Einkommens- Und Sozialunterschiede in Jugoslawien

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Einkommens- Und Sozialunterschiede in Jugoslawien Seite 196 Wissenschaftlicher Dienst Südosteuropa Heft 12 Kadri Hazbiu, Ko?o Theodhosi, Manush Myftiu, Kommunisten (Miladin Popovic und Dusan Mugosa) Mehmet Shehu, Ramiz Alia, Rita Marko und Spiru verdankt, die während der italienischen Besatzungs­ Koleka. Politbüro-Anwärter sind: Petrit Duma, Pilo zeit mehrere albanische kommunistische Gruppen Peristeri, Xhafer Spahiu und — als einziger Neuling auf einer illegalen Konferenz zu einer Partei ver­ — Pirro Dodbiba. ZK-Sekretäre sind: 1. Enver Hod­ einigten. Die 20 Vertreter der diversen Gruppen scha, 2. Haki Toska, 3. Hysni Kapo, 4. Ramiz Alia. wählten damals ein aus zehn Mitgliedern bestehendes („Zeri i Popullit“, 8. 11. 1971.) provisorisches Zentralkomitee mit Enver Hodscha Der VI. Kongreß (1.— 8. 11. 1971) galt als „Jubi­ an der Spitze. Allein dieser hat sich bis heute be­ läumskongreß“, da die APA vor 30 Jahren gegrün­ hauptet, die übrigen neun ZK-Mitglieder der Grün­ det wurde. Unerwähnt blieb allerdings, daß sie ihr dungszeit sind von der Bildfläche verschwunden. Entstehen der Initiative zweier jugoslawischer (Quellen: Im Text angeführt.) Die „neue Klasse" — ein akutes Problem Einkommens- und Sozialunterschiede in Jugoslawien „Die große Mehrheit der Werktätigen, die Kom­ von Monopolstellungen, Renditen, durch Ausschal­ munisten inbegriffen, ist davon überzeugt, daß die tung marktwirtschaftlicher Gesetzmäßigkeiten, ad­ sozialen Unterschiede ein derartiges Ausmaß erreicht ministrative bzw. bürokratische Eingriffe usw. eli­ haben, daß die sozialistische Entwicklung gefährdet miniert werden sollten; und das Vertrauen der Menschen in die Effizienz des 2. Ausarbeitung eines Steuersystems, durch das gesamten gesellschaftlichen Mechanismus geschwächt „ökonomisch ungerechtfertigte Unterschiede“ besei­ ist.“ Dies erklärte Vinko Hafner, Vizepräsident des tigt und die Voraussetzungen dafür geschaffen wer­ slowenischen Exekutivrats (stellvertretender Mini­ den, daß „jener, der mehr verdient, auch mehr zur sterpräsident), auf der dritten ZK-Sitzung des Bun­ wirtschaftlichen Entwicklung und zum gemeinsamen des der Kommunisten Sloweniens, deren General­ Verbrauch beiträgt“; thema die sozialen Unterschiede oder — wie der Ter­ 3. klare Abgrenzung zwischen Selbstverwaltungs­ minus neuerdings lautet — die „soziale Differenzie­ funktion und Leistungsfunktion in den technologi­ rung“ waren. („Komunist“, 25. 11. 1971.) schen und Arbeitsprozessen, d. h. energischer Wider­ Dieses Thema ist nicht neu. Erstmals stand es 1968, stand gegen jegliche Manager- und technokratischen von den Belgrader Studenten demonstrativ präsen­ Tendenzen bei gleichzeitiger Anerkennung der Lei­ tiert, im Mittelpunkt der Diskussion. Die im „poli­ stung der Fachkräfte für den Produktions- und Be­ tischen Aktionsprogramm“ der Studenten erhobenen triebserfolg; Forderungen (siehe Kasten „Das politische Aktions­ 4. Festsetzung von existenzsichemden Mindestein­ programm der Belgrader Studenten im Juni 1968“) kommen für Arbeiter in weniger rentablen Branchen wurden vom BdKJ mit den sogenannten „Smernice“ und Unternehmen und deren Sicherung durch ge­ (Richtlinien) beantwortet. In ihnen wurde umständ­ meinsame Rücklagenfonds; lich darauf verwiesen, daß die gesellschaftlichen und 5. Verhinderung von Einkommen „aus dem Besitz wirtschaftlichen Reformen „unter objektiv schweren materieller Güter wie: Wohnungen, Wochenendhäu­ und komplizierten Umständen realisiert werden, die ser, Grund und Boden“ usw. Schwierigkeiten das erwartete Ausmaß übertroffen 6. Verhinderung der Ausbeutung fremder Arbeits­ haben, viele wirtschaftspolitische Maßnahmen nicht kräfte und der Bereicherung auf Grund des Besitzes rechtzeitig verfügt und nicht konsequent durchge­ von Arbeitsmitteln. („Komunist“, a. a. O.) führt worden sind, daß es Verwirrung, Wankelmut Seit Mitte 1970 sind die Diskussionen im Zusam­ und Widerstand gegeben hat“, wodurch sich die Pro­ menhang mit der Vorbereitung der Verfassungs­ bleme gehäuft hätten. Die Kritik der Werktätigen änderungen und den Republikgesetzen über die „ge­ sei darum gerechtfertigt. („Komunist“, 20. 6. 1968.) sellschaftliche Lenkung der Einkommensverteilung“ Als dringliche Aufgaben wurden in den Smernice neuerlich in Gang gekommen. Die Tatsache, daß die u. a. aufgezählt: sachliche Behandlung des Problems der Einkom­ 1. Ausarbeitung eines die objektiven Umstände mensunterschiede und der damit verbundenen sozia­ der Marktwirtschaft berücksichtigenden, auf dem len Differenzierung zunehmend von der Polemik Prinzip Einkommen gemäß Arbeit basierenden Ein­ über die sozialen Ungerechtigkeiten und deren Ur­ kommenssystems, durch das gleichzeitig ungerecht­ sachen überlagert worden ist, zeigt zum einen, daß fertigte Einkommensunterschiede wie auch die Ent­ sich die Situation gegenüber 1968 nicht zum Besseren fremdung des Erlöses vom Produzenten auf Grund gewandelt hat, und zum anderen, daß die Unzufrie- Heft 12 Wissenschaftlicher Dienst Südosteuropa Seite 197 denheit mit der jetzigen Situation die ideologisch­ kratischen Beziehungen sichtbar gemacht, daß die politischen Meinungsverschiedenheiten verstärkt hat. Produktivität vieler Betriebe sehr niedrig ist und sie Zwei Hauptmeinungen, von denen jede noch eine infolgedessen auch keine guten Einkommen reali­ Reihe von Varianten auf weist, stehen einander ge­ sieren können“. genüber: Sefer gab zu, daß das marktwirtschaftliche System Die eine Meinung lautet, daß es in den Ländern auch gewisse Elemente enthalte, die einzelne Grup­ des sogenannten bürokratischen Sozialismus solche pen stärker belasten, andere dagegen privilegieren. sozialen Unterschiede nicht gebe, da diese durch die Arbeitsintensive Betriebe würden durch Abgaben Spontaneitäten der Marktwirtschaft im Verein mit z. B. mehr belastet als kapitalintensive, was sich auch der Selbstverwaltung hervorgebracht worden seien. auf das persönliche Einkommen auswirke. „Trotz­ dem darf man die soziale Ungleichheit als gesell­ Dem wird entgegengehalten, daß das bürokratische schaftliches Übel nicht der Warenwirtschaft auf den System die sozialen Probleme lediglich verdecke und Buckel laden. Jene, die glauben, daß es ohne Waren­ die gegenwärtigen sozialen Schwierigkeiten in Jugo­ wirtschaft keine Unterschiede gäbe, verschweigen, slawien eine Folge der Unfertigkeit des Systems daß die Ursachen der Warenwirtschaft in der Unter­ bzw. des Nebeneinanders von „altem, etatistischem“ entwicklung liegen und daß es unter derartigen Um­ und Selbstverwaltungssystem sei. ständen nur zwei Alternativen gibt: Entweder Wa­ „Die zentralistische Planung hat viele Schwächen renwirtschaft mit ihrem Verteilungsmechanismus verdeckt, auch die der sozialen Ungleichheit“, stellte oder die administrative Organisation von Gesell­ Professor Dr. B e r is la v S e fe r , Direktor der zentralen schaft und Wirtschaft.