Diplomacia E Religião: Encontros E Desencontros Nas Relações Entre a Santa Sé E a República Popular Da China De 1949 a 2005

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Diplomacia E Religião: Encontros E Desencontros Nas Relações Entre a Santa Sé E a República Popular Da China De 1949 a 2005 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA DIPLOMACIA E RELIGIÃO: ENCONTROS E DESENCONTROS NAS RELAÇÕES ENTRE A SANTA SÉ E A REPÚBLICA POPULAR DA CHINA DE 1949 A 2005 ANNA CARLETTI Porto Alegre 2007 2 UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO RIO GRANDE DO SUL INSTITUTO DE FILOSOFIA E CIÊNCIAS HUMANAS PROGRAMA DE PÓS-GRADUAÇÃO EM HISTÓRIA DIPLOMACIA E RELIGIÃO: ENCONTROS E DESENCONTROS NAS RELAÇÕES ENTRE A SANTA SÉ E A REPÚBLICA POPULAR DA CHINA DE 1949 A 2005 ANNA CARLETTI Tese apresentada à banca avaliadora como parte das exigências do Curso de Doutorado em História do Programa de Pós Graduação em História do Instituto de Filosofia e Ciências Humanas da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul. Orientador: Prof. Dr. Paulo Gilberto Fagundes Vizentini 3 AGRADECIMENTOS Agradeço o meu orientador, o Professor Doutor Paulo G. Fagundes Vizentini, que, desde o início, interessou-se pela minha proposta de pesquisa e ao longo destes anos ofereceu-me sempre valiosas contribuições, incentivando-me em direção a uma pesquisa crítica e construtiva. Com a simplicidade que lhe é característica colocou à minha disposição os seus preciosos conhecimentos, principalmente linhas de interpretação do cenário internacional, que me estimularam a continuar no ambiente acadêmico da pesquisa. Gostaria de agradecer também a todos os professores do Programa de Pós- Graduação de História da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul dos quais recebi uma acolhida atenciosa e delicada. Em particular quero mencionar os Professores Doutores Temístocles Cezar, Silvia Regina Ferraz Petersen, Claúdia Wassermann e Carla Brandalise. Agradeço a todos os meus colegas de curso com os quais compartilhei momentos de entusiasmo e de desânimo, e, sobretudo, ricos debates acadêmicos. Dirijo os meus agradecimentos também ao Professor Doutor Gianni Criveller, do Holy Spirit Study Center de Hong Kong por aceitar compartilhar pessoalmente e por e-mail a sua experiência direta na Igreja Católica na China, além das preciosas sugestões, incentivos e referências bibliográficas oferecidas para a realização de minha pesquisa. E por último, mas não menos importante, agradeço com todo o meu coração à minha família: meu esposo Fábio, que agüentou até o fim o peso desta minha aventura acadêmica e percorreu passo a passo todas as fases deste processo. A ele o meu especial agradecimento pelas preciosas sugestões e, sobretudo, pelas críticas construtivas que me ajudaram na redação desta pesquisa. Um obrigado carinhoso às minhas filhas Fabiana e Valentina que tiveram a paciência e bondade de me “dividir” com este trabalho. A elas dedico este estudo. 4 RESUMO O conflito entre a República Popular da China e a Santa Sé, que teve início em 1951 com o rompimento das relações diplomáticas, continua suscitando numerosas perguntas na opinião pública internacional sobre as razões que impedem os dois governos de superarem os obstáculos rumo a uma reconciliação. Neste trabalho analisaram-se as relações entre a China e o Vaticano com o objetivo específico de tornar legíveis os eventos histórico-políticos e religiosos que levaram a tal impasse. Ao mesmo tempo procurou-se identificar os motivos que, por tanto tempo, dificultaram a retomada das relações diplomáticas entre a China e a Santa Sé. O período analisado abrange os anos de 1949, ano da fundação da República Popular da China até 2005, ano da morte do papa João Paulo II e da eleição do novo papa Bento XVI. Analisaram-se os momentos históricos mais significativos, nos quais a Santa Sé e a República Popular da China procuraram manter o diálogo em busca da reconciliação, assim como as fases mais difíceis de suas relações, onde atitudes radicais de rejeição prevaleceram sobre o diálogo. É no âmbito da política interna dos dois países, assim como no seu envolvimento no cenário internacional, que se identificaram os motivos profundos destas atitudes. 5 ABSTRACT The conflict between the People’s Republic of China and the Holy See, which began in 1951 when the two countries broke off all diplomatic relations, continues to stir up numerous questions, in the international public opinion, about the reasons preventing both governments from overcoming the obstacles toward reconciliation. In this work, we analyze the relations between China and Vatican with the specific aim of clarifying the historical, political and religious events that led to the present situation of conflict. At the same time, we will try to identify the reasons that so far have hindered the re-establishment of the diplomatic relations between China and Holy See. The period in exam runs from 1949, the foundation year of the People’s Republic of China, which marked also the establishment of the communist regime, to 2005, the year of the death of the pope John Paul II e of the election of the new pope Benedict XVI. We analyze the most significant historical moments when the Holy See and the People’s Republic of China attempted to build closer bonds in search of reconciliation, as well as the more difficult phases in their relations, where radical attitudes of rejection prevailed over dialog. It is in the sphere of internal politics of the two countries as well as their involvement in the international arena that we looked for the deep motives for these attitudes. 