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Page numbers in italics indicate tables. Not all cited authors are listed in the index; readers requiring a complete list of cited works and authors should refer to the bibliography.
Abkhazia 64 blat appointments 43–4, 56–8 Adachi, Y. 58 blogs 169–70 administrative reform 49 Boldyrev, Vladimir 66 Adomeit, Hannes 139 Brezhnev, Leonid 20–1, 23, 24 Aeroflot 125–6 Brezhnev, Yuri 20–1 Aidis, R. 58 bribes 47–8 Airborne Troops 70 BRICs 142, 143 aircraft building 73 brokers 48 airlines 125–6 Burchell, G. 12 ambiguities 3–6, 165 bureaucracy, maintenance of Ambrosio, T. 156 privilege 22 Andropov, Yuri 24 business ‘anonymous’ dealings 16 elite groups on boards 32–3, 32, anti-corruption committee 42–3 33 anti-corruption initiatives 50–2 and government 57 anti-corruption legislation 51 List A companies 29–30 anti-crisis measures 127–33 lists 29–30 appointments, personalizing 43–4 officials on boards 31 Armaments Programme 63 politicians in 30–1 authoritarian regimes, threat of sectoral distribution 30 private business 28 and state 15–16 autonomy 5, 140, 141, 149 terms of operation 27 as threat to authoritarianism 28 backhanders 45 business corruption, measuring 46–7 Baev, Pavel 9, 16, 62–77, 165, 167 business-state relations 113–35 Baker, P. 24 see also state-business network Baluyevsky, Yuri 67 anti-crisis measures 127–33 banks 48 corruption 116–18 Barker, Rodney 146 institutional arrangements 117 Barsukova, S. 39 liberal ideal of 114–16 Bashkortostan 107–8 oil industry 118–19 Baturin, Yu.M. 42 politicians in business 118–19 Belkovskii, Stanislav 117–18, 121 Rosneft’ and Gazprom 119–20 Beslan crisis 25 ‘Russian BHP-Billiton’ ‘big battalions’ 71 scheme 126–7 blackmail 43 Russneft 120–2
182 Index 183
state corporations 122–6 corporate responsibility 49 summary and conclusions 133–5 corporatization 83 corruption 4, 46–9, 52, 116–18 cadres 42 criminalization 4 career mobility 21 cronyism 115 career patterns 21, 24 career specialization 21 Daucé, F. 39 Carnegie Moscow Centre 105 Davydova, M. 47, 52 Carothers, T. 12 decision-making 6–7 cash transactions 48 Defence Ministry 62 Castells, M. 10 dekorenization 81 Central Committee, under democracy 11 Gorbachev 21–2 ‘democracy with adjectives’ 11 centralization 11–12, 13, 25–6, 62, democratic Great Power 153 81, 82–4, 166–7 democratization 21 centre, effect on regions 81 denunciations 43 Chechnya 4, 8–9, 142 depolitization 83 checks and balances 20 deputatskie services 47 Chemezov, Sergei 123, 124, 128, 132 Deripaska, Oleg 113, 120–1, 122, Chepurenko, Alexander 46–7 126–7, 132 Chernov, A. 56, 57–8 derzhavnost’ 144, 149, 150–1 chief federal inspector, diminished development, after communism 2 role 105 disinstitutionalization 83 Churbanov, Yuri 20–1 disorder 3, 4–5 CIS 155–6 domination, and power 12 civil society, construction 89 duality, goals and practices 3–4 civiliki 52–3 Dymarskii, V. 54 code of conduct, state officials 51 Collier, D. 11 economic changes 22 colloquialisms 42 economic development 167–8 Colour Revolutions 155–6, 157 economic rationality, sistema 45 Colton, T.J. 42 Edinaya Rossiya 9 Command of the Army 65–6 Egorova, Olga 54 communism, to post-communism Elder, M. 57 22–4 elections, 1989 and 1990 23 Communist Party 19 electoral system, changes to 25 companies see business elite children 20–1 competitive authoritarianism 12 elite groups 5, 32–3, 32, 33 complexity 165 elite networks of network state 14 changed 143 social-political scene 169–70 position in state 6, 10 compromising material 43, 44 during Putin administration conflicts, internal 4 14–15, 28–35, 155 constitutional crisis 4 regional 104–5 continuity, of power 23–4 transnational 161 contradictions, internal 3–4 elite studies, focus 41 184 Index
