The electronic version of the book is created by http://www.enverhoxha.ru GLORY TO THE BRILLIANT AND IMMORTAL WORK OF COMRADE ENVER HOXHA!

THE WORK OF COMRADE ENVER HOXHA LIES AT THE FOUNDATIONS OF EVERY­ THING ACHIEVED IN THE PRESENT-DAY ALBANIA. HIS NAME AS THE ARCHI­ TECT OF THE NEW SOCIALIST ALBANIA AND HIS WORK LI­ VE AND WILL LIVE THROUGH THE CENTURIES.

ENVER HOXHA — the founder and leader of the Communist Party of Albania, today the Party of Labour of Albania, (by Sh. Hysa) GREAT SORROW FOR THE PARTY AND THE ENTIRE ALBANIAN PEOPLE OUR BELOVED LEADER, COMRADE ENVER HOXHA, IS DEAD

Comrades, communists, workers, cooperativists, intellectuals, women and youth of Alba­ the betrayal of the nation by the old political forces. At the head of the Party, He drafted nia, veterans of the National Liberation War and compatriots, and worked out the general political line of the National Liberation War, found and defined With great sorrow and deep grief we inform you that today, on 11 April 1985, at 02.15 the roads to the achievement of the victory of 29 November 1944, in fierce clashes with ex­ hours, the heart of the beloved and glorious Leader of the Party and our people, Comrade ternal and internal enemies, with opportunists and factionalists. Enver Hoxha, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania, Under the leadership of Comrade Enver Hoxha, the Party united the Albanian people in Chairman of the General Council of the Democratic Front of Albania, General Comman­ the National Liberation Front. He was the initiator and organizer of the historic Confe­ der of the Armed Forces of the PSR of Albania, ceased to beat. rence of Peza. For the first time in their history our people achieved their fighting unity The founder of our glorious Party, the organizer and leader of the National Liberation on the basis of a platform which expressed their genuine desires and aspirations. It was this War and our people's revolution, the architect of the construction of the new socialist Alba­ unity which faced up to the savage forces of the fascist occupiers and traitors to the nia, departed from us. The heroic Commander of our National Liberation Army, the Man who country. created the Democratic Front and laid the foundations of the People's Power, closed his eyes. Comrade Enver Hoxha is the direct organizer of the National Liberation Army. Under The life and work of Comrade Enver Hoxha is the living history of the present-day Alba­ His command, our glorious partisans fought with unrivalled heroism within and beyond the nia. His name is connected with all the class battles and all the victories of the Party and borders of Albania, and with the support of the patriotic forces of the whole people, li­ the Albanian people. berated our beloved Homeland. His thought and personality have always been present in all the stages through which The people's power and the new Albanian state, which were born in the heat of the Na­ our people have gone, from the day when the Communist Party was founded to this day, at tional Liberation War, are built on the revolutionary thinking and leading activity of Comrade any moment when the fates of the people and the Homeland hung in the balance. His lea­ Enver Hoxha. Under His care and according to His teachings, the people's councils became dership and guidance have been decisive at all the key moments when decisions were made the powerful weapon of the dictatorship of the proletariat, of the democracy for the masses, on the course to be followed and the battles to be waged. and of the construction of socialism. A staunch revolutionary and a devoted patriot, Comrade Enver Hoxha was the first Comrade Enver Hoxha drafted and worked out the program of magnificent transforma­ among the Albanian communists to understand the great historic need for the creation of tions and the construction of the new socialist society. The victorious battles for the in­ the Communist Party, the only staff capable of uniting the people and leading them in the dustrialization of the country, the building of all the monumental projects which gave the war for the liberation of Albania and the establishment of the people's power. His great hi­ country its new working class and a powerful base for its all-round economic and social de­ storic merit is the creation of this staff, of strengthening it organizationally and educating velopment, were waged under the leadership of the communists, with Comrade Enver Hoxha it ideologically at the very grave moments of the fascist occupation and oppression, and at the head. 4 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 5

Relying on Marxism-Leninism and knowing the sufferings and centuries-old aspirations Comrade Enver Hoxha is the greatest historic figure of our people and nation, which will of our patriotic peasantry, Comrade Enver Hoxha gave the fundamental orientations for the illuminate the road for the present and coming generations with its undying light. He will collectivization and modernization of agriculture. The correctness of the road mapped out by live for ever beloved, honoured and respected in the hearts of all the communists and our the Party is clearly seen in the present reality of our cooperativist village. people. With His Work and teachings, He will always stand by them in order to inspire Comrade Enver Hoxha led the Party and the people in the deep-going ideological and them in their struggle and work for the good of the Homeland and communism. cultural revolution which has been carried out in our country. If Albania today is an ad­ Let His ardent call addressed to the Albanian people on the occasion of the 40th anniver­ vanced socialist country which develops on its own forces, the land of people freed from sary of the liberation of the Homeland: any social and spiritual oppression, the land of democracy and well-being for all, of edu­ «Let us guard what we have achieved as the apple of our eye, let us go on consistently cation and culture for the broad masses of the people, all this is due to the struggle which to develop it further, to leave the coming generations an Albania ever stronger, always red, the Albanian people have waged with the Party and Comrade Enver Hoxha at the head. like the undying flame of the hearts and ideals of communists and partisans, an Albania There is no field of political, ideological and social activity of our Party and state in which will live and progress through the centuries. I am convinced that the people and the which the philosophical thinking, the organizational power and leading activity of Com­ Party will raise our triumphant flag higher and higher, will raise the honour, prestige and rade Enver Hoxha have not been manifested. He has worked out the general line of the foreign name of socialist