POLITICAL AND INFORMATIVE REVIEW / TIRANA Nr. rt (17), 1e74 f IULY-AUGUST L. #:

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* THE FINE ARTISTIC TRADITIONS ARE CAREFULLY PRESERVED AND DEVELOPED IN SOCIALIST ALBANIA. ON THE FRONT PAGE: THE MYZEOE DANCE SKILFULLY EXECUTED BY THE GROUP OF GIRLS OF THE HIGH TYPE COOPERATIVE OF POJANI, ON THE WONDERFUL BACKGROUND OF THE BUTRINTI LAKE, EVOKING A MOMENT FROM THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF OUR COUNTRY. THE ENVIRONMENT OF NEW ALBANIA IS ALWAYS FRESH, BEAUTIFUL AND ATTRACTIVE. IT IS MADE SUCH ALSO BY THE TIRELESS WORK OF OUR MEN. IN TIIE PHOTO ON P+GE FOUR: THE TERRACES OF THE RMERA IN THE BEAUTIFUL ALBANIAN SOUTH, BUILT BY THE HAND OF OUR YOUTH.

A snapshot'of the mechanicaI repair section at the machine and tractor station in Shkodra. TOlIIENIS:

The working closs of Albonio - o leoding force of sociolist society 2 nma MARKo The leoding role of the Porty in the Notionol liberotion Army I nrro {nwo

Wellbeing for oll the working people tr ? oenwslt GIIRETI

Some problems ol contemporory foreign literoture I8

f,rom the lile of the country 28

The notionol question ond revisionism 38 eunn HoxHA

aDeideologisotionr, or reideologisotion? 4 6 sgmuer pffilumms

Further evidence of the exponsionist snd hegemonistic oims of the two superpowers 5?

Press review 56 T}IE WORKIilG CT A TEADII{G FORC 0r s0clAHsT s0

by RllA MARKO

With the triumph of the people's revolution in Albonio the working closs beconne the moin leoding force of our society. The role of the trode unions, os PoYYeIful levers of the porty for the unitY, educotion ond mobilisotion o people s of the working in oll fields a of the sociolist construction ol U the country \ e o

5.

Fr

\) o RITA MARKO - Member ol the Political Buteau ot' the CC ol o\ the PLA, Ptesicient of the Central Council oI the Ttade tinions ol u Albania. ASS OF A!.BA}IIA' E cIETY

THE THIBD DECADE IS BEING COMPIETED S,INCE THE munis,t Party as a party of the working class, which in the enemires AI.BANIAN PEOPLE, UNDER THE I.E^ADERSHIP OF THE ALBA' heat of the struggle refuted the preachings of its class consious- NIAN COMMUNIST PARTY (TODAY THE PABTY OF LABOUR that in dlbania "tlaere is no proiletariart", 'tiie n,there etc., and proved that OF AI.BANIA), AFTER A HEROIC STRUGGLE AGAINST THE NA. ness is ilacking,, are no cadres", pro'gressive and revoltrtiro- ZI-FASCIST INVADEBS AND THEIB LOCAL SERVANTS, LIBERA- the working class was the rnost TED THEIR HOMELAND AND EST.{BLISHED THE PEOPI,E'S nary class. themseives POWER, THE POWER OF THE WORKING CLASS AND THE By thousands were ,the workers who threw fro'm their ranks LABOURING PEA,SANTRY. THE TRIUMPH OI' THE PEOPLE'S into the nationatl il beration struggie and of the war, devoted comrnarl- REVOLUTION, WHICH IS ONE OF THE GREATEST VICTOBIES emerged the leading cadtes ders and cornmissars. The greet exanaptre of the oomm'unist IN THE IONGSTAT.{DING HISTORY OF OUR PEOPLE, TRANS- workers, first hour and front rank fighters like Koqi Bako FOBMED AI,BANIA INTO A FBEE AND INDEPENDENT and Mis,to Mame, Koili Tup'e and $trryqyr'i trshmi and hundreds COUNTRY, AND ITS PEOPLE INTO ALLPOWERFUL AND - and thousands of others who sacrifi'ced even their own l'i- THEIR DESTINIES. MASTEB OF ves, shows that the triumrph of the peop1e's revloilution was AND SOCIAL LIBEBA- THE ROAD TOWARDS NATIONAL achieved un,der the leaEnver Hoxha said at the dence. "Our the great national liberatio'n struggtre, under the lea- firs,t Congtess of t re Albanian Comimunist Par'ty, uwas smalrl In ders;trip rof the Party, there was born and s'treng'thened the and heterogenrous, burt fill'ly dretermined in the struggle against arlliam,ae the working c'iass and the labouring peasantry' the imvader and 'exploitati,on. Atrthough rsrnall in number, 'it of where the treading ro'le was piayed by the working class, an was the rna,in pillar and th,e fou,nd,ation of, otrr Party' Since consiiittrtes the so rrce of all the victories of the ear,ly days of the s ruggle, it threw itseflf wi'th determi- alliance which peopl,e. natioin into the war and fotrgtht with heroirsnn and, with the our and rernained always as a party of forrrirng of its Party, rea\lzir,g its hisitori'c and fieading role, Orlr Party w,a,s born the vital interests of the working cilass and it understood that the Communist Party of Albania was its the struggle for ,the preoqrtre, for the nationrail interests of our otganizrcd vang rard detach'rnent' Th rs, the working class was o,f all working people who saw in the Farty aud its prograLmlne the lofty the backing of orur PaT ty.' Tlhe 6,trong reliance on the wor- which they had fought g'eneraticn after generation' king olass, ,in the ,specif,ic condi'tirons of our coun'try, wi horut idearls fo themsrelves with it like flesh to f,ew smatrl primitive fa'ctories, with few for his reason they linked indtrstry, with very of A'trbanian Com- bone. H,erein lies the sourcre of the revo utionary uni'ty workers, teills of the cornect 'orientatiron of tlh'e 4A4117r,1974 ALBANIA TODAY

our people around the party which is the leader and it exercises it with every passing day better, more powerfully, organizer of all the victories achieved by the Albanian peo- with more effectiveness and directly, everywhere, over €ve- ple. ryone and everything. And this is not only a right, but also Wibh the triumph of the people's revoh.ltion the working its main duty with much responsibility for the present and class of Albania became the main leading force of our socierty. the fi.rture, for the destinies ,of our uninterrupted revoft.rtion, At this nrew stage ttrre working class, with its party at the of sooialism and communism. head, solvecl new, great and difficult tasl

Enver Hoxha said greeting the 7th Congress of the ATU - the sionist alien manifestations and influences for the defence say of the working class, its thought and work have a,lways of the homeland, so that our conscioLlsness be always pure, been decisive for their realisation, And this has not happe- proletarian; so that Albania be always red and a beacon-light ned accidentally. That is the class which, with its lofty and of triumphant Marxism-Leninism. evolutionary consciousness, with its creati,ve spirit and selfless The working class of otrr conuntry and its trade unions work, tr,iumphantly carries forward our revo,l,trtion, the cons- as a component part of the multi-mirllion army of the working truotion of the new socialist society". class and of the world class trade union movement, educa- Alongside the econo'rnic and cultural deve'lo,prnrent of the ted and guided by the teachings of the Farty headed by com- country it became possible also for the qualitative development rade Enver Hoxha, have taken an active part in the strugg,le, and the numerica,l increase of the working class. Its growth of the international working class ahvays relying on the ever- durring these 30 years shows also ificence of the step lasting principles of proletarian internationalism and interna- taken by Albania. Now the numbe workers not only is tional solidarity of the working people. arlmost 19 tirnes greater than the ber of the workers 29 A olose militant revo,trutionary friendship and reila,tions years ago when their organisatio ATU, was created, but of fraternal cooperation based on the immortal principles of the working class, unibed, educated with the Marxism-Leninism link our working class with the working ideology of the party, ,tempered in ry battles, witir class of great people's China and with all the revolutionary its lofty consciousness, with its control, ideology and exam- workers of the entire world. ple, gives he tone io the whole life of the coruntry. precisely In their whole activity, our working class and the ATU while at work for the construction of socialism our working have worked for the strengthening of the rnilitan't friendship class grew and tempered itself, Today our worker is, above all, with. the working people of Asia, Africa, Latin America and a political rnan, a mili,tant of the party line, a m,an who places have powerfully supported the struggle of their working peo- the interests of sociailisrn above everything, courageous and prle for national and social liberation, against old and new ready to struggile under any circumstances for the general colonialism, against US-led imperialism. At the same time they cause, a man of broad socio-political interests, with high skills have carefutrtry followed and have greeted and supported with- and exigenc,es in life, tireless, innovator and creative, a rnan out reservations' the great class battles of the workers in of action who does not separate the word from the de?d. capitalists countries against expiioitation and the rnonopolies Parallel with 'the development, extensi,on and creation of and the power of the bo'urgeoisie considering them as a very new economic branches, there were born and gr€w up our men irnpcrtant contribution to the great cause of the liberation of new professions" Frorn about 85 professions, and these of the working class from cdpitalist exploitation. main y of the handicraft form, mentioned by the law on the The worki'ng class of Albania and its trade unions, wi h categorisation of the workers in 1g47, today it counts more the determined and principled strtiggle they have waged and than 2.000 main professions, and there are among them some contin'tre to wag€ in the world trade union rflov,ernent to pre- which were not even known in the past. At the same time the serve the anti-irnperialist class rrnity ainong the ranks of this working class is the inexhatrstible sol.rrce, reserrroir, of ca- movement, to expose the opportrrnist, reforrnist-revisionists dres for th,e Party and the State. From its ransk there have trends and the trade union reactionary chieftains, to su(r- come out skilfull specialists with higher and middle education, port and back the new trade union class forces, have won whose number in 1973 increased about 24 times. the synrpathy, solidarity and love of the working c,lass and of A great importance has been aittached by the party to the the class and progressive trade union movernent. They have further revolLrtionisation of the entire life of the country; frustrated the efforts of the Soviet revisionist trade union with a view to strengthening the dictatorship of the proleta- chieftains and their ,tooil - the World Trade Union Federation riat, ensuring the freedom and independence of the country, who wanted to isolate them. On the contrary, our working carrying, out ,the revoltrtion successfully through to the end, class and the A.T.U. have increased the number of their Our working class, under the leadership of the party, is strug- friends, they have now numerous comrades-in-arms every- gling on the forefront against all alien manifestations and where in the world, on all the cortinents. Today we rnaintain Iiberal stands towards them, against the imperialist-revisionist friend,ly relations and ,ties of fraternal cooperation with more economic blockade, against ideo,trogical aggression and against than 210 national centres and trade union federations in the blackmail of military aggression. A powerful influence 82 countries of the world. in this direction has been exerted recently by the decisions Greeting the struggle and the victories of the working peo- of the 4th Plenum of the Central Committee of the party of ple of the whole world, we assure our class cornrades, every- Labour of Albania and comrade Enver Hoxha,s last year spee- where in the world, that our working class and its trade unions ches, They rearmed the working class and the labotrring mas- will be, as always, through to the end on their side in the ses and their trade union organisations and engaged them noble struggle they are waging for the victory of the cause oI more extensrively in the struggle against the botrrgeois-revi- the working class, for national and social liberation, 'tft

ffiM, A speciol co,te is devoted fo tfie iroining ol new codres, capable ol skiltully operoting the modem mochinefies ofr our young induslrY. The well troined ccrdres ote o guotantee lor o complete exploitation ot lull eopocily ol the new projects ol ]he live yeo,r plon, ln the photo t The youtrg w@rnefr workers of the metollurgfu combfne in Elboson THE TEADING ROIE To ensure ond orgonize the leoding role of the Porty OF THE in the ormy is the indispensoble condition to moke of it on olmy loyol through to the end to the couse PARTV ol the people ond of the revolution while the setting It THE ;:,;i,':::il:11,i,:::,:T::,:,'J';i:i:ill,li; hIATIO AT TIBERATIOil A Y

by HtrO 9Ar(O THE GLOBIOUS HISTORY OF THE }IATIONAI. LIBEBATION ABMY, THE BATTLES WAGED BY rT AND ALL,-THE VICTORIES IT HAS ACHIEVED UNTIL FREEDOM wAs woN, rs INDIvIsIBTc rlonn THE HISToRY oE THE PARTY THAT HAS oRGA- NIZED AND GUIDED.I HAS BEEN AT THE HEAD OF EYERY \.OPEBATION AND EVE BATHED IN THE FIRST PI,ACE WITH TTTE BLOOO OT THE AS THE PARTY WAS FOBMED, THE CdNTRAL COMMITTEE AND COMBADE ENVEB HOXHA IN PERSON, SHOWED A perinrcur.en cABE FoB THE oRGANIsATToN oF'THE PEoPLE'S ARMY, FoR THE BUILDING AND STRENGTHENING .OF THE REVOIJUTIONABY PEOPLE'S ABMED FOBCES; .AND THIS WORK WAS REALISED IN THE HEAT OF FIERCE BATTLES FOUGHT BY THE NATIONAL LIBERATION ARMY. ENSURE AND ORGANIZE THE T.EADTNG BOLE OF THE pARTy SO rnAr THESE PEOPLE'S ARMED FoRCES SHoULD BE TAITHFUL TO TTIE END TO THE THE PEOPLE AND OF THE REVO-

"i'r?Ii", *e Party organisations in st content, fragments from books army as . the determining r leading g with revolutionary themes at free revotrutionizing force of the partisan uqitS, meetings and in individual work with the comrade Enver Hoxha said: ,This,,'aimy partisa,ns. This ensured a general mobili- must be strong, capablij';of ,overcoming (sation in the struggle, inculcated in the

HITO QAKA - Membet ol the CC ot the PLA, head ol the Political Depat:tntent ot the Army. extremely heavy, in order to bear it and d.es must categorically carry out all the to victoriously pass on rthe ottler side we orders of the cornmander and of the com- must h,ave solid shoulders, our Party must missar", be organized and strong, our comrades According to these instructions, the cells musit prove eq,ual to their tasks from the were leading, through the party members politioal and military viewpoints in or- the entire ideological, political, oultural, der to be able, at these diffi,ctrlt and deci- military and technical, econ'omic and or- sive moments, to face any risk and orient ganisatio,nal work to analyz-e and ensur'e themselves correctly., the accornplishment of the tasks assigned On this basis, th,e necessary lessons were by the Party. The ParLy mernbers con- drawn, shortcomings were criticized, tasks cerned thernsetrves with the development were established and the communists pass- of the initiative of the General Staff re- ed to concrete actions, the basic organi- garding the question of actions, they for- sations of the Party were plaogd in in- med the leadership of the staff s to be creasingly more revolutionary posi abie to lead the struggle, they raised and tions. elaborated tasks in the basic organisa- During the National Liberation Struggle tion so that the Party m'embers should be the Party taught its rnemibers to strictly an example of bravery and discipline as apply ,the principle according to which any well in battles as in the fulfilrnent of and every military action depends on the all the tasks entrusted to them by the policy and ideology of the Party, for the military unit to which they belonged, political and ideologioal line of the Par- they worked ,to raise and strengthen the ty is the backbone of every other military, authority of the command, of the gene- organisational, economic and other activi ral staff and its me'mbers' ties." ,We must always bear in mind, com- As soon as the armY was create'd the rade Enver Hoxha stressed, and see to it basic organisations of the Party and the that the military line should not emerge cadres were continuaily told to stnuggle above that of the Party, that is the Party against bureaucratism, lor a revo'lutiona' members who hold posts of military res- ry style and method of work' Withotlt ponsibility in the unit must not fulfill only struggling against bureaucratis'm, without this task and neglect the other tasks entru- struggling against arrogance and the di During the National Liberation Struggle sted to them by the PartY,. vorcing of the ca'dres from the masses a particular importance has been attached In view of the strict implementation our army co'uld not be raised and streng' to the inner life of the basic organisations of hese instructions a special attention thened as a revolutionary army, as the of the Party and of Lhe leading organisms, was paid to the question of the continuous armed hand of the people and the Party' to the strict application of the Party no,rlns, revolutionisation of the Parly organisa- Thus o,ur army found its strength and to the vanguard role of its members gui- tions in general staffs; the party rnem- its invincibility in its close ties with the ding themselves on the pri,nciple accord- bers sho rld ensure a profound political people, as a aondition which determines ing to which the oornrnuni,sts rnust be and ideological understanding of the tasks, also its own character as a revolutionary the first to pass to the offensive and the a strict control on the work of each one army of the new type. For this reason, last to retreat, the first to saorifice them- in his own functions to implement the in every circumstance it has honourably selves and the last to have claims; to the norms and the requirements qf the Party performed its task, integrating i'tself with strengthening of the party ranks with in all fields of life. the people, contributing to the establish- young elements, more de,termined, more The Party docnrments which hit the ment of the revolutionary power of the faithful and more devoted to the cause of erroneous viewpoints noticed in some national liberation counciis an'd doing a the Party and of the people. particular cases underlined: .The Party big political work in the bulk of peasants It is the teachings of the Party and of or the superior organ of the Party, applies and workers. These tie's are still today comrade Enver Hoxha that have made the directives, the instructions o'f the the foundation of the proletarian mcjrali- the basir orga,nisations of the Party so Party, etc., through the cell in the gene- ty of our army, the source of its strength rnuch combative and so much solid, orga- ral staff. The members of the G,eneral and invincibilitY. nisations which led the struggle with wis- Staff are responsible for their work con- The setting up and functioning o'f the dom placing at the head of this struggle cerning the military line before the higl.r- grass-root organisations of the Party, as the communisls whose exarnple was evi- est military command. The members of the motive force of the entire life and acti- dent in all operations. When failings and the General Staff who are also party mern- vity of the Army, the appointment of com- weaknesses were noticed in the basic orga- bers are also responsible for all their missars and vicecommissars as represen'ta- nisations of the Party, severe criticism and work before the Party... The coqlrades, tives of ,the Party in all the forrnatio'ns self-criticism against anyone and by members of the General Sta,ff, must know of the Arrny and the formation and streng- anyone was in the order of the that at the cell they are but rank and thening of the political organs as organs duy. file members. They are responsible for of the political, ideological, educative To further animate the basic organisa- their work before the cell, they are due work, were decisive rnea'sures which ensu- tions of the Party comrade Enver Hoxha to be disciplined and they must know red ,the leading role of the Party and instructed: ,The burden which weighs that they cannot aot without the consent the indisputable pre-eminence of the pro- down on the shoulders of otrr Party is and knowledge of the cell. . . The comra- letariat in the people's armed forces' r]--i,,'"..,.'.'., ::-

The neut soldiets, The re-establishment of ,the commissar's tlre tasks of the times it fulfills. In the together tuith the modern knowledge functi.on in the commands of ,the Arrny de- perjod cf the National Libeiation Strug- of military art, get acquainted tachments and units, the tranagement of gle the management of tlre Party work also uith the rich tighting truditions the Party work through Party committees in the Army aimed at the forming of of the National Libetation .Army. at the prcsent period is not "a simple re- the political and ideological consciousness In the photo: The uetcratt scrt,icc man turn" to the forms used by the Party in of the effective, at its mo ilization to rea- tells the nero soldiets about the the pas,t; it is a question of more deeply lize tl:,e requirements o.f the popular re- glorious road trauersed perfecting, developing these forms of volution, f or the libeation of the home- by the National Libetation Army. management in compliance with the new land from foreign invaders and the esta- higher 1eve1 reached by our army in its blishn-..ent of the people's power. Different proletarisation and modernisation and wiih is the oomplex of the tasks of the Parly ALBANIA TODAY 4 1171, 1974 a 1t work in the period of the complete con- velopm'en,t o,f our popular military art, In these conditions the instructions of struction socialist of society. In this new we have achieved and continue to achieve the Central Cornrnittee and of the beloved period, further developing the precepts of great successes. Our socialist country has Ieader ,of our people and Party fo.r the Marxism-Ieninism that easier il is to sei- today armed forces ideologically and poli- strengthening of tlae army, of the grass- ze lhan defenLd to the power of the pro- tically trained, equipped with the techni root organisations of the Party and of all letariat and carry socialist revolution for- que of the times and mil,itarily prepared their life, as a fundamental condition for ward,,the subjective factors per- act as according to the require,ments of o,ur po- the success of the work in every sector manent decisive factors for the attainment pular military art, to defe'nd our socialist resound today, too, with all ,their force of victory. "4,t this new s,tage of the de- homeland frorn any aggressor or coalition in the same 1,ay as reso.rnded the instruc- velopment of socialism in our country when of aggr,essors. tion comrade Enver Hoxha gave to the we are ge,ographica a1l ly encircled from The successes achieved on all the fronts communists of the Berzeshta baltalion sides by sworn imperia,list and revisionist of the building and defence of socialism when he wrote to : "If you, Party members, enemies, the question of the defence of speak of the correctness of the principles do not work as you should therein, that the socialist homeland, of the cons,tant a,nd requir:ernents of the military line of battalion will remain a battalion on strengthening and proletarisation of the our Party, on which there have been cul- paper: if you do not politically and mili- Armed Forces, the preservation of their tivated the patriotism, courag,e and brave- tarily raise the partisans you are leading, ideological and military purity from the ry of our men, their fighting spirit, the that battalion will be unable to perform position of the bourgeois-revisionist ideo- pe'rsistence to carry them o,ut in practice the mission entrusted to it by the people... 1ogy, the question of coniinuous deve- the under any condition and 'circumstance and He that does not perform his duty as a lopment people's cf our mili,tary art and to overcome with optimism every tide true soldier of the Party, he has betrayed Marxist-Leninist military art assumes a and storm wherever it has come and may our Communist Party and our people. The particular irn:portance. The stuggle for the come from. In tr-is way, the effective of Party comrades must be on the front ranks strengthening and. deepening of the anost our people's Arrned Forces, born in the of the struggle, of sacrifice*. correct proletarian concepts in our work- heat of the National Liberation Struggtre, As scientific conclusions proved in the ing people ,the and miliiary rnen, for their like entire sol'dier{leolple, has carried popular ar'med struggle of a people small education with the teachings of the Par- ourt in practice that Party instruction in number but heroic, who clashed with ty and of co,mrade Enver Hoxha, for the that when it is a question 'of 'defending the and won against many times superior incessant strengthening of the Party, for freedom of the ,ho,melan'd .better to die enemies and today are triumphantly mar- the constant revolutionisation of the i,nner standing than live forced down to the life ching onward for the further deepe4,ing of its basic organisations, for the knees*. This has been and remains the of the s,ocialist revotrution in all fields of construction and defence ,of socialism, for motto of our life. The o,bstacles and bloc- life, comrad,e Enver Hoxha's works, his the sirengthening of the composition o,I kades raised by the irnperialist and revi- light-giving ideas and teachings, irrespec- the Party and its lead,ership wirth working sionists today do not intimidate us, and tive of the time at which they have been class elements a frandamental is require- they do not stop, and will never stop, our written, preserve the permarrent effect ment, a basic factor for the jusL firm stabili forward movement and development of the most p,owerful weapon in onrr hand, ty of our social and sLate order, for our as fascisrn and rrazrsrn thirty years ago in the hand of every worker, ,peasant and increasingly greaLer successes in the buil- could not stop and force us down to our s,o1dier, school pu,pil and student, bo ding and defence of socialisrn, it :is a gua- peop1,e, knees although at th,at time under always carry onward the cause of socia- raniee that our Party, our people's po- just the leadership of the Party, had be- lism and communism. They are a Marxist- wer and our Armed Forces will never gun to renovate th,eir forces and set abo'ut Leninist scientific sSrnthesis of the great change their deeply revolutionary, Marxist- lhe organized people's liberate war to revolutionary experience of our Party, of Leninist oharacter. their country, to become master cf their our pe,ople and their arrned Forces in the The rnanagirng of the entire aclivity of own destinies, to establish their people's three greatest class battles: in the stru:g- the units through the committees elected power an'd to bnild up their new 1ife. g1e for the liberation of tlre homeland, by the Party organisations and the re-esta- Precisely because the line of our Par- anld the de- blishment of the commissar's function in ty, comrade Enver Hoxha's light-giving for the building of s,ocialism Marxism-f.eni- the struclure of the organisations of the teachings, have atrways r,epresented the fence of the victories of revolu- ,{rmy co,mmands .does rnot reduee, but Marxist-Leninist truth in the conditions nism and of the socialist on the contmry, raises tion. and still more of our country, 'today, Lo the new extent and com- st::engtlrens the role of the commanders of the aggravation of the international si- The teachi,ngs of the Party of peoplds and staffs, because precisely by streng- tuation, our people stand firm, vigilant on rade Enver Hoxha about the ar- thening them as leading cadres and the road of socialism and the revolution, med struggle, a;bout the questions of the organisms the Party work also is ready ,to give the rebuff to anyone that army and the defence o,f the hornEtrand, strengthened. the ParLy leadership would dare to touch the boundaries of our ar,e an inval;uable treasure f or all the is embodied, merged and streng- socialist homeland. The increase of the ca,dres of our army and orur people's po. thened through manysided and qualified aggressiveness of the imperialis,ts and re- wer, for the entire effective and the peo- work visionists does not show their strength but p1e's volunteers, they are the foundation By carrying out these tea,chings in all their weakness, the verge of the abyss of our Marxist-Lenini,st popular military other spheres of trife in our ccuntry, also where the imperialist system and i,ts ugly ant, of the constant d.evetropment and per- in the fietrd of training and educating offspring - modern revisionism, will be fecting of the arrned forces of our socialisL our Armed F,orces, in the field of the de- definitely buried. state. WEttBEING FOR Att THE WORKING PEOPTE

by DERYTSH GrllRtfl

MASSES IS A THE ENSUBANCE OF WELLBEING FOB T,HE BROAD WOBKING Building the sociolist societY is insePoroble from roising the wellbeing of the