6 SUMÁRIO INTRODUÇÃO ....................................................................................................................9 CAP. 1 - A IGREJA CATÓLICA NA CHINA: DA CHEGADA DA IGREJA ORIENTAL À PROCLAMAÇÃO DA REPÚBLICA POPULAR DA CHINA...........24 1.1. Pródromos da difusão do cristianismo na China. ....................................................................... 24 1.2. As primeiras missões diplomáticas pontifícias na China ........................................................... 26 1.3. Os Jesuítas e a Questão dos Ritos .............................................................................................. 28 1.4. Os tratados desiguais e o protetorado europeu das missões católicas........................................ 34 1.5. A era republicana e o nascimento da Igreja autóctone chinesa.................................................. 44 1.5.1. A República Chinesa de Sun Yat-sen ................................................................................. 44 1.5.2. O Movimento intelectual de 4 de maio de 1919 ................................................................. 48 1.5.3. O Partido Comunista da China e o Partido Nacionalista (Guomindang)............................ 52 1.5.4. Bento XV e a revisão da posição da Igreja Católica na China............................................ 54 1.5.5. Primeiros passos no estabelecimento da hierarquia eclesiástica chinesa............................ 57 1.5.6. A guerra civil na China e a vitória do Partido Comunista da China................................... 61 1.5.7. A Igreja Católica na China às vésperas da proclamação da República Popular Comunista67 CAP. 2 - A IGREJA CATÓLICA E A NOVA CHINA DE MAO ZEDONG...............70 2.1. Mao Zedong, líder da Nova China (1949-1964) ........................................................................ 70 2.1.1. A demonstração de força chinesa na guerra da Coréia ....................................................... 74 2.1.2. Mao Zedong e as campanhas de retificação....................................................................... 75 2.1.3. A Campanha das Cem Flores.............................................................................................. 78 2.1.4. Mao Zedong lança o Grande Salto Adiante ( Da yue jin) ......................................... 83 2.2. A Igreja Chinesa, o Vaticano e o Partido Comunista da China.................................................. 87 2.2.1. O Vaticano no pós-guerra entre a União Soviética e os Estados Unidos............................ 88 2.2.2. Ataques comunistas à Igreja Católica na China.................................................................. 90 2.2.3. O Movimento das Três Autonomias divide a Igreja Católica na China ............................. 94 2.2.4. A resposta de Pio XII à situação da Igreja Católica na China .......................................... 101 2.2.5. João XXIII, a abertura da Igreja Católica ao mundo e a China ........................................ 112 2.2.6. Paulo VI e as tentativas da Santa Sé de reaproximação à China ...................................... 117 2.3. Mao Zedong perde o rumo da revolução.................................................................................. 120 2.4. As religiões na Revolução Cultural.......................................................................................... 124 2.5. O fim do regime maoísta.......................................................................................................... 126 7 CAP. 3 - A ABERTURA DA CHINA AO MUNDO E AS SUAS RELAÇÕES COM O VATICANO DE JOÃO PAULO II.................................................................................132 3.1. A modernização da China liderada por Deng Xiaoping........................................................... 132 3.1.1. O Muro da Democracia..................................................................................................... 134 3.1.2. A política da Porta Aberta................................................................................................. 135 3.1.3. A outra face da modernização........................................................................................... 137 3.1.4. Mudanças na
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