Albania higher and higher in the world,» remain always our battle flag. policy and stands of our Party and state over international questions. This policy, firm This is the unanimous pledge which our Party of Labour and the whole Albanian peo­ opposition to American imperialism, Soviet social-imperialism and world reaction, sincere ple take today. support for the revolutionary and liberation struggles of the peoples, and solidarity with In these moments of deep sorrow over the loss of our beloved Leader, comrade and the democratic and anti-imperialist forces, has strengthened the international position of teacher, Enver Hoxha, let us strengthen our steel unity and close our ranks even tighter our country, has increased the sympathy and respect for socialist Albania in the world, has round the Party and its Central Committee, let us mobilize even more our forces so as to increased the number of its friends and well-wishers. make our Albania what Comrade Enver Hoxha wanted it to be, strong, prosperous and ad­ Under the leadership of Comrade Enver Hoxha, the Party of Labour of Albania has vanced, let us work tirelessly as He worked and fought for half a century on end in order waged a heroic struggle against modern revisionism. No one has defended the teachings of to raise its name ever higher. Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin against opportunist distortions with such great revolutionary Glory to the brilliant and immortal Work of Comrade ENVER HOXHA! feeling, at any time and in any situation, as he did, no one has exposed the social-imperialist and social-chauvinist policies and activities of the Titoites, the Khrushchevites and other re­ negades, as he did. No one has fought with such energy and determination against the internal enemies of the Party, the factionalist groups and foreign agents from Koçi Xoxe to the gang of Mehmet THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE Shehu, as he did. This struggle has saved our Party, people and Homeland. OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA Comrade Enver Hoxha ranks among those outstanding revolutionaries who have made THE PRESIDIUM OF THE PEOPLE'S ASSEMBLY a great and special contribution to the development of the Marxist-Leninist theoretical OF THE PEOPLE'S SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA thinking bearing on all the questions of the revolution and the construction of socialism. THE COUNCIL OF MINISTERS His summing up of the experience of the liberation war and the practice of the building OF THE PEOPLE'S SOCIALIST REPUBLIC OF ALBANIA of our new society, His analyses of the processes of current world development and their con­ clusions of great ideological value, serve as bearings and reference for the day-to-day revolu­ THE GENERAL COUNCIL tionary activity. OF THE DEMOCRATIC FRONT OF ALBANIA As a true internationalist, He has tirelessly supported the new Marxist-Leninist parties and their revolutionary struggle, has always stood by them and attentively followed their struggle for their consolidation and advancement. Tirana, April 11, 1985 OUR PEOPLE PAY HOMAGE AND BOW IN DEEP RESPECT AND GRATITUDE TO COMRADE ENVER HOXHA

The red-and-black flag is at half-mast. Albania is in ka, Shefqet Peçi, Spiro Koleka, Xhafer Spahiu, Pilo Pe­ when they saw that it was all true, they began to cry. trembling hand and lays on it a bouquet of flowers with deep sorrow. No one can accustom himself to the bitter risteri enter the hall in deep sorrow and with tears Pure tears of children. The next day they came to us the inscription «Seven Red Flowers of Farewell to Our news. No one can bring himself to believe that the man in their eyes and stand guard of honour at the coffin with their poems. All of them had become poets. And Dear and Unforgettable Grandfather: Valbona, Ermal, dearest to our hearts, He, who is present in all our with the body of Comrade Enver Hoxha. all their poems were dedicated to Uncle Enver...» Dritan, Shpat, Shkelzen, Blerina, Besmir. Tirana, April homes, lives no more. Every day, at 09.00 hours, thou­ The leaders of the Party and the state honour with Among the people waiting to pay their last respects 12, 1985.» sands of people in tears from all over Albania stream their raised clenched fists the unforgettable memory to him are the brave mothers who had sheltered Comrade Then, in one of the halls of the Presidium of the to the residence of the Presidium of the People's As­ of the Founder and outstanding Leader of the Party, Enver Hoxha in the fiery days of the war, the partici­ People's Assembly, representatives of the working class, sembly where the coffin with the body of Comrade they touch with deep grief and emotion the coffin and pants of the mass actions for the building of the first the cooperativist peasantry, the youth, the women, the Enver Hoxha, the beloved and glorious Leader of the bow in profound respect. Then, they meet Comrade railways of the country, those who are struggling on People's Army and the people's intelligentsia express Party and our people, First Secretary of the Central Nexhmije Hoxha, the consort and collaborator of Comra­ new fronts, the builders of the big hydro-power stations. their sympathy to Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha and the Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania, Chairman de Enver Hoxha, and the other members of his family Relatives and friends of the family, comrades of the other members of the family of Comrade Enver Hoxha. of the General Council of the Democratic Front of Al­ and express their sympathy to them. war and work who have known him since the beginning Trembling with the emotion of the great loss, Mo­ bania, General Commander of the Armed Forces of the The members of the Central Committee of the Party, of the great struggle for the liberation and the socialist ther Shaho Luçi, from the Kuç village in the mountains PSR of Albania, lies in state. of the Presidium of the People's Assembly, of the Go­ construction of the country, mothers, sisters and bro­ of Laberia, enters the hall. She is more than eighty. White-haired veterans, those who followed step by vernment, of the Chairmanship of the General Council thers who sheltered him in their generous homes during She is the mother of the People's Hero Nuri Luçi and step the beloved Commander in glorious battles, those of the Democratic Front of Albania, workers of the the war years, workers and cooperativists whom Com­ the martyr Jashar Luçi. who bandaged their wounds and sang partisan songs at apparatus of the Central Committee of the Party, vete­ rade Enver Hoxha had met in factories, workshops and «My sympathy! Be courageous! Long live the Party!» the camp-fires of the war together with him, have rans of the war and work, teachers and