working PeoPle. THE LIEE OF THE PEOPLE H,APPIEB, BICHER AND MOBE JOYFUL" Ihis wellbeing is Wellbeing is the concrete expression of tionary experience of socialist construction the operation of the fundamental economic has shown that wellbeing, which expresses spiri- conceived ond reolized Iaw of socialism, a 1aw which began to the totality of material, cultural and po- tual conditions' can everybody, operate with the lor litical power and of the material basis' not iust for o few, lor social owners of pro- without relying on duction. Histo wn that gies of the people' eYeI ond not temPororilY. there can be no question of the we11be- Iesources of a country. If the formation ing of the working people, or of raising and correct use of this material basis does Roising it is ochieved of a ge' it or stabilizing it, without overthrowing not exist, there can be no question by hormonizing Present the old capitalist ng neral, constant rise in wellbeing. radical revolutio in Efforts to raise the wellbeing of the wor- luture interests, the li- ond the structure and ty, king masses in Albania began with inherited from personol interests with without establishing and strengthening the beration of the country. We economy, dictatorship of the proletariat and social the past a backward, tavaged those ol the whole ownership over the means of production, plundered by foreign invaders. under these easy to create socieiy, the interests and without preserving its socialist nature. conditions, it has not been Only socialist reiations of production and the basis of wellbeing from the beginning, to stlug- ol the gloup with those their constant perfecting pave the way to to raise it and, at the same time, the realisation of wellbeing for all the wor- gle, against the imperialist-revisionist collective in of the king masses. The rising material, cultural encirclement. The deep transformations up an ade- and spiritual needs of the working people, the economic basis, and setting carry- cannot be fulfilled outside these relations, quate material and technical basis, intense ideologi detached from the steady development of ing out at the same time DERVISH CIIEITI - Lecturet, head ol the productive forces and from the entire cal and political work with the labouring Depattutent of Socialist Poli'tical economy the cultural and social development of the masses in order to get them to understand at tle economic taculty of the State Uni' same time, the revolu- the actual conditions of the country and uetsity ol Tirana. country. At the without neglecting the production of con- filment of the tasks laid down by the so. sumer goods. This development has made cialist construction of the country. Socia- possible the high rate of increase in the lism and wellbeing are organically con- national income, the increase of consu- nected. Without correctly understanding mer demand and the increase of goods tur- this connection, without conceiving and im- nover. The plans for economic develop- plementing wellbeing from a revolutionary ment, worked out with the broad participa- position as wellbeing for everybody and tion of the labouring masses, have ensured not for a few, for always and not tem- correct links among all aspects of extended porarily, for the present and the future, socialist reproduction, among production, for the working people of both town and distribution, exchange and consumption. countryside, and for those in the high- Without these links there can be no ques- lands as well as the plains, steadily rising tion of ralsing wellbeing. wellbeing cannot be ensured, Only in the By setting mobilizing tasks, ensuring socialist state can we speak of the reali- these links in a planned way and strug- sation of the interests of the working gling for their preservation and implemen- c1ass, where the interests of the entire ta ion, it has been possible to achieve people are merged, or the harmonisation a rtumber of good results and objectives of present interests with future ones, of in all the sectors of our people's economy. personal interests with those of the socie- The wise and farsighted policy of the ty, of group interests with those of the party in the field of the distribution of na- collective ones. tional incomes, in prices, wages, monetary The correct line pursued by our party the ideo-political and socio-economic con- circulation, etc., has meant that in every for the steady, sure raising of the well- tent of wellbeing, have been of decisive period, and from one period to another, a being of the people has been fu1ly appro- importance. Otherwise we could neither gradual rise in the wellbeing. of all the ved by the working masses of town and ensure the formation of the material basis working masses has been ensured. On the countryside, which have struggled witb nor effect the correct distribution and use other hand the correct distribution and all their energy to implement this line. of national incomes. re-distribution of national income, on the This has been expressed in the numerous It is necessary to point out that the rais- basis of a single unified p1an, is indispen- undertakings of the working people and ing of wellbeing could not be realized sable for the dynamic development of the their total mobilization to f u1fi1 the set without constantly ensuring from the economy, and the steady rise in the well- objectives ahead of sc$edule. beginning, the planned organisation of the belng of the people. Decentralisation of The experience of our socialist construc- economy, on the basis of the principle of the management of the economy, and the tion has also proved that the process of democratic centralism. It is precisely such distortion and shif ting of the economic raising wellbeing is an uninterrupted pro- planning of the economy which mobilizes role of the state, paves the way for anar- cess which is based on the objective eco- the creative energies of the masses and chy and competi,tion, and has negative nomic laws of socialism. Our party has the country's materlal and financial resour- results for the wellbeing of the working never treated the raising of wellbeing as ces towards concrete objectives, and thus people. separate from the economic conditions guarantees the gradual but-steady raising The socialist order, as the experience of and possibilities of the country, or from of wetrlbeing. our country confirms, makes possible a the process of socialist construction. The The plans for our economic ar-rd cultural rapid rate of economic development, and adoption of measures for raising wellbeing development have been based on the care rising wellbeing. But this cannot become without taking into consideration these of the party for wellbeing. They have set reality by itself, without the role of the conditions, would have had political and concrete objectives in the field of produc- subjective factor, without a correct Mar- socio-economic repercussions, because the tion, distribution and use of material xist-Leninist policy, without relying power- raising of wellbeing does not comply with wealth; the productive forces have develo- fu1ly and consistently on one's own for- arbitrary, subjectivist, voluntarist or spon- ped, and the socialist character of the ces. The party has educated the working taneous actions. It ls achieved only on the relations of production has deepened. All masses with the correct concept that well- basis of Marxist.Leninist theory, and our one-year and five-year plans have being rises on a material basis, and that knowledge of the laws of the objective reflected, in a concentrated way, the requi- it is not donated but acquired by the work development of our society, because on rements of the fundamental economic law, and the sweat of the people themselves, this basis the steady, consistent develop- together with the demands of the other developing and securing the independent ment of the socialist economy is effected. objective laws of socialism. The planned, aotion of the people's economy, fuffilling As a consequence of this correct genetaT proportional development of the economy and overfulfilling the state p1ans, reduc- line of the party, in struggle to realize in- has ensured the rapid growth of social ing production costs and raising labour tensive, great tasks, there have been many production, in the first place of the pro- productivity. initiatives by the workin[l people to streng- duction of the means of production, Wellbeing is raised parallel with the ful- then the political, economic and military 14a41t71,1974 ALBANIA TODAY

potential of the country. Ihey show that These data of industrial development produc the working masses have worked resolu- show rapid rates of increase in tely to raise their wellbeing. Only by wor- tion. Because the exploiting classes, and king selflessly have our people achieved the exploitation of man by man in our brilliant victories in all fields' Withoutthis country, have been done away with, the directly served mobilisation, all those 'deep, thorough- increase of production has going transformations would not have ta- to raise the wellbeing of the working ken place within a very short period of people. and time and all those iinportant measures ta- Parallel with the increase in social national ken in the field of wellbeing wotrld not ha- industrial production, increasing ve been possible. The increase in social income and, in particular, its planned use, production and national income, the real have also been ensured. Under the first per cent of incomes of the population, the number of five-year plan (1951-1955) 25.6 people employed, the personal consumption the national income was used for accu- pTan fund and social consumption fund, the gro- mulation, under the second five-yeat the wing consumption of the rmain products per this figure rose to 27 per cent, under per capita of the population, the radical irr:'pro- third five-year plan it reached 28.8 vement in housing and living condition's, cent, under the fourth fiver-year plan it the raisring of the educational 1eve1, the rose to 33.9 pet cent and under the current setting up of a health service for the po- five-year plan, the tiftln, (7977-7975) the pulation and of artisan, transport, and share of national income used for accu- per cent' other public services, the increased popu- mulation will increase to 34-37 lation aad the prolongation of the average These data show that the accumulatio'n has made li,fe expectancy - these are some o'f the norm has been in the rise' I't and indices showing the increas'e in the well- it possible to ensure the 'realisation only for the pre- being ,of the working PeoPle. raising of wellbeing, not The level, structure and dYnamic of sent but also for the future. This is under- invest social production and national income cha- standable, because if we do not the racterizes in a concentrated way the de- today we cannot ensure wellbeing for velopment of productive forces and the rai future. But, the increase in accu'mulation sing of the material and cultural 1evel of has not been effected to the detrimen the population. By 7972, as against 1938, of consumption. Alongside accumulation the the national income was 9.6 times larger, there has been a constant increase in total industrial produotion was 78.3 t|- consumption fund during the entire period mes greater, and total agricultural pro- of socialist construction. Dur- duction was 3.4 times greater. In a detai- Consumption has increased rapidly. led way, the growth of industrial output ing the 2O-year period 1950-1970 the is seen in the following data: By 7972 consumprtion fun'd has increased by an the production of oil had increased 68'4 average ol 7 percenl every year, at a time has grown times compared with 1938 and 3.1 times when the co'untry's population year' compared with 1960' The produotion of on avefage by 2.8 per cent every has been chromium had grown 76.8 times over, com- Thus, the growth of consumption population growth' pared with 1938, and had doubled compa- 2.4 times faster than red with 1960, the production of electric This has made it possible not only to power had increased 736 times against keep up with the natural growth of the per 7938, arrd, 5.6 times since 1960; the pro- population, but also for consumption year to duction of the chemical industry had capirta to grow perceptibly from increased over 3,000 times since 1938 and year. period of 21 times since 1960; the productionof tf,e During our entire 3O-year im- engineering in'dustry had increased over construating the social,ist society, an of consumption 220 times since 1938 and over 10 times sin- provement in the structure has also been ensu- ce 1960; the production of the food proces- by the working masses sing and light industries had increased red by extending commodity-money rela- over 50 tirnes since 1938 and abo rt 3 tions, and gradually narrowing the sphere especi,ally for the tirmes over compared with 1960, and so on' of direct consumption, ALBANIA TODAY 4 1171, 1974 o 15 peasantry. this is seen in the fact that the the population had increased as follows: put onoe and for all to poverty, together increasein retail trade has been higher than ootton textiles 70 times, edible fats 3.5 ti- with the capitalist mode of production. the increase in individual consumption. mes, cheese 40 times, sugar over 10 times, This is a great historic victory of our Thus, by !972. eompared with 1950, indi rice over 7 times, etc. people, led by the partY. vidual oonsumption had increased 4.5 ti- In thirty years, the population increa- In view of the rise of wellbeing in mes, while goods turnover had grown sed 2.2 times and the working class grew Llbania, we have consistently implemented over 9 times. This has been a correct about 20 times. About three-fifths of the the slogan .Think, work and live like re- trend. The increase in the consumption population were born, grew up and have volutionaries,'. This has been raised as a fund has resulted from increased partici been educated in the years of the peo- militanrt banner in the steady develop- pation in work, a rising average wage and ple's power. The average life expeotancy ment of our revoltltion, and it underlies peasant income, etc. ,Bu,t the reduction o,f has reached 68 years, as against 38.2 yeats all the activity to raise the wel'lbeing of prices for rnas's ,conrsumer goods has also in 1938. From 1950 to 1970 a total of the working people in town and country- had an influence. Thus, from 1950 to 7970, 191.000 apartements and houses have been side. Life has proved that without being 14 reductions in prices of mass consumer built, which now house half the oountry's guided by this slogan, without thinkiag, goods have taken place. This meant that by population. Education and health care are living and working like revolut'ionaries \970, as against 1950, the real wage of free for the entire people. The state there can be no question of secure, general working people had risen by 64 per cent spends a quaxter of its budget annually wellbeing. Any departure ,from this stand and the income of the peasantry by 72 per for social and cultural projects. In 1972 would be a source of evils. Any stand op- cent. aibout 700,000 people were atlending posed to the revolutionary one is entirely One of the other main aspects that has schools, which shows that one out of alien to general wellbeing. This was best conditioned the raising of wellbeing for three people is studying. Over 32,000 peo- shown by what happened in the Soviet the present and the future is the preserva- ple were receiving higher education, of Union and in the other countries of tion of correot proportions between the whom 10,000 were gir1s. Eastern Europe where the modern revisio- increase in production of the means of It 1,970 the taxation systeln was abo- nists encouraged bourgeois degeneration production (subdivision I) and that in pro- Iished, the complete electrification of the and anti-socialist stands. They aroused an duction of mass consumer goods (subdi- countryside was completed in 7977, and individualist spirit, petty-bourgeois egoism, vision II). This proportion has conditioned in 7972 the pension scheme was establi- the psyohology of private ownership, the whole socio-economic development of shed in the countryside too. The network and narrow personal interests, and paved our country. By 1970 the production of of trade, socio-cultural institutions, ser- the way for bourgeois relations of pro- the means of production had inqease'd 77.4 vices, etc., has been extended to the coun- duction, thus renouncing weilbeing for times since 7938, 16.6 times since 1950, tryside. More villages have been connected all the working people. These pseudo-re- about 3 times since 1960 and over 2 times with highways and a number of measures volutionary stands have led to a widening since 1965. The production of consumer have been taken to provide good water gap between the wellbeing of the wor- goods had increased over 55 times since supplies. By 7973 all the villages in Alba- king masses and the bourgeois and revi- L938, about 14 times since 1950, ovet 2 nia were connected to the telephone net- sionist stratum in power, which lives in times since 1960 and over 1.5 times since work. great luxury, divorced from the peo- 1965. Favourable measures have been taken p1e. If the law of priority for produotion of in the highland areas too, through the dis- Our Pa$ty of Labour, remain'ing loyal the means of production had not been tribution and re-distribution of national to the preoepts of Marxisrn-Leninism, edu- impiemen ed consistently, the rapid deve- incomes through the correct price policy, cates the wor.king people with correct lopment of the branches of the people's credit and other economic levers. Thus, concE)ts about wellbeing, and takes con- economy would have been impossible. important steps have been taken to narrow crete measures, particutrarly in the field of Consequently, the very process of the rise the differences between the countryside relations of ownership and distribution. It in the wellbeing of the w,orking masses and the town, and within the country- has carefully improved all the aspects of would have been hindered and the har- side. relations of production so as never to allow monisation of present interes,ts with future All this sumps up the indices of well- them to change their socialist nature. Here ones would have been damaged. By uphol- being; these achievements have been rea- we have always struggled to improve the ding the law of priority for the means of ched art a time when, in the capitalist management and organisation of the eco- production, the increase of consumer goods and revisionist countries, unemployment, nomy. In the field of distribution we has been ensured. Today our country ful- economic crises, risirng prices, speorla'tion, have struggled against having great dis- fills the major part of its needs for rrlass inflation, and falling iiving standards are parities in wages, ibut noit for levellin'g consumer goods from home production, permanent phenomena of economic and so- them. The socialist principle of the remu- and this proportion keeps increasing. By cial life. The poverty of the working peo- neration accordi,ng to work has always !972, as compared with pre-liberation, the ple is a typical sociai phenomenon of ca- b e en co rrectly irnplemented. Dif f erentiabion produotion of some articles per capita of pitalism. In our country an end has been has been made on the basis of the quan' 16 a 41171,1974 ALBANIA TODAY tlty, quality, kind and importance of work, thened and tempered. Our people, power- front. In changing the way of life an the qualification of the working people, fully relylng on their own forces, realize important lole has been played by the etc., but we have not allowed great dif- that their wellbeing canno be attained ideological struggle against religion, back- ferences in the standard of living between withou,t struggle and ef f orts. They cor- ward customs and oid traditions. To various classes, groups and strata of the rectly assesss collective interests, and show the importance of these efforts, suf- society to emerge. We aim in fact at conti- understand ever more correctly the ques- fice it to say that wi[hout the struggle nua11y narrowing such differences as do tion of wellbeing. Most of the working that has been waged against backward cus- exist. people, in their daily economic, social and toms and reiigious prejudices, it would Improving the wages system, raising the cul,tural activity, are not urged by their have bqen impossible to achieve all thes'e skills of the working people, increasing narrow individual interest or by personal changes in the way of life because back- labour productivity, etc., have brought glory, but by the collective interest, which ward customs in the past were closely about the narrowlng of differences in the makes possible the realisation of their in,terlace,d with the way o'f life. Religion distribution of material wealth. There has personal interests, too. This shows the qua- had poured its poison into the ioys and been a rapid increase in the social con- litative leap in the mind, consciousness and sorrows of man. The socialist way of life sumption fund, thus fulfilling many needs aotivity of our working people. It is of has ben put into praotice in struggle of the population, for instance for edu- major lmportance and shows the correct against religious prejudices and old, catior. culture, health, etc. This fact has understanding of the nature of wellbeing backward customs, and in strugEle aga,inst con,tributed to the increase of the real inco- in the socialist society. the concept of being contenterd with lit'tle. mes of working families, because the so- Our continuing socialist revolution ensu- There has been implanted in ,the working cial fund is distributed according to need res allround transformations also in the na- masses lhe idea that being contented with and not acording to pay. The increase in tional way of life especially that of the 1ittle does not contribu'te to active par- the social consumption fund has been family and the individual. This is only ticipation in work, it does not ensure eco- faster ,than the increase of the nominal natural. The socialist way of life cannot fit nomic development and progress and, wage. Struggling against exaggerations in with the remnants of the o1d world in consequ,ently, it becomes an obstacie to and against the bourgeois and revisionist the consciousness of men, backward con- raising wellbeing. concept of living, we have s'triven with all cepts and customs, or the bourgeois and As wel1, there has been implanted the our energies incessantly to improve the revisionis,t way of 1ife. Ihe radical chan- idea that income must be userd correotly, life of the entire people. In this process we ges made in our country in the waY of taking care of'the needs for food, clothing have used both material incentives and life have been a consequence of socio-eco- housing and hy'giene. We have th'us moral incentives. Gradually, the moral nomic, demographic, educational and cu1- aimed at concelvi,ng of wellbeing in an incentive has become maj or factor, a tural changes and development. Thus, the extensive, complex way, for it has to do motive force in all activity and in all fields way of life as an integral part of the with the fulfi'lment of material, cultural, of social development. entire life of the socialist society, has spiritual, health and service neeCs; in Our new man, tempered with the Mar- developed steadily in close conneation with other words, it has to do with the fulfil- xist-Leninist world outlook, with political our revolutionary ideology. The spiritual ment of all daily economic an'd social and ideological consciousness, has strug- world of man, emancipation and Per- needs. gled with all his energies, urged on not sonal happiness and family life have never When we look in this waY at the well- by extra pay but on behalf of the ideal been detached from socialist ideology. Dur- bein,g of the Albanian people today after and interests of socialism, the homeland ing the development of the way of life thirty years of struggle and efforts, we and the people. When we say that in our many new problems have arisen and been can see, it is higher than YesterdaY, country, in the efforts to raise wellbeing, solved, material, spiritual and cultural and tomorrow it wrll surely be higher the ratio between material and moral in- demands have increased and the concept stil1. This is the sure and brilliant future centives has changed a gteat deal in fa- of cultured living in al1 its aspects has of our people. This is the logic of the 'dy- vour of the latter, this of course does not been extended. In course of this plocess, namic development of our 1ife. Every- m€an that marterial incentives are neglec- inteilectual development has been achie- thing that has been achieved in the field of ted. The establishment in the first place ved, and the environment has changed in wellbeing shows ,how much a peopl,e, even of moral incentives, without negating ma- the home and a't work. one smal1 in numbers as our People, terial incentives, shows the strengthening The developrnent of the socialist way are able to realize, when they em;bark on and development of a socialist conscious- of life in our country has ben attained the ,road of socialism and proceeC on it ness among the working people of town in struggle against bou.rgeois influences with deterrmination, ied with loyalLty by a and the countryside. These changes in and way of life, against liberal srtands Marxist-Leninist party, s'uch as the Party world outlook have made our people no't and against passiveness anrd tol,erance. of Labour of Albania. This is because the only think and work like revolutionaries, Thus, the stluggle fortho socialist way so,cialis,t order paves the way to a happy but live like revolutionaries, too. This of life has been treated as an important and joyful life for all the working rnas- consciousness is being constantly streng- as,pect of the struggle on the ideological ses. t

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The uorking class heroism is a source o! i::soi;'a!io:t Ior the creatiDe actiuity of our painters. Th,r paintu Panili l,4elc rellects in this picture the d"e!.ermination ol the Dorking class to put in Wactice the toar:linqs ol tl'r 'ou-:-, SO E PROBTEMS 0r MRA F hI RATURE

Scientific session of the Stote University of Tirono

THE HISTOBY AND PHILOLOGY FACULTY AND THE FOREIGN LANGUAGES of ,the most dangerous weapons of ideo- FACUI.TY OF THE STATE UNIVEBSITY OF TIRANA, IN COf,I.ABOBATION W,ITH THE logical aggression. The session's docu- ALBANIAN WRITERS' AND ARTISTS' UNION, RECENTLY ORGANIZED A SCIENTIFIC ments were permeated by the idea of SESSION DEVOTED TO SOME CUBRENT PBOBLEMS OF CONTEMPOBARY FOREIGN finding out the reactionary social and po- T.ITEBATUBE. litical essence and signifi,cance of the bour- TrIE WRITEB AND CBITIC DALAN SHAPI,LO, HEAD OF THE CHAIB OF LITERA. geois art schools and cliques, especially TURE OT THE STATE UNIVERSITY OF TIBANA, DELIVERED A REPORT ON -THE when, at first glance, they seem to be MAIN TENDENCIES IN CONTEMPORAB,Y FOREIGN LITEBATURE". NEXT TEN PAPERS proceeding from .left" positions, and make WERE GIVEN BY I,ECTURERS, WRITERS AND CRITICS ABOUT A SEBIES OF CURBENT PROBLEMS AND PHENOMENA IN FOREIGN LITERATURE TOD,AY; THOSE CONTRI. themselves out to be expressing revolt BUTING INCLUDED DBITERo AGoI.IJI, PRESIDENT oF THE ALBANIAN WBITEBS, against bourgeois society and its founda- AND ABTISTS' LEAGUE, VITORE BALLVOBA, DEAN OF THE FOBEIGN LANGUAGES tions. FACULTY AT THE S.U.T., AND OTHERS. The session ,touched upon the main ten- Those who presented papers, basing mena, but paid ,mor,e attention to pro- dencies of contemporary foreign literatu- themselves on the principtres of Marxist- bl,ems whioh are connected with mod,er- re; i,ts developrnent was seen as a reflec- Leninist a,esthetios, the tea,chings of irhe nism and deoadence with the sources of tion of rthe class struggle in ar,t, with its Party and of comrade Enver Hoxha, reactionary, id,ealistic trends, o,r with specific means and forms. Progressive li- according to the directions of the IVth some of the principal rnani,festations of terature was seen as an expression of the Plenum ,about these problem, managed to revisionisrn in literat'ure, as well as with interests of the peoptre, and progressive delve deeply into some of the most essen- bor:,rg,eois-r,evisionist theories aibout the forces which represent these interests, tial aspe,ct's of the literary trends and study and criticisrn of literature. through the contradictions characterizing crea,tivily of the 20th, century. A11 the documents of the session under- it in the conditions of tthe pr:esenrt-day Seeing .the literary process of our time lined the idea thaLt the reactionary bour- bourgeois societSr. It was obvious from as a proce,ss which develops in continuous geoisie, the imperialists, and,the revisio- some papers that existentialist writers silru,gg1e and clash berbween progressive nists, are using revisionist decadent lite- such as Sartre, Camus, fonesco, ettc., go art and regr,essive art, ald concentrating rattre, in all its aspects, as one of the still further than their predecessors of the on some of the most irnportan,t phe.nomena most effeotive ways to poison the social end of last century, presenting life as a of the 20th cenbury, the session did not consciousness of ,t re broad stra,ta of ,the shocking nightmare, as a ttangled skein ignor,e progressive author,s and pheno- people in their own coun,tries, and as one of relalions which cannot be unravelled. studies, and their idealistic and reactio- In all the main documents of the Party, nary essence was shown. particularly those from the IVth Plenum, Here we give our readers a summary along with protrlems of our cul,ture and of the report and of some papers delive- art, abtention is also paid to problems of red at this session. the stand towards foreign literature and art, both of previous epochs and of the The problem of a Marxist,Leninist eva- present day. The stand is clear and de- luation of the main tendencies of 20th fined: We are for everything progressive, century foreign litera,ture, espeoially of the democratic and revoluticnary frorn foreign most typical phenomena related to our culture; we critically apprlise it, and we tirne, Dalan SHAPLLO said, is, of course, a must not fall into either xenomania or difficult and broad one. xencphobia. The situation of literature and of theore- World masterpieces have been transla- tical and aesthetic 'thinking, on a world ted and published in our country. Foreign scale, is characterized today by a fierce literature is studied in secondary school ideological and aesthetic struggle, by the and above. The Marxist interpretation of struggle between socialist realism and this literature keps deepening, but there realism on the one hand, a,nd moder- stil1 remains a 1ot to be done. nism, decadence and revisionism on the Literature bcrn in class society, in the other. The road towards progress, towards conditions of grea,t ideological clashes and the art of socialist realism, is of course the expression of varied world outlooks, not even nor everywhere the same: it is must be analysed as to its values and its characterized by contradictions, ztgzags, limitations, and its principal features must and disturbances; but wha,t is important be dialectially defined. is that progressive, revolutionary art is In the current situation, when pacifist developing and ls finding its. way; this illusions and the spirit of conformism, is the future, the road of the genuine pessimim and scepticism are reigning in people's art. the bourgeois world, while many intellec- However, in the period of the intensifi tuals are unable to find a way out of At the same time decadent litena'ture co- cation of class struggle, there is increas- contradictions and, wittingly or unwitt- mes ourt in open contrast with the historic ing pressure from alien ideology and the ingly, become the tools of the bourgeoisie, optimism of the revolution and the work- imperialist-revisionist encirclement, and vario'us trends of 'the anti-realistic, mo- ing class. The antihistorical essence, mo- for some subjective reasons, as pointed dernist or pragmatist scho'ols have arisen. derni,sm, and pragmatism, pointed if was out by the IVth Plenum of the CC of 'the The realistic works of the present cen- out at the session, chayacleuze current re- PLA, ln our literature and atl, too, there tury, which keep on develo'ping, acoording visionist literature especially in the Soviet have been signs, particularly in recent to the ristorical and social circumstancej Union. years, of alien rnodernist-decadent and re- and the world outlook of the authors, A number of papers looked at some of visionist influences. The manifestations of up to our own time,, D. Shapllo says fur- the roots of modernist trends, their phi- modernism in content and form, in various ther on, are characterized by tlne continua- losophic foundations, and their concrete genres, are a direct influence of western tion anci deepening of the realistic tra- manifestations in aesthetic works and modernist trends and an echo of revisio- dition of the nineteenth century, and des- credos. They showed the evolution of the nist w,orks, they corne abou,t als,o as a cription of the actual situation of society authors who passed over the positions of consequence of insufficient ideological and and class relations. The protests, ,the so- socialis realism, such as Paul Eluard. The asthetic formation, a too superficial cial elemen,ts, the great themes of capi- papers on methodological problems in knowledge of rthe principles, of Marxist- talist exploitation and resistance to it, the study and criticism revealed the forma- Leninist aesthetics, as well as of the forma- figures of workers or intellectuals from listic essence of the present-day bour- tion of anti-realistic literary trends, and the fold of the people, who fiEht for the geois-revisionist theories,their cornplete the failure to understand the harm they interests of the people, continue to in- departure from the principles of realism do. Therefore, it is necessary that these crease and take a greater place in the and socialist realism and their decline problems should be dealt with in order subject matter of novels and plays, into liberal bourgeois positions, a11eged1y to bar the way to such influences and Through these works, one can get to know on behalf of the struggle against dogma- to understand them better as the offs- the real situation in bourgeois society in tism, hence the removal of any boundary pring of a society and ideology incompati- many coun'tries of Europe and the world, between realism and antirealistic trends" b1e with ours, which have as a common the cynicism, spiritual and moral degene- ,dttenti,on rvas paid 'to the structuralist platform an idealistic philosophy, and ration of the proprietors and bankers, and theories, which today occupy a significant aesthetic principles of formalism and the democra,tic tendencies of the common place in bourgeois-revisionist literature subjectivism. man, the man of the people. The class 20O4(17),1974 ALBANIA TODAY