emotional ties, sistema 45 within state 9 entrepreneurship 47 through network state 13 envoys 25 government see also state European security treaty 144 and business 57 and governance 5 Fadeyev, Valery 89 institutions of 1–2 fear, sistema 44–5 governmental technologies 12 federal agencies, lack of governmentality, Foucauldian coordination 82 view 13 federal reforms 83 governors federalism 8, 25 appointment of 94–101, 97 Federation Council 25 candidate nominations 98–9 feudalism 12 career trajectories 93–4 financial crisis, 1998 153, 167–8 changing role 25–6, 88, 90–1 Foglesong, T.S. 53 portraits 91–4 folk wisdom 42 Great Power 71, 139–62 see also forced cooperation, sistema 44–5 hyper-Westphalian Great Power forced payment 52 network state as 154–7 foreign investment 161 overview and background foreign policy 144 139–40 Foucault, Michel 12–13 precarious status 143–4 fractionalism 19 recognition as 158–9 functions, of state 8–9 redefinition of 158 future research 170–1 Russia as 17 state-building 141–6 G7/G8 151 summary and conclusions 160–2 Gambetta, D.H. 43 virtual 157–60 games, strategic 12 Guariglia, A. 39 Gazeta.ru 50, 52 Gudkov, L. 52 Gazprom 7 Gurvich, Evsey 133 and Rosneft’ 119–20 Gusinsky, Vladimir 27 General Staff 62 Gutseriev, Mikhail 120–1 Georgia, war with 16, 64–7, 144 Gutterman, S. 54 Glasser, S. 24 Global Navigation System habit, sistema 45 (GLONASS) 74 Hanson, Philip 15–16, 113–35, ‘Golden List’ 58 142, 167–8 Gorbachev, Mikhail 21–2 harassment, of businesses 52 Gorlizki, Y. 53 Heathrow Airport 115 goskorporatsii 116, 122–6 Hendley, K. 53 gosudarstvennost’ 144, 149, 150–1 High Command 64–7 gosudarstvennoye stroitel’stvo 4 Hignett, K. 4 governance 167 Hill, F. 169 and government 5 Holmes, L. 146 non-transparency 43 horizontal rotation 81, 105 practices and processes 12 Hurrell, A. 158 Index 185
Huskey, E. 43, 53 Jessop, B. 13 hybridization, public and private judicial institutions, sector 144 corruption 51–2 hyper-Westphalian Great Power 145, 147, 152–61 Kabanov, K. 51 see also Great Power ‘Kavkaz-2008’ military exercises 64, hyper-Westphalian narrative 154, 66 156, 157, 158, 160, 168 Khamitov, Rustem 108 Khloponin, Alexander 103–4 identity Khodorkovsky, Mikhail 27, 38, 119 domestic and international 142, Khrulev, Anatoly 66, 67 145–6 kickbacks 39, 45, 46, 47 legitimacy and the network Kim, B.Y. 39 state 146–54 Klose, K. 38 ideologies, competing 148 Kolmakov, Aleksandr 66 idiomatic expressions 42 Kommersant 27 Illarionov, Andrei 116 kompromat 43, 44 Ilyukhin, Victor 42–3 Komsomolskaya Pravda 56 implicit contract 20 Kononenko, Vadim 17 INDEM 47–8 koshmarit’ 52 independence 149 Kosovo 151, 153 Independent Institute of Social and Kosyrev, D. 50 National Problems 57–8 Kozyrev, Andrei 149 influence, informal 55–6 Kremlin, relations with informal economy 39 oligarchs 26–7 informal influence 55–6 Kryshtanovskaya, Olga 14–15, informal networks, as essential 46 19–38, 21, 37, 142, 165 