students of the agricultural cooperatives pay visits of condolence to says Mother Luçi to Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha. come to bid him their last farewell. Little children who «V.I. Lenin» Higher Party School, militarymen, workers Comrade Enver Hoxha's home. They express their deep «You have been the first to set the example how to said «Party-Enver» as soon as they began to speak, wor­ of various services attached to Comrade Enver Hoxha sympathy to Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha and the other behave in these circumstances. You have got two sons kers of big projects of our five-year plans, cooperati- and others pay homage and stand guard of honour. At members of the family. killed who cemented the foundations of today's Albania vists of the socialist village have gathered to give him these moments of deep sorrow they bow in boundless In the early morning of the next day an endless with their blood,» says Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha. their last respects. There are young men and women, respect before the glorious life and work of Comrade column of people stream towards the hall of the Pre­ Mother Shaho is deeply grieved, like all mothers. militarymen, writers and artists... The whole of Alba­ Enver Hoxha, the greatest historic figure of our people sidium of the People's Assembly to pay their last res­ Words can hardly come out of a hurt heart, but those nia has moved to Tirana. and nation which illuminates with undying brilliance the pects to the coffin with the body of the beloved and that do come out have a crystal ring because they On Wednesday of April 12, at 09.00 hours the coffin road to the present and future generations. glorious Leader of the Party and our people, Comrade well up from the bottom of the soul. with the body of Comrade Enver Hoxha lies in state The endless stream of silent and tearful mourners Enver Hoxha. There come other veterans of the war «He forged always ahead, made light of all difficul­ in the hall of the Presidium of the People's Assembly. pours into the hall under the tunes of funeral music. and work, their lips trembling with emotion, their ties,» Mother Shaho went on. «What Enver didn't say It is set on a red silk pedestal with innumerable wreaths Among those who have come to sec Comrade Enver voices sticking in their throats. There comes Musa Kel- and do! His works arc immortal. With Comrade Enver's around it. In the background there is a big painting Hoxha for the last time are also the residents of the mendi, the brother of the People's Hero, Ali Kelmendi. teachings I sent my sons to war, gave them the cartrige of Comrade Enver Hoxha with the years of his birth quarter no. 3, the quarter where in a simple Tirana «I cannot find words to express my grief,» says he. belts and told them to stand neither in the rear nor and death — 1908-1985. Pinned on red cuchions, there house Enver Hoxha, at the head of a group of Alba­ «I have met him several times and it seemed to me in the middle, but on the front.» are the lofty decorations «People's Hero», «Hero of So­ nian communists, founded the Communist Party of Alba­ as if I met my brother Ali.» The entire Shijaku family «Enver will go to your sons,» says Comrade Nexhmije cialist Labour» and the many orders Comrade Enver nia on November 8, 1941. have come to pay their last respects to the beloved Hoxha, «he will see them, meet them and recall the Hoxha was awarded by the Presidium of the People's An endless stream of people. And this stream does man they had known and sheltered in the years of the past with them.» Assembly. start not from «Skanderbeg» Square. It starts from the partisan war. Xhemal never forgets the day when Com­ «He won't meet them only,» says Mother Shaho, «but Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha, the consort and collabora­ peaks of our unconquerable mountains and from our rade Enver Hoxha, together with other comrades of all the other comrades who fought and fell for the li­ tor of Comrade Enver Hoxha, and the members of his rich fields, from our factories and schools, from the the underground movement, prepared and printed the beration of the country and for the Party.» family, pay homage to the coffin. These are moments hearts of the children of our kindergartens and our eagle- first number of the newspaper «Zeri i popullit» in their «Man dies, but the Party never dies, Enver used to of deep sorrow. eyed border guards. A teacher of the «Hasan Prishtina» old house (today the Museum House of our People's say,» says Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha. Comrade Ramiz Alia and Comrades Adil Çarçani, school of the capital outs it in this way: «We were Press). «When you wished him 'A long life to you, Comrade Hajredin Çeliku, Hekuran Isai, Lenka Çuko, Manush shattered by the bitter news. We could not believe it. 10.00 hours. To their dear Enver come again his Enver!' He would reply 'A long life to the Party!' We Myftiu, Muho Asllani, Pali Miska, Rita Marko, Simon We were at a loss for words to break this news to consort and collaborator, Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha, and will turn this great sorrow into a source of strength,» Stefani, Besnik Bekteshi, Foto Çami, Llambi Gegprifti, our pupils. At first they did not believe us. It was the the members of his family. Moments of deep emotion. says comrade Shefqet Peçi. «Let us mobilize ourselves Prokop Murra, Qirjako Mihali, Vangjel Çerrava, Haki Tos- first time that they did not believe their teachers. Then, Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha touches the coffin with a to fulfil all the tasks and plans because we have got 8 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 9

the Party, which is strong and pure, as Comrade Enver cadres of the organs of the Parly and the state in the the «Enver Hoxha» seaport of Durrës; the agricultural Plenum of the Central Committee to say to Comrade Hoxha left it.» districts, of the organizations of the masses, vanguard enterprise, with its centre in Plasa of Korça district, Enver, to swear before Him, that all of us, members of «That is so,» says Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha, «the workers and cooperativists, intellectuals, young men bear the name the «Enver Hoxha» agricultural enterprise. the Central Committee, all our Party, all our people, will Party is strong and in sure hands. Throughout his life and women. On behalf of the Political Bureau of the Central Com­ follow the road of Enver, will march according to His Comrade Enver fought and worked for the strengthening Among the sorrow-stricken and tearful Gjirokastrites mittee of the Parly, Comrade Adil Çarçani, member of teachings. Let us swear that we will carry forward of the unity of the