some struggle is at Lhe heart of many wor'1ts, of their resistance. The poetry of the look at them historically, through although it is not always interpreted peoples of. Africa and Asia, work by Viet- representatives such as Verlaine, Apo11i- correotly, historical perspective is often namese authors, inspired by the protrac- naire, Picasso, Saivador Dali, Ungaret, Paster- nl1ss1ag. ted, heroic struggle for freedom, work Sartre, Camus, I(afka, Cvetajeva, can get a verY Despite the divelsiiy of form and eva- by Latin Americans such as the outstand- nak and manY others, we pessimisl luation, tl-ie n-rain principles of progressi- ing Chilean poet, Pablo Neruda, who died gereral idea of the decadent, formalism that reign in ve realistic iitcr.ature remain and are a f era, days after the f ascis't coup d'6tat essence and the io one incleasingly instilled: Thus in many rea- which took place in Chi1e, poems per- all these. Their main inclinat'ion, the fantastic ar-ld listic r,i'orks, life is faithfully reflected; meated by profound feelings and ima- extent or another, is the world of sha- rnan is at the centre, as a social being, of gination, like those of the Greek poet distorted reflection of actual phenomena, and course l,ith his own psychological indivi Iannis Ritsos, anC many others, all known dows, insteacl of of the isolated and oppressed dual 'world, but in the first place, shown in our country - this whole bodY of the anxiety of alienation and ina- ir-r his relation to society. We lind the work testifies to an anti-imperialist feei- man; the feeling the conlplicated problems enbodiment of the ideas and tendencies ing, to democraiic, popular or even so- bility to solve of rea- I mentioled in wcrks by 20th century cialist objectives, it expresses the indigna- laised by society; the deformation cleation of albitlary figu- authors such as Lorrdon, Calsworthy, Cro- tion of the peoples towards the impe- lity, and the inner logical connection' nin, Dreiser, Thotnas Mann, Feuchtwanger, rialist aggressors and therr p1ans, and res withoui an of ideas w1-rich Kazarizakis, etc., and in specific books by is part of the sound, positive tendency in based on associations delirious situation' Ano- authors t ,hose wcrl< is fu11 of substantial current wcr'1d literaly develo,pment. express chaotic, all these contradiciions, such as Ershing Ca1dwel1, The transiiion of some rvell-known au- ther characteristic of 'trends' schools and Williarn Saroyan, Arthur lvliler and many thors from troubled surrealist, futurist and according to the various disLortion of the actuai others. other positions to revolutionary, antifas- authors, is the of 1if e, replacing A very powerful trend that takes pre- cist posi'tions is a characteristic of the f orms ancl dimensions random subjectivist ties, con- cedence over progressive literature is so- twentieth century. Such an example was them with and symbolism, which sur- cialist realism, r.t'hich f ound a clear and provided by MaYakovskY, who became ventionalism, and cause art to submer- fuii embodimenl in Russia, in the condi one of the best known, most inspiring pass all measure revolving within the tlons of the bilth and victory, in 1'917, of poets of the revolution. There u'as Paul ge in agnosticism, wi- the proletarian levolution with Maxim Elu-ard, who emerged flom the surrealis- consciousness and subconsciousness, seeking anywhere in society, out Corkiy as its founcier, under the ideologi tic f og in clder to become a resistance thout individual, the causes of inter'- ca1 directicr-i of the Party of the Bolshe- poeL with socialist ideas; and Gatcia side the disiilusion' sui- viks; but it had eariiel roots, in the la- Lorca, whose poetry and creative work na1 disturbances, despair, and terror in the face bout movemeni of the various countries kept on developing, with a powerful emo- cicles, prostitution, of the wor1d, in the songs of the Paris tive charge. The work of these anLl other of death. criticism, i'epresented by Gorky' Commune, in the novels of Jules Va116s authors has its own contradictions and Marxist Barbusse, Lunacharsky, has or L6on C1ade1, Heine's Poetry and in contails vague, incomprehensible figures, Vorovsky, origins of the modern- oiher manifestations of cornmunisl senti- and surrealist subjectivism, but we can explained the social decadents, puLiing aside their preach- ments. take f rorn it and appraise wha't is posi- ist and iliusions and showing the real Besides works by Gorkiy, Mayakovsky, tive. There have been and there will be ings intelligentsia. The artists Ostrovsky, Fu::manov and o'ther Russiart simiiar ,transitions f or those artists who nature of this this category, often talented and f'a' levolutionary authors, wl-rich, we knolv have sotnething realist at the he:rrt of of petty-bourgeois, waver- and value, socialist realism found its iheir work and who a,re attracted by the mous, represent conf ormist stra'ta which begin ivith expression ln separate wolks or the whole sound forces. ing, protest and end rvith complete output of authors like Barbusse, Nexo, The antidemocra:lc and antisocialisi e1e- desperate Very often their stands Roland, Paul Vaillant-Ccuturier, Fugik, ments are vested wilh a sophisticated moral depression. anti-communist, and opposed Vapcalov, ilrecht, John Reed and Ralph idealist philosophy, which, as comrade are openly ,the dictaiorship of the proletariat' They ,Fox, as weil as in mairy othel authors, Envel Hoxha says, we must rejec , thus to in pacifism and in vanity some of whom defended the cause of conrtinuing our Leninist stand; these are are submerged no confidence whatever communism and the antifascist siruggle expressed, in oul century and earlier and they have in the beautiful, in hurnarr not only by theil work, but also bY through the literature and artlstic trends in harmony, laying down their' 1ives, and thus beca- of impressionism, expressionism, futulism happiness. the formalist works cf me an example of resistance and heroistl, or cubofuturism, syrnbolisn-r, imagism and Dealing wiih and Cocteau, Barbusse described The great Chinese writer Lu Hsun passed hermetism (which is more than a trend, Proust as viriuosity of jug- from realism to a revolutionary position. it is a tendency to camouflage ideas in their mastery 'the speaking geneially about this He managed to give lealistic, prcfound a subjectivist way) ; surrealism, abstrac- glers*, and which was in oppo- pictures of the misery of the poor, and Lionism, cubism, existentialism, etc' If we kind of literature, ALBANIA TODAY 4 1171, 1974 a 2i

sition to the proletarian revolu,tion, he decades, the revisionist rtendency in lite- zhenitsyn slings mud at the revolutionary said, in his book "Russia': 'They repre- ra,ture and the arts, now the dominant reality, he openly denigrates socialism, sent a society reduced to the last deglee. trend'in the Soviet Union and elsewehere. and the great figures of Lenin and Stalin, Every work of theirs is. . . a tombstone, There were in fact revisionist features expresses hatred for everything socialist, epi'taph for that society". in Soviet literature even before the and shows his sympathy for leligion, for From the time of Balbusse onward, mo- I{hrushchevite clique came to power; cer- the Russian churches, for a kind of mys- dernist art ro1led down a steep road con- tain conditions, had been formed, wi h ticism where the soul of this author firming what this levoiu,tionary had said. the bureaucratisation of the intellectuals, seeks to find rest; he also sings praises Existentialism, as one of the most wide and their divorce from the popular mas- to treachery towards the homeland. Sol- spread philosophical and literary trends ses, so that revisionism would then find zheni,tsyn, as a literary phenomenon, is in the western wor1d, represents an extre- the way open to lead Soviet literature the product of the definite revisionist si- me individualism. As long as the world towards modernism and degeneraLion. But tuation created in the Soviet Union. His is in chaos, the existentialists say, you can the literature of the period of Lenin and work expresses that revisionist tendency know and foresee no,thing. "We do not Stalin, especially that born in the condi- which reigns in contemporary Soviet 1i- belierre progress*, in Sar,tre declares. The tions of the revolution, with its great terature, but this author surpasses the de- existentialist works are permeated by a theme, and later on with the theme of the magogical limit which characterizes te' hopeless tragic spirit and a fantastic patriotic war, etc., was in the main, in visionist policy and art in general; he mysticism; their heroes ate often co- its most important manifestations, a lite- goes beyond certain limits dictated and rthe wards, since the base and good have rature of socialist realism, with a sound demanded by the present revisionist 1ea- no dis,tinction f or the existentialist wri- revolutionary content which preserves its ders, who want to hide the truth and pre- ter. Theirs is an art which openly prea- values even today. serve themselves, even by speculating ches the philosophy of decline, humilia- It is characteristic of some Soviet, with their political demagogy. But it is tion and fear, thereby defending the French and other authors who before had clear that both the Soviet revisionist bourgeoisie and trying to bar the way to written good works (although sometimes, leaders and Solzhenitsyn in essence stand ihe development of society. in their works, revolutionary teldencies in the same positions of treachery and The tlashy, pornographic literature, a were interwoven with revisionist of mo- complete bourgeoisification. commercial literature, produced for mass dernist ones which would rear their heads Soviet literary works of recent 'times, consumption, tries to nsweetenD bourgeois later on) that they later passed over to devoted to the second world war, are life, the American way of life, it aims entirely revisionist or decadent positions: dominated by the spirit of defeatism and to cultivate the feeling of erotic euphoria, some such authors were Ehrenburg, Sho- deheroization. racism and a dissolute life without trou- lokhov, Yevtushenko, Solzhenistsyn, Ara- In France, too, one sees the revisionist bles, hence it brings out stereotyped no' gon, Roger Garaudy and many others. tendency in literature with authors such vels and films with stale conflicts, huppy The principal manifestations of revi- as Aragon and others, and the open de- endings in the fold of the bourgeois fa- sionism in Soviet literature are expressed fence of ,limitless realism, made by Ga- mi1y, reconciliations between generous in the falsification of history, the comple- raudy and supported, in fact if not in bosses and needy workers, unconvincing te denial of the revolutionary period, the word, by Aragon. The current (vork of love affairs or fantastic adventures which tendency toward deheroization, arrd the this author has submerged in the modern- befuddle the minds of the youth in the cult of the intimate world fu1l of disillu- ist labyrinth; he has returned to his bourgeois and revisionist countries. The sionment and spiritual mutilations. Bour- earlier surrealist position. One of the 1a- false hero in this kind of trash is the geois pacifism objectivism be and can test novels by Aragon, "Rea1 End, is a embodiment of a disgusting pragmatism. seen in many revisionist works about war; typical expression of modernism in prose, Another problem connected with the there is also an evident, pragma,tist incli the dismemberment of rthe hero, and the ideological essence of decadent and for- nation to praise and justify everything depiction of a character from different malist art is that of the artis'tic means which has to do with the revisionist poli- artistic angles, allegedly to give its oppos- ,the used, a form which suits content and cy and with great-Russian chauvinism' ing aspects. In this novel and in other thus arrives at great exaggerations and The road of the falsification of history novels from his final creative period, extravagances. The influence comes in and the denigration of the revolutionary Aragon piunges into subjective lyricism, the first place from the content, the but reality, started by Ehrenburg with his thus continuing the f ormaiist road of alien content also penetrates the form, short story "The Thaw,, by Sholokhov Proust and others, and giving up the re- which expresses the spiritual world enfol- with his "The fate of Man" and by other quirements of the novel itself, which ded in that artistic cloak, and hence it authors, is being continued today ;by cannot develop outside narra ive or outsi- cast shadows and distorts the con- Solzhenitsyn and others. In his works, de the objective reflection of reality. tent itself. such as "One day in the life of Ivan The struggle between realistic, progres- In close connection with modernism, Denisovich', ,Cancer Ward,, etc., and re- sive literature, the literature of socialist there has developed, especially in recent cently in .The Gulag Archipelago,, Sol- realism, on the one hand, and decadent, 22O41171,1974 ALBAN,IA TODAY

iden- rnodernist, revisionist literature, on the by o,ther, modernist trends, which are concept cf 'realism" which is totally The con- other, is a protraoted c1ass, ideological ,innovatcry, and "relevant", and therefcre tifi.ed with ,the concept of 'art'' and aesthetic struggle, and therefore the must occllp:/ the main place i-n the artistic cept of the synthesis, and merging of Party ca11s on us not io consider ourselves life cf the 20th century. In their opinioa, reerlism with modernism, in a kind of 'new as immune but to enhance the revolu- realism is not in a position to provide an realism,, is u-rraceptable, because its main tionary tradition. We are direct heirs of artistic description of present-day realiil', objective is to reject the basic cri'teria of the advanced national and interna.tional because it always seeks to discover the realism, and it tendentiously ignores the heritage. Comrade Enver Hoxha says *we essence of characlels and the logical con- contintrous siruggle of realism with mo- undeniable value only revolutionary, progressive arrd nection af sccial phenomena; in the mo- dernist 'trends. r'shich is an democratic foreign art, n'hether from the dern wor1d, ihese are inerell/ an i11usion, fa-ct of our time,. past or of our own centuryo. while the rnodernist trencis and schools Vitore Ballvora further said: Characte- True art is that which, thrc;ugh il:e cen- are supposed to be based on the Ereat ristic of realism, unlike the other trends turies and today, in our own time, re- changes that have occurred in the life of of the past and present, is the fact that flects the struggle for freed.om and pro- the society and the consciousness of men, its ccncentrates iis attention on the des- gress and the feelings, thoughts and spl- as a consequence of the great discoveries cription of the mcst essential aspects of rit of the people. of sciences and technology. reaTTly; The realisl writers think histo- The future belongs to literature which In the 20th century all sorls of trends rically which enables to reproduce the is of the people and the revoiution, lite- have emerged which are counterposed to rhythm of 1ife, the contradictions of rea- rature with great ideals, with a mission realist aesthetics; hcrvever, irrespective cf lity and the depth of the internal ps;rcho- to show the truth and to raise men and their pretensions to ultra modernism, tire logical world of man. The various kinds women in the struggle against all tirat foundatioos of these trends are an endless of modernism proceeC from anti-historic hinders their development, happiness and repetition, with diffelent variants, of fa- principles; they do not accept the dialectic rights. The future belongs to socialist rea- miliar theses promulgated iong ago abor-rt development of human society, and as a lism. the closed na.ture of art, and its divorce eonsequence the concrete so'cial, historical In her paper ilDistor,tions of the prin- from reality. and individual particularities of life re- ciples of realism in curtent bourqeois and There ate some theoreticians who main outside their concePtion' reuisionist litetary theories,, Vitore BALL- openly state that art, by its ver}, nature, Recently, B. Garaudy has written a lot VORA, dean of the foreign languages fa- has an antirealist cltaracter. Hence, for about myths, and everv great work of him as one of these myths. cutrty, dealing with 'the many discussions instance, the theory of "psychic distance* alt is seen by about the problems of realism in our of Edouard Ballolr, who declares ,.either' He has emerged as an apologis't for my- time, said: closely connected with the a.rt or realism... There is ro third possi- thology, the most outstandig representa- stand towards realism as an artistic me- biiity,. In this way, art is compleiely di- tive of which, in his opinion, is Kafka. thod, and with its evaluaticn, there are a vorced from real 1ife. The myth is treated by 20th century wri- series of fundamental aesthetic questions, The theories about the obsolescence of ters no,t as an historic category, "a stage such as the evaluation of the classical li- realism seem to be counterposed by some in the development of arrtistic thinking", terury l;,eritage from a contemporary posi- cther theories which are based on the idea (Hege ), but as a form of intuitive think- tion, the evaluation of the artistic works of nondifferenliatron of the contempoiary ing, a kind of iogic, which is a constant of the 20th century in relation to the besi literary process, and the elimination of characteristic of the nature of man. The achievements of classical art, and the differences among current literary trends. artistic symbol in the work of the realist theoretical prognosis of all artistic de- Such a view has ben clearly expressed, in wri'ters is based on reality ltself ; it does velopment in the future. She pointed out particnlar by the theory cf socalled ,,limit- not fetishize and does not falsify some that discussions about the concept of rea- less realism* about whlch a great deal of special aspects of reality a1one, but takes lism have taken place previously, but in fuss was made some time ago. it as a v/hsls; $'hi1e in the work of the the present conditions, the struggle of the Accordinq to this theory, the iiri:rits of modernists, there is no connection of sym- reactionary forces against realism has ta- ,lealism* must be boundlessl-rr extended, so bols u,ith life, lvhich is ccnceived of by ken on new proporticns, and has become as to include all the various artjstic pheno- them as a chaos, whose special elements a real campaign against the social and mera of our time, without taking into and parts can never make uP a who1e. aesthetic foundations of the rvhole of pro- considera,ticn their ideological and artistic The mythological works of modernist art gressive art. pecr-r-liarities. The real aim of *limitless coniain a subjective and fantastic presenta- In this last decade, 20th century afi has realism", 'whose theoretician is Roger Ga- tion of the 'r,votld, based on situations enti- been sharply divided into democratic rea- raudy, is to adapt the criteria cf realism rely unreal or irrational, while recent list art, and modernist art for the e1ect. tc the standard labels of modernist art. bourgeois aes,thetics uses the term "the Various bourgeois theoreticians and cri- This thecry proceeds frorn the thesis that realism of hallucinaticns,,. Garaudy f1a- tics are doing their level best to argue there is no nor!-realist art, as long as all grantly violates the principles of A{arxist t1-re historical validity of replacing realisrn art aims at the tru-th; thus it refutes the philosophy and aesthetics about the pro- AI-BANIA TODAY 4 {171, 1974 O 23

the ,innovation* of which cess of cognition and afi, when he states the aesihetic assimilation of realiflr, but Soviet literature, but a complete violation of the that ,lo clemand, on behalf of realism, that as a omethod,rlogical episode'', as one of is nothing principles the method of socia- a work should refleot the entire comp.Lex many literaly rends rvhich liave each in basic of from the of reality, describe the historic road of turn ceded piace to one another. There is iist realism, which have emerged of the revolutionary art the epoch or of the people, and show the also the thesis of the steriliiiy of reaiity, world experience proletaria,t, and have been elabora- main direction of their development anci as a trend with meagre, lir,rited ariisiic of the aesthetics. tire prospects for the future, means to put means. ted by Marxist-Leninist forward not aesthetic but philos'ophic de- In fact, ihe creative development cI XEIAXHIU Ceuotes his paper to mands". realism as an aruiisti,c rnethod ctroes not Muzaler ,Boutgeois in d-ecadent 1i- We find an elaboration of the thesis of exclude, bul presr-Lpposes the diversity of indiuidualism is a philosophi- artistic integration, and the syr-rtiresis cf artistic fotns and ineans. The innovation teraturen: Individualism categci:y, the vaiue of lvhich realism with moder:r-rism, in the works of of realism has alttays ccnsisted il artistic cai ethicai the centuries, he the Austrian theoretician Fischer, who acquaintance n'ith, and generalisatioir of, has changeC through and disap- proceeds frorn ithe ldea that both in the the new phetromena of 1ife, never in mere says. With the disintegration tribal society, indi- capitalist society and in the socialist so- manoeuvrings with foln and means. pearance of the ancient the bounds of the primi- ciety, the same 1aw of the alienation of In the 60', ihe 'n-reihoci of r.:ricro-realism' vidualism bloke community and paved the the individuai operartes, and does not view and the theory of .deheroisation*, wds tive patriarchal T,vay of the produc- art as an ideologioai structure, thus he spread. There also appearerl the socalled for the deveiopment of the first capi. arrives at the conciusiotr that realism and ,critical trend. which w-as consideled as tive foloes. VrTiih the bilth ernerged as modernism aiike have ihe objective of a

selves in the period of the rise of the ings of a mean individualist, who ca1ls the llia LENGU, deliuered the papet ,'Man bourgeoisie as a c1ass. fact that only he exists nan actual wealth, and his al:ienation in the tuorks of J.P. 'Reaction has always instigated and nur- and concludes with a Philistine shout: *I Sarfueu: Long ago, the bourgeois ideo- tured individualism, in the faoe of its fear need no,thing more*. logists speculated with the terr:r of alie- of the unification of the popular forces, It is not by chance that we get the nation, taking advantage of the fact that and the,ir struggle to defend the interests theory of .the human conditions" invented this term has been also used in the clas- of the oppressed and exploi,ted classes. by the decadent theoreticians, according sics of Marxism-Leninism. We meet the Individualism in literature destroys the so- to whom the important thing is not so- word ,alienation. in the very first writings cial hero and replaces him with a sensual cial reality, but the particular human con- of Marx. He took it from Hegel and relationship established between the indi- dition; in other words, it is the "small Feuerbach, but he gave a new, materia- vidual and life. The existentialists and individual world* in which man lives, iso- list content to this concep and divested other decadents in literature and the arts lated from society. it of its idealist and abstract interpreta- state that man is a being independent of The hero is not consistent in his actions, tion. Marx indicated that alienation is an society, and consequently, we would add, but changes according to circumstances expression of ,the contradiction of society he must strive in life to build his exis- and instinctive impulses. Resting ou these at a given stage of its development. tence as it best suits him, at times violat- creative principles, Sartre says that a pli- Alienation appears with the birth of ing, aggressively and arrogantly, the inte- mary characteristic of the present-day no- private ownership and of the antagonistic rests of others, and at time enclosing vel is the fact that the actions and tnental classes, when social relations are sponta- himself in a world of misery and anxiety, state of the hero are unpredictable. neously formed and escape ftom men's in order not to be "cornpelled to live Decadent literature has today become control. Marx says that as a result of alie- always u,nder the gaze ol others", as bogged down in a morass infected by the nation, "work is no longer the fuifihnent Sartre says. Replete with such individual- most reactionary ideas. Although posing of the need to work, but only a means for ist heroes, who drag themselves atrong like as non-aligned art, it is, strongly connec- the fuifilment of other needs, which are worms in an existence as miserable as ted with a speculative philosophic stand not the need to work,', i.e. the fulfiment of i,t is reactionaty, are the works of Sartre, which serves the bourgeoisie. Behind eve- purely biological needs. Camus, Kafka, Robbe-GrilIet, Becket, ry apolitical position of the decadent wri- Man, according to Sartre's existentialist Ionesco, Bataille, Blanchot, Butor, Sarrau- ters is hidden the political tendency to vision, lives in the fold of a worid with te, Joyce, etc. camouflage the reactionary essence of a which he can have only hostile lelations. Eve,n hough the theories of indivi- literature which seeks to create the i11u- Man is not seen as a social being, in dualism in art are often served up in sion that it stands above classes and out- relation with the society in which he li- sophisticated, philosophical terms, it is side history, and it concerns itself more ves, but in himself, facing .existential clear that they serve the bourgeoisie, be- and in fact so1e1y with the fate of the problems". As long as everything is ab- cause they seek to quench any spark of individual. Albert Camus writes, ,It has surd, Sartre 1'easons, then the individual revolt against injustice and oppression, become customary to call the historic must act in absolute freedom, and have preaching relativism, pessimism, nihilism, events, the great deeds, love, important. the ,authenticity, of his acts as a basic and surrender to savage, bestial instincts. But historic events have no importance principle. Thus, according to existentialist When Goethe wrote his uFaust", almost whatever for the individual man. For the 1ogic, irrespective of the social conditions 200 years ago, he included i,n the makeup individual it is 'rnore important to descri- and objective circumstances, it is up to of the hero the pathos of the struggle to be how he speaks in a nasal way, his man himself (who has unlimited freedom, serve mankind, and the beauty of sacri- habit of stroking cats, whistling in the according to Sartre) to lead an "authen- fice on behalf of the victory of scie,nce bath...", etc. tic" existence justifying his absolute free- over dogma. But the decadent writer Paul The decaderrts seek to liberate man dom in the fold of an absurd world, Valery, who has been descri;bed by a from his social dependence, and to treat where he is allegedly 'condemned to bc French critic as the "classlcal' poet of the him as merely a bio-psychological being. free", according to a paradoxical formula bourgeoisie, in the uperiod of i,ts decaden- The actuai causal relations between phe- of Sartre's. This arbittary, voluntarist ce,, in his work "My Faust, shouts with nomena seem to Sartre to be fetters on freedom is a deceptive illusion, because the mouth of ,the character Faust: *Breathe the feet of the imprisoned man. But how instead of social liberation it raises to a and f eel, this is the masterpiece of my can a man liberate himself from them? - {supreme value,, the .authenticity" of the art... I exist... I breathe and see... This Consider their existence as unreal and do individual, and allegedy this authenticity is the classical century of the art of exist- as he pleases. Such is the philosophy of gives the highest meaning to his existen- 1ng. . .tr Sartre and of all the decadents, who seek ce. According to this idealist mystif ica- The titanic efforts of Goethe's Faust to to include the heroes of their works in tion, ignoring and despising objective cir- reject the philosophy of passive admira- the closed circle of individualism, and to cumstances are sr-rfficient f or the indivi- tion have been replaced in Valery's Faust isolate them from reality, which frightens dual to feel hlmself free, or, acco,rding}' by a narrow circle of the subjective feel- them so much. to Sartre, to live in an .authentic" ma.nner. \ - ALBANIA TODAY 4 U7l, 1974 O zs One characteristic of these individuals, out of history, and that he was na voice the masses from the revolutionary struggle isolated from society (in an entirely arbi in the wildernesstr. ilOur good will serves and suffocating any form of social and trary manner), is solitude and the lack nobody" he says. Either Sar,tre is behaving scientific thinking which helps them to of communication, which, according to very naively when he admits such things get to know the o,bjective reality and the Sartre, are permanent and eternal features (and in that case it is r.idiculous to pre- laws of its development. of human nature. Moreover, in pre_ the tend, as Sartre does, that he knows Marx- Despite the great diversity of the theoreti- sence of people who at first sight are ism and wants to *enrich" it) or else he cal and literary schools of contemporary more closely related to them, Sartre,s does not wish to state openly that his bourEeois literary ,studies, and despiitethe heroes still feel isolated. Nobody can co_ philosophy, irrespective of what he wants, nuances distinguishing them, they are all me to their assistance. Sartre strives to comes to the assistance of bourgeois ideo- based on a common methodology, on idea- present the communist militants, too, in 1ogy, diverting the broad masses from listic reactionary philosophical concepbs. this manner deforming, in a reactiouary acute socio-political pro lems and from The formalists of various kinds, the way (although he seems to present things the true road to social liberation. In either structuralists, the followers of neocri- ,objectively, the image of the communist, case, Sartre's political confusion is very ticism, of neo-Freudianism, of the new and the genuine militants the French of surprising, and difficult to believe... mythological school and all the other resis tance. The existentialist interpretation of alie- schools, unite in their general tendency It is only according "natural', to the nation is idealistic because it shifts the to isolate literary work completely from sophist logic of existentialist philosophy, problem from the concrete socio-economic each and every historical, ideological and that man should be a failure. ,,The histo_ plane (where alienation assumes its real social reality, and to study it outside any ry of a 1ife, whatever it may be 1ike, is significance) to an abstract plane outside o jective situation. By this effort to de- the history ol a fail:ute", Sartre arbitrarily social relations in set conditions in space prive literature of its ideological content ,states*, and says that morality rmust and time. and significance, the formalists in fact re- remind us of our powerlessness". All the Irrespective of his alienation in the ca- duce it to the level of the applied arts, heroes in Sartre's works tiresomely re_ pitalist society, man is not as Sartre stri- of an ornamental art, because they deny peat the tragic refrain their failure, of ves to present him in his works. Man its ideological essence, which is the sour- Here is what Mathieu says concerning has always been counterposed to the pro- ce of its aesthetic va1ue. the future of human society: ,Mankind cess of alienation, which is never absolu- Avoiding the study of the development will continue not to get anywhere, and te. The class struggle is eloquent proof of of the literary process in its socio-histo- the same men will ask themselves the the resistance of the broad working mas- ric contexts and concentrating on the same questions, and the same lives will ses, which are fu11y in a position to put interpretation of phenomena, on the oim- fai1,. Mathieu's petty-bourgeois 1ogic, de_ an end to alienation by struggling for the manent" analysis of the structure of lite- fined by Lenin with the greatest accura- construction of a society which elimi- rary works, bourgeois literary science con- cy, causes him, as well as almost a1I the nated the economic basis and the cause ceives of the development of literature as heros without personality and schematic of alienation, i.e. private ownership over merely aL uninterrupted exchange of (although they speak the existentialist lan_ the means of production. ,systems of formal meansn. Consequently, guage of Sartre's works beautifully), to It is not surprising that the bourgeois for contemporary bourgeois theoreticians, attribute their failure to the whole of ideologists insist so much today on the there is no objetive law of literary de- mankind, thus making reactionary gene_ alienation of man in general, in whatever ?elopment whatsoever. This development ralisations in an arbitrary way. society. Instead of antagonistic class con- is due only to the manifestation of new The existentialist vision of man and tradictions and class struggle, they strive talents which ilrenovate the routine sys- society is reactionary. Instead of anta_ to raise the problem of alienation, but, temsn of the old means of expression. gonistic class contradictions, Sartre speaRs of course, depriving it of its socio-eco- Such an anti-historical and anti-scienti- of hostile relations in general. "Hell is nomlc essence. fic conception causes literary studies to other people*, he says in one his of be studies in name only, because like any drarnas, negating, in an arbitrary and Jo'rdo BULO, in his paper "On the idea- such feld, they have the task of discover- reactionary way, the class solidarity of the listic essence oI methologicaL concepts ing the laws of the birth and development broad working masses, who are in strug_ of contempotary bourgeois l.iterury stu- of the phenomenon which is their object gle, everywhere and continually, to libera_ dies*, says: Ihe crisis that has today grip- of examination. te themselves from capitalist exptroitation. ped bourgeois literary studies is a part of The correct approach to literature and Sartre was compelled to admit the general the crisis of bourgeois ideology the arts develops in struggle with the idea- failure of the existentialist doctrine and in our time, when the imperialist bour- listic concepts of contemporary bourgeois the sterility of its principles. *$rg g1r6 geoisie is in the grip of sharp contradic- and revisionist literary thinking. Albanian out, when we come to write our will, that tions, and by using various forms of its studies, as instructed by the 4th plenum we have done nothingu, he says, after ideo.logy, is striving to lengthen the life of the CC of the pLA, are duty+ound becoming uconvincedn, that had fallen "he of the capitalist social system, diverting to strengthen communist partisanship and ALBAN!A TODAY 26a41171,1974