“ Obwohl man sich in Jugosla­ Forschungsstelle für Lebensstandard, in einem Inter­ wien für die Warenwirtschaft entschieden habe, gebe view mit dem Gewerkschaftsorgan „Rad“ (15. 10. es „in der Praxis noch immer jene unglückliche Kom­ 1971) fest. Nach seiner Meinung hat „die konsequente bination von Warenwirtschaft und Etatismus“ und Entwicklung des Wirtschaftssystems und der demo­ leider neige man dazu, „alle Mißerfolge und nega- Das „politische Aktionsprogramm" der Belgrader Studenten im Juni 1968 E n e r g is c h e M a ß n a h m e n z w e c k s beschleunig ­ schaftlichen E b e n e n v o n d e r G e m e in d e b is z u m te r Beseitigung „ d e r in u n s e r e r Gemeinschaft B u n d , w o b e i d ie unmittelbaren Produzenten in s e h r s ta r k ausgeprägten “ s o z ia le n U n g le ic h ­ a lle n O r g a n e n mehrheitlich v e r tr e te n s e in s o l­ h e ite n ; le n ; konsequente A n w e n d u n g d e s sozialistischen selbständige Entscheidung d e r unmittelbaren P r in z ip s : V e r te ilu n g g e m ä ß A r b e it; Produzenten ü b e r a lle wesentlichen F r a g e n k la r u n d p r ä z is d e fin ie r te K r ite r ie n fü r d ie ih r e r A r b e it, insbesondere ü b e r d ie V e r w e n ­ Festsetzung d e r persönlichen E in k o m m e n ; d u n g d e s M ehrwertes; Festsetzung d e s M in im a l- u n d M a x im a le in ­ beschleunigte Demokratisierung a lle r g e s e ll­ k o m m e n s ; schaftspolitischen Organisationen, in s b e s o n ­ M a ß n a h m e n z u r Begradigung ü b e r h ö h te r d e r e d e s „ B u n d e s d e r Kommunisten “ , s o w ie persönlicher E in k o m m e n a u s unsozialistischen, d e r Informationsmittel u n d Gewährleistung monopolistischen u n d a n d e r e n privilegierten ih r e r in d e r V e r fa s s u n g vorgesehenen F r e ih e i­ Stellungen; te n u n d R e c h te ; e n e r g is c h e A k tio n e n g e g e n d ie a u f u n s o z ia ­ e n e r g is c h e M a ß n a h m e n g e g e n a lle V e r s u c h e , lis tis c h e W e is e e r fo lg te Vermögensbildung; d a s gesellschaftliche E ig e n tu m z u desintegrie ­ Nationalisierung v o n unrechtmäßig e r w o r ­ r e n o d e r in Aktionärsbesitz z u denaturieren; b e n e m V e r m ö g e n ; M a ß n a h m e n g e g e n d ie kapitalistische A u s ­ s c h n e lls te Liquidierung a lle r Privilegien; a r tu n g d e r p r iv a te n A r b e it; E in z ie h u n g a lle r ü b e r d a s M a x im u m h in a u s ­ R e v is io n d e s W ohnungsgesetzes z w e c k s V e r ­ r e ic h e n d e n E in k o m m e n d u r c h progressive h in d e r u n g v o n L u x u s , Bereicherung u n d S p e ­ S te u e r n ; k u la tio n m it W o h n u n g e n in gesellschaftlichem Ausarbeitung e in e s langfristigen w ir ts c h a ft ­ o d e r p r iv a te m B e s itz ; lic h e n Entwicklungskonzepts
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