Party with the people.» is Vitori Çurri, Heroine of Socialist Labour, vice-presi­ the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Par­ the great work created by Enver Hoxha. At Peza there is the museum-house in which the dent of the Chairmanship of the People's Assembly. She ty, took the floor at the Plenum and proposed that «Therefore, all unanimously, let us say 'We swear!'» Conference of Peza, which is already part of our history, has come from Dropull. After paying homage to the coffin Comrade Ramiz Alia, whom Comrade Enver Hoxha has «We swear!» all the members of the Plenum reply was held. It is the house of Abdurrahim Peza. Today with Comrade Enver Hoxha's body, she says, «Comrade rightfully described as one of His most outstanding co- unanimously. his daughter, Tatiana, who is a teacher, has come to pay Enver, your instructions, words and smiles will remain figters, be elected to the high post of the First Secretary Then the Parly and state leaders bow with profound her last respects to Comrade Enver Hoxha. «Comrade always vividly alive in our life. Our Party and Comrade of the Central Committee of the Party. respect and gratitude before the body of Comrade Enver Enver never forgot his war comrades. He loved them, Enver have implemented the principles of Marxism- In his speech Comrade Adil Çarçani spoke about Hoxha, the greatest historic figure of our people and honoured and respected them. He was always modest Leninism also in tackling the problems of the Greek the life and the political and revolutionary activity of nation, and salute him with their fists up. among modest people. Once, when he came to celebrate minority and found the right solutions once and for Comrade Ramiz Alia as one of the communists, parti­ On Sunday before noon, Comrade Ramiz Alia, First an anniversary of the Conference he met Father and all times. Today we live free, happy and full of sans and cadres of the National Liberation War, as one Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party and gave him a fire. The fire of my love for him redoubled joy. Comrade Enver had meetings with thousands of of the responsible cadres of the Anti-fascist and Com­ President of the Presidium of the People's Assembly, in my blood. He will never be forgotten in our home,» people of the Greek minority, especially with me, who munist Youth of Albania, as member of the Central the members of the Political Bureau and Comrade Nexh­ says she. had the good chance to be nearer to him. A daughter Committee of the Party from its 1st Congress. He said mije Hoxha also paid homage to the coffin with the body Her voice trembling with emotion, the veteran Fe- of peasants, the Party and Comrade Enver elevated that Comrade Ramiz Alia has fought and worked with of Comrade Enver Hoxha. me to the Chairmanship of the People's Power. These ride Dashi, the daughter of the patriot Riza Dashi in a high sense of loyalty as the disciple and close co- Solemn and moving moments. With deep grief, Com­ meetings we shall not forget until we die. We have whose house Comrade Enver Hoxha stayed in the war fighter of Comrade Enver Hoxha to perform all the rade Ramiz Alia says: pledged and pledge once more: we will always keep years, says: «I will never forget that day, some years very responsible duties he has been charged with. «Comrade Enver, the minority strongly united, and Dropull, which Com­ after Liberation. Comrade Enver Hoxha was taking a «Expressing the unanimous opinion of the Political «You created the Party, and made it strong, and rade Enver loved so much, will always be a prosperous stroll with Comrade Nexhmije in the «Martyrs of the Bureau,» Comrade Adil Çarçani said in conclusion, «I the Party will live for ever, with you in its mind and region. We will advance on the correct line of the Nation» Boulevard. It was years that I had not seen am convinced that I also express the opinion of all heart. We have come here today to give you the comme­ Party and continue the great work which Comrade him so close by. I was watching him from some metres' the comrades of the Plenum, of all the Party and people morative medal of the 40th anniversary of the Party. Enver has built.» distance, and despite my great desire to greet him, I that the Central Committee of the Party, turning its Take it with you. Just as the Party will live with didn't know what to do when he suddenly turned round Offering a bouquet of fresh flowers to Comrade grief into strength and loyally applying the general you in its mind and heart, let the Party be forever and asked me, «Are you the girl of the Sixty-six? This Nexhmije Hoxha on behalf of all the children of Al­ line of the Party and Comrade Enver Hoxha's teachings, with you, too.» is how our older people called your house.» He came up bania, the pupil Dasantila Alimerko says, «Give them to with Comrade Ramiz Alia as First Secretary, will con­ Then, Comrade Ramiz Alia sticks the commemorative to me, hugged me and asked me about all the members Comrade Enver. His loss is the greatest the children tinue and always carry ahead the glorious work of the medal on the chest of our beloved Leader and teacher. of my family whom he named one by one. Sixty-six of Albania have ever suffered, just as it is a great Party and Comrade Enver Hoxha, will work with all its Comrade Enver Hoxha. was the number of our house, and Comrade Enver was loss for the Party and the people, for our entire nation. forces and in complete Marxist-Leninist unity to con­ Deeply moved, Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha comes up Master Hasan for us.» We shall always bring flowers to Uncle Enver; please solidate the Party and the whole system of the dicta­ to the coffin and, placing a national flag on the chest People continued to pay homage up to the late hours take them to his working office, that office in which torship of the proletariat in our country ceaselessly, of the dear companion of her life, struggle and work, of the evening of the next day with thousands and he thought and worked so hard also for us, the chil­ will carry aloft the sharp sword of Comrade Enver says, «Enver, I'm putting this flag here on behalf of thousands working people of the capital standing guard dren of Albania, all the children. We pledge to the Hoxha against all the external and internal enemies of the Kosova people, because just as you had them in of honour in turn. In their tearfilled eyes you saw their Party that, with his words in our minds and hearts, our country.» your heart, so all the Kosova people and the other Al­ optimism and their faith in their sure future, a futu­ we will work to turn into reality all the aspirations The 11th Plenum of the Central Committee of the banians have you in their hearts. I have received hun­ re mapped out by the