- and through their ego- to improve its own Marxist methodologi posite things R.K.), and bourgeois individualism' ca1 foundations, so as to contribute pro- centrism con'formism perly to the qualified leadership of lite- which leads them to defeatism, political neutralit)r' and puts an enc io rary develoPment, and niP in the bud and *anger' through reconciliation' any negative phenomena of this develop- their The hero of John Osborne's dra'ma "Look ment, particularly f ormalistic influences' Porter, as a young both in literary practice and in critical Back in Lnger", Jimmy plans and without judgement. man with frustrated id.ea1s, a man without any future' is not unable to find even one sole answer Relik KADIJA, in his PaPer 'The inet- only of his many but also nega- tectual reuoTt and bourgeois indiuidual- to any "whys., any positive ideal for social progress ism of the tartgtyh heroeso, says in part: tes nihilist and defeatist manner' 'It The angrY Young men is a collective in a to me that the men of our genera- term conventionally applied to a group of seems not in a position to die any 1on- ycung English writers in the period after tion are ger for gocd causeso, he says' ' There the second world war, who in fact belong '" more good and courageous cau- to various literary trends, but who in are no is no lo'nger anything their work express the attitude of the ses. . . No, there friend... ." new petty-bourgeois in'telligentsia torvards mY The conclusions of the novels by Kings- the existing reality in the 50's' They were Amis, are also defeatist' The egocen- ssltgd ,angry* after the play "Look Back 1ey interests of his heroes strangle and in Anger' by one 'of the most typical re- tric every feeling of anger' Amis of this group, the playwright suffocate presentatives pamphlet performance concludes his Fabian "Social- Joh,n O'sborne, afier its first ism and the Inte11ectual5" with the follow- in London on MaY 8,7958. ing words: best and most trustwor- The lack of any ideal for which it would "The thy political motive is personaT interest'' be worth struggling, and the lack of po- individualist idea also permeates his litical and social interests, changed the This novel .Jim.. protests of the 'angry young men* right "Lucky Charles LamleY, too, the hero of John from the beginning into a stream of vain Wain's novel .Hurry on Do*t ", is connec- vituperations, into an "indirected' inco- ted with the bourgeois reality by the in- herent and ineffective rebellion" as ano- dissoluble bands of the same narrow per- ther English writer, J. B. Priestley, says' sonal interests' What he strives to do is Their angry tirades had no effect on the to remain entirely outside any class struc- foundations of the bourgeois order' The ture, take life as it comes, tread a cate- bourgeois individualism thal characlerized free life and at the same time find a com- the world outlook of the bourgeois and fortable niche within bourgeois society; petty-bourgeois intelligentsia to which he wanrts froT n now on "to travel without these writers belonged did not allow a passaportn but always within the context them to clearly understand, or orientate o{ the environment which surround him' themselves in the complicated political Towards the end of the novel, when he atmosphere of the post-war period; it is alone, he thinks: uNeutrality; he had preve?ted them from forming a clear idea found it at last. The continuous strug- of against whom they should raise their gle between him and socie y had ended voice of protest. As a critic says, they in a draw,. made themselves out to be from 'liberated Thus, at last LamleY found what he every political convicti'on, philosophical was looking for: political neutrality' corn- rvorld outlook, social ideal or moral sys- plete conformlsm, reconciliation with the tem*. Their revolt had a nihilisi, meta- bourgeoisie. physical and defeatist character' The s5rmbiosis of the sangry young men" Irrespective of the manifestations of with the bourgeois order appears still their revolt towards the bourgeois order' more clearly 'in John Braine's "Room at all the *angryo heroes, without exception, the Top,. The focus of all the efforts are connected with that order through a of Joc Lampton, the hero of the novel' certain symbiosis (coexistence of two op- ALBANIA TODAY 4 117t, 1974 O 27 is material success. He is well aware of xist-Leninist methodology from ihe theo- towal'ds openly formalist tendencies, what he wants, and he wauts it with a retical viewpoint. Only a few, like J. Lot- accept structuralism as an additional me- savage desire: a good position, expensi- man, did not restrain themselves, and thod f or the study of literature which, ve shirts, and a rich gir7. He loses no went beyond these limits, proclaiming in their opinion, can be applied to the time but immediately manozuvres w,ithin that ,it is a question of a new world out- rhythmic organisation of the verse, the the narrow circle of these demands. Lamp- look- (J. Lotman, lectures on structural field of styiistics, etc If we accept it ton manages to marry the daughter of the poetry, 7964, pp. 1O and 72). as an additional method, this would mean richest industrialist of the city, and get Structuralism does not constitute a uni- reconciling ourselves with the formalist a job in her father's ffim, realizing al fied ,trend. Thus, while the structuralist interpretation of literature and with the in- the sarne time that he has sold himself of Prague boast that "the principal merit ierpretation of the figures as symbols, out so far that there can no longer be of structuralism consists in the fact that as signs which can be conceived of divor- any about face. Now he feels the proper it ignores content", J. Lotman and his fol- ced from their function as content; this contempt of a self-cou-placent rnan for the lowers preitend to study the structure which is incorrect, because distinctive feature, young people of his class, whom he has implies a given content. In theory they are for example, of the elements of the form abandoned once and for a17. In his head- opposed to formalist structuralists, basing is the transmission of the artistic content. long rush to achieve personal wellbeing themselves on the Frenchman Claude L6vy- The participants in the discussion on vigo- this "angry, young man no1 only cons- Strauss, according to r.vhom structure structuralism got the impression of a ciously allies himself with the bourgeois presupposes content. But in practice, in rous development of theoretical, literary order, but this beconnes the sole aim of their concrete analyses, formalist tenden- thinking. The opponents of structuralism his life. Like all the other ,angry" he- cies are accentuated, as a line and not as get hold of the weak aspects and in this roes, Lampton, too, is an individualist, pafiial manifestations. In other words, way th,ey prove it ithat j,t can develop without ideals and without serious aims structurie consists in elements seen in an even better, when it is compietely erro- in life; he is an offspring of the bourgeois abstraot way, divorced from'content. The neous ideologically. or'der, and a projection of the world out- structuralists pretend to analyse siructu- The structuralists themselves are on the look and in-terests of rthe author himself. re, which in their opinion embodies .me- offensive. Camouflaging their views with As is to be expeoted, in their later talllerary" elements such as the attitude Marxist phraseology, they rise against works, a1l the writers of the ,,angry" ge- of the writer, the socio-historical condi- those who follow ,the traditions of the neration generally, depart from even such tions in which the work was written, etc. historical concrete analysis. Their oppo- Iimited positions of non-conforrnism; the However in concrete analyses, this thesis nents are depicted as self-complacent nenraged., heroes have been graduaily of theirs is forgotten, and the work is students who oppose development and replaced with "tamed. heroes. What uni- treated in a formalist manner. hence are proclaimed to be dogmatic. ted these writers was precisely their simi- Instead of viewing the work in close The Russian press itself is compelled to lar heroes. With the elimination of the connection with the socio-historical con- admit these manifestations of decadent rangrytr hero from their works, these wri- ditions, it is taken as isolated; instead art and criticism. *The efforts to rehabi ters broke the sole connection which had of studying it to a1ly, they study its pa.rts, litate modernism and formalism, have grouped them under the ,angry' lahel. and even that is done in a forrnalist walr. been manifested not as partial mistakes, This also occurs with those structuralists but as tendenoies,, the review Bussk. Li- Palok KRAJA, in his paper ,Neolormalist who concentrate on the subject and the teratura, 1973, 3, p. 21, Points out' tendemcies in Souiet criticism" says: Long development of events in a work. It is It is understandable that a Marxist concei- ago, Soviet criticism expressed "regret obvious that they are not concerned with study of literature cannot admit that the classics of Marxism-Leninism had the subject as an element of the content ving the literary work as ar autonomous not bequathed to us a treatise, a com- or w,ith its function as a means of dis- world isolated from reality. Moreover, the plete system of views about literature and pl.aying the nature of the characters and very elements of the work are not concei' art. Now rthey have replaced this expres- their links, but, are interested oniy in the ved of for a single moment as separated sion ,of uregret, wi'th concre e efforts to plot the developmeni of events as an from one another; the form is always de- create such a system, of course in accor- outline, viewed in a formalist way. For fined by the content. dance with their own views. This aim was instance there are Kzhizhanovski's outlines By throwing into relief these forma- partly served by the discussion in the to which those of Zhalkovski, Sheglov, etc., list and reactionary endencies, we learn 60's abo'ut structuralism. The Sovie,t re- have been added. to delve deeper into the ideological and sivionists, on the pretext of appropriating The formalist character of their analy- artistic values of our literature, and we the achievements of bourgeois studies, ses stems from iheir very method, for can conceive more clearly the devices raise the problem of the possibility of they see the structure as a form vierved today used by the bourgeoisie, in order that struc- pass over silence and deform the applying structuralism as a new melhod frorn within. Thus, it '-esults the to in in the study of litera,ture, which they ture defines the content, and is primary. ideological and artistic content of pro- utilize without openly negating the Mar- Some students, adopting a critical stand gressive literature. FROM THE I.IFE OF THE c0UilTRY

g" sEsloil OF THE 7h TEGISTATURE OF THE PEOPIE'S ASSEMBTY

On June 18-19, the Sth session o,f the Ministers of the P.R. of Albania Mehmet 7th legislature of the Pe,ople's *{ssembly Shehu, and o,ther Party and State lea- held its proceedings. Besides the deputies, ders. The session wa's also attended by the session was attended by in,vited l:eads and officials of .the diplomatic re- guests, including working people from pre,sentations accredited to the People's work and produotion centres and various Republic of Albania. The session held institutions of the Capital, cooperativists, its procedings according to the following Heroes of the People and Socialist Labqrr, agemda: activists of mass organisations, etc. In the 1) Report of the Council of Ministers presidi rm of the meeting were 'the first ,On the flrrther strengthening of the Secretary of the Central Comrnittee of savings programme in the econornic and the Pa)rty of Labour of Albania, social activity o'f the country. Enveir Hoxha; the President of the Pre,si- 2) Draft-Iaw on the modification of dium of the People's Assembly, Haxhi Article 44 ol Lhe Constitution of the Lleshi, the Chairm,an of the Council of People's Republic of Albanria, 3) Approval of decrees :ssued by the ,On the further strengthening of the sav- tlre thircl item on the agenda lhe floor tvas Presidium of the People's Assembly. ings plogramme in the econornic and so- Laken by the secretary of ihe Presidium of On the first item of ihe agenda ,the floor cial activity of ihe country". the People's Assembly Telo Mezini, who i,vas taken by the vice-Chairman of the The second item on the agcnda was presented the decrees issued by ihe pre- Co,uncil of Ministers Xhafer Spahiu who, rerported upon by the chairmal of the sidium of the People's Assembly. The de- on be,half the Council of of &IinisLers of Juridical Commission of the people's pulies unanimously apploved tire decis.ions ihe P.R. of Albania, presented the report Assembly, the deputy AraniL qela, and for concerned on every i[em of tire agcnda.

On the occa-sion of the 50th anniversary of the J'unc 1924 Revolutron, varii:us acti- vities took p1ace, such as jr-rbilee meet- s0'n I ER$ Y ings, scientific sessions, and conferences in work and production centres aild clll- tural educational institutions. F T$IE The Generarl Council of the Democratic Front of Albania, the Na'cional Committee of the Albanian Peoplc's War Veterans, ffi24 mEW0!.&JTI0H the Academy of Sciences of the p.R. of Albania and the Council of the Democra- tic Front of the Tir.ana distrjct organized a jubilee meeting which was attended by working people of production centres and valious institutions of the capital, veterans of the National Liberation kimi, sociely. This mcvemenl e:xerted a ned the governmeni and the revolution in Strugg1e, participants in the 1924 Re- powerful ilressllre on the govei,nment. general. In this situation the counter-re- volution, yourlg The govelnment, and nteil and wo- hora,ever, instead of 'rolution r.eared its head. men. submitting to the will of the popular The popular masses, although dissa- The speech on the occasion was deli- massers anC fr.ightened by the ::evolutio- tisfled with and disillusioned by the go- vered by the member of the Central Com- nary impetus of these 1rrasses, threw itself vernment, proved ready to fight [he coun- mittee of the Party and Chairrnan of the into antipopular actions. It lost the sr,rp- terrevoluticn. But they were unorganized Tirana district Democratic port peasanfry Fron,t Council, of the which constituleC anC rr-nDrepareC for such a struggle, and. Ndregi Plasari. Afterr having analyzed the the prin,cipal motive force of the demo- they laclsed revolutionary leadership, the- spceific histor.ic conditions in which the cratic revolutron, because it did nothing refore they could nol resist long. The re Jttne 7924 Revolution was carried out, to f ree them f rom chair-rs of f eudalism. sistance was sabotaged by the reactionarJ.r comrade Ndregi Plasari du,elt on some The radic,rl wing of the government $/a"q high cfficials a.nd army officers who were aspects of the activity of the Democra- Llnarble to divorce itself frorn the reformist not purged from the state aparatus and tic Government headed by Fan No1i. He methods, and it did not forcefully con- the army with the triumph of the revo- said among other things: tribute to compel the gorrernment to carry lution. In this lvay the counterrevolutio- The victory of the revolution was wel- out its programme. Nor did the bran- naly hordes occupied Tirana in Decem- corned with a great joy throughout the ches of the "Bashkimi, society, which ber 23. The government was toppierd an<1 country. stood at the head of the masses rnove- the revolution was suppressed. UnfortunaLely, thc Aovernment which ment, go any fu::ther than protest rallies The light of freedom, democracy and emerged fro,m the revolution proved una- and raeetings; they were not in a posi- social progress, which appeared fcr six ble to serve it or put in practice its own tion to transform the rnovement into an months on the Albanian horizon, was put programme and promises. armed uplising to seize the land and out without being able to penetrate d.ee- While the government was hesitating to reallze lhe denocratic rights envisaged p1y into the political, economic, social implement its programme a powerful mo- rn the government programme. and cultural life of the country. vement emerged from below the Tl-rus, - move- the government lost the support The light of the June Revolution went ment of the peasantry and cily rank-and- of peasant the masses, as Fan Noli himself out, but its repercussions remained ancl file, which insistently demanded the ful- was to admit later on, because it was will remain for centuries in the history filment of the promises. At the head of unable to imptre,ment the land reform of Lh,e Albanian people. this movernerlt were revolutionary d_emo- and eladicale feudalism. After having spoke,n of the objeciive cratic eleme,nts, rallied ,Bash- around the The loss of this suppert greatly weake- and subjectlve causes of the failure and comrade cialist rervolution, as a direot continua'tlon FRom I ffi,H.;;:J'":H"::;olution' anrd as a conr,ponent, organic part of the Fro.m ,the positive and negative expe- same revolution which beEan under the T}IE I.EFE rience of rhe June Revolution, lessons leadership of the Communist Party in the (DF were drawn by the coming generation of antif ascist National Liberartion Struggle. r${E revoluticrnaries, the Albanian communists, In uninterrupted continuartion of the re- who placerd thenselves at the head of the volution the economic fonrn'dation of feu- TOUIITRY de,mocratic movement for national and so- dalism and the bourge,oisi'e, was destroyed cial liberation from the middle of the in Albania, and the econ,omic basis of so- 30's. cialis,m was built both in town and coun- Lessons were parlicularly dra't'n by the tlyside, while now we have embarkeci on Communist Palty, the leader of the gr,eat the new stage of the complete construction antifascist National Liberation Struggle. of the soclalist society. The revolutionaly In this struggle not only the gaps in the reversals and transf o'rmations that have 3O-year June Revolution fi11eC a'nd its errors and been made in Albania with'in this shortcomings eliminated, but the Party period would under 'different conditions raise,d to a very high 1eve1 tihe skilful have taken several cenLu.ries' application of the objecLive laws of the The thirty ye,ar's that have elapserd since revolution and of l,{arxist-Leninist prin- the Novernber 29, 7944 victory shcw also ciples, in conformity rvith the specific that no enemies, however great, fierce national and international condi- and powerful that they rnay be, are able tions. to suppress the triurnphan revolutio'n, The Communist Party of Atrbania, with even in a 1ittle country like Llbanta, its founder and teacher, comrade whern the revolution is guided by the re- Enver Hoxha, at the head, implanted a volutionary party of the working class, patriotic and revolutionary consciousness when this leadership preserves and streng- in the hearts of men and forged a mo- thens the steel-like ,ties with the broad nolithic unity of the insirrge,nt Albanian popular masses and makes its political p'eople around it, as a leading core pre- line and the revo ution itself a concern viously unknown in the his ory of the of these mases, on the basis of the deep liberation strr.lggles in our country. It convictions and fulfilmenrt of tl-re de- organlzed the general popular uprising mands and desires of the rnasses, the de- and cre,ateC the Nalional Liberation Army f ence of ihe interests of the workin'g as a reEular arrny of the Albanian peo- people, when it implemen s the principle ple, who were thus in a position not only of self-retriance without un'derestimating to drive out the fascist invaders and des- the support of the international revolu- troy the home reaction by their own for- tionary forces and when the ieadership of oes, but also to ensure an invincible armed the revolu,tion an'd the rnasses rnaking it defence of their victories from the inevi- do not bow before difficulties and obsta- tahle blows of internal and external ene- c1es, especially before the inevitable pres- mies. It smashed and eradicated the old sure and activity of the internal and feudal-bourgeois state powef, erecting on external class enemies' This explains the its ruins an entirely new revolution'ary failure of all the numerous plans and political power, and building the new efforts to annihilate the gains of the re- Albanian s,iate of people's democra- volution and overthrow the socialist order classes clr. in Albania made by the exploiting It is now tlifty yera.rs since liberation of the country, the feudals, bayraklars an'd the triumph of the popular revolu- (chiefs of clans) and the bourgeoisi'e, as tion. This period of the triurnphant march well as our external enemies, the for.ward in the entire life of our ccuntry American, British and other imperia- tells us many things. Above all, it shows l,ists, the Greek monarcho-fascists and the that the historic victory of Nove,mber 29, Yugoslav revisionists, and finally the 7944 was not the end of the r'evo'lution Soviet social imperialists and their lac- in general, but only of a stage of it, of keys. the a,ntifascist, antiimperialist, democratic Recalling today the events of the June the stage. That victory constituted a't the same 1924 Revolution and the names of iime the beginning of the proletarian so- great patriots connected wiLh these events, such as Avni Rusterni, Fan Noli, Bajram Comrade Ndregi Plasari concluded: with high preparedness to defenrd the Curri, Luigj Cura,kuqi, Riza Cerova, etc., United as one ar,ound the Party, our gains of the Revolution and the socialist th,e teachings of the Party anC comrade people have set about vigorous work and Horneland and with firm confidenoe in Enver Hoxha and the teachings of history allround revolutionary struggle to meet Party line and in comrade Enver Hoxha's about the preservation and constant de- the 30th anniversary of liberatio,n and the tetachings, which lead th,e country with velopment of the victories achieved are triumph of the People's Revolution with u,isdom, revol'uLionary determination and increasingly more instilleid in the minds f,t7ly realized plans and tasks, with Lhe courage towards the high peaks of pro- and hearts of our peopl,e. graatest possible successes and victories, gress and socialism.

On May 2l,lg74 the Mi[ristry of Fo- reign Affairs of the People's Beptrblic of pR0TES'f Albaniia handed the ,embassy of the lta- lian Republic the following note: The Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the People's Republic of Albania., on behalf BY THE G&VERru EE{T of its Covernment, notifies the Embassy of the Italian Republic to transmit to its Government lhe following: OT THE P. .OF AIBA}IIA On May 21-,7974 a gtate provocation of the fascist type was carried out against the Ernbassy of the Peopie's Bepublic of Albania in Rome by terrorist ele,ments ADI}ME$SED who placed a number of bombs in the Embassy garden. As a r,esult of the explo- sion of one o,f them, major material da- TO T}IE GOYERNMEilI mage was caused. A situation of insecurity and danger to the lives of the Embassy's personnel continued for serveral hours OF T}IE because of the other three unexploded bombs. The Covernment of the People's Repu- ITAIIAIT REPUBI,IC blic of Albania enelgetically protests to the Governrnent of the Italian Republic about this grave crime against the Embas- sy of the People's Republic of Albania neither an accidental nor an isolated lives of mem,bers of the staff, o,r to gu€l- and its pers,onnel. This terrcrist act, com- er,,ent. In the past, and particularly dur- rantee the normal activity of the Embassy mitted with prerneditation, which only ing the ye'ar 7973, the personnel and of the People's gepublic of Alibania in by mere chance faiied to ca,use victims buildings of the Embassy of the People's Rome. The events of May 27 this year among the diplomats and other embassy Repu lic of Albania in Rome have been clearly show what grave consequences officials who at the time of the omb the object of repeated attacks and pro- can be brought about by the continua- explosion wele performin'g their usual vocation's, organtzed for definite p'r.rrpo- tion of this impermissible stand on the f unctions. ,consti,tutes a,n ugly provoca- ses. The Al,banian Government long ago part of the Italian official authorities. tion directed against the People'rs Repu- drew the Italian Government's attention Such evenrts cannot fail to infltrence the blic of Albania, ,and a lTagrant violation to the o,rganisation or a1lowi,ng of these relations belween the two countri,es flo. of all the known norms and rules of grave acts, pointing out its responsibility gatively. international 1aw o,n the se,ourity of the for the consequences deriving th refro.m. The qtrestion arises for the Albanian inviolabillty and normal activity of di It is particularly to be pointed out that Government: Is the Italian Government plomatic repre,sentations. despite the continuous warnings and sincerely committed to the rlrormal de,, The Government of the People's Repu- demands of the Albanian Coverr,men,t, velopment orf these relations or will it blic of Atrbania deems it necessaty to the Italian Government has not taken the continiue to adopt stands which favour point out that th,e late,st attack on the necessary measures to bar the way tc the fascists ard othelr dark foroes in Italy Al,banian Ernbassy buildings in Rom.e is such acts and provocations, to protect the which do not trike tle developmen of good neighbourly relations between Alba- demands the severe punishment of the rR0ffi nia and lta1y, continiuaily organize slanile- eulprits and the adoption of the necessa- rous, hostile campaigns against the Pec- lv measutes to ensure tlut such acLs are T}$E I"IFE p1e's Republic of Albania, and go as far not lepeated in the fulure, so as to secu- as to underiake provocative, terrorist acti- re the lives of the perso,nn,el of the OT TffiE vities again's,t its diplomatrc 1'epresen- Em;bassy of the People's Republic of Alba- CSUNTMV tation. nia, and its normal aotivity. The Alba- The Governm,ent of the People's Re- nian Govelnment expecls the I'talian Go- public of Albania, once more poinrting vernment to notify it as soon as possible out the grave and vely dangerous cha- about the measures adopted by the Ita- racter of the terrorist act of May 21,7974 lian Government to fu1fi1 these demran'ds, against the Albanian Embassy in Rome, and re,selves its right to undertake any charges the Covernment of the ltalian olher step,s which it may consider ne- Republic with responsibility for this; it cessary.

Tiana, n,Iay 21,1974.-

ASDREN'S MORTAT REMAHS RET['R]{ TO TTIE MOTIIERIA}ID

Our people, educated with the te;lchinqs playe,d the national anthem, wr"eaths were of the Party and of comr,ade Enver Hoxha, placed on, the gr:ave on behalf of the love anrd respect their l,riters and artists. Ministry of Edueation an,d Culture, the They highly appraise their wolks in the Albanian Writers' and Ai'tists' Lea,gue, the s,ervice of the Homeland. This cal'e was Academy of Sciences of the P.R. of ,{1- expresse'd in bringing the mortal lemains bania, the National Committee of the of the patriotic and democlat po,et Alek- Albanian People's War Vetet'ans, the Alba- sand6r Stavre Drenova (.dsdren) from the nian Comrnittee for Cultural and Friendly S.R. of Rumani,a to our coun,try. Relations with the Outside Wor1d, the The coffin containin,g the remains of Universiry of Tit'ana, the Institute of Li- this worthy son of our people was Laken ter.lture and Linguistics, the .Naim Fr"a- to his native village of Dlenovd v,'itir shdri, Publishing House, the National ho,nours by the population of Tirana, Libr.ary, the Korga District Party Commit- representatives of the state and cultural tee, the Executive Committee of the Dis- and educational institutions, school pu- triot People's Council, and the Embassy of pi1s, students and service men. A funeral the People's Republic of Albania to the ceremony was organized in Drenovd, On S.R. of Rumania, on brehalf of lhe Alba- behalf of the Albanian Wribers'and nians residing in Buch,arest and also by Artists' League, the mee,ting was addres- the poet's nieces, mass organisations, insti- sed by the League's president, Drit6ro tutio,ns and economic enterprises of the Ago11i. Korga district, the 8-year school of he The coffin was placed besi,de the poet's city of Korga bearing the name of .Alek- bust, erected in his memoly. As the band sarrdtlr Stavre Drenova", etc. The develcpment of agriculture over these 30 years is shown in the construc- tion of a large number of reservoir.s and RESERYOIRS artificial lakes. Work on these began in the year 1959, Today their.number stands at more than 500. AI{D ARTIFICIAT T'he Thana reservoir in the Lushnja area and that of Kurjan in Fieri are the biggest ones. For the,ir consitruction the TAKES builders rernoved several million cubic metres of clay arnd dug hundreds of ki- lometres of canals. The Kurjan reservoir irrigates over 6,000 he,ctares of land in FOR IRRIGATIOil the Fieli area. The Thana reservoir, which iakes w,ater from the D,evo1tri river, irriga- te,s over 3,500 hectares of la,nd in the Lushnja area. Their great use,fulness was seen from the beginning in the increasing leks, and a u,hole complex of fine projects other legio,ns, too. The Dof tia resen,oir, yields of agricultur:aI crops. Th,e produc- was built, which is fed by the Suha river., in the Gjirc- tivity of maize was increased three-fotrd, In the Dulrds district the Tarini, BorEa, kastra area, irrigates over 5,000 hectares of and for some other crops it increased Qallek, Rubjeka and othe.r rcselvcirs we- land. Almost half tl-ris area is also irrigated even more. le constructed, these irrigate the major by lhe Aapiza reservoir in the Ti::ana area. After the 60's the construction of a se- part of the lands of the Shijak and Dur.- Through leservoir.s alone, over 115,000 rie,s of other projecls began, such as the lds plains, with an area of 7,000 hec- he,ctares of 1an,d are irrigated today in Shtodri reservoir in Shkodra area, which tales. Other reser.voirs whioh are under Albania, as against a total of 29,000 hec- now irrigates over 2,200 hectares. When construction in that distr"ict will f urther tares irrigated at all before liberation. it is finisheC, it rvi11 irrigaie 3,500 hre,c- exten,d tho ir.rigated area. Many of l-hese reservoirs serve as fish tares of 1and. For. the first stage of this Broad lanC areas are irr.igated through nulseries, and quick growing fish ar.e put ploject the Stale spent over 25 million reselvoils in the Cjirokastra, Tir.ana and into them for this purpose.