informality 15 Kudelina, Lyubov 69 instability 25, 156 Kudrin, Aleksey 128 institutional brokers 48 Kulikov, V. 53 institutions 13, 169 Kvashnin, Anatoly 64, 71 institutions of government 1–2, 88 language, use of idioms 42 interaction, patterns of 15 Laruelle, M. 152 internal conflicts 4 Latynina, Yulia 113 internal contradictions 3–4 law enforcement, corruption 51–2 international community 158 leadership, dual 17 international role 151 Ledeneva, Elena 15, 39, 39–59, 43, Internet 169–70 44, 46, 51, 167 Irkutsk 106–7 legal-rational state 1–2 Ishayev, Viktor 102–3 as ideal 11 Iusupova, D. 43, 47 legislation, anti-corruption 51 Ivanov, Anton 54 legitimacy 9, 140, 160, 168 Ivanov, Sergei 7, 30, 67 identity and network state 146–54 Ivanov, V. 26 Leira, H. 12 Izvestiya 27 Levada Center survey 100 186 Index
Levitin, Igor 126 criticism 69 Levitsky, S. 11 financing 69, 71–2, 75 liberal democracy 149 resources 63 liberal ideal, of business-state role of Serdyukov 67–71 relations 114–16 summary and conclusions 75–7 liberal values 158 war with Georgia 64–7 Libman, A. 161 ‘missiles-R-us’ 71 Light, M. 149 Mitchell, T. 164 List A companies 29–30 mobility, career 21 lobbying 49, 74 mobilization, of population 9 loyalty 44 modernization 13, 39, 49, 71–2, sistema 45 134, 167 Moltenskoi, Aleksandr 66 Maikova, Liudmila 53–4 Makarov, Nikolai 65 Naftna Industrija Srbije (NIS) 7 Makarov, Sergei 66 national interest 7 Malia, M.E. 158 National Security Strategy 63, 72, 77 manual control 10 Navaro-Yashin, Y. 3 maritime resources and power 73–4 neo-patrimonial state 2 Markwick, R. 12 nepotism 20–1, 43 Mawdsley, E.M. 22 network directorate, formation measurement difficulties, of network 19–38 state 14 communism to post- measuring, business corruption 46–7 communism 22–4 Mechel 128 consolidation 24–8 media, state control 145 extent of directorate 35 Medvedev, Dmitri 9, 15, 16, 30, 53 Medvedev presidency 35–6 alleged split with Putin 129–31 overview and background 19–22 anti-corruption 49–52 state-business network 28–34 appointment of governors 95–9 summary and conclusions 37–8 blat appointments 56–8 network directorate, ‘self-stabilizing’ as Commander in Chief 72 mechanisms 37–8 dual leadership 17 network state 1, 6–7 Gazprom 119–20 as analytical category 10–14 network 36 challenges to 17 network directorate 35–6 conceptualization 2–3 rhetoric 62 dualism of 5 Russia as leading economy 145 as Great Power 154–7 war with Georgia 65, 67 identity and legitimacy 146–54 middle class, rent-seeking 47 measurement difficulties 14 military districts 62 power and profit 161 Military Doctrine 63, 77 and state-building 141–6 military hierarchy, competing as way of organizing networks 63 governance 13 military reform 62–77, 143–4, 167 networks 6 see also sistema competing networks 71–5 informal 46 context and overview 62–3 as institutions 169 Index 187