Party, with Comrade Enver he fostered in us and all the teachings he gave us. We Party unanimously approved the proposal of the Poli­ dreds of telegrams, so I think that I'm fulfilling a wish Hoxha at the head. Their hearts will never sink. They will be with the Party and Enver to the end, and there tical Bureau that Comrade Ramiz Alia be in the high of theirs. Take this with you, too.» is nothing that will part us from the Party and Enver!» have tightly closed their ranks, and raised up their post of the First Secretary of the Central Committee of Then, they honour with the raised clenched fist the clenched fists. They know how to turn this loss into The 11th Plenum of the Central Committee of the the Party. unforgettable memory of Comrade Enver Hoxha. a source of strength. FLA was held in Tirana on April 13 to honour and perpe­ The members of the Plenum of the Central Commit­ April 14. The mourning procession extends from the tuate the name and immortal work of the glorious leader tee of the Parly of Labour of Albania proceeded to «Martyrs of the Nation» Boulevard to «Skanderbeg» of the Party, Comrade Enver Hoxha. the hall of the Presidium of the People's Assembly and * * * Square. All Albania has come together on this square. At the Plenum, Comrade Ramiz Alia held an important paid homage to and stood guard of honour by the body People have come from all over the country to pay speech on the life and brilliant work of Comrade Enver of the founder of our Party, the architect of the cons­ The work and memory of Comrade Enver Hoxha is their last respects to Comrade Enver Hoxha, to honour Hoxha. truction of the new socialist Albania, Comrade Enver honoured with deep respect all over the country. On the memory of his immortal life and work. People have The Plenum observed two minutes silence to honour Hoxha. 12, 13 and 14 of April mourning meetings and rallies come from Palorto of Gjirokastra, the quarter where the memory of the First Secretary of the Central Com­ They observed silence in profound honour and respect were organized in cities, work and production centres, Comrade Enver Hoxha was born, and other quarters of mittee of the Party. Comrade Enver Hoxha. for the brilliant and immortal work of the beloved and agricultural, cooperatives, military detachments and the museum-city which Comrade Enver Hoxha loved In order to perpetuate the name and work of Com­ schools. Everywhere there were expressions of deep sorrow so much and of which he had so many beautiful me­ rade Enver Hoxha the Plenum decided that: glorious Leader of our Party and people, Comrade Enver and grief for the death of the beloved Leader. The mories; from Labinot, Çermenika, Përmet, Korça, from The Memorial of Comrade Enver Hoxha be set up in Hoxha. the regions, villages and homes in which Comrade the capital of our Homeland, Tirana, in His birthplace At these solemn moments of profound grief, Comrade working masses are also expressing their unshakable de­ Enver Hoxha lived. People whom Comrade Enver Hoxha in Gjirokastra, and in the city of Korça; the University Ramiz Alia said: termination to turn their sorrow into a source of strength, knew by name, received in his home or met in their of Tirana bear the name the «Enver Hoxha» University «Comrades, and implement with determination the teachings of Com­ homes, on work fronts, at meetings and celebrations. Re­ of Tirana; the Pioneers' organization bear the name «The «We reported always to Comrade Enver on all our rade Enver Hoxha on the road of the construction of presentatives of all the districts of the country, leading Pioneers of Enver»; the seaport of Durrës bear the name work. Today we have come here and I want all the socialism. ENVER HOXHA AND HIS WORK LIVE AND WILL LIVE FOR EVER Comrade RAMIZ ALIA, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania and Chair man of the Presidium of the People's Assembly of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania, speaks at the memorial rally organized in the «Skanderbeg» Square COMRADE RAMIZ ALIA'S ADDRESS

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COMRADES, BROTHERS AND SISTERS,

WE ARE PARTING FROM THE GREATEST MAN THAT ALBANIAN SOIL HAS EVER BROUGHT of the Party and the platform of the National Li­ which came down from the Albanian mountains, FORTH, THE FOUNDER OF THE NEW ALBANIA, OUR BELOVED LEADER, OUR DEAR COMRADE, beration War, it was Comrade Enver Hoxha who, nor was He shaken by their political pressures or BROTHER AND TEACHER, ENVER HOXHA. being in the leadership of the Party, at the head economic blockades. IN THIS SQUARE WHERE WE HAVE GATHERED FOR THE LAST MEETING WITH HIM, FOURTY- of the National Liberation Front and in command The Albanian people, with the Party at the FOUR YEARS AGO HE LED THE GREAT ANTI-FASCIST DEMONSTRATION AND CALLED ON THE of the partisan army, made its achievement pos­ head, withstood that long diplomatic struggle with PEOPLE TO RISE AGAINST THE OCCUPIERS AND TRAITORS. AND FROM THAT DAY UNTIL THE sible. rare pride and crushed with an iron fist the ef­ END OF HIS LIFE HE REMAINED AT THE HEAD OF THE PARTY AND THE PEOPLE AS THE LE­ The people followed the communists and ac­ forts of reaction and foreign agents to undermine GENDARY LEADER OF THE NATIONAL LIBERATION WAR AND THE HEROIC LEADER OF THE cepted their leadership not only on account of their and overthrow their people's power. Through the CONSTRUCTION OF SOCIALISM. valour, their courage, their sacrifice and self-ab­ mouth of Enver Hoxha our people told those who THE LIFE AND ACTIVITY OF COMRADE ENVER HOXHA IS THE LIVING HISTORY OF THE negation. Of course, their example had importance, threatened Albania that those who would dare to ALBANIAN PEOPLE DURING THESE LAST 50 YEARS. IT IS THE HISTORY OF THE FOUNDING indeed very great importance, but it was not de­ lay a finger on the borders of Albania have not OF THE PARTY AND ITS GROWTH, THE HISTORY OF THE PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION AND ITS TRI­ cisive. The decisive thing was the fact that the yet been born just as they told the Khrushchevites UMPH, THE HISTORY OF THE REVIVAL OF ALBANIA AND THE CONSTRUCTION OF THE NEW call which the Party made to the people to fight that the Albanians will even eat grass but will LIFE, THE HISTORY OF THE STRUGGLE AGAINST EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL ENEMIES AND THE for the expulsion of the foreign occupiers and the not yield to their pressures. VICTORY OVER THEM. THE NAME OF ENVER HOXHA IS LINKED WITH THE OPENING OF BROAD establishment of the people's power expressed their This courage and this dauntless stand lie in ROADS ON WHICH OUR PEOPLE HAVE ADVANCED TRIUMPHANTLY IN THE YEARS OF THE true desires, their age-old dreams. the foundations of the Albanian fortress, therefore, EPOCH OF THE