In slruggle to carry out the great tasks set by the Central Comn-rittee of the Party for the fulLher revolutionisation of COMPITATION education, the teaching and research workers of Tirana Univer.sity tr,ave scored a new success. They have concluded the OF }IEW TEXTS grca,L scientific undertaking of the ccm- pilation of new texts. This undertaking involved the vast majority of Leachin5l COilCtUDED and re,search staf f, as well as ove,r 150 speclalists and cad,res of production in various occupations. Likewise, young teachers, too made their contribution to IN TIRAilA I$ffi\eERsITY this undertaking. During the work on compiling the texts, they have made gre,at efforts to en,s.ure that the texs are of the highest scientific level, thus corresponding belter to ou1. socialist reality and the suc- ry work; mos,t of the yo,unger teaching witl the work for the building of Lhe so- cesses we have achieved. and research workers at the University c.ialist society and they bear the 560 basic and suppleme,ntary texts have have contributerd to them. seal of Albanian thought and ideas. been corrpitred, as against planned the The iexbs are of good quality, and mark Most of these books bear the signatures 376. The supplementar.y texis are th,e a new success in Albanian scirence an'd of our writers and other scientific wor- guidi'ng texts for exercises and laborato- education. They are closely connected kers. TROM 30 RESE&ffiCffi PMffiJECT$ IHE 1IFE O] THE ITEffiilffiT c0uilrRY OF VffiYffiMffi MY EDICINE

The scientiific workers of the Veterinary as "Aujeshi' in pigs, and "Mycopl'asmo' poultry' Rese'arch Institute are working on 30 to- sis* and infec,tious bro'nchitis in pics this ye,ar, connected with the inves- Studies are now underrway, to discover iigation of infectious diseases, the impro- ways of combating these diseases. vednent of vaccines and serums, diagno- At the same time the s'taff of the vac- sis, some preve,ntilve measul'e's such as cine productiol section of this inslitu[e para-tub'erculosis vaccination of cattle, the are norl

ATTER TEffi YE&R$ &ffi ORK

e'picentre, the In the f ramework of the str-rdie's th,at tre, its force in focus and have ben carried out by 'the Seismolo- depth of the focus, the 'consequences it gical Cerntle, under the Academy of Scien' caused and other seisrnological parame- ces, to define Albania's sels;mological are,a ters. The wolk presents the vario rs laws on the scale 1 :500.000, the work *Catalo- of ,the relations between serismologioal gue of Albani'an earthquakes for the 1800- pararmeters. 1970 period' is being concl,ude,d and will Th,e compilation of this work has ta- soon be sent to the press. ken several years, and made use of a very This work contains systen-ratlzed, detai- large body of material, ilgludilrg 6ther led data about the earthquakes which ha- 300 di'fferent volumes, a1'most a1i the dat'a ve occurred in the last 17C years in our of instrumen'lal recordings, for the 1900- country, such as the date anci time of 1970 period, of .Albanrian earthquakes ocourrrence, the coor,dinates of the epicen- lecorded by the seismological stations of effeotive anti- various Europe'an countries, the contem- most modern scientif,ic criteria, and c-rm- in the adoption of more porary press reports, chron,icles, archives puters were used for this purpose. earthquake measules in our constructiOn and d,ata from expeditions carried oul for This work will be th,e basis fcr tbe wolk' to a large this purpose. The accumul,ated informa' definEtion of Altrania's seismological area The work will also be useful tion has been anralysed accolding tc the on the scale of 1 ;500.0C0 and rvil,1 he1'p number of readers and students'

During four months of this year alone, the agricultural machinery plant in Dur- r€s, pri:duced and distributed 620 diffe- ffimffi $flmEws rent machines, mainly of new types, to assist agriculture. This is a success in the efforts being m,ade by the working co1lec' Yffi ti,ve to give agriculture allround aid in fulfilling the great tasks assigned to it' Along with produciion, the plant itself ffiffiECWLT&'Mil ACHII{ES has grown. At lhe present stage, produc- tion is constantly rising. The new machi- nes with which agricullure is being sup- plied are consldered as quite usual by the young rvorkers, and it is olly ihrough ful presses paved Lhe rvay for a qr-talita- have worked out a broad programme of the verteran workers that they learnt [hat tive improvemeni- in the produclion of worh for designing and experimenting instead of the plesernt-day plant there various spaie parts, and so h-:lped to pro- with other new machines. This Year, u,ere formerly a few small workshops long the life of the agr;cultul'a1 mach,ines' combinartion grain cleaners and graders which produced mainly various types of Recently, the rvorkiirg coliective experi with a capa'city 10 times g'reater than the screws. After iib,eration large workshops mented with and began producing two- ventilators previoustry produced are being were built and supplied with new roachi- row maize sowin'g machines, pulled by designed, along with new types of nery. Thus, for" the first tin-re the repairing animals, for use in ,the country's high- ploughs a,nd other devices' of tractors in Alban,ia began, and parallel lands. Theso have a labour productivity The plant's chief engineer, Dhimiter with this repa,ir work, the first threshinlg twice that of the one-row types produced Olldashi, said, "We have great prospects machine of the ,Adriatic, type was con so far. The collective also began the serial ahead of us. We have workerd o'ut a spe- s,trr.lcted. This was follorved by dozens of produclion of 4 a,nC 6 row sorving ma- cial plan for the next fiv'er year period other threshing machines, which have chines, an additional improvement over which, in conformity with the technolo- of since paved the way f or diversification the previous types. The new machine not gical possibilities, includes the types in the plant. only weighs 20 per ,ce,nt less and nee'ds no ma,chines to be produced. Most a'ttenti'on With the extension and special,isation of operator but ,also ensufes the sowing of will be given to the production of ploughs, the various secrtions unde,r the firfth fi-/e- seeds for any method or" land preparation. which are sti11 i'mpo'rted from abroad' year p1an, the workers themselves and This same plant has built the first mo- Paralletr with this we sha1l expand the pro' the enginerering and technical personnel del of a maize s,owing machine oombined du,ction o'f spare parts, and also continue and production of agrioulhural machines, took ia number of initiatives in order with a chemictl fertilizer 'disrt'ributer, the ibe,rns, to rplace production on sound scientific in the ccming )rearr lt will experi'rnent rvith harrows, pastholers and son on, all foundation,s. Thus, while conrtinuing the the ccnstruction af 2.4 and 6 row maize which are now imPorted. work for the furihel deepening of specia- sowin,g machines which have devices for Smal1 and large' scaie rnechanisation lisation during the current five-year p1an, spre,adi,ng chernical f ertilizer to'ge,ther of the plant's technological processes is the collective designed and bu,ilt through with the seeds. This year the plant rvi11 also be,ing considered. The erection of its own efforts a se,ries of land leve'Itri'ng tuln oul a lotary trencher and a posthole the new found,ry wirth a large productive nr.a,chines, grain drying instaltrations, mil- enlarger, machines which ar'e in great capacity, th,e construation of its machinery lingrnachines, maize sowing and maize demand. This year, the workers have also and equipment with our own forces, the husking machines, grain ventilators, etc, ptredged to produce 34 new items for establishment of the spare part heat From its establ,ishrnent up to now this the oou,ntry's a,gricultural machines, spane plastic section, the power sub-station, the plant has prod,uce'd about 30 per ceut of parts for ploughs, self-propelled combi- colnpressor shep, and so on are some al,1 the counitry's agricultural m,achinery. nes, etc, of current, majol problems on u'hich The setting up of the steel smelter, the The technologicel and constr-uction bu- the plant's personnel are now wor- new boile,r department and some power- reau, drawing on the workers' oreativiLy, king.

Sali shijaku, the uanguatd. oI the .Beuengeo pafiisan Battalion (oil). The revisionist theorizotions concerning the notionol question, ond their opPlicotion in proctice. Brezhnev's thesis on (0n o rrGontributionn to Mor y the revisionists in ordet to comoufloge their efforts to impose the Russion tonguoge ond culture on the peoples of other notionolities, o chorocteristic feoture of ony occupier

practice, they con'linue MARXISM AND BEVISIONISM ABE TWO OPPOSED IDEOLOGIES. THEY EXPBESS in theory and in AND DEFEND THE INTEBESTS OF CT.ASSES WHICH HAVE NOTHING IN COMMON to find a csrtain {m6rket" for their obso- AND WHICH ARE IN MUTUAf, STRUGGITE AND ANTAGONTSM' THE CLAS6 WHICH lete, rolten 1ine. IS ARMED WITH MABXIST IDEOLOGY STBUGGLES TO OVEBTHBOW THE SOCIETY In this articie we shal1 try 'to presenlt NEW SOCIETY, TREE OT'OPPRESSION AND EXPLOITATION, AND CONSTBUCT THE some of the revisionis't theorizations con- THE OTHEE, WIIICH OF OPPRESSION AND EXPLOITATION.dND WITHOUT CLASSES. cerning the national question, wh'ich are IS ABMED TIIE IDEOLOGY OF THE REVISIONISTS, STBIVES TO CONSOLIDATE WITH tru,mpeted as a ,further devetroprnent o{ THE CAPITALIST OEDER OR TO RETUBN IT WHEN IT IS OVERTIIROWN' THAT IS Marxism' and its application in practice' WHY WE SAY THAT MABXIST IDEOLOGY PLAYS A PROGBESSIVE ROLE IN TITE LIFE These theorizations were served by the OF SOCIETY, WHILE BEVISIONIST IDEOI.OGY PLAYS A REACTIONARY ROLE. celebration, o'f th,e 50th anniversary of BeLween these two ideologies from the ali,en, hostile ideolo,gy, the revisionist the creation of the USSR. On this occa- lime of ,lvla,rx and Eng.els, and contin,uing ideology incltlded, is indispensable. The sion the Soviets approved resolution to the present day, a struggle has been struggle againsrt revisionism has its own "the on the preparations concerning the 50th waged which is connected with the fate sp,ecific features, inas,rnuch as ilts ideolo- anniversary of the USSR.. This of the working class, capitalism, and so- gists .swear by all their gods- 'that they 'resolu- tion,, as well as tho anti-Marxisrt report cialism. The need to prepare the working ale sLuccessors to Marx, quote the classics delivered by Brezhnev at the XXIVth Con- cla,ss and the labouring m,asses to destroy of Marxism, etc. etc, For this r:eason the gress o,f the CPSU, have s'erved as a sour- the exptro'iting orrder and buitrd up the netw revisioni'sts are deceivers and dermago- ce for the revisiorlist soribbtrers to write order ,means that strtr:ggle against any gues, yelt despite their great failures both a multitu,de of articles about the {succers- ses" of the So'viet revisionist party and B,UJAR HOXHA - prolessor, titulat ot the chait ol historic materialism at the State ,colossal changes* inr fieild of na- Uniuersity of Tirana. the 'the uttered bY man is liquidated and new social rela- blers dwell on the words of the tions are created. For the first time in Brezhnev at the XXIVth Congrerss yea'rs of socialist hisltory, this was proved in the Soviet CPSU; ,. . . during the counrtry there has Unrion. The buitrding of socialism in that oonstruction in our community ol corintry, with its many nations and na- emerged d 11ew historic Souiet people'' (Italics tionrallitiers, had thd cesult that paral1e1 tnen - one single Brezhnes on with the eliminattion of social and politi m'ine - B.H.) This thesis of people' is offererd to us cal oppression and 'e,xploitation, national the "single Soviet by 'him to oppressiion and exploitation we're also eli- as a .contribution' "Marxist- Soviet peo- minated. In, the Soviet Un'ion nenv rela- Leninist thaory" 'The single historic co'rtm'uni- tions were established iboth betweren men p1e, is allegedly a now of all the com- and between nations and nationalities, Ly of me,n, and lhe highe'st have existed so far' Society thu,s turning that country from a "prison munities tha,t of rnen' be- of nations" into a co,mmunity of free, knows various communities and en'ding with equal and severeign na'tions. This was ginning with the tribe a new higher one of the most brilliant victories of ttre nation. The creation o'f invention of the Soviet socialism in the USSB' cornrnuniby is an Unfortunately, this progressive process, r.evisionists. the numerous articles by which was realizad under the treadership If we examin'e we will see of the Bolshevik Party with Lenlin and the ,Khrushchevites close1y, people. means' It Stalin at the head, was interrupted with what the "single Soviet with the Russian the advent of the Khrushchevite revisio- appears to be identical these writers' at the nislLs to poweir. These en,emies of the people' According 'to of the working class organized an'd led that present stage of the development between 'the nations counterrevo utionary change which made USSR, the differences continue to diminish and possiblre the restoration of capitalism in and ,nationalities the nations are acquir- the Sovielt Union. With thd restoration of disappear; thus all features those of ithe Rus- capittalism, oppression arJd exptroitation ing comrnon - the Soviet Republics and the antagonis'tic contradictions that sian nation. As wel , have lost their na'tional charac- BUIAR IIOXHA chatacLerize it, re-emerged. This oppres- themselves by Thus' sion and exploitation and these antago- ter and have been internationalized' celebration of t'he 50th nistic conitradictlions became a realify in the decision on 'the reads: the the relations am'ong nlations too' anniversary of the USSR "Now people of each Bepublic consti- But a'11 this do,es not hirnder the Khrush- working of rnany nations' ' But chevite re\/isionislts from preserlting the tute a collective ' '1' end there' In these multi situation as if nothing bad has ocourred things do not the main role is alle- in the Soviet Union, and that the latter is national Republics, tion,al r.elations in the USSR. A1tr this noise Russians, with their developing, according to Lenin's instruc- gedly played by the has been made in order to camouflage is what A'A' road of Deal- culture and language. Here the failures of the Soviet revisionists in tions, o,nthe "communism'' partici pro lerns" of this Soliev writes: ,During the direct Union, the ing with ,theore,tioal this fiel:d, too. In the Soviet pation of the Russian people in the life society, ttr,e Khrushehevites are attempting otrd retrations of oppression ,an'd exploita- and the daY to daY to prove that today in the US'SR, the re- of each RePublic, tion have been rrestored in' every asp'ect our nations oorne to lations among nations an'd natio'nalities contact with them of social life, inclu,ding national retra- appropriate the have entered a new stage, rso that there know and increasingly tioos. culture*2. h,ave ermerged som'e pheinomenra which rich Russian the entire propaganda fan- belong to the period of the constructio'n The aim of connection with the celebration of the classless society. Raising these {ipro- fare in 50th anniversary of the USSR is The queslion btrerns* and tre,ating the,m a,s they please, of the national differences ate of the bitlh ol the Khrushchevites aim to achieve the to prove that (orle single Soviet argue the need to PeoPreD foltrowing objectives; 1) to de'ceive the disappearing, and to ond the role the nations into one single na- maslses, nations and nationalities o'f the merge all of Rurrion longuoge Iiowever, since for the time being USSR, and 2) to justify lheoretically the tion. ond culture deny the existence of nations need to {mergetr the nations, which in fact they cannoLt USSR, revisionists, when spea- in th,er policy of nrsrsification' in the the Marx, Engetrs, Lenin and Staltin argued is expressed pursued king of a Soviet people., say that of oapitalism and and thus of den'ationalization', "single thajt with the overthrow Soviet people*' by the new'Kremlin czars. it is ,a single multi-national the ibuilrding of the socialis't society, the people' th,e SoViet scrib- This ,single multi-national Sovieit exploitation and opprerssion of man by In their many articles, 40OrU71,1974 ALBANIA TODAY

has, in their opinion, more common fea_ non-Russian nations the opportunity to Language is an element, a feature, of tures than the nations and nationalirties think more accurately, more scientifically. each nation. ,the Without language there can of USSR have differences. By mention- Thus, the very ancient well-developed 1an- be no nation, although that is not the only ing these ncommon featuresn, the Khrush- guages of the non-Russian nations are suo- feature which determj.nes it. T1-re exploi- chevites are striving to prove that the posed to be hindrance a in exptessing ting classes knew this in the past and na'tions of the USSR have begun to merge. one's sell clearly and, accurately, and also know it today too. That is why they haue One of these oommon features is alleged- in thinking scientifically and accurately. altuays beguu the policy ol rlenationalizing ly the Russian language, which has already This is the root of the theory of bilingual a peoptre by attacking ,their language. On become, they say, an ,in1g1ns1i.na1, 1an- thinking, in the mother tongue and in Rus- the one hand, they have striven to les- guage of,the nations and nationalities. The sian, where "Russian thinking- is supposed sen the use of the Tar,guage of the oppres- Khrushchevite revisionists proclaim that the to predominate. Finally, the ideologists of sed nation, and on the other ihey have mastering of this language by the other the russification of the Soviet Union, and done their utmost to ensure that theit lan- nations and nationalities is a necessity for the denationalization of the nations there, guage is used as much as possible, com- the development of the Soviet society to- consider that another very important fac- pelling the oppressed people, by various wards ,to "comunism*. Thus they strive tor, which makes the study and use of the justify methods, to learn it, as is the case in the their policy of denationalizing the Russian language indispensable is the need USSR. That is why r,r,e frequently fincl rn non-Russian peoples. ,The use of the Rus_ to mas er *the very rich Russian culture*; history cases in which, among the main sian language,, A. A. Soliev writes, ,every- mastering this has already become, they demands of the national movement, the where in the coun'try (in the USSR, B.H.) say, ta vital necessity for the non-Bussian question of the study and use of the is conditioned above all by co-exisitence nations'. mother tongue and the development of with the Russians and by the role of ,their These theorizations prove that the new national culture figures largely. language, which ensures the mutual com- Kremlin czars are deterrnined to russify We must not conclude from this that munication of the many nations with the non-Russian nations, but are camoufla- the national question of the cppressed na_ ditletent languages. Its use is Ior us a ging this policy. Thus, they make otrt tion is solved by fulfilling these demands. uital indispensability and a daily neces- the study of Russian, as the primary 1an- History proves that the exploiting class of siry,3 (Italics mine, B.H.). guage of the non-Russian peoples, to be a the ruling nation often does not deny the Precisely on this basis, there has emer- voluntary choice of these peoples themsel_ oppressed nation the use of its language, ged the theory of relinguism. According ves, not something imposed on them. In or schools, newspapers and other institu- to this theory, the non-Russian nations, order to prove this, they give some nobjec- tions in its mother tongue. Indeed, this parallel with their mother tongue, also use tive reasonsn, for instance, the fact that in was sometimes allowed, though certainly and speak Russian, which is made the the USSR, the majority of the popr-rlation not for all nations, by the Turkish empire. principal language. In order to argue the is made up Russians, of that the Russian Ihe Austro-Hungarian empire went er/en view that the Russian language is the language is spoken by the major part of further. But despite this, in both these most ,important language, the Khrushche- the non-Russian population in all the rryu- empires, the nations were not free. Not vites point out that in the firs,t placea the blics, etc., etc. The Soviet writers do not for nothing did Lenin and Stalin fight and Russian language gives the non-Russian na- say how many Russians living in the non- expose the ill-famed opportunist theory of tions the opportunity to understand the Russians republics have learned and soeak the "educational and cultural autonomytr achieuements of cultute better and 'tootTd the local language. History proves that of the Austrian social-democrats, such as to exprcss their uictoiles mote accutately, the occupier has always striven to impose Bauer, Roener, etc., which allegedly sol- inasmuch as the languages of rthe sma l his language on the oppressed people, but ved the national question of the oppres- nations are allegedly una,ble to meet the he himself has not even attempted to learn sed nations. Lenin and Stalin worked out derrnands made by current development. the local language. This is a characteristic the principles on the basis of which the Hence the conclusion drawn by them that ,of ireature any occupier. national question was solved in the land the small nations ought to master the Rus- In 'the Soviet Union, there is no equality of the Soviets, and the Union of Soviet sian l'anguage. Also irt is not difficult in the field of language, just as there is no Socialis.t Republics was created. The .De- to understand from this that the langua- equality in the other relations between the claration of the rights of the peoples of ges of the non-Russian nations are of a nations. Real equality in the field of lan- Russia', which was approved by the 3rd. lower rank, are second rate. guage is not created by statements and Congress of the Soviets of the worker and However the Khrushchevites do not con- empty words. I't emerges as a result of soldier deputies of all Russia, held at the fine themselves to rthat. In order to back the equality which exists in other fields beginning of the year 1918, proclaimed their chauvinistic thesis about the vital of social life, in the political, economic, the equality and- soueteignty oI the peoples need for all the nations and nationalities cultural and other fields. As such equality ol Russia, the ilght ol ,nations to sell-de- of the USSR to master the Russian langua- does not exist in the Soviet Union, then termination up to separation and the crea- ge as their primary Tangtage, they strive there can be no talk about any equality tion of an independent itate, the abolition to prove hat knowing Russian gives the in the field of language. oI all and euety kind oI national priuileges ALBANIA TODAY 4 {,!7}, t97A @ 41 and restficLions, and. tlte tree deuelopment necessity of its being mastered by other oI the national minorities v/e say that the phenomenon of the inter.- and. ethnic peoples. Tn the opinion of the Soviet revi_ groups which liued on the natronalization of social life in the Soviet tertitory o! sionists, this culture together with the Russia. Union, as irr any other capitalist country, Today all these principles have Russian language has become a vital neces_ is utilized to hinder the development been violated by the Khrushchevite and revi_ sity for all Soviet men ar:d wemelt. Things sionists. growth of the non-Russian naiions and have goae so far that right ncw there is their cutrtures. The thesis that in the Soviet a tenciency not to see a national language Union a unified eccnomy has been creaied and culture as a distinctive feature of a is used to prorze the inevitability of its nation. I{ere y. laternotionalizolion is what Zh. Kelle vyrites: reflection in all spheres of so,cial 1ife, and tociol ,The sphere ol lila where naiional Cifferences are in the creation of one single Sovie;t people, fte preserved longer than any ""4 ""tto""t C, other thing is one Soviet nian, one Soviet language and livelihood, national iraditions, custonlE one Soviet culiurc. If this goes on, it For long time now, the Soviet revisionist etc.'5. Hence, the national language and will not be long before, during future press has treated the question of the fac- culture will disappear before these trad:. censuses in the Soviot Union, people will tors in the internationalization of social tions and customs, which are al1ege1dy suf- be compelled io declare that they are life, and their operation under the con_ ficient to disiinguish one nation from anc- not according tc rthe nation con- ditions of socialism, in a pafiicular "Soviet,, way. thel. Therefore the Khrushchevite revisio- cerned. Their objective is prove to tha,t the fac_ nists take the R.ussian language and cul- tors in the internationaTization of social ture to be one of ihe important factors life 1ead, in the USSR, tc the rapproche_ contribr-rting to the internationalization of ment and Froleforion e'nferns i merging of the nations, as they social life in the Scviei Union. tionol sm understand cfld this. The aggression cf the Soviet revisionists A great concentration fhe elotiopof guesfion and internationa- in the fieid of culture also rbars its head lization of the economy begins right from in science. Science is mentioned as one the The principles of proletarian interna- advent of capitalism. With the emer- of the factors in the internationalization tionalism were formulated by Marx and gence and der.,elopment of capitalist rela_ of social 1ife. But science, in their opinion, Engels. They tions production, have shown the internartional of nations emerge and can be promoted b5r the great nations who nature of the proletariat as a class, and nationai cultures are formed. The great have so much potential, whereas the small have expressed this the concentration and internationalisation in "Manifesto of of nations must learn that they have to get the the Communist Party" with the lvorcls*: economy does not lead these national it f::om the big ones. Allegediy, science "Workers of all countries, uniteo. cutrtures, which develop in the fold of ca_ can be taught best of all by the Rus- To characterize pitalism, towards the idea of internatio- a merger with the cul- sians and the Americans. Thus, in this ture nalism means to point ouit its many aspects of the bigger nations, as the ideolo_ field, too, they seek ,their to establish mo_ and, above all, its worlci outlook, in its po- gists of the exploiting classes are trying nopoly, ar-rd to tie the haads of other peo_ litical prove. and ethical aspect. This has been for- to The theory of the internationali_ pLes. This is tholoughly reactionary vielir. cefully stressed by Lenin, who, when oppo- zation of national cultures is aimed at pro_ The various nations make all their con_ sing the principle of internationalism to ving the inevitability of such a process. tribution to science, because science deve_ bourgeois naLionalism, Comrade says: "Bourgeois na- Enver Hoxha expcsed this theory lops on a given na_tional ground and plenum it is tionalism and prcletarian internationalism at the 4th of the CC of the pLA, precisely this ground that ailows us to are two incompatible, hostile slogans lnd showed its danger. He says: ,The im- carry out studies at the level of contempc_ which respond to twc ciass camps through- perialist bourgeoisie has always striven to rary science. Ther.efore we can say that the hout the denigrate capitalisrt world and express two or eliminate the cutrtural tradi_ hegemonistic policy the Soviet of revisic_ policies (mcreover, two world outlcoks) on tions of the smaller nations, ancl the nists is reflected in the field of culturr the national question*, national spirit of their art and culture. This and science. is one In every aspect of the national question, of the ways it pracrtices cultural In the Sovlet Union the internationaiiza_ proietarian internationalism is the opposi- aggression and the subjugation of the peo_ tion of social 1if e is reflected in many te of nationalism, beginning p1es. The bourgeois reactionary with oveft concept ways. In the first place it finds its expres_ about the ,internationalisation* chauvinism and eneTtng with its camoufla- of cul_ sion in the subjugation of the non_Russian ged ture and forms. Nationalism is alien to the pro- afi, and the idea that the stage nations, and in their national reppression, letarian ideologv. It divides the forces of of .161i6n"1 schools* has been alreac15, which is mirrcred in national antagonisms. the evercome, working pecple cf various countries. aim at eliminating the cultures Then, the polic5r 61 internationalizing cul- Lenin has more than once pointed out that of other peoples*l ture is refiecied in the tendency to pro_ the international interests of the .,r,orking This is precisely the aim of al1 the fuss claim the Rr-rssian cutrture as an all_Soviet cla.ss stand higher being made than the interests of in the Soviet Union about the culture, and the Russian language great as the individual sections of the working class. role of Russian culture, and the languaEe of the Soviet Union, This is why Internationalism shows us the road leading ALBANIA TODAY 42 C 4U71, 1911 revisionists accept this right, but in towards the rapplochemeni, union, soli- complete, actuai equality between lratioirs, vite reality they make impossible to tealize' darity, and mutual assistance of the wor- grairting them the right to self-iletermlna- This right to self-determination, up to king class and all ,the labouring masses. tion up to separation, and so en. Therefo::e, as well as the other rights But proletarian internationalism does not this idea also combats chauvin'ism and separation, are stipulated irr the Soviet consti- deny national distlnctions' It does no't nationalism, which are enemies of the wor- rvhich tution, ale formal, because since it was exclude national differences and therefore king class. revisionists' any kind of national nihilism tsut the principle of proletarian interna- usurped by the Khrushchevite it rejects the jr,lst used as the Soviet state can no longer express which does not accep: national distinctions, tionaiism is not a slogan interests of its working masses and na- and does not take into consideration lra- propaganda. In connection with this, Lenin tions. tional differences. A world outlook n'hich stresses: *The essence oI internationalism in the Soviet leaders swear by ignores national forms and relations, and does not consist in "proclamation-, but However, they remain to from the actual basis of knowing, even iu difficult times, how to ail their gods that "loyal* detaches itself they Thus, a protretariau internationalism, that the life of a nation, affects national feelings be an internationalist in deeds*. in- revolutionary movement of the and stimulates nationalisi attitudes. There- major distinctive feature of proletalian "aid" the newly liberated nations' etc' fore, we are against such nationalism and ternationalism just as of Marxist-Leninist time, the this slogan in order to camou- national nihilism alike theory, is ihe idea that words must not They use expansionist and aggresslve Proletarian internatior-ralism does not be separated from deeds. This means that flage their just but and to deceive other people' In rea- a1low specifically national features to be internationalism is not an idea, aims, of word their whole practical activity shews absolutized, because such absolutism means also an actual practice' The unity 1ity, for Soviet revisionists have long renunciaiion of the class proletarian stand and deeds is an inelispensable condition ihat the principle pro- gir,en up this greart plinciple of the in the field of national relations. We know putting into practice the of ago just as they have given that the absolutism of national theories letarian internationalism' li/e sa'y this be- labour movement, thesry the Marxist-Leninist doctrine' nourishes the remnants of nationalism and, cause even a stright separation of up deed, irnpairs Khlushchevilc revisionisis use this what is worse, creates suitable grounds for from practice, word from The is for their revising Marxism-Leninism as an inter- the confidence of the peopies. This princiPle Union aims and Put nationalist theory' The revisionist theses of just what is happening in the Soviet aggressive Hoxha has said, on it. Thus the ,p1ura1ism" of the Marxist-Leninist doc- today. Comrade Enver 'the pretations pro- towards trine, and the possibility of the exis'tence present Soviet leaders have replaced stand adoPted aggressive, reactionary na- of various uMarxisms* in various coun- letarian internationalism with big s'tate exposing its The tendency is denouncerl by them as a betrayal tries, or even 'w'ithin a country, stem from egoism and chauvinism". ture, internationalism' The state the absolutization of dis'tlnctive national towards national opplession and chauvi- of prcletarian natio- of the Soviet Union are made features. All this is done to limit the 1a- nism is opposed by the revival of interes,ts a reality in be the common interests of the bour movemen't within a country and, con- nalist trends; this has become out to labour movement' The new sequently, to