military hierarchy 63 petrodollars 100 and military reform 71–5 Petrov, Nikolay 15, 81–110, 166–7 potential for change 15 philanthropy 27 region-based 15 policy-making 7 regional management 87, 104–5 political competition, simulation Neumann, Iver 141–6, 152 of 145 Nezavisimaya gazeta 28 political parties, ban 88–9 Nogovitsyn, Anatoly 66 politicians nomenklatura 23–4 alleged hidden wealth 117–18 non-transparency 39 in business 30–2, 32 North Caucasus 103 involvement in business 118–19 NTV television 27 ‘Polozhenie o Gosudarstvennom’ 25 ‘O poryadke’ 25 polpredy 25, 101–4 ‘O vnesenii’ 26 Polyansky, Dmitri 38 ‘Ob utverzhdenii’ 29 poruchitel’stvo 44 obedience, sistema 45 Potanin, Vladimir 126–7 OECD, Economic Survey of the power Russian Federation 2006 46 continuity 23–4 oil industry, business-state and domination 12 relations 118–19 power elites 143 Oleinik, Anton 41 power verticals 81–2, 83, 89–90, oligarchs 26–7 142, 166 oligarchy, self-stabilizing 20 pragmatism, sistema 45 ‘Open Letter to Voters’ 26 Prague Treaty 72 Operational Department of the presidential envoys 101–4 General Staff (GOU) 65–6 Price Waterhouse 46 Ortmann, Stephanie 17, 139–62, Primakov, Evgenii 152–3 144, 145, 148, 153, 168 Primakov, Sergei 151 otkat 45, 46 private interests, and state ownership, of companies 117 interests 155 private wealth 22 Panfilova, E. 43 ‘Project Putin’ 153 Pannier, B. 9 promotion procedures 42–3 parad suverenitetov 8 Promptova, O. 56, 57–8 parade of sovereignty 8 Przeworski, A. 25 party system, reform of 3–4 public administration 39–59, 56–7 Pastukhov, V. 53 Public Chamber 27 paternalism 10 public-private partnerships, rent- patrimonialism 2, 12 seeking 119–22 patriotism 27 punishment 39–40 patterns of interaction 15 Putin, Vladimir 2, 3–4, 5, 6–7, 8, 28 perestroika 23, 24 alleged hidden wealth 117–18 personal contacts, public alleged split with Medvedev administration 129–31 appointments 56–7 appointment of governors 94–5 personal vouching 44 attitude to military 64 188 Index
Putin, Vladimir – continued networks and cadre rotations centralization 11–12, 16, 62, 104–5 82–4, 100, 166–7 overview and background 84 consolidation 24–5 presidential envoys 101–4 democratic Great Power 144–5 summary and conclusions 108–10 dual leadership 17 top-down and bottom-up 86–7 military financing 73 verticalization 88–9 ‘Open Letter to Voters’ 26 regional parties, ban 88–9 paternalism 10 regions 81–110 see also regional popularity 155 management priorities 50 centralization 82–4 Second Chechen War 71–2 context and overview 81–2 second term 27, 28 effect of centre 81 siloviki 33–4 Reiman, Leonid 117 Sovietization 37 renewal, of elite networks 14–15 state-building 141–2 rent-seeking 46–7, 116, 119–22, 143 state companies 28–9 research war with Georgia 65, 67, 144 focus on institutions 1–2 future 170–1 questions 165–70 Reuters 46 Rigby, T.H. 20 Radaev, V. 39 Rosavia 125–6, 128 Rakhimov, Murtaza 107–8 Rose, R. 44 re-centralization 10 Rosneft’ 116 recession 127–33, 167–8 and Gazprom 119–20 recommendations, personal 44 Rosoboroneksport (ROE) 124–5 recruitment procedures 42–3 Ross, Cameron 89 ‘red-brown coalition’ 147, 149 Rostekhnologii 116, 122–6, 134 reform, of party system 3–4 ruchnoje upravlenije 10 regime politics 143 Rukshin, Aleksandr 66 region-based networks 15 rules, non-transparency 39 regional management ‘Russian BHP-Billiton’ scheme 126–7 appointment of governors 94–101, Russian election, 1990 23 97 Russian Federation 147–8 Bashkortostan 107–8 Russian High Command 62 centralization 89–90 Russian reality 3 centre-region relations 90–1 Russneft 120–2 destruction of foolproof Rutskoi, Aleksandr 148 mechanisms 88 effect of reforms 100–1 Saakashvili, Mikhail 64, 67 etatization and primitivization Sakwa, Richard 2, 3–4, 27, 125, 88–9 142, 143 evolution of system 84–90 Satarov, G. 47–8, 116 governors 91–4, 169 Schism Theory 129–31 Irkutsk 106–7 scholarly perspectives 164–5 managerial network 86 Sechin, Igor 30, 113, 119–20, 122, network patterns 87 127 Index 189