PARTY. HIS WORK HAS BEEN POURED INTO ALL THE SOLID FOUNDATIONS ON We have said and say that the National Li­ it has always been strong and impregnable against WHICH THE PRESENT-DAY ALBANIA HAS BEEN BUILT, HIS THINKING HAS ILLUMINATED ALL beration War was the greatest our people have any wave or tempest from whatever direction it THE HEIGHTS TO WHICH OUR SOCIETY HAS BEEN RAISED, HIS WISE AND ARDENT WORDS HAVE ever waged, although they have waged many wars, might come. WARMED THE HEARTS OF ALL OUR PEOPLE. have shed torrents of blood and have suffered in­ The figure and rare personality of Enver Hoxha NOT ONLY HAS ENVER HOXHA BEEN A DIRECT PARTICIPANT IN ALL THE GREAT TRANS­ calculable damage and hardships. The National stood out with special brilliance at the time when FORMATIONS OF THE MOST RECENT HISTORY OF OUR PEOPLE BUT HAS ALSO EXERTED A DI­ Liberation War led by the Party, with Comrade the opportunist betrayal covered the international RECT INFLUENCE ON THE DEVELOPMENT OF IT. AND IT HAS BEEN THE GREAT GOOD FORTU­ Enver Hoxha at the head, was great, because of communist movement. Our Party of Labour, with NE OF THE ALBANIAN PEOPLE THAT AT THOSE MOMENTS THEY HAVE HAD FOR THEIR LEADER its ideas and, above all, because of its results. It Comrade Enver at the head, did not allow modern A CONSISTENT COMMUNIST, AN ARDENT PATRIOT AND AN OUTSTANDING STATESMAN SUCH AS alone led to securing the true national freedom revisionism to pass in Albania. And it did not pass HE. IN HIS PERSON HE EMBODIED THE FINEST VIRTUES OF OUR ANCIENT PEOPLE, THAT NOBLE and complete independence of the Homeland and, because Enver Hoxha had tempered the Party in AND MILITANT CHARACTER. THAT BRILLIANT AND HEROIC TRADITION, THAT SPIRIT OF RE­ above all, it alone established the people's power. stern political battles in defence of independence VOLT AND GENEROSITY, WHICH HAVE BEEN FORMED AND TEMPERED THROUGH SO MANY The whole conscious life of Comrade Enver Hoxha and socialism and educated it so that it would al­ WARS, HARDSHIPS AND BATTLES THROUGH THE CENTURIES FOR FREEDOM AND INDEPENDEN­ has been struggle. Struggle for the freedom of ways remain loyal to Marxism-Leninism and would CE, FOR LIGHT AND KNOWLEDGE, FOR LAND AND BREAD. the Homeland, struggle for the construction of so­ be irreconcilable to the end to ideologies hostile When the country was being trampled under what was required and where they must go. What cialism, struggle for the emancipation of the peo­ to the proletariat. the jackboots of foreign occupiers and covered by Enver Hoxha understood and presented with such ple, struggle against external and internal enemies The ideological struggle against modern re­ fascist darkness, only such a Man could feel the clarity and conviction from his first speech at the who sought to return us to the former slavery. visionism which Comrade Enver Hoxha has waged gravity and the historic importance of the mo­ meeting of communists for the founding of the Just as he stood in the forefront of the battles and with consistency and determination has remained ment, could understand what the people really Party was that the sufferings and misfortunes of clashes of the National Liberation War, with the and will always remain at the basis of our socialist wanted and what had to be done to fulfil their the Albanian people came not only from the fo­ same rare political courage and profound ideological development, it has been and will be another per­ aspirations. Only such a Man as Enver Hoxha, who reigners, but also from the political classes which maturity he led the Party and the people in the manent duty of our Party and people. not only felt, but also understood politically and had ruled Albania up till that time, who had always clashes with the many plots, pressures and inter­ ideologically what was the responsibility and duty collaborated with and submitted to foreigners. He Comrade Enver Hoxha is the architect of New ference of enemies during these 40 years of our Albania, the organizer and direct leader of all those of Albanian revolutionaries and patriots, could understood that without fighting with the same de­ socialist life. The Albanian communists and the realize what was the road for the salvation of the termination against both these hostile forces simul­ revolutionary transformations which have been people, with Enver Hoxha at the head, smashed carried out since Liberation, the inspirer of all those Homeland. taneously, genuine freedom could not be achieved, the intrigues and threats of imperialists one after national independence could not be realized and monumental works which have changed the ap­ The great act which Enver Hoxha accomplished the other, withstood the anti-Albanian attacks of the social aspirations of the masses could not be pearance of our country. in that dark and troubled November of 1941 by the Titoite revisionists, successfully resisted the fulfilled. The Party of Labour of Albania mobilized and founding the Communist Party gave the Albanian pressures of the Khrushchevites and were not de­ led the people to turn Albania from a poor country people the light they were lacking, gave them the That, perhaps unique, phenomenon which oc­ ceived by the perfidious acts of the Chinese re­ into a developed country. Comrade Enver Hoxha mind to see the future, gave them the staff which curred in Albania, where the struggle for na­ visionists. has worked out and defined the economic line of would lead them in the titanic life-and-death strug­ tional liberation was combined with a broad When the Anglo-American former allies stirred the Party. The policy of the industrialization of gle. The burden which the Albanian communists popular revolution, was no accident. Without up the tempests of «the cold war» and «the hot the country, of the collectivization and moderni­ assumed at that time was heavy and their shoulders a profound ideological conviction and great political war», Enver Hoxha knew how to steer the small, zation of agriculture, bear the brand of His crea­ were very young. But they bore it with honour clarity this could not have been achieved. It was but steel, Albanian ship with a steady hand to safe tive and original thinking. He has been the inspirer and carried it through to the end, because at their Comrade Enver Hoxha who placed this great shores. He was not disturbed because they did not of our five-year plans, which represent the steps head they had a great leader who knew very well creative revolutionary idea at the basis of the line want to recognize the Democratic Government of the growth and development of our economy, 14 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 15