ourt, convince nobody today, when the from the USSR, a right which formally when distrust, hatred, national and so- Soviet revisionists have betrayed Mar- remains in the Constitution of the Soviet cial oppression and exploitation will have xism-Leninisrn and have transformed the Union, completely useless and unreali- disappeared once and for all, nations will Soviet Union into an imperialist country. sab1e. gradually be extinguished, and the 1an- ,taken Today, the stand tcv',ards the Soviet Let us consider the relationship of de- Euage through which men all over the Union does once again constitute a crite- rnocratic centralism and Soviet federa- earth will communicate will not be Russian, rion of proletarian internationalism, but lism. Before the counterrevolutionary turn- English, or any other socalled internatio- in the opposite sense ito that in Lenin's ingpoint, this relationship in the USSR na1 language. The histcric experience and Stalin's time, when it was the cen- was correct, because it was based on Mar- shows that the aim of imposing the lan- tre of world revolution, and its base. xist-Leninist theory. After the degenera- guage of the big nation on other peoples Today, the revclutionary and internatio- tion of the Soviet Sta,te into a capitalist is an expression of the policy of assimila- nalist is he r.vho fights the Soviet revi- state, this relationship ceased to the cor- tion and denationalization. It is also op- sionist, exposes their betrayal, and oppo- rect. The question of the independence portune to point that the natiors will not ses ,their anti-Malxjst and imperialist po- and sovereignty of the Federal B.epublics disappear by growing weak. The extinc- licy and line wlth all his energy*6. is in contradiction with the centralism tion of nations is r.ealized thr.ough their which the Khrushchevite leaders are con- all-round strengthening and flourishing. stantly strengthening. To jus,tify this, the This very Marxist-Leninist ,thesis is fought nSoyief demoeracy, Khrushchevites admit that in the co-ope- by the Khrushchevite revisiontsts. demrecrof i c cent r ol ism ration of these two principles, udemocra- The Khrushchevites argue that it is and the tovereigfitlr tic, centralism (really bureaucratic cen- necessary to leinforce centralism and @f ftle ,6o*n'ef Repu*blicsu tralism) and Soviet f ederalism, the first extinguish federalism bo'th in maLters principle becomes increasingly more im- deatrt with by the central power, that is The Khrushchevite revisionists have portant, because with the development of by I',[oscow, and in ma,tters dealt with long made a great fuss about the essence the USSR towards ,communibm", national by the federal or autonomous Republics. of the Soviet order, the consistent imple- differences become srnaller or are rextin- The central power solves the mos,t impor- mentation of the principle of democratic guished'. From the reasonings of the tant problems, those of ngeneral', ncom- centralism in the relations among na- Khrushchevites there clearly follows this mon* interest, etc., whereas "the federal tions, and the sovereignty of the Soviet anti'Marxist conclusion of theirs about the or autonomous Republics and the other Repiiblics. They go so far as to present future of federalism and cen'tralism in the regions", V. M. Chikvadze writes, "solve Lhe current Soviet reaiity as the mo,st per- USSR: The principle of federalism is tem- in an independent way affairs of 1ocal feot in the world, and even attack Stalin porary and transitory, whereas the prin- importance"T. for allegedly not having observed "Le- ciple of centralism is permanent. In the same spirit ,they examine the ninist principles in relations among t1-re Even if the Soviet Union were a socia- relaLtionship of 'the sovereignty of the nations". list state, there could be no talk for the Union of the Soviot Republics with the Let us first of all see what the Soviet time being about the extinotion of na- federal Republics. It is worth mentioning democracy has been reduced to in this tional differences, i.e. of nations, when that the Khrushchevites raise the question respect. It is a democracy, b'at as a form capitalism continues to exist in the major of the sovereignty of the federal Republics of the contemporary exploiting state, it part of .he wor1d. Marx, Lenin and Stalin for propagancla purposes alone, as in is a tool in the hands of the nen, exploit- teach us that we can talk about the extinc- fact there can be no talk whatever about ing c1ass, to oppress and biing to heel tion of nations only when communism their sovereignty. As long as an exploi- the rvorking masses. The content of Soviet has definitely triumphed on a world scale. ting class is ruling in the Soviet Union, democracy radically altered aft* the But even at tha,t stage of the development as in any other capiialist srtate, that class counterrevolutionary turning-point orga- of human society, we must ndt think exercises sovereignty. As ,to what extent nized and realized, by the Khrushchevite that the extinction of the nations will the Soviet Federal Republics are sovereign, revisionists. In these conditions it becc- be realized through the assimilation of this is clearly seen in the role played by mes clear that there can be no talk about the small nations by the big ones, and the communist parties of those republics. putting the Leninist principle of democra- that the languages of ,the big nations, The Soviet press says that the communist tic centralism into practice. Is there cen- which they call "international-, will be- panties are the leading and guiding force tralism in the Soviet Union todajr? yes, come world languages. This is advocated in the Republics. This is not so. The par- thele is, but it is bureaucratic centr"alism. bv the Khrushchevites for the Soviet ties in the Federal Repubfics are in reality order justify In to the necessity of streng- Union, when ,they give the Russian nation, completely dependent on the centre, Mos- thening this centralism, the Khrushche- and Russian language and culture, ,the cow, and do nothing but carry out its vite revisionists resorrt to all sorts of prac- major, decisive place in that state. The instructions and orders. Whenever Mos- lices and argumedts which make the right classic writers of Marxisrn-Leninism have cow does not approve of them, the 1e- of the Federated Republics to withdrar,v argued that in the communist society, ders of these parties are removed; they are 44O41171,1974 ALBANIA TODAY discharged vr,ithout any consultation what- tions are established amr:ng nations, dia- soever with the members of the said metricaliy opposed to those existing in par.ties, which is another proof that the tlie conditions of the exploiting order. It Soviet Republics are not sovereign. There- follows aiso that this class loses its power fore we say ,that there is no equality and capitalism is restored, the o1d inter- among the Soviet Federal Republics in nation relations, characteristic of the 91i- either state affairs or party affairs, and ven country, are also restored. The expe- that without this equaiity the republics lience of the Soviet Union once more can never exercise sovereignty. The pro- proves that never, in any counltr5/, can c'amations on sovereingty are purely for- an exploiting class solve the national ques- ma,1. We may rightfully say that as long tion of ,the oppressed nations. as the most elementary principles of fede- Lenin, erposing the expansionist, aggrss- ralism are violated in the relatior:s among sive and imperialist policy of czarist Rus- the Sovie,t Republics and the parties which sia, once described that Russia us a ,pri- allegedly lead them, there can be no iaik son of nations". with the triurnph of the of any

1) Prauda March 22, 1972. 2) Voprosi lilozotii Nr. 4, 1972, page 23. j) ldem, page 29. 4) E. Hoxha. Deeper. ideological struggle against alien manilestations and liberal stands towards them. Page 28. from Some conclusions can be drawn 5) Voprosi lilosolii Nr. 12, 1972, page 34. in the experience of the Soviet Union 6) E. Hoxha, Report to the 6th Congtess follows the field of national relations. It ot the PLA, 7971, page 24 first of all that with the triumph of the 7) Yoptosi lilosolii Nt. 8 page 20. 1972 working class and its party, armed wi'th B) katkij politigeskij sllouat, p. 358, the Marxist-Leninist ideology, new rela- Moskua 1969 'ii; ,'.J'

A partial uiew ol the constructiott of tlte urea plant in Fier. OEIDEOTOGISATIOJ{,,, OR REIDEOIOGISATIOil?

bY EERYET pElJ,UnAt

EOR SEVERAL YEABS NOW IN THE WEST THERE HAS BEEN PROPAGATED ses, theories anLd slogans of previous anti- THE CONCEPT OF TH\E ,END OF IDEO[,OGY,, WHICH PROCILAIMS THAT IDEO. communist rnovernent, with a view to LOGY AAID TIIE IDEOT.OGIC"TI STRUGGLE HAVE BEEN OVEBCOME, AND ABE adapting them better to cul'rent conditions NOW ANAOHRONISTIC AND MEANINGLESS. THIS CONCEPT, WHICH IS CONSIDE. and requirement making the'm more .so- RED TO BE ONE OF TIIE BEST PUBIICISED "INNOVATIONS, OF THE .AMERICAN phisticated., giving them a "scientific,, SOCIOI]OGISTS D. BEf,L, S. LIPSET, G. SHILS AND A. SCHLESINGEB, THE FBENCH ,impartial" aspect, ,etc. Offshoots of the- SOCIOLOGIST AND ECONOMIST R. ARON, A,ND OTHERS, IS BEING EXTENSIVELY se objectives and tactics are seen in such USED IN THE PRESENT-DAY IDEOI,OGICAT. STRUGGLE, IN ORDEB TO CONCEAL THE theories as those on ,the industrial so- AIM OF THE BOURGEOISIE AND ITS IDBOf,OGISTS WHO WANT TO FIND NEW ciety., .the stages of economic growth,, IDEO,I.OGICAf, WAYS TO DEFEND THE CAPITAI,MT ORDER AND TO FIGHT AGAI,NST ilconverg,ence,,, "deideo,logisation,, etc., SOCIALISM, THE REVOT,UTION AND MARXTSM-I,ENINISM. which have ernerged almost at the sa- Bearing in mind that 'this general ten- me time, have the same objective, and dency of world development is of special comptrement one another. The essence tDeideologisotion,l importance, lirst in order to understand of all these is the .theoretical,, argumen- ond rome leo'uret o, the correctly the ideological struggle which bation of the praclice Lof .cln,servi'ngtr ca- ideologicol ettuggle is being carried out on a wortrd scale, ils pitalism, and the effort to create a .posi- in lhe pterent conditiont intensification in the present conditions, tive prograrnmetr, a {new ideological mo- and the causes of the profound crisis that dei", to serve as an aliernative to the - Life is constantly confirmi,ng the fact has engulfed the entire mental world of Marxist theory about social progress, that in the worl,d today, greet contradic- curren bourgeois and revisionist ideo- which proves the inevitability of the re- tions and confrontations exist on an in- logy (this crisis is rnerely a reflection of vol'utionary substitution of capibalis'm by ternational scale and that the accumulated the deep and general crisis of imperia- a higher socral orrdel, by socialism. This forces of irnperialism, revisionism and lism). And, second, it is important to is why the rnonopoly bo'r.rrg,eoi'sie and the reaction are now ccnfronting the forces understand correc[1y the process of the bourgeois states and parties, give these of socialism and the people's front, led ourrent formation of a common ideolo- "modern*, ,Iibera1, theories of anticom- by the international working class. It is gical front, under the banner of an'ti-com- munism such great publicity, and place characieristic that while the forces of im- munism, which is aimed at waging a con- plenty of finance and propaganda me- perialism, revisionism and reaction are centrated struggle against socialism and dia at their disp,osal. It is n'o accidenb becoming increasingly bogged 'down in Marxism-Leninism. This front includes that these theories increas'ing1y fill not political, economic and ideological crisis, both the ;bourgeois and socialdemocrat only the pages of special theoretical the forces of ,socialism, Marxism-Leninism, ideologists and the reformists and revi- books and reviews, but also the speeches and the peoples are growing stronger; sionists of ,a11 shades, overt and covert. of the heads of the bourgeoisie, daily new- this indicates that .the tendency oif pre- They ar.e all uniting, and building a s'papers, .radio and tv programmes, litera- sent world development is revolution and cornmon barricade based on their iden- ry works, etc. the triumph of socialism, (Enver Hoxha, tical counterrevolutionary strategic aims, A11 thi,s shows the intensive ideologi- Repor,t to the 6th Congress of the and their de,sire to destroy socialism and cal pressure, always glowing and appea- bour- P.LA, 7977, p. 7O). strangle the revolution. ring in "new, forms, exerted by the In order to attain these objectives, the geois and revisionist ideologists against Lecturil SERVET PELLU'MBI - Head oT the ideologist of anticommunism are continu- the revolutionary movements, socialism, ideological Departnent oI ,Philosophy at the "V.1. Le' ally changing their tactics; they are mak- and Marxism.Leninism. This the nin, Party School ing efforts to "reformulate" the main the- pressure, which also appears under The ideologists of onti-communism ore moking efforts to ureformulote, old theses qnd theories, with o view to odopting them to the conditions ond requirements of the time. One result of these efforts is the utheory of deideologisotionr, the reoctionory ond ontiscientific chorocter of which is well shown in this orticle

guise of ,d'eideologisation,, constitutes a orientation for pratical activity or as a distorted reflecbion of reality is not a pro- serio rs danger in the present conditions, source of intellectual values, as a source perty of all hr.rman thinking, or of every and we m,ust fiEht ag,ainst it with parti- o,f knowledge. In this case the whole of kind of ideology. Cuided by this principl,e, cutrar insistence and for a long time, until their criticism is directed against the re- and lbasing themselves on everything po- it is completely defeated. "The curren,t volutionary id,eology of ,the working ,c1ass. sitive created by previous human thought, situation. comra,de Enver Hoxha says, against rMarxism-which is proclaimed to be Marx and Engels cr,eated the scienti,fic, umakes it sti11 nnore imperative to inten- obsolete, i1lusory, etc. For this purpose, revolutionary ideology of the proletariat; sify this struggle, which is of historic the advocates of 'deideologisation* openly its merger with the revolutionary move- r'rnportance*. falsify the theses of the classics of Marxism ment of the masses, and the transforma- These distinctive features o,f the pr.esent abo'r.rt ideology, and al1ege that Marx and tion of its rideas into a material force, ideotrogioal struggle are important, in or- Engels themselves wanted to enrd ideo- were soe'n by them to be an absolutely der to understand the real essence and 1ogv. neceslsary cond,ition for the liberation of objectives of the anticommunist theory of Asi--matter of fact, Marx and Engels, in the rnasses from oppression and exploiba- the ,decline (,,deideologisa- of ideology" their work 'German ideology', do speak tion and for the viotory of the communist tion'). about the ,end of ideology,, bult in this society. case, -and they have given this particular In contrast with all this, the theoreti- emphasy-they had in mind the bourgeois cians of "deid,eologisation., by taking Whoi lies behind idealist ideology, the sys,tern of ideas of the disconnected sentence,s from the work of fhe concepl declining classes who are not iriterested Marx and Engels, are striving to equate ol ? in the scientific r,eflection of reality, since bourgeois ideralist ideology, which is a it is against rthem, and thus they, present dlistorted reflection of reality, with the Ihe founder.s of 'deideologisation* are actual relations as "inverted, as in the scientific ideology of the 'working c1a,ss, striving to ki11 two birds with one stone; dark ,chamber of a camera" (K. Marx, F. the infl,uence of which is b,ecoming increa- they want to rescue b,ourgeois ideology, Engels - German Ideology, Albanian edi- singly more powerful, so as to ptcrolaim which is experiencing a deep crisis, by tion L972, p. 2B). In this sense, the disap- later thalt "every iderotrogy has lost its reformulating it, and also to fight Mar- pearance ,of the antagonistic classes, the capacity to convinceo, that today "the end xism.Leninism and discredit it, by pre- ove'rthrow of capitalist relations, anLd the of ideological enthusia'srn has cometr, s,enting ri,t as a variant of subjectivism elimination of the conditions which give etc. and dogmatism, thus as one'sided and birth to the distorted, i11us,ory reflection It ,is Lnot d,ifficult to under,stand that without value in the ,present conditions, of realrity, were seen by Marx and Engels th,eir airn is, in 'the first pliace, to discre- when ,the, technical and scientific revolu- as the end of illusory consciousness, as dit Marxism;Leninism, to present it as tion is taking place in 'th,e world. This the end of anrti-scientific ideology. They something thalt cannot serve as a guide airn becomes qui,te obvious if we take wrote ". . . All the forms and products of for ,rnass ,polihical ,actions, ran'd that is even a general look at the {a.rgumentsD consciousness cannot be eliminated by allegedly "incompatib.le, with the develop- used by the founders and zealous pr.o- means of spiritual criticism. . . ,but only ment of science at the present time. They pagators of "deideologisation,. by the practical overthrow of the actural also airn to keep the working class, the They pro,ceed from the thesis ,that every social relations from which all these rnain force of the revolutio,n, away from ideology is, ,alleg,edly, a distorted refle,c- idealist a'bsurdities stem (Ibidem, p. 51- politics, away from the Marxist-Leninist tion of reality, .an illusory consciousness, -s2). ide,ology, so as to disorientate it, and not that emerged in pre-industrial society, and But at the ,same time, the classics of allow it to acquire its political conscious- therefore can no tronger serve either as an Marxism pointed out th,at the iltlusory, ness and understand what it re.presents 48@4(171,19V4 ALBANIA TODAY and what role it must play in relation the recomrnetrdatious of experts t-ho, parties, the bourgeois state ald the to the cther laibouring masses, thereb-v allegerdly; "know only th,eir job, and are boulg,eois scientif ic ins biltrutions, to pre- hindering the process of unifying ihe indiff erent ,to poli,tioal and ideological sent the acute social problems, the deep sirength of the peoples into a single re- problems*. By this, they aim tc present oo,nltradiotions which corrode ,the capilta- volut;,onary tvend. All this confirms whai the bourgeoris state as an organ of the list countries, as purrely ,technical and V.LLenln ha,s said: .When the ideologi {meritocmcy', i.e. they claiim thalt it is administrative problems. By this they aim, ca1 inf luenc: of the bourgeoisie o'n 'the compose'd only of specialists, ,experts, on the one hand, to minimize the acu,te workels begins to deciine, to be un- competent anrd pr,adtical imen who occtlpy social problems, and, on the other, to dermined, to grow weak, the bourgeoisie, their posts due to their scr,enilific nmerifs' clea'te the illusic,n in the masses that, everywhere ard always, resorts to the and abilitiers irrespective of ,their orlgin because'thesc prcbiems .have a purely basesi iies ;:nd calumnies' (V.I. Lenin, and class views. technical and administrative character,' vol. 2A, Albanian edit. p. 560). In other words, i/t serefls BS if in the ca- they will be solved lthrough the develop- To camoullage tl-ri,s, the theoteticians pitalis,t c,oun,tries there is no longer a rnent of the technical and scienitif ic re- of ,ideological dis,armament" are striving r:u1ing political force and no rulLing cLass volution, implorrci managemenlt, etc, to prersent their struggle against Marxist- to realize its diolatorship through the without any ne,ed lor class s truggle or Leninist ideology as a struggle to discover sitate, because ithe sitate has a1lerged1.y be- revolutions. the scientific truth, which is allegedly cofilre ir .committee" to manage the corn- ir: the conditicns of the technical and darkened by ideology. Their favourite mon affairs of the entire society ! In rea- scientif ic revoltirtion, accord;ing to rthe slogan is; ,science denies iCeclogy'. Con- li,ty, in the capitalist countries, particu- Arnerican sociologistt D. Bei1, peoplo's so- tinuing the traditions of neopositivism, 1arIy, in the USA, Britain, Japan and other cial position, particularly that of the ;they advocate the socall'ed principle of m,ajor states, never has the st#e po,wer youth, changes quiokly; for them to ,freedom from value judgements,. The been so oonoentr:ated in tl-re hands of the orientate themselvers correotly, tth,ey musrt ,is social sciences, in their opi,nion, must be financial oligarchy as it is toCay. It liberate the'mselves f ro.rn ideclogy, assi- based pureiy on facLs; they must be true that the capitalist state attracts a milate new values which are ,not ideo- uneutral* and must not make politi- la,rnge n,umber of specia'lists to manage 1ogical,, an take cn ,social flexibilitty, cal, ideological or moral value judg- lstate aif;fairs, but power is in facLt in which means, in other u,orCs, con,form ments, because in this way would tthe hand,s of a few people who represent w,ith the existing order (See D. Bel1. ,scientific' rth,e financial ol,igarchy. Thus, in the allegedly depart from the "Technocracy and Politics,, ,Survey- 1971, raccording lthe path. USA, to figures given in v; 16, NR. 1). the book, Managers" (pnrblished in In reality, ,the slogan o'f ,freedom from 'The1 In tl-ris way, presenting "the techni- va.lue judgements, is a plesent-day the USA in L977), it emerges ttra,t power ca1 trealtment' of prioibtrem,s as their sole variant cf bo,urg,eois objeetivism, part in lact is concentrated in the hands of motive, an,d as a il,ngw valueo, the bour- of ,the bourgeois ideology, which aims bo 180 people. The us,e olf compulters, and geois ideologis'ts aim to, manipulate lure the inte,lligentsia, in particular tthe of mathematical ,methods and models, in peo,ple's consciousness, to turn them into creative intelligenrtsia and youth, by the field of rnanagement, doets not change obedient robdts, without high ideas in means of socalled ,intellectual freedo'm.' the class essence of the bourgeois state, life and to cultivate in ihem a fe,eling Irn fact, practice shows tthat it is ilnpos- the main duty of whi,ch is to increase the of apathy towards every us,eful so,cio-po- ;the power ,a ,to sible !o live in society, to live in con- of handful of exploif,er.s tritic,a1 activity. This makes the "purely ditions of allround olass struggle, and be rule over and oppress the overwh,elming technical trealLment, of probleras a trea'L- independent of it. Indoed, the very pre- majority of trhe population, ,the broad wor- men,t which direcbly 'serves the inlleretsts sentation of social facts and giving, on king masses. Therefore to pretend in these of the bourgeoisie. this basis, the simplest recommend,ation's, condition,s that ,the main poliltical pro- Thereforre in risin'g agains't the ideo- is impossible, without the study having btrerns have b,een solve,d, and that ideology logical trera.tmenit of problems, the the'ory fail had a prior aim, an'd this ai'm cannot has been replaced by technology and aboul the "cnd of iCeology, aims as pro' to bear the seal of the class which the "social engineering*, 6s the propagandists m,orting oppo,sition to the ti'ea'tmenlt of researcher represents. Thus, the advoca- o,f ide,ologic,al rdi'sarmarnent do, rnearns to problerns from a class po,sition by the tes of *deideologisation. may preisent their whitewash state monopolv capitalism proletariiat, at hinderin'g the formation of views as a purely theoreticaL and sci,en- with a '/iew to proctraiming iit to be ,ever- class consciousness in various strata- of tific discussion, but in reality they pur- lastinE. the working class, anrd a'L piesenlti'ng the sue essentialiy ideological and reactionary Further deepening this thesis, which sitrugg,,le of the labouring masses as mea- aims, fol the defence of the capitalist or- albrsolutizes th,e role of ,techn,ollogy and ningle,ss, anci,,harmfu1 tto ther inlterests der. These aims ,become rnore evidenli technocrats in the life of society, the of the nation", because it allegedly hin- when they pass from ge'nera1 judgern,enis ,the bo'urgeois ideologists say that " he ind.us- det's the development of technical about ideology to concrete ,pro'blems, and trial society has worked out a new way an,d scientific revoltrttion, the lerlisatlion when they declare tha(t in the ,industrial to deal lrli,th social problem,s, the, teah- of government programmes and reforms, society' social problems are solved not r:ical method", lto which they counterpose etc., e1tc. Indeed, some American socio- thro,ugh mass movements inspired by ideo- to ideological method. The a sol'r.rtisatio,n logists are striving 'to ipresent the f a'ct 1ogy, but through "social engineering, of the technical aspect of social problems that Lthe USA has reached a higher ievel the concrete programmes and parrtial refledts Lhe manif est te,nde,ncy in lthe of eoono,mic de,velopment in coraparison refonrns of bourgeois governments and practical activity of the bourrgeoisie, the with o,ther countries, as a result of the ALBANIA TODAY 4 (17), 1974 O 49

attitud,e of Americans towards "scep,!ical will be unemployed; in Britain, Japan, some obsolete principles and schemes, so ideology., and of American pragmatism, the Federal Republic of Germany, France, that it can be ,reformulated* and adap- The American sociologist. Schlesinger etc., ,the A. number of unemptroyed is expec- ted to present conditions, and thus beco- says, practical, "Empirical, pragmatic ted to double. If we set these figures me more effective in the struggle against ideas, have been more vital here. alongside the great econornic crisis, which socialism, the revolution and Marxism- (,America. Nr. 94, Russian edit. p. is steaclily widening anrd deepening, the Leninism. This was expressed quite clearly 14). foreign ,exchange currency crises, the r.is by R. Aron, as fa:: back as 1965, in the The bourgeois ide,ologist r,ecommend ing inftrartion, and the constant rises i,n article .The industrial society, phiioso- this .Ame'rri,can prices experience,, a,s a rnodel for and taxes, which are such a b,ur- phy and ideology, in which he says that other countries, parrticularly den on rthe 1) fo,r the, de- working masses it is clear .antiideology does not disarm the West veloping countries, For this purpose, how groundless and unreal are the decla- in the face of communism, but gives it they are making a iot of fuss about the rations aibout "the solution of all so,cial its best weaponD. programm,es American presidenrts: problems unde,r ! of the capitalism, ln other words, the theory of de-ideo- War Poverrtyu, ,the "The on "The Great So- In reality, the working masses in logisation is by no means a negation of ciety". ,The technological capitalist countdes rtrust new policy,, do not the sta- bourgeois ideology, but its affirmation and etc. The theoreticians of de-ideologisa- temen'ts of the laokeys of the bourgeoi- reconstruction; it is a manoeuvre to ca- tion, distorting the class sie and they essence and na- are intensifiying from one mouflage the fact that the bourgeoisie has turre of these programmes, year 'to are s,triving another, their struggle agrain,st created a giant apparatus of ideological to put rthe achieve,me,nts capital, of scie,nce and oppression and exploita,tion. influence, through which it exerts extraor- technology art the During service of the neoco,lo- the January-October 1g73 period dinary ideological and psychological pres- n,ialist policy of ,the USA. present alone, in the main They capitalis,t ccun)tries, sure on people's consciousness. ?he ideo- American ,took policy as ba,sed on the con,cern over 44 million people part in the logical defence of capitalism, particularly to help the underdeveloped strike sttrqggle, countries in while in the USA during in the last decade, has become one of the solving their problems ith,e the rnon,ths 'j-973, with scienrtific first 9 ot. thefe were greatest preoccupations of the international and technical aid of USA. ,,The 4,300 strikes. It is characteristic 'the inte- of s,trike bourgeoisie and its servants. But it is cha- rests of mankind, f struggle, that now increasingly ormer US president it is invoi- racteristic that bourgeois ideology defends Nixon, declared vi,ng not only rlhg in his speech to Con- wol:king c1ass, bu't also itself today under the slogan of the .ne- gress of February 797L, .can other sections population, 25, be of the which gation of any kind of ideology", this shows secured only With ,the aid of the maximum were previously considered to be "inte- the dee,p crisis which has engulfed exchange of information*. lrJ,lxsn,5 "tssfi- grated* into the capitalist system. In ir. nological* policy, and its propagartion arddition as to th,e quailtitative growth of It fact, bourgeois propaganda, continu- an example of de-ideologisation fac,t strikes, rtheir , in one no,tices also develcp- ing its previous traditions of the struggle aims to camouiflage the policy aggres- ment in depth, of and their ccnn,ection with against revolutionary movements and sion, oppression and exploitio,n, ,the neo- pol,itical demands; thus they are playing against Marxist-Leninist ideology, has set colonialisrt policy, pursue,d by US i,mpe- an important ,the role in for.ming poli- to work to make black white, claiming tha,t riaLism towards other peoples tical and class arrJ coun- conscieusness of the work- the desires and dreams of the rank and trios. The interf er,ence ,the ing people. in internal file are realized, and presenting capitalism affairs of other countries, ithis the building All shows that the illusions about as changed, more progressive, more libe- of a large number of ,harmony. military bases at betwe,en labour and capital, the ral, giving people more freedom, more many points of giobe, .share" the the threats of Lhe workers i,n capital and the rights, etc. Encouraged by some ternporary and blackmail .ri,th r.e,gaad proclama,tion to o,ther coun- of social problems as purely successes in the ideological disorientation tries, are by no means .techno- purely technical and adminis,trative problems of the masses, the international bourgeci- 1ogica1, problems. which have al1ege,d1y been solved, already sie is today exerting great ideological pres- Moreover, proolaiming do'es that social p1.o_ not correspond. to reality, b'u,t is sure, conducting a .sophisticated" propa- blems have been m'erely solved in the USA, .as a tactic o,f the bourgeoisi,e, in the gand,a campaign, and making maximum a result of American prag,matism, and present ideological struggle. The soclal use of its latest technical means, par.ti- of govern,ment programmes, problems, is a disrtortion contradictions, and wounds of cularly those for gathering, processing of reality base p,rorpaganda imperialism with motive,s. can,not be wiped out by any and spreading information, such as radio, Experience has confirmed progress the opposi,te and in the fietrd of scie,nce and terch- television, the press, fi1ms, advertising shown rthat the acute social problems, nology; they can and will be solved only etc. The bourgeoisie strives to have peo- the deep internal and proletarian external con,tra- by the revolution, inspired ple constantly submerged in a sea of dictions, in which imperialism by Marxist-Leninist has been ideology. bourgeois propaganda, and surrounded submerged, continue worsen. to According by a mass of phrases, catchwords and to the admissions of Arnerican economists slogans, so that at every step of their themselves, 33 mi,11ion peopl,e in the ln search 1ife, they submit to the ideological and USA live in poverty or close to it. In ol Knew> meg,na ond srogont psychological campaign carefully prepared 7972, the mos,t developed capitalist co,un- by the bourgeois sociologists and psycho- tries incl,uded over 10,648,000 un,emp1oye,d, The theory of de-ideologisation is a logists. whiLe in 7974, accordtnrg to forecasts in "new ideological programme, which dem- The general strategic direction of bour- the USA, 5,5 per cent of rthe laborrr force ands only that bourgeois ideology give up geois ideology is anticommunism, the ma- 50a4u71,1974 ALBANIA TODAY

