTES EM PORTUGALL 82 • 4.1. DEFENSOR B 82 © Vinovert - 2018 - 5 • 4.2. C. 19 T 83 5. INQUÉRITO SOBRE PRÁTICAS FITOSSANITÁRIAS NA VINHA, VARIEDADES RESISTENTES E UTILIZAÇÃO DE SULFITOS 84 • 5.1. BREVE CARACTERIZAÇÃO DOS RESPONDENTES AO INQUÉRITO 85 • 5.2. BREVE CARACTERIZAÇÃO DAS EXPLORAÇÕES VITÍCOLAS 85 • 5.3. PRÁTICAS FITOSSANITÁRIAS ADOTADAS NA VINHA 86 ■ 5.3.1. MODO DE PRODUÇÃO 86 ■ 5.3.2. USO DE PESTICIDAS 86 ■ 5.3.3. ACONSELHAMENTO FITOSSANITÁRIO 88 • 5.4. MOTIVAÇÕES PARA ALTERAR PRÁTICAS FITOSSANITÁRIAS NA VINHA 89 • 5.5. VARIEDADES RESISTENTES E APLICAÇÃO DE SULFITOS 90 ■ 5.5.1. VARIEDADES RESISTENTES 91 ■ 5.5.2. SULFITOS NOS VINHOS 94 6. CONCLUSÕES 97 AGRADECIMENTOS 98 REFERÊNCIAS BIBLIOGRÁFICAS 99 ANEXOS 100 • ANEXO I – DESCRIÇÃO AMPELOGRÁFICA DA VARIEDADE DEFENSOR B 100 • ANEXO II – FOTOGRAFIAS DA VARIEDADE DEFENSOR B 102 • ANEXO III – DESCRIÇÃO AMPELOGRÁFICA DA VARIEDADE C. 19 T 103 • ANEXO IV – FOTOGRAFIAS DA VARIEDADE C. 19 T 105 • ANEXO V – CROMATOGRAMA DA ANÁLISE DE UMA AMOSTRA DE VINHO DA VARIEDADE C. 19 T 106 ■ VINHOS LIMPOS E BONS, VINHEDOS RESPONSÁVEIS E EMPREENDEDORES, ARBITRAGENS DOS CONSUMIDORES 107 ■ VINOS LIMPIOS Y BUENOS, VIÑEDOS RESPONSABLES Y EMPRENDEDORES, ARBITRAJES DE CONSUMIDORES 107 © Vinovert - 2018 - 6 © Vinovert - 2018 - 7 LIVRE BLANC SUR LES VARIÉTÉS RÉSISTANTES : ÉTAT DES LIEUX EN FRANCE © Vinovert - 2018 - 8 RÉSUMÉ Face aux crises sanitaires en Europe au XIXème siècle (phylloxera, mildiou, oïdium, maladies importées des Etats Unis), des cépages « hybrides producteurs directs » ont été produits à partir de croisement entre Vitis américains et Vitis vinifera. De part un manque de qualité et un pro- blème de production de méthanol pour certains, ces hybrides ont été abandonnés. Les recherches françaises sur ce thème n’ont repris qu’en 1972, à l’initiative d’Alain Bouquet (INRA Montpellier). Dans le reste de l’Europe, la création de variétés résistantes s’est poursuivie depuis les années 1930 en Allemagne et dans les anciens pays de l’Est. Dans les années 70, l’Allemagne a introduit davan- tage de sources de résistance en produisant des cépages issus de croisement de Vitis asiatiques, américaines et Vitis vinifera. Ce sont donc depuis 1945, une centaine de variétés résistantes qui ont ainsi été créées et inscrites au catalogue de plusieurs états de l’Union Européenne. Dans le reste du monde, la Chine montre également de l’intérêt pour les variétés de cuve tandis que certains pays sont axés sur les variétés de table (Brésil, Japon, Corée du Sud, Inde). D’autres travaillent sur des programmes OGM (Etats Unis, Australie). Peu de données mondiales sur les surfaces de planta- tion de variétés résistantes sont disponibles. En France, deux grands axes d’obtention de matériel végétal Vigne résistant aux maladies cryptogamiques cohabitent: l’un issu des créations initiales d’Alain Bouquet en Languedoc et por- té par l’INRA Occitanie-Montpellier, l’autre porté par l’INRA Colmar et visant à associer plusieurs gènes de résistances afin de limiter les risques de contournement de la résistance par les mala- dies. La question des variétés résistantes mobilise également un grand nombre d’acteurs français publics et privés : des chercheurs (INRA, ICV, Chambres d’Agriculture, IFV, GREThA), des viti- culteurs (PIWI France), des pépiniéristes (VCR France), des interprofessions (Pays d’Oc, CIVB, BNIC) et des politiques (groupe d’Henri Cabanel). Le droit français régit la réglementation sur l’utilisation des variétés résistantes autour de deux grands principes : 1) L’inscription au catalogue Français qui permet de produire des plants en France et est obligatoire pour toute variété fran- çaise, 2) le classement (définitif ou temporaire) qui est obligatoire pour avoir le droit de planter. La récente séparation des procédures d’inscription au catalogue et de classement des variétés a per- mis de donner un cadre légal aux démarches expérimentales pour l’étude des nouvelles obtentions françaises et étrangères. Concernant les caractères agronomiques de ces nouvelles variétés résistantes, leurs rende- ments sont en moyenne élevés, mais sont très influencés, comme les cépages traditionnels, par le millésime, le sol et l’itinéraire technique au vignoble. Plusieurs études récentes ont montré les © Vinovert - 2018 - 9 capacités d’adaptation du mildiou aux variétés résistantes et donc une « érosion de la résistance ». Dans ce contexte, créer de l’hétérogénéité de systèmes de conduite et de sensibilité des cépages à l’échelle des parcelles peut permettre d’optimiser le système et le rendre plus résilient vis-à-vis des maladies cryptogamiques. Toutefois, le déploiement des variétés résistantes n’étant que très récent, rien ne permet donc de conclure définitivement sur ce point. Des études de grande ampleur et à long terme sur le territoire sont actuellement en cours pour répondre aux questions posées en la matière. L’observatoire OSCAR par exemple s’appuie sur les initiatives des viticulteurs et des struc- tures régionales qui plantent les variétés résistantes afin de co-construire une viticulture combi- nant résistance variétale et les méthodes de lutte complémentaires. Cet observatoire permettra de mutualiser, transférer les connaissances et acquérir des données sur l’évolution des pathogènes face au déploiement. En parallèle de cet observatoire OSCAR, la mise en place de sites vitrine de- vrait permettre de proposer aux vignerons et aux lycées agricoles des situations de comparaison de variétés résistantes dans des situations pédoclimatiques connues. En ce qui concerne la valorisation qualitative de ces nouveaux cépages, différentes méthodes de vinification
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