the foundations of the construction of the economic and independence of the Homeland and the great always given them fraternal support and encou­ because socialist Albania which He built is im­ base of socialism in Albania. There is no project victories of the People's Revolution. ragement. His theoretical thinking on the problems mortal. which has been built in our country in which His Comrade Enver Hoxha continually instructed of the revolution, the dictatorship of the proletariat His last Work, Laying the Foundations of the initiative and thinking are absent. From the re­ the communists to fight tirelessly for the con­ and the construction of socialism, his analysis of New Albania, Comrade Enver Hoxha closed with building of the first bridges destroyed during the tinual strengthening of the ties of the Party with imperialism and the revisionist degeneration are the belief that no harm would come to Albania war to the construction of the Koman hydro-power the masses and for the unity of the people. In the­ an outstanding contribution to the theoretical so long as the people and Party are linked as clo­ station, from the first repairing of homes burnt se links and in this unity He saw the powerful treasury of Marxism-Leninism and revolutionary sely as flesh to bone. Let us raise the prosperity, by the occupiers to the metallurgical combine, from shield against internal and external enemies, a practice world-wide. security and name of our People's Socialist Re­ public higher and higher, He told us. In the name the first combination of yokes of oxen to the great motive and mobilizing force to carry our so­ Comrade Enver Hoxha always raised His power­ of the bloodshed and toil, the sweat and privations draining of the plains of Myzeqe, and the terraces ciety continually forward, an inexhaustible source ful voice in defence of the national and democratic let us transmit to the coming generations the of the coast — in all these things His ideas, His of energy to cope with any situation. rights which belong to our Albanian brothers of great message which history has taught us: we must encouragement and inspiration have been pre­ Our Party and people have always been guided Kosova and other parts of Yugoslavia. On account always be vigilant, always at work and on the at­ sent. by these teachings and have always emerged of this correct, just and principled stand He be­ tack to defend the victories achieved and carry The economic line which has been followed, the triumphant. And so it will be in the future, too. The came and remains loved, respected and honoured them further forward. We must allow no one, brilliant results which have been achieved in all unity of the people around the Party will always by all Albanians. whoever he may be, to violate and negate our im­ sectors, have provided complete proof of their cor­ be like steel. Any external or internal enemy who The revolutionary theoretical and practical mortal and sacred work, the People's Socialist Re­ rectness and effectiveness. Our task is to proceed tries to harm the Party, the people's power and work which Comrade Enver Hoxha has left us is public of Albania. In this way our fortress, social­ with determination on this broad road which the our socialist victories will smash his head against a great heritage. His style and method of work ist Albania, will be strengthened and rise even Party and Comrade Enver Hoxha have opened to its walls. as a party leader and statesman comprise an exam­ more majestically from generation to generation! us, to adhere unwaveringly to His orientations and As the militant Leninist which He was, Com­ ple to which the present and future generations Let our hearts beat always with its great heart! teachings, to mobilize our forces even more, to rade Enver Hoxha always fought to safeguard the will turn in order to learn and find guidance. make our country even more prosperous and the principles with which our People's Revolution Our Party will never forget this message. Just The figure of Enver Hoxha is great and many- life of the people still happier. triumphed and our new life was built. He taught as Comrade Enver wished, its heart will always sided. There is no field of the political, ideological No one else has been so strongly aware of the the Party that it must always remain loyal to the beat as His great communist heart beat, as the and social activity of the Party and state in which great thirst for education and culture which has teachings of Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin and heart of our glorious people beats. His philosophical thinking, organizational strength accompanied our people through the centuries, as all the experience of the revolutionary struggles of Comrade Enver left us a free and independent and leading activity have not been expressed. Comrade Enver Hoxha who had emerged from the the world proletariat, must wage the class struggle Albania, with a strong and reliable defence, with ranks of the common people, who had been edu­ correctly and must never forget that it is the A man who combined the qualities of the Marx­ a developed and stable economy, an Albania cated with the great sentiments of the men of our motor which carries human society forward, must ist thinker and leader of the revolution, the military without debts or obligations to anyone. He left Renaissance, and who had mastered the Marxist defend the people's power unwaveringly, the power­ commander and statesman, the diplomat and pu­ us a People's Power which has the unanimous sup­ teachings about the emancipation of mankind. And ful weapon of the dictatorship of the proletariat, blicist, the erudite intellectual and educator of the port of our whole people, left us a Party tempered it would be hard to find any other country in and must be irreconcilable with imperialism and masses, the fiery orator and friend of the common ideologically and purged of enemies, left us an which an ideological and cultural revolution has revisionism, with bourgeois and opportunist ideo­ folk is rare indeed. Albania honoured and respected throughout the been carried out as profound in content and as logies. He taught the Party and people how to Our people have been and will always be world. widespread in extent as in Albania. It would be build socialism and how to defend the country with proud of this great son to which they gave birth, The Party and the people swear to You, Com­ hard to find another country where within a very our own forces, how to be proud of our country and our Party will always be proud of its out­ rade Enver, that they will keep Albania like short time such a great leap forward in education, and never bend the knee to foreigners. standing leader which it had. The greatest honour this for ever, that it will always be strong, culture, technique and science has been made. The Nothing can turn the Party and our people for the Work of