by arming nipulation and disorientation of the con- Theory ol de-ideologlsation of the class struggle, that only Marxist-Leninist know- sciousness of the masses, its favourite os o meons thernselves with ledge, with the Marxist way of conceiving methods are social demagogy, misinforma- oI ideologico, dggrfu problems, can they tion, falsification of facts, magnifying and solving current play role in history, trans- unimportant events, for the sake of sensa- The theory of de-idecrlogisation is not their decisive conformity with their tion, silence or minimizing of unfavou- intendend for home consumption a1one. It form the world in and build socialism rable events, propaganda to disorientate is directed, above all, against the socialist revolutionary interests public opinion, working out and spread- order, and serves as a means of ideolo- and communism. is openly dec- While the theoreticians of ,de-ideologi- ing gossip accompanied by the formula gical aggression. This aim sation,, presenting socialism as the .according to usually well-informed sour- lared by some of the founders of this theory 'worst the end of ideology' variant of industrial society*' are striving ces" etc. In order to control the thoughts ,By the expressionu sociologist, I. Crystal, to justify and instigate any process which of men and to manipulate their conscious- says the American of the could lead to the weakening of the leading the bourgeoisie, as admitted by the "Bell implies above all the failure ness, role of the party and of Marxist-Leninist western press itself , makes use of the socialist ideal', .argue" bourgeois ideologists ideology in the socialist countries, presen- latest technical means, from telephone tap- To this, the revisio- ting this as a process of de-ideologisation, ping to 1ie detectors' The American press make use of the treachery of the ,indicator of progress* and, of itself has recently admitted that about nists, and they present i,t as a .failure, of an 'moder- about future of nisationu ! As long as any ideology is alien 90 million Americans are on the files of the *Marxist forecast the they to society and to the development of the FBI and their views have been re- the capitalist countriesu. Likewise, science and technology, they say, then the corded on tape. One constantly hears strive to present the degeneration of the and demand to get rid of the Marxist-Leninist advice such as that of the British physio- socialist order in the Soviet Union must become a natural one for logist. D. Carey, who says that chemical in the other formerly socialist countries ideology ideology, people, in the socialist society, and this substances introduced into the water sup- as the end of Marxist'rleninist be supported and instigated ply into food, or spread on the earth, can the end of the communist ideals. feeling must from outside act on millions of people and make them "The bourgeois ideologists,, comrade pre- Such way of raising the Problem obedient robots, while the victirns will Enver l{oxha says, "deliberately try to a very clearly the anticommu- be cornpletely unaware of what is going sent the revisionist betrayal as a failure of brings out practical results on! socialism and Marxism-Leninism, as if nist character and the In this way, it is absurd to think that communism is unable to provide a positi- which the theory of de-ideologisation corrosion of the bourgeoisie, which is prepared to ve alternative for the solution of the pro- wants to attain. The internal use even the most criminal means to blems of the world today ,(Enver Hoxha, Marxism its division into a1l sorts of defend its own rule, would renounce Report to the 6th Congress of the PLA, variants, "evolution, in the field of ideo- of the ideological 'defence and ideological strug- p. 272.). logy, and the political organisation gle, and disarm itself ideologically' The The revisionist treachery and the inte- socialist society, pclitical pluralism, i.e' the is gration the socialdemocratic parties and real objective of 'de-ideologisation* of creation of other political parties, the the masses from the influence of the revisionist parties with the bourgeoi- allround liberalisation of social life, etc., "freeing" actual revolutionary ideology, and then "re-ideo- sie in the capitalist countries, is an are nrecommenCed' by them as steps to- logising, them, instilling in their consious- fact. But by no means does the conclusion, wards the liberalisation of the economy, ness standard concepts, tastes and feelings drawn, by the ideologists of the bourgeoi- and the transformartion of socialism into this, about the harmony worked out by the 'industry of souls' for sie, follow from an ,industrial society', i.e. the restoration and the proleta- which the bourgeoisie does not spare its between the bourgeoisie of capitalism. The liberalisation of socia- bourgeoisie riat which has a1leged1y been realized in capital. This objective of the 1ism, through the intensification of exchan- the Ameri- contemporary capitalist society. Moreover, has been clearly expressed by ges with the West, the assurance of a who, adopting of socialism in some coun- can professor C. G' Lodge, the degeneration broad movement of PeoPle, ideas, and of de- the world revo- a critical stand towar'ds the concept tries and t},e zigzags of information, the well-known American policy of the are by no tneans the end of socia- ideologisation, says that the Iution anticommunist Z. Btzezinski says, will must Marxism-Leninism. As comrade USA requires a ,strong ideology., it lism and ,chip away at the more outmoded areas of be Hoxha stated at the 6th Congress of continue its previous traditions, it must Enver the communist doctrinal edifice and this (See C'G' the PLA, socialism exists and develops as ideologised and re-ideologised will bring about, in his opinion, the invi- Interests and Foreign a theory and practice' The growth of the Lodge-Ideology, Sible process of philosophic reconcilia- Speeches of the revolutionary movements everywhere in Policy in the 1970's, 'Vital tion. (See ,Foreign Affairs., J:uIy 1973 Day*, 7,7977, p' 182.). At first the world, the struggle of the Marxist-Le- January p. 721). sight the concepts of ninists against modern revisionism and bile , 'de-ideologisation' All this shows that imperialism, in its and are mutually exclu- creation almost everywhere of new Mar- "re-ideologisation" struggle against socialism, pins its hopes sive, but in fact they express the same xist-Leninist parties and groups to which on intern'al degeneration, on people's ideo- thing: the bourgeoisie's desire to adapt the future belongs, shows the vitality of logical and political degeneration, on the its ideology to the present conditions, Marxism-Leninism and its inexhaustible unformed elements who can be and the search for new ideological means force. The international working class and wavering by the phrases of bourgeois ideo- to disorientate the masses, and defend the the revolutionary peoples are becoming deceived democracy, freedom, generai capitalist order. convinced, in practice and in the crucible Iogy about ATBANIA TODAY 4 1171, 1974 o 5t equality outside classes, the capitalist ,pa- losophy, about the various trends of b.:ur- lar the 1aw of the class struggle, of social t radise,, etc. This is why the imperialist geois ideology, etc. revolution, etc., and replace them with bourgeoisie exerts continuous ideological Thus, it says in the "Philosophical Dic- abstract preachings of peace, and with pressure on the socialist countries, using tionary, that many western socialists, espe- their sham historical optimism'. According for this purpose all ithe modern technical cially the young ones, ,adopt a r:ritical to these concepts, (reason and confidence means, its entire ideological arsenal and stand towards capitalism*, urr6 11a1 ,ir-r are triumphing in the world" and the all the old and new anticommunist theo- recent years many of them have shown "time has come" to do away with ideolc- ries. an increased interest in Marxism and in gical ,barriers", i.e. to give up Marxist- In this respect, bourgeois ideology is Marxist sociology,2). Also G. L. Bjelkina Leninist ideology ! This is why, in the pre- sent the bourgeoisie and the re- assisted by the modern revisionists. The says approximately the same thing. "The conditions, most extremi"t revisionists, such as B. bourgeois philosophy,, she writes ,often visionists act jointly, in alliance with each Garaudy, E. Sisher, P. Vranicki, S. Stoja- without being aware of it, has absorbed other; they echo each other's viev/s novich, etc., corne out openly against Mar- many elements of Marxist knowledge- !,'l) (though keeping up appearances) and to- xist-Leninist ideology; they divide it ioto The conclusion drawn by some other So- gether they exert great and general ideo- numerous variants, according to the model viet revisionist authors is that they must logical, political, economic and military of current bourgeois philosophy and socio- take everything positive from bourgeois pressure on socialism, on the revolutionary logy, advocate that ,every country must sociology and philosophy, and that such movements everywhere in the world, and have its own Marxism*, and separate views must be considered flqm rpurel! on Marxism-[.eninism. Marxism as a science from Marxism as professional, positions, not fr'om ideolo,gi- The practice of the ideological struggle an ideology. The Marxist-Leninist world ca1 positions. confirms the conclusion of the 6th Con- outlook is considered by them to be of Their aim is to sow ideological confu- gress of the PLA, that the bourgeois and re- no importance for the communist party and sion to disorientate people's minds and to visionist ideologies have a common coun- its ,mernbers, who, in their opinion, can manipulate the masses according to the terrevolutionary objective and that the hold any kind of world outlook whether ideological concepts and standards created theories and practices of modern revisio- idealist or materialist. by them, and by current lourgeois ideo- nism setve as fuel for the bourgeois theo- The Soviet revisionists, however, adopt logy, which is being given a free field ries of anticommunism, while the latter a more sophisticated stand on this ques- of penetration and action. It could not be serve as a theoretical source of the con- tion. They pose as *defenders' of the otherwise: the practice of the degeneratiou cepts, ,theories* and practices of modern pu,rity of Marxism-Leninism, and the cri of socialism requires, sooner or later, theo- rev1s10n1sm. these conditions, Party of La- ticize a71 those "ultrasn who come out retical reflection and ideological camou- In the openly for the revision of Marxism-Leni- flage, too. What is more, the alliance and bour of Albania attaches special importan- nism; they also criticize, in general terms, collaboration of Soviet social imperialism ce to the struggle both against bourgeois ideology and against revisionist ideology, the bourgeois theory of de-ideologisation. with US imperialism requires "ideological But if we leave aside their demagogy and coexistencen, ideol0gical {convergencetr, and considers the continuous tempering consider their practical activity, it follows and ,the philosophy of peace, of which of ideological vigilance and the militant that they, just like the other revisionists, Brezhnev spoke extensively at the world spirit of the people to be an active me- apply the practice of de-ideologisation, i.e. peace congress, held in Moscow at the thod of barring the way to the penetration the praotice of eliminating Marxist-Leni- end of October 1973. of the bourgeois and revisionist ideology, so as to persistently fight their disorienta- nist ideology as a motive for human acti- Directly echoing some of the "argu- ting influences. vity and place the purely "1sgh1icaln treat- ments* of ude-ideologisation" Brezhnev ment of problems (i.e. the bourgeois treat- made out that all the social and ideolo- ment) in command. Their aim is to culti- gical problems that have preoccupied the vate political apathy, lack of interest in peoples have either been solved or no lon- acute social problenr-;, withdrawal into the ger have their previous importance, that shell of professional and personal interest, today mankind is faced with such" non etc., in the masses. In the field of social "ideo1ogica1" problems as: the defence of sciences, like the bourgeois ideologists, the the environment, the elimination of hun- Soviet revisionists philosophers propagate ger, and of diseases which are today incu- 1) ,Accotding to the British reuieu ,The ,neutrality*, the drowning of great social rable, the possession of the riches of the Economist" (29.x11.1973) the rates of in- problems in the sea of small, concrete stu- worlds ocean, and the problem of energy ctease in the ptices ol consumer goods dies, on the example of bourgeois empiri- reserves. He connects the solution of these duting the year 1973, in the main capi- cal sociology and the introduction of spe- problems only with the preservation of talist countries, wete 2-3 times highet cial methods and indeed of special terms peace, on which ,the future of the whole than their auerage annual in.crease during from the natural sciences, in philosophy of mankind, the future of the whole pla- the 1955-1972 period. and sociology, the aim in net, depends,. this ,tech- with of calling In way, Nixon's 2) Filozotskij strouat Ed. M. Rozenthal, doubt gradually replacing Marxist cate- nological policy. and Brezhnev's .philo- Moscanu 1972 p. 385. gories and the entire Marxist dialectical sophy of peace and historical optimism, method. In the Soviet press and publica- complement one another. Their essence is 3) G. L. Bjelkin- Filozotia Matxisma i tions, there is a great deal of talk about to proclaim as valueless the laws of the Burzhuaznaja,Marxologia,, Moscow 7972 a 're-appraisal" of current bourgeois phi- development of society, and in particu- s.10). FURTffiER EVEDEruCE Of Tffi{E EXPAffiSIOffiIST Arutr} ${E6E rorsTlc AIMS OT YHE 'f 0 SUpERp0wERs

Afiicle lrom rZERI I POPULLIIn

FOR TIIE TTIIRD TIME WITHIN TWO YEARS, THE CIIIEFTAINS OF US IMPE. point where it is impossible to control. RIALISM AII\D SOVIET SOCIAL IMPERIALISM HAVE MET AT THE SUMMIT LEVEL. Last October, Nixon ordered a state of WASHINGTON'S AND MOSCOW'S PROPAGANDA HAS TRIED TO PEESENT THE alert in the US army, pushing the situa- NIXON-BREZHNEV MEETI}.{GS IN BOSY COLOUBS, AND ATTRIBUTE TO THEM TI{E tion to the brink of an armed clash with BEST AIMS FOB STRENGTHENING PEACE, ACHIEVING DISARMAMENT, DETENTE, the other superpower. This was convin- ETC. BUT THE PACIFIST DEMAGOGY WIT}I WHICH THE SUPERPOWEts,S HAVE cing proof that the Soviet-US agreements TRIED TO FLOOD THE WORLD HAS BEEN UNABI,E TO WIPE OUT THE SINISTER SIIADOW CAST tsY THE SECRET SOVIET.US DIPLOMACY. have not sidetracked 'the adventurist po- The facts have proved that soviet-us shington last year, and they reoccur in licy of the two superpowers, nor the dan- collaboration like the rivalry between the the new cornmunique. But what does the ger of the outbreak of a world wide con- two superpowers, has done great damage reality show? flagration. to thecauseofthe progressofthe peoples, The Nixon-Brezhnev meetings have ser- The Nixon-Brezhnev orreetings and he and general peace. For a long time now, this ved not the cause of p,eace, but that o,f Soviet-US agreernents do not mean a ilgua- collaboration and rivahy have been keep- war, rt is a fact that after overy meeting, ran ee to the peoples, or a "victory for ing the world in great tension and under the tensions in the world have beoome pea@ as the irnperialist and socia,l impe- continuo.rs threat and blackmail. grea er, as have the threats and dangers rialist chieftains dec are, but dangers and In the joint Soviet-US cornmuniqu6 sig- to the peoples. peace has not yet been se- threats to the peoples and greater plots ned in Moscow after the fitst Brezhnev- cured in vietnam, in cambodia or in the against variotrs cotrntries by the imperia- Nixon rneeting in 1972, rnany fine words Middle East. wirth the krnowledge and Iist aggression; they have ,not reduced were said abouit the npeace-loving, ai,ms incitement of the superpowers, recently and will not redtrce the pressure of the of the usA and the soviet union, about in Asia and Africa, and even in Europe, superpowers on the small and middle-si- their efforts and airns .to find ways to which had been considered as a relativeily zed oountries; as they have ruot averted solve international problems,, "strengthen quiet area, a series of new qtrarrels and and cannot avert the interference of the the collaboration between states', and re- conflicts have erupted, wihich pose the imperialists and social imperialists in the move hot beds of war, for a xgeneration danger of greater, broader escalations internal affairs of others. of peace' etc. Such lulling words were re- and clashes. The armements race is being The policy of expansion and aggressi,on peated at the Sovi€t-US snmmit in Wa- intensrified, and it is speedi,ly reaching the and the e,fforls to establish world domi- The l[ixon-Brezhnev meetings hove served not the couse of peoce, but thot of wor. lt is o loct thot ofter eYery such meeting, the tensions in the world hove become greoter, os hoYe the threots ond dongers to the peoples

nation which the superpowers foll,ow is efforts of both sides to strengthen the frorn his Atlantic partners just as not a fortuitous, temporary course. It is existing global Soviet-US agreernent for Brezhnev arrogantly insists on the strict EI consequence of their irnperialist natur,e the preservation of ,the status quo, the implementation of -limited sovereign- and system and will remain umchanged as preservation of the imperia,list relation- ty,. long as they exist as imperialist po- ship in their respective spheres of influen- The ill-farned Artiole 4 of the treaty on wers, ce, the defence of neocolonialism, etc. They ntrclear arms signed in Wash,ington last The political, economric, military, scien- aim at hindering, at all costs and by every year, now made worse by imple,rnenting tific and other agreements that were con- means, the political, economic and social it, as was the case in the Midd,le East, re- cl rded la'tely in Moscow between the two emancipation of 'the peoples. mains in force. With the new agreeilnents super,powers, like the previous ones, are Now it is clear that all 'the Brezhnev- conctruded in Moscow, stronger and broa- an expression of ,trheir efforts to a[ryear Nixon meetings and the agreements that der bases are created for it. There is no before the world with a comrnor front, in have been concltrded were ainaed in par- doubt that in the future the fields in which ordef, to establi:sh their imperiatlist flaw ticu,lar at strengthening US domination in the superpowers will try to irnplement their everywhere, They are a series of concre- Western Europe and Soviet domination in arbitrary decisions and dictate will inclu- te measures and engagem,ents to increa- Eastern Europe. The alleged objectives o'f de all spheres of international activity, se pressures on other peoples (so as to *detente in Europe,, uthe balanced re- and the entire world. limit to the greatest possible extent the duction of miiliiary forces, and the con- The bilateral economic, rnilitary, scienti- peoples' rights to take an active and equal ference on uE rropean sectrrity' itself fic and other agreernents which the USA part in international relations), to gaim pri- which are so well advertise

and direction of the economic and poli. weapons. trn 7972, Nixon and Brezhnev tical developrnent of each country. By inn- signed the agreement on ilstrategic arms posing a jo,int ernbarg.o on nerr scientific limitation", which was, as they called it, discoveries, they want to establish a kind the first result of the SALT ta ks. But of technological neocolonialism over all the after the signing, bo,th su:perpowers, did world and to use modern science and tech- not limit their race in this field, b'r.rt in- nology as a new way to dominate the peo- creased it. They hastily developed the ple,economically and politically. MIRY strategic missile system, and used The close ties the US and Soviet trusts ten warheads iastead of one. The USA are establishing with each other, the emer- raised its L974-7975 military budget to 90 gence of big Soviet-US joint business, billion dollars, which is the biggest mi which is expected to reach a value of tens litary budget in American history. But of billions of, dollars anwally, will hit firs't the Soviet Union does no,t ilag behind and foremost the East European revisio- Washington. According to unofficia;l data, nist countries, they wiill face a red,uction in its act ral military- budget amounts to 90 the supp;ly of Soviet raw materials, which biillion dollars this year. In Europe alone, constifutes the basis of their econornic the USA and the Soviet Union maintain activity. But the European, Japanese, and hundreds of thousands of troops, tens of o,ther economic partners of the USA will thousands of 'tanks, and thousands of air- not find the doors of A,merioan markets craft. To this day, not a single soldier has so wide,ly open to receive their goods as left and not a single cartridge has been they have done so far. removed, but Soviet-US chantirng about the At the new Soviet-US, strmmit meeting, reduotion of their rnilitary presence on as expected, a great f,uss was made about this continent has multiplied enor- disarmament. Now it has become the cus- mously. tom that at each of their meetings, the Who can believe, under ,these condi chieftains of the White House and the tions the sugar-coated words and the Kremlin announce a new agreement about ernpty Soviet-Us statements abo rt their banning nuclear tests, or work out some efforts and good intentions to solve the general principles by which they ought to problern of, disarmament, the limitation be gnr,ided in their atternpts to achieve of strategic weapons, the reduction of the socalled lirnitation of offensive stra' troops in Enrrope, etc. Their nonsense tegic arrns. Such are the agreement ,on about disarmament, both past and present the partia,l prohibition of underground is aimed at aroiusing sham hopes, at decei- nuclear tests, that on the lirnitation of ving the peopiles, and at silackening their anti-ballistic missile systems, and to vigilance. What the superpowers want obscure statements about the efforts for to achieve is not disarrnament, but their disarmament in the future. But the world arrmed controll over the wor;ld and the in- must not allow itself to be deceived by tensification of heir military threats and these. atornic blackmail towards others, Arma- ,The brilliant sentences Nixon's and ments and military power constitute the Brezhnev's speeches cantains and the corn- main pillar on which their policy ,of eco- muniqu€s they release after their mee' nomic expansion and political hegemony tings, cannot hide the obvio'us truth that is based. the armaments race is being extended The rneetings between Brezhnev and and deepened, and that the superpowers Nixon have drawn attention not only to are not disarming but are in fact cons- their international consequ,ences, but also tantly increasing their arsenals of all ty- to the infl rence they have had in the in- pes arrd calibres of arms. ternal deve{opment of the Soviet Union In June 1963, the Soviet Union and the and in the promotion they have given US,A concluded ,the socalled .partial nu- to the further capitalist degeneration of clear test b,an treaty,. According to this all of Soviet life. Brezhnev and his aircle treaty, tests had to be stopped, but within have to a very great extent pinned their eleven years they had carried out more hopes for economic developrnent on *de- than 400 known tests of new nuclear tente, with ,the United States, and on re- ALBANIA TODAV 4 1171, 1974 e 55

ceiving mass credits and technology from praises the Soviet propaganda has devo- projects failed, and, new seeds of quarrels the -rlnited States, ilgood ted to the aimstr of the usA, can- and clashes were sown. But in fact it is But the loans from the USA will bind not remol'e the bitter taste left in the characteristic of the two superpowers that the Soviet Union .dmerica to for rnany rrto'uths of Soviet ,citizens by the visit while strongly vying with each other, they y€ars. In order to ensure the billions of of the US president. The reek of the plots, come together, and plot and collaborate dollars offered, the Soviet Union is com- intrigues, bargainings and adventures against the revolutionary and national li pelled to make one concession after ano- cannot be kept bottled up within the wal.ls beration rnovements of the peoples; they ther, which is h'umiliating just not for a of the Krernlin or at Oreanda, No demago- sabotage socialism and are opposed to the great power like Soviet the Union, but gy whatever can convince the rank and revolutionary ideology of the working class for any state vrhatsoever. fiie Soviet p€ople that collaboration with and they support reaction and hinder the Eeing aware of t?re weak Soviet posi- U.S. irnperialism is the road which will progressive development of hurnan society. the tion, US senate is demanding that the lead the Soviet Union towards happiness, The meeting between Nixon and Brezh- Soviet Union change its emigration laws, and the worid towards certain peace. r:ev, and the new agreements concluded before the ratification of the Soviet-US Nixon's visit to Moscow, as was envisa- between them, serve this broand counterre- trade agreernent signed by Nixon in Mos- ged, began and ended with great noise volutionary activity of the two superpo- col two yea.rs ago. Brezhnev has pro- and advertisement. This has always cha- wers. They create new dangers for the mised to give exit visas every year to racterised the meetings of the US and So- peoples, and constitute a great threat to 45.000 to allow them go Jews, to to Israel, viet chieftains, but this year both the US their freedom and independence and to but this figure is still considered insuffi- president and the secretary general of the their peace and general security. This is clent by the US senators and congress- Communist Par,ty of the Soviet Union par- the rnain reason that Nixon's visit, despi 1nen. ticularly needed to present themselves to te the pacifist, etrphoric light in which But even question if the of supp,lying their internal and external publics in Moscow and Washington tried to present Israel with manpow€r from the Soviet strong positions and wibh stable authority. it, has been followed by great doubt and just Union is settled as the US ruling Nix,on is concerned with Watergate, and distrust all over the world. circles wish, before opening prr.rrse, their wants to show Arnerican citizens that he The US imperialists and the Soviet so- they make will new conditions. They have may not be worthy of his country any cial irnperialists want to rnake the ,latest ah€ady begun to say that if the Soviet longer, but others want him, his friends agreemenits concluded in Moscow sound Union wants profit to from the credits, and rivals, the NATO allies and the hopeful. In particular, they are trying to must recognize it the USA's demand to Krenrlin leaders. Brezhnev, too, who has n rrfure illusions that rthe d6tente between neaintain a set superiority in strategic put all his money on ,d6tente,,, is inte- the Soviet Union and the USA and the weapons, pledge and that it will not strive rested in concluding as many agreements increase of Soviet-US collaboration, wiII to bridge a centain gap technological exi- as possible with America and the West, solve all the problems of the world. sting in nuclear weapons" The demand, too, even if they are increasingly more formal But the peoples will not faII into this rap, for the free circuilation of information, so as to iuse them as evidence of a policy and will not be deceived by imperialisF people and ideas, required frorn the Soviet which is being successfully realised. revisionist demagogy and fa,lse slogans. Union as condition a to conclude the so- tsut certainly it is not these personal The progressive revoltr,tionary peoptre, ca,lled European security treaty so much interests that have defined the results of and the broad working masses of the world. desired by it, is of this nature. the meeting, nor do they define the de- just as yesterday, so today, too, are faced The concessions rrade to the United veiopment of Soviet-US relations in the with the same tasks; to raise high the vi- States the revisionist :uture. by leadership are It is the joint counterrevolutionary gilance and resoltrtely fight against the doubtfully received by the Soviet peo- rnterests of the two superpowers which aggressive po,licy and activity ,of the two ple, who are realising that the Soviet po- compel their chieftains to me€t and talk, to su,perpowers, to expose ,the plots and intri- sition Lwith fegard to credits, Ioans, tech- agree and plot against others. Khrtrshchev gues and smash the reactionary plans of nical and scientific collaboration, etc., is oa Eisenhower, Kosygin or Johnson, the superpowers, and to defend the rights that of a beggar, ithat and the weight of Brezhnev or Nixon, it is a,ll the satne; and life of their countries froirn the pre- foreign presence the Soviet in economy they all work to extend the expansion and datory and enslaving aims of the US irnpe. is not being compensated for by a sui- hegemony of IJS imperialism and Soviet ria,lists and the Soviet social irnperialists. table Soviet counterbalance in the West. social imperialism over the worrld. The dangers which the hegemonistic and Marked dissatisfaction has been aroused Certainly, between the two superpow€rs, expansionist policy of the superpowers too by the way in which Brezhnev,s lea- great, savage and irreconcilable imperialist pres€nt are great, but th€ strength of dership dealt with the ilIiddle East pro- contradictions eNist, as do frenzied rival- the peoples is borundless. It is fully ca- blems, where Soviet pres,tige has received ries and deep perfidies. These were noti- pable of srnashing every plot and every serious damage. ced a so at the latest Brezhnev-Nixon aggressive plan of the enemies of peace Brezhnev's flattery of Nixon, the highest rneeting, at which not everything passed and of the freedom and independence of representative of US funperialism, and the smoothly, many efforts to agree and many nations. BME$$ mffiw[E

STEPS TOWARDS STRENGTHENING THE NATIONAL SOVEEEIGNTY OF THE DEVELOPING COUNTRIES ,zERl I P)PULLIT-, otgan ol the CC ol the PLA

The sixth special UN session on Latin America has currentlY tion, and have strengthened their problems of development and been transformed into a hotbed unity and solidarity against in-r- raw materials, which ended its anti-Yankee activity. For a long perialist seizure and control, es- proceedings not long ago, sho- time, under the slogan uAmerica pecially by the two superPowers, wed that the struggle of the de- for the Americans* and then oI their riches and resources. vetroping countries is being .America for the USA", the Yan- Collective actions have been incr asingly more guided by the kee imperialists and their mo- carried out by the African, Latin Asian oil aim of lifting the heavy 1oa. nopolies have economically and American and Produ- within of economic debt towards the politically dominated the coun- cing countries, esPeciallY oil imperialist countries or interna- tries of'the green sub-continent, the framework of OPEC. The embargo against tional monopotries, a debt which dictating policy to them and struggle and of has dictated to one extent or frequently interfering in their the USA and other supporters the anolher their internal and exter- internal atfairs, up to the topp' the Zionist aggression agains,t a action nal political stands and solutions ling of governments conside Arab countries was bold too. The developing countries red ,undesirable" by Washington. of great importance, both econo- bold ac- have used various forms and In these recent years, in such mic and political. This serious uPhea- means to take possessien of their countries as Chile, Pevt, Panama, tlon resulted in a former national riches, so as to exploit Yenentela, Ecuador, Mexico, Co- val not only in the colonies, but them independently and in their 1,ombia, Costa Rica, etc., the hol- metropoles of the present of own interest. dings of some foreign companies also in the citadel the The nationalisation of foreign have been nationalized, or they international imPerialism, use of monopoly capital is an effective have adopted measures ,which li- USA. The struggle and Arab way of getting possession of na- mit foreign capital, or do not al- the oil weapon bY the countries increased confidence in tional riches. By this measure a low its further penetration into and heavy blow is dealt to foreign the key branches of national eco- their own forces Possibili capital at home, and natural nomy. The U.S. imperialists are ties in rthe developing countries, clearlY that for- resources are placed at the ser- doing their uttmost to intimidate showing them by force and active vice of independent po itical and and cornpel the countries and ce is defeated economic development, and the peoples of latin America to give moves. Summing uP the Poli struggle, strengthening of national sove- up the exercise of national sove- tical and economic oil the deve- reignty. For these reasons, this reigntv over their natural resour- the representatives of the idea is now taking root more ces and economies. The USA loping countries who took strongly in many of the coun- threatens these countries with re- floor in the UN debates aPPrai- tries engaged in winning com- prisals and other criminal acts sed it as a very Pos(tive expe- plete economic independence. against all those who would ex- rience, and called for stronger Various countries of Africa, Asia propriate North American invest- unity among themselves. and Latin America have imple- ments, and it has put these Uni'ty and the coordination of mented. nationalizing measures threats into practice. struggle and efforts are a Power- through which foreign capital in The developing countries are ful weapon to helP the develo- those countries is eirther fully ex- increasingly more feeling the ping countries to attain their propriated or is limited. Like- need for and usefulness of col- national objeotives. Unlted and wise, there are the nationalisa- lective action in their struggle in solidarity with one another, sations of some oil companies against their common enemy they are in a Position to defeat effected in the Arab countries or -old and new imperialism. TheY any kind of economic and Poli- that the elsewhere. have undertaken collective ac- tical threat. Events show peoples have arisen, m:re cieter- role is being played by the and to become masters of their mined than ever to realizc their struggle of the peopies ct Asia, countries and riches, eiiminating cherished aspirations to freedom Africa aud Latln America to taiie any external interference and and indepencience. An impori-ant lheir faie in thcir ov;n hclds con trol.