Second Chechen War 71 specialization, career 21 security policy 16 stability 165–70 ‘selection of cadres’ 42 Stack, G. 52–3 Seleznev, Gennadii 121–2 Stanovaya, T. 50 self-legitimation 140, 146, 160 state see also government self-recruitment 20 and business 15–16 ‘self-stabilizing’ mechanisms, as governance 5 network directorate 37–8 images of 145 self-stabilizing oligarchy 20 importance of 7–10 separation of powers 49 independence 149 separatism 8–9 under-institutionalization 144 Serdyukov, Anatoly 65, 67–71, 75–7 scholarly perspectives 164–5 Sergeev, Igor 71 understandings of term 1–2 set-ups 43 vision of 141 Shamanov, Vladimir 66, 67, 70, 77 weakness 5, 148, 151–2, 158 Shearman, P. 144 state-building 4, 141–6 Sheverdiaev, S. 43 state-business network 28–34 Shevtsova, Lilia 4, 41 see also business-state relations ship building 73–4 state/business nexus 6 Shlapentokh, V. 12, 46 state companies 28–9 Shvartsman, Oleg 133 state corporations 116, 122–6 Sieca-Kozlowski, E. 39 State Council 25 siloviki 28, 33–4, 37, 52, 63, 85, 91, state holding companies 122–6 125, 165 state interests, and private sistema 15, 39–59, 167 see also interests 155 networks state officials, code of conduct 51 anti-corruption initiatives 50–2 state-private partnership 7 blat appointments 56–8 statespeople 3 defining 41–50 Steen, A. 6 reasons for complying with 44–6 strategic games 12 summary and conclusions 58–9 Strategic Missile Forces (RVSN) 71 ‘telephone justice’ 52–6 strategic patrols 73 small and medium size enterprises suspended punishment 40 (SMEs) 48, 57–8 Sussex, M. 144 Sobyanin, Sergei 30–2 Suzuki, S. 158 social contract 100 symbiosis 5 Solomon, P. Jr. 53 South Ossetia 64, 144 ‘tax optimization’ strategies 48–9 sovereign democracy 156, 161 taxation 39, 48, 128 sovereign independence 144–5, technologies, governmental 12 151–2, 158 ‘telephone justice’ 52–6 sovereignty 8, 9, 10, 12, 140 terrorism 8–9 Soviet election, 1989 23 The Economist 115 Soviet system 19 themes 165–70 Sovietization 37 Tilly, Charles 46 Space Forces Command 74 Tolstykh, P.A. 49 special interests 5, 7 Tolz, V. 148 190 Index
Tompson, W. 48 VTsIOM 56 tradition, sistema 45 vyssheye komandovaniye, transition paradigm 11, 164 structures 62 Trenin, D. 160–2 Trotsky, Leon 22 Wallander, Celeste 161 Tskhinvali 65, 66 weakness, of state 5, 148, 151–2, 158 Tuminez, A.S. 148 wealth, private 22 Weber, Max, idea of state 1–2 under-institutionalization 144 Wedel, J.R. 146 United Aircraft Corporation West, interactions with 149–50, 158–9 (OAK) 7 Western images 159 United Nations Security Council Westphalian state 141–2, 145, 147 (UNSC) 151 White, Stephen 14–15, 19–38, 21, United Russia 9, 25 22, 37, 142, 165 United States, weapons parity 72 Wilson, A. 140, 145 unwritten rules 40 see also sistema world order, multipolar 153 Usmanov, Alisher 27 USSR, collapse of 40 Yakovlev, A. 143 ‘Utopian Westernism’ 149 Yamshanov, B. 54 Yandex 169 Valyavina, Elena 54 Yeltsin, Boris 2, 22–4, 40, 146, Varangians 85, 97–8, 169 147–9, 150 Vedomosti 51, 52, 121 Yukos 119–20 Veksel’berg, Viktor 27 Viktorova, L. 56 Zhirinovskii, Vladimir 56 Vinnichenko, Nikolai 36 Zhvanetskii, M. 42 virtual democracy 161 Zyuzin, Igor 129