Comrade Enver Hoxha, the greatest always red, just as You wanted it. We will carry great teachings of Comrade Enver Hoxha and His from these teachings, no force can divert them gratitude for everything which He has done for the construction of socialism further and further tireless activity to build a new culture, revolu­ from the principled policy, the policy of Enver the Party and our people is to proceed resolutely ahead and will raise the name of our beloved Al­ tionary in content, with a firm national base and Hoxha. In the future as in the past, our Party, on His revolutionary course, to master and put into bania higher and higher. a powerful popular and democratic spirit, have its leadership, our whole people, the working class, practice His immortal teachings, to work and build GOODBYE, OUR DEAR LEADER AND TEA­ been and will be an unerring guide to show us the cooperativist peasantry, the youth, the women, as He worked for the cause of socialism and the CHER! the right course on which we must proceed, in the intelligentsia, the veterans of the war and the communist ideals. order to work and fight tirelessly to make our soldiers will always march forward on that road Today we are parting with Comrade Enver GOODBYE, OUR BELOVED FRIEND AND Homeland a country ever more emancipated, ever which the People's Revolution opened and which Hoxha, but He lives and will live for ever in the BROTHER! more cultured. the construction of socialism confirmed, the road hearts and minds of the Albanian people. He is GOODBYE, COMRADE ENVER! Throughout His life Comrade Enver Hoxha of defending the lofty interests of the Homeland immortal, because His work is immortal, because fought to strengthen the leading role of the Party, and the cause of the revolution. the Party which He founded and led is immortal, LONG LIVE THE PARTY! to temper it ideologically, to strengthen it or­ Enver Hoxha is an outstanding figure of inter­ ganizationally, to ensure the unity of its ranks and national communism. Just as He was an ardent pa­ enhance the militant spirit of its members. triot He was also an ardent internationalist. His The strength of the Party is the strength of our struggle and work devoted to the progress of the socialist society and the guarantee of our com­ revolutionary movement of the international prole­ munist future. By remaining loyal to the glorious tariat, the defence of Marxism-Leninism, and the Party which Comrade Enver Hoxha has founded, support of the cause of the national and social libe­ raised and educated, by uniting ever more closely ration of the peoples represent a brilliant example around it, by mobilizing themselves to put its line of dedication to the cause of communism. and directives into practice, our people will always The genuine Marxist-Leninist fighters have had achieve new victories, will safeguard the freedom in Enver Hoxha a comrade and friend who has • BIG MEMORIAL RALLY IN THE CAPITAL

The morning of 15th of April 1985 nal feelings which they expressed on Everyone looks up painfully in the found us again wrapped in sad silen­ this occasion. direction of the window of Comrade ce, lined up in the interminable pro­ Likewise, homages arc paid and a Enver Hoxha's bureau. It is open. cession along the «Martyrs of the Na­ wreath is laid at the hearse of Com­ When he rose from his desk he stood tion» Boulevard, in order to pay the rade Enver Hoxha, and condolences at this window and was filled with last homage to the outstanding leader are offered to Comrade Ramiz Alia joy to see people strolling calmly of the Party and people, Comrade and Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha by the and happily in the boulevard. His Enver Hoxha. Grief over the loss of outstanding anti-fascist Greek persona­ glance, his thinking, embraced the their most beloved son has over­ lity and friend of our country, Mano- 28 thousand square kilometres of our whelmed them. lis Glezos. Homages are paid and beloved soil. Throughout his life he 9.00 o'clock. With deep grief, Party wreaths laid by friends from friend­ fought, worked and thought of these and state leaders enter the hall to ship associations of other countries people, devoted everything he did to pay the last homage to Comrade with Albania. them. Enver Hoxha. The clock strikes ten. This is a 11 o'clock. The «Skanderbeg» Square «Come closer, comrades. Come clo­ moment when people cannot suppress is thronged as rarely before. The ser so that we can have him like their sobs. Party and state leaders whole of the capital has come out in this, among us, as we have always come out of the hall of the Presidium this square; representatives from all had him and will always have him, of the People's Assembly bearing on the districts of the country have come because we have his teachings. We their shoulders the body of the belo­ to this square, too. Four large-size shall loyally follow the road of Com­ ved Enver, covered with the national portraits of Comrade Enver Hoxha and rade Enver! Goodbye, Comrade Enver!» flag. They carry on their shoulders slogans reading «Glory to the brilliant says Comrade Ramiz Alia. their unforgettable beloved teacher. and immortal work of Comrade Party and state leaders observe They walk slowly down the steps and Enver Hoxha!», «We must make Al­ silence by the body of Comrade Enver emerge at the square in front of the bania as Comrade Enver Hoxha wan­ Hoxha, the founder of the new Alba­ seat of the Presidium of the People's ted it to be», «Let us close our ranks nia, and honour his brilliant memo­ Assembly. The hearse is placed on the ever more tightly around the Party ry with the raised fist salute. carriage of a gun. and its Central Committee», «We must Other moments of deep grief fol­ To the tune of funeral music, the strengthen our steel unity», «Party, low the entrance into the hall of procession advances slowly along the Enver — we are always ready!» etc., Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha, the wife «Martyrs of the Nation» Boulevard rise above the crowd. and collaborator of Comrade Enver towards the «Skanderbeg» Square. The The guard of honour lines up in Hoxha, his children, sisters and rela­ guard of honour is followed by a group front of the central tribune set up at tives, who pay the last homage to of militarymen carrying red cusions the monument to Gjergj Kastrioti — The war veterans, who hold firmly in their hands the fighting their most beloved man. with the high decorations of «People's Skanderbeg. The car pulling the gun flags of the partisan brigades divisions and armycorps, have come to bid their last farewell to their Commander Likewise, comrades from the Marx­ Hero», «Hero of Socialist Labour» and carriage pulls up. ist-Leninist sister parties of Britain, many orders which Comrade The