E

RACISM IS STILT A MA.IOR EVXF, m[ .A,MERIC/IFI SOCIETY

,,BASHKILIl", central ogtan ol the Democtatic Front

The first slaves boughi ir pnlates tirat the white is mastcr, ,Consequentiy*, - *Le Monde Di- Africa were taken to America and supelior to all ihe other plomatique, further continucs, - 350 years ago. 'Ihus, alongside laces. Despite the clemagogical *the Afro-Americans are at the the barbarous exierrrination of fuss of the lulers, and althcurrh boitom of the ladder in per ca- the native Indians, thele began the American constilution ex;ores- pita income; they constitute one of the mosl shameful periods sively states that -a11 mer-r are by the iargest number of unemploy- of the exploitaticn cf bi:ck peo- nature free and equal,, this racist ed, and their ghettos have not p1e as beasts cf burden, and iaw is pieselvei and defended by yet disappeared*. the most savage racial discrimi- the Americaa system of govern- According to official Ameri- nation. But even now, after more ment, by the luling and racist can sources, 72.3 per cent of than three and a half centuries, circles. This policy, hclps the black women and 70.2 per cent although the r,'rord .siave' d:es business and mcnopoly circles to of blacl< men are jobless in not exist in the American consti- cxercise, alongside the exploita- the United States. In fact, the tution, there exists in essence the tion of white woikers, a still actual percentage of. black Peo- same situation: peopie are divi- more savage exploitalion of the p1e unemployed is much grea- ded into "black, anfl "',rhiig,,. lr scc.:11ed ,,co1oured, 'rvorkers, ter, and comes to 31 per cent the USA the unv",ritten laivs of imaking them the object o.f dou- of the able-bodied btrack PoPu- racial discrimination an

PRESS STRENGTHENING DICTATORSHIP OF THE NEIry CZECHOSLOVAK BOURGEOISIE REYIEW ,ZERI I POPULLIT,

Measures are being taken in the stability of the present re- rauks of the Czechoslovak re- visionist PartY, including a large Czechoslovakia lo "strengthen gime was clearly expressed number of workers. order and discipline" and "com- by Husak at the latest Plenum bat anti-social elements better*. ot' the Central Committee of The national dignitY of Cze- Therefore, special attention is the Czechloslovak revisionist choslovakia has been tramPled being paid in Prague to the Party, held recently when he on by the Moscow revisionists. strengthening of the organs of stressed that .it is an urgent Czechoslovakia is being treated the dictatorship of the new Cze- need in our political work with as a province of the new Krem- choslovak bourgeoisie. TheY the,masses to eliminate the hos- lin czars, as a country with which have begun a great purging tile influences in the minds of discriminatorY relations have The campaign among the ranks of the the working people". been established for Years. revisionist party, the managers The fact that those in Prague Czechoslovak PeoPle cannot re- of economic enterprises, and in are speaking out and are being concile themselves to the oc- literature, art, music, etc. Like- f orced to take measures to cupation regime and the PolicY wise, there was published recen- strengthen the revlsionist aP- ot' subjugation pursued bY the t1y in the official gazelle the new paratus of violence and con- Czechoslovak vassal bourgeoisie law approved by the Czechoslo- trol clearly shows that there towards its bigt Soviet controller' vak Federal Assembly on nna- ere objections, discontent and They are experiencing a1l the tional security troops, which in- disintegration among the ranks consequences of such a situation, clude the state security service of the revisionist Party and the and they cannot fail to exPress and the police. Two weeks befo- state organs. In order to .meet their disapproval and discontent. effected re the convening of the Czechos- the situation more quicklY, and The great purges being enter- iovak Federal Assembly to aP- in an active way,, as Husak irr the various economic have a prove this law, there was a demanded at the latest Plenum, prises of the countrY be- session of the Supreme Soviet the aim is, in the first Place, marked political character, question of of the Soviet Union, which exa- to settle accounts with all those cause it is not a but of manY mined state security Problems. who do not reconcile themselves individuals PeoPle the econo- And, as usua11y, when the bell with the political line of the who are oPPosed to social rings in the Kremlin, it is imme- Prague revisionists. And these mic plunder bY the Soviet diately heard in the satellite are not few in number. About imperialists and to domination bour- countries, including Czechoslo- 15 per cent of the members of by the new Czechoslgvak vakia'. the Czechoslovak revisionist Par- geoisie. of The provisions of the new law ty take no interesl whatever The further stiengthening and ol stipulate that in order to in the problems of the organi- revisionist police control, "defend gene- the social system. and avert the sation to which theY belong, ,order and disciPline, in danger of *violation of public while more than onethird of the ral, is closely connected with the ordetu, the national security grass-roots organisations of the strengthening capitalist exploita- wor- troops be given extraordinarY Party have never met in a Pe- tion of the Czechoslovak powers and competences with riod of 6 months. Under cover king people. The countrY's eco- llnes, regard to anyone who acts aga- of verifying documents, mass nomy, rebuilt on caPitalist difficulties. inst or does not agree with re- expulsions from the Party are is facing setious cloak of gime in power. The concern of being made. Over the last five Moreover, under the and the so- the Czechoslovak rulers'to streng- years a1one, 64,000 members treconomic integration division of then their power and ensure have been expelled from the cialist international ALBANIA TODAY 4 1171, t97t c 59

labour,, it is being integrated greater in the current five-year ficulties. The share of Czechos- PRESS into the sol/i,et economy and is period. The expendittr,re of large lovakia's industrial production in REYIEW becoming an appendage of it. financial means by Czechoslova- COMECON is declining. In 1960 Czechoslovakia, like the other kia in this direction has not de- Czechoslovak industrial Produc- countries belongi,ng to the Coun- veloped its economy, on the tion accounted f.or 7.5 Per cent, cil of Mutual Economic Aid contrary, it has 1ed to increased by 1970 it had fal1en to 4.2 Per (COMECON), is obliged to give profits for the Soviet capitalists. cent and shows a tendencY to the Soviet Union, in the form The Soviet revisionists, in the decline further, at a time when of credits and investments, bil- flamework of ,cooperation, and the Soviet Union's share in the lions of rubles for the construc- "integration', have under their induStriai production of COME- tion of industrial units and the corltrol and directly exploit the CON is contiurually growing. At exploitation of iron, natural gas, national riches of Czechoslova- the recent plenum of the Cen- oil, etc., on Soviet territory. In kia. Thus, for exampie, the tral Comrnittee of the Czechos- the years 1960-1970 alone, it Czechoslovak mines which pro- lovak revisionist Party, the Pra- was obliged to give the Soviet duce the strategic substance of gue chieftains were compelled Union credits and investments uranium are in the hands of to admit their great economic to the value of 2 billion rubles, the Soviet social imperialists. failures and weaknesses; theY for the exploitation of iron, oi1, Such a policy has led to failures even tatrked about stringent, ur- etc., and these o,bligations are and to increased economic dif- gent measures.

I EVERY DOLLAR OR RUBLE OF < A LINK IN THE NEOCOLONIALIST CHAIN- ,ZERI I POPULLIT,

A characteristic feature of the stock-piled and making profita- mal profi,ts, without stopping at developing countries at the pre- ble investments. Moreover, by evil-doing, violence, deception or sent time is their sitruggle and preserving or taking over the terror, expresses the most essen- efforts to overcome the difficul- key sectors in the economies of tial aspect of oapitalism. Marx ties, backwardness and poverty these countries, by keeping them has characterized the essentially inherited from the past, to op- economically dependent, the neo- predatory nature of crapital in pose the open plunder of their colonialists can plunder the natu- his monumental work ,Capital, riches by the i,mperialist powers, ral resources and exploit the when he quotes a 19th century and to place their economic labour of the peoples of the writer: "Ensure 10 per cent pro- and political independence on developing countries, and also fit and capital can be used whe- sound foundations. the political independence of rever you like, with 20 per ceat These efforts by the develo- these peoples remains on paper. profit it assumes vitality, with ping countries, which are an This is the reason, as stated by 50 per cent it is ready to do objective necessity, directly af- a number of representatives of the impossi;ble, with 100 per f ect the interests of the impc these countries from the UN ros- cent it violates all human laws, rialist powers, especially the trum, that the vic'tory of poli- with 300 per cent there is no neocolonialist policy of the two tical independence was not crime it cannot per.petrate, even superpowers, rthe USA and the accompanied with radical chan- one which c4rries senrtence of Soviet Union. According to their ges in the economic field, and death,. Lenin, aralyzing the es- imperialist interests, these coun- tcday it stil keeps the forms and sence of imperialism, showed tries must stay backward, for methods of colonial plunder. that one of irts essential featu- only in this way can they pro- Understandably, this policy is res, which emanaLtes precisely vide the covered raw materials neither accidental nor random. from this thirst to secure ma- and a reliable market for selling The struggle to ensure maxi- ximum profits, is the export of 60O 4 1171, 1974 ALBANIA TODAY

PRESS capital. .As long as crpitalisn-r l]:ese countries, the USA, France, trap of imperialis,t-revisionists remains capitalism., - Ler-rin d:;d the Soviet Union have cove- propaganda, in the UNO or out- REY IElT points out, - ,the surplu. c..,1.i- red the deficit in their trade side it, about the advantage tal is not used io ra.ise the balance or balance of payments ihey al1eged1y get frorn ,frater'- living standards of the masses for severatr ycars. Indeed it ral aid,, or from the application a given country; in as ihis vrcuid can be saici that the credits and of "development programmes* or mean a diminution of profit fcr investments the industrialized ,,economic and technical collabo- the capitalists, but, on the con- capirialist ccuniries grant to the ration,' with the industrialized trary, to increase profit, expor- Cevelopi:ag countries have been countries, the .buildlng of joint ting capital abro,ad, to ba_ckward plundered from the these coun- enterprises,, etc. The facts evet cortntries. In these backn,rrd tries and are given to thcra bei"ter show that every ruble countlies the profit is usua111; in the form of .aici, in orcler bo or dollar of .aid. is nothing but great, as there is 1itt1e capital, f''rrther intensify this plunder: a means cf economic penetra- land is conrpar:tiuciy inerpen- Thus, for example, according to tion, of gobbling up the natural sive, wages are lov,,, raw mate- figures in the western press, resoufces of the developing rials are cheap. . ." The r-ieeci to in 1972 direct US irrvestmeets in countries, to hinder their inde- export capital erneiges fr;tit rhe other countries were 3.3 billion pendent development, and to fact that in some ccuntries c:pi- dc1lars, while incon-re frcm in- undermine their freedom and in- talism ,,has matnred' and capi- vestments abroad was 10 billion dependence. In other words, ta1 does not find (despite the 403 millicn do11ars, i.e. over they are 1inlrs in the neocolonia- backwaldness of agriculiLr::e and three times as great. I-ikewis:, list chain. They also show that tl-ie improvement of the ir:r:isses) the I::dian reacticnaries, over the Party of Labour of Albania frelds in which it can be .Dro- Lhe 1977-72 period, received from has aoted correctly, by continual- fitably- used. Man]r facts emer- the Soviet revisionists a loan ofi 1y upholding the principle of ging in recenl: yer,rs sho.,v this &3,5A0,AOO rubles, at a time t self-reliance. .The ,aid, of impe- feature of capital c1earllr. Accor- wheu they were obliged to repay rialism and social imperialism,,, ding to calclrlaiions, the anriual ic the l{remlin o1d debts 'arhich, comrade Enver Hoxha has said, profits of the imperiirlist staIes togeiher',tiLh interest, aurrloun- {means selling our country to from the econoroic exrio;iltion tei to 409,1C0,000 rubles. As them, allowing the irrperialis[s ol the developing cou:'Liries comrade En.,.er Hc:rha has said, and revisionists to invest their amount to 7B'2A billior dclia.::s *these modeln bar-rd.iii get tire capital in Albania so as to suck a year. !o show how n:uch the capital .r,zith which the;, seek so batten on our peoptre, so that we cievelcped capitalist courtries {gencrously{ to "help, the other become satellites of the big mo- profit from granting socalled uback:tzard' pecpies .by terribly lrcpolies and metropoles, and "aid', suffic: it to mention th;-t erploi';ing their own ',^,,orking adopt their degenerated waY of 10 per cent of the IIS hud- class and the ot1-rer peoples. lif e so that the consumer so- get co-ines from the deveLoling In these conditions, the peo- ciety with its attendant evils countries, and thdt w-ith th,e ples understand the dalgel pre- could be established in our coun- profits f rom agree-n-rents wiilr serted by their falling into the trY".

m TEIE DEGENEB,&TNOIW OF' YOUTFI A E,OGIC.q.L CONSEQUENCE OF SOCIAL- DEGENEBATION IIN TIIE EEVNSSONTST COUNTBIES ,,Zi!Rl I RTNISE, orqan o] the CC ot the ALyu. The western journalists who now there is no difference in in the western countries. Long go to Moscow, Budapest, War- the fashien, or habits of the hair, hippies, the return to Pri- saw or Prague, point out that youth in these cities frotrr those mitivism, to the time of the Pri- a

ALBANIA TODAY 4 1171, 1974 O 61

PRESS mitive community, hoolig:rnism, In Hungary things have gone one must spit at a tea- prostitution, dr.ugs _ all these ale so far REYIEW that the composers have cher. being steadily introducecl ioto begun to write pieces which are The gangsters of Moscow, War- life and culture in revisionist executed before the public with saw or the other capibals of Eas- countries. In particular these plates, kitchen u'tensils and, va- tern Europe are now worthily evils have infected the youth rious objects which fall on the competing wi'th their Chicago or of these countries. stage. The .melody" of this con_ New York partners. The same In the hotels of Warsaw, such siitutes the .originalityn of this forms of gangsterism, the same as the rEuropeiski,, prostitutes music. There are other compo- forms of robbery, the same ter- are always present to amuse fo- sers who instead o,f propel notes rorisation of the populati.:n reigners. Indeed, they are pro_ use ,originaltyu for an astro- exists as in the large cities of tected by 1aw. prostitution, the nomy map projected on a paper "western culture,. AFP agency wriies, has beco_ u'ith lines. The height of the The difference between the me a business in itself, and the notes, one of these modern Hun_ East and West perhaps exists only centre of a flourishing black garlan composers says, is set by in the published figures. The market. Lhe position of the stars and FBI publishes, several times a In the .Europeiski. hote1, or their nuances must come out in year in the United States, increa- the *Maxim. or .Adria" clubs in ploportion rvith the intensity of singly more alarming figures Warsaw, rock music resounds the light of each star shown on about the growth of criminality and dissolute dancing takes p1a- the astronomv men and gangsterism among the ce to such an extent, the tou_ There are many such absurdi- young, in the Soviet Union, po- rists are surprised that the po- ties which are becoming quite land or Hungary these figures lish Capital continues to bear the fashionable in the revisionisis are kept olosely guarded in the name of "socia1ist,. . . countries. safes of the Home Ministry; and Contact with western tourists, A11 this environment yields its the press carries only expurgated the showing of degenerate films, bitter fruits, particularly among data. But what the press pu- radio and television programmes youth. the It has been officially blishes is of little importance. have made the youth of these admitted poland that in there It is a fact, and it cannot be counlries sti]l more dissolute, are 30,000 drug users. The fi_ concealed, that the revisionis,t cli- and have pushed it fur,ther to- gures are still higher in Cze_ ques which have usurped power ward corl.upt western culture choslovakia, the same thing in the Soviet Union and in ,the and the imitation of the Ame- occurs in the o,ther revisionist countries of Eastern Europe rican way of life. The many counLries. Drug-taking is asso- have, parallel with the restora- tcurists who come to the Soviet ciated with hooliganism and tion of capitalism, inf ected the Union, Poland, Czechoslovakia, crime. In Czechoslovakia, for youth of these countries, pushing and Hungary, bring with them example, climinal gangs and them increasingly toward the not only the latest degenerate fa- groups of hooligans, ca1led ,jit,. dissolute American way of life, shions in clothes, but also plenty spring up like mushrooms. Io toward degenerate western of records of deefening cul- music. be able to enter these groups ture. I NIXON'S VISIT TO THE MIDDLE EAST A NEW EXPEESSION - OF THE ANTI-ARAB AIMS OF U.S. IMPEBIALISM ,ZERI I P)PT]LLIT,

At the height of the Watergate demned as deceivers and falsi- before the court for swindles scandal, when his former Minis_ fiers and when the president and thefts, Richard Nixon left ters and advisers are being con_ himself is being told to appear for a one-week tour of the Mid- 62a41171,1974 ALBANIA TODAY

who are oPPosed dle East. The gcvernmenl Plane, forces, and strengthening there with all those PRESS with the symbol of the Ameri the position and influence of to the expansionist PolicY of the can eagle, which ho ds in its US imperialism. two superpowers, and to make REYIEW who suP- claws the arrows and the olive To reach these objectives he them hostile to those branch, will take him first to will not fail to pour out a stream port the liberation, anti-co1onial, other struggles' Cairo, then to Saudi Arabia, SY- of promises, and also to wave dernocratic and staYing in ar.d ria, Israei and, finallY to Jor- dollars. But the interests of the For the Arabs, united dan. Arab countries can never be re- collaborating with the antiimPeria- The defeated strategists of his conci,led with those of the Uni- ranks of the world staff who prepared this tour do ted States. US imperialism insti- list progressive forces is a condi- as free not conceal their hoPe that the gates and supports Israel to tion of their existence is presidenlt's to the occllrpy and annex f oreign ter- and independent countries, it "pilgrimage, the realisation cf Middle East, as well as his visit ritories, while the Arabs strug- a condition of to ,the Kremlin czars one week gle to defend and liberate these their great national aspirations. pressure, intrigues and later, will give to their boss territories. The Americans seek The of US imPe- enough of a boost to let him to plunder Arab oil at their ease, various manoeuvres take rialism and of the Soviet social drag on ill the end of his Pre- while the Arabs want to and their allies are sidential term. this coiossal wealttr into their imperialists of the Arab In this grave situa- own hands and use it to heip many, but the forces Personal are great and ine- tion, and amid the great diffi- their economic develoPment, peopie too TheY can coPe with culties Arnerica is exPeriencing, strengthening and Progress' The xhaustible. and activi- Nixon needs some internal or United States seeks to maintain the anti-Arab PolicY of Soviet external 4successestr, however at all costs lts militarY bases ty of US imPerialism, imperialism, etc., bY coun- small they maY be, so as to di- and strategic Positions in the social terposing the unitY of all their vert, even temPorariiY, the atten- Middie East, while the Arab Peo- forces, and struggling with all tion of the American Public from ple seek to free themselves through to the end, the compromising taPes of the completely from any foreign their means, theY for the attainment of their loftY White House, from inflation and interference and influence; objectives; theY can the energy orisis, from quarrels seek to establish their full so- national of cope with them bY hitting out with the allies, and other Pro- vereignty over every sPan to and smashing the dangerous blems which currentlY domina- their national territorY, and at which their sworn ene- te the political life of the Uni- avert and eliminate anY threat illusions mies seek to sPread, and bY de- ted States. In other words, he to their freedom and indePen- of fearting any attempt, wherever seeks to avail himself of anY dence. The ruling circles the side of it may come from, to cause dis- opportunity to Present himself Washington are on with it, ruption in their ranks. as powerful h,ead of a Po- Israel and, together "the the In this just struggle, just as werful countrY", sti1l caPable of work to destroY and bury Palestinian up to now, theY will always steering America through the great rrights of the the have the support and solidaritY savage storms that have over- people. ,{,t the same time, of all the progressive PeoPles of ta.ken it. Arabs wherever theY are, con- na- the world, of all the democratic But in visiting the Arab coun- sider the realisation of the and revolttrtionary forces' These, tries, Nixon does not aim onlY tional aspirations of the Palesti- and as an along with consisten't and deter- at improving his shakY Position nian people as sacred mined struggle against the Z\o- in the White House' In the first objective which theY are Prepa- to nist-imperialist aggressors and place he aims to Promote the red to bear anY sacrifice other overt and coverrt ene- imPerialism, attain. the objectives of US great guarantee for and Nixon and the other toP bos- mies, are a and to serve its aggressive vic- impelialism seek to divert the attainment of their final expansionist PolicY. ses of Arab countries from the tories, for the ensurance of a Nixon goes to the Middle East the li- f really free and indePendent with the aim and hoPe of dis- world anti-imPerialist ront, to collaboration fe. rupting the Arab antlimPerialist weaken unitY and ALBANIA TODAY 4 117!-, 1974 O 63

ACTIVATION PRESS OF FASCIST CRIMINALS - REYIEW A GRAVE NEW DANGER TO THE ITALIAN PEOPLE ,ZERT I POPULLIT,

Beports from Italy te1l of a obscurantist forces in the refe- walls with posters and calls for grave crisis and a general wor- rendum on divorce. It is also a new marches on Rome. sening of the situation which reaction to the victory scored by The fascists' plan, which they has engulfed all the sectors of the broad popular masses, an are implementing with great the country's 1ife. Inflation has effort to have revenge and to strictness and persistence, is now reached its highest 1eve1 since menace the working people. By clear. By means of their allround the end of the second world means of terror, the reactiona- criminal activity and political war" and the value of the lira ries seek ,to intimidate the mas- terror, they seek to create a has fallen by 18 per cent within ses and hinder them from forg- general chaos, an atmosphere of a year. Prices grow at an unres- ing ahead on the road of their fear and uncertainty, and then trained rate - by 20 per cent a political and social emancipa- pave the way for themselves to year. The foreign trade deficit is tion, to disorientate and subju- take sta,te power. They have calculated in billions of dollars gate them. With savage and bar- even started to claim this power, and grows at an astonishing rate barous mEthods, the fascists and presenting themselves as the every month. all the other reactionaries seek ilstrong hand', the only one ca- In this glave situabion of cri- to turn the country back to regi- pable of preserving the order sis, what threatens Italy most is mes and systems that have been which they themselves disturbed, fascist acfivity, the threat posed condemned by history, to keep of re-establishing the peace des- by the new blackshirts to throw it bound by medieval rules and troyed by their squadrons, of the country inLo chaos as like laws, materially exploited and eliminating the crime which that at the beginning of the 20's, spiritually oppressed. they instigate. wrlich contributed to Mussoli- The new disciples of the Du- But what draw one's atten- ni's advent to power. The vio- ce are openly vindicating Mus- tion especially to the increase lance of the neofascists is ex- solini and his regime, and are of fascist criminal activity in tending and being escalated with also implementing the forms Italy is the fact that the fascist a great speed. Their crimes are and methods he used to come organisations enjoy broad sup- innumerable. With iron bars and to power. A wide network of port from powerful political for- sticks, they attack the peaceful seu^i-legal, semi-il1ega1 fascist ces, including big capital, which masses in the streets of the ci- organisations has been set up instigate and arm them and get ties and villages, they blow up in many cities and their num- them out in the streets. The trains, and place bombs in pu- bers keep increasing. The grave Italian press openly writes about blic houses, they ki1l and abduct economic sirtuation and political these connections which also people, they ptrunder and threa- instability cons,titute a suitable constitute the strength of the ten. The climax was reached in environment for this develop- fascists, and speakers at the fo- Brescia some time ago when, ment of their forces, just as cr! rums of various parties men- as a result of the explosion of minal aotivity further deepens tion them without conceal- bombs placed by neo,fascists and extends the crisis. ment. while a popular demonstration The fascists have also their The fascists have openly set was taking p7ace, 6 persons 1egal party, the Italian Social up real military calnps where were killed and g4 others were Movement, which is represented they train their assassins and injured. in parliament, publishes newspa- crirninals; tthey have set up lar- The increase of fascist crimi- pers with all the strogans of the ge arms depots in cities, capa- nal activity in Italy is also con- Duce, bt'ings 'together all the old ble of arming whole brigades; nected with the grave defeat and new blackshirts on the they have special flats and villas suffered by the readtionary and squares of cities, covers the for illegal meetings, and well 64a41171,1974 ALBANIA TODAY

equipped laboratories to produ- clandestine fascist terrorist orga- The rank-and-fi1e are showing PRESS ce forged documents, currencics, nisations lives ,i11ega11y' in the their determination to struggle REYIEW etc, Despite thiS, an astonishing vil1as around the Lake of Guar- against the fascists, and not to slowness and slackness is shown dia and comes and goes in Italy a11ow them to promote their in the discovery and capture of with facilities which are not monstruous p1ans. Millions of the fascist terrorists. For the enjoyed even by diplomats. A Italian antif ascists do not want fascists, all the bounds of tole- judge or prossecutor has de- the dark fascist past repeat it- rance and mercy have been sur- manded that the fascist head self; therefore, they rightfully passed. Many crimes of theirs of the Italian Social Movement, demand and insist on quick, de- have been denounced but t*re Almirante, be deplived of his termined action to denounce and most surprising fact is that no parliamentary immunity, with a prohibit fascism and to expose fascist has been punished. Mo- view to judging him for orga- those w1-ro are hiding behind reover, the Ital,ian press pcints nizing and instigating fascist it. out that the police and judicial criminal and terrorist activity; The fascist danger in ItalY, as organs have not taken even the but he remains undisturbed, acimitted by the 1ocal Press and slightest trouble to fo11ow up firmly seated in parliament. The by many political figures, is not leads and see where the con- big industrialists and bankers inevitable. Despite the dangers nections of the fascist organisa- who finance the fascists are and threats, despi,te the heavY tions lead and what ties there known, but they have not been crises that have engulfed the are between their legal and iile- touched at all. country, despite the manY dif- gal organisations. The former Fascist criminal activity has ficulties facing them, the Italian head of intelligence and chief met with a greait deal of resis- antifascists, the Italian PeoPle, of general staff of the rtalian tance from the majority of the cannot ailow themselves to be army, Ceneral Di Lorenzo, after Italian people. A gteal wave of discouraged, or to submit or the cliscovery of his plot for a indignation and protes,t has withdraw from the struggle to coup d'6ta,t, was not punished s'\,vept over the whole of Italy, defend their rights, freedom and but was even allowed to be from Nor"th to South. The la- future, so as not to a11ow fas- elected as parliamentary deputy bouring masses, those who knew cism to conquelthem again. In of the neofascist party, and pro- Il Duce and who suffered under this struggle and in these efforts pagandize and struggle for fas- his regime, those who paid they will have the great anti- cism fro,rn the parliament ben- ciearly for his adventures, have fascist support and solidaritY ches. His friend, prince Bor- risen and are demanding the of all the democratic and Pro- ghese, after having been unmas- punishment of the fascists and gressive forces of the whole ked as the founder of several the prohibition of their activity. wor1d,

PHOTOS: P.6 - Pettit Kumi. 10 - Nikolin Pici,45 - Paruli Cici. Snapshot of a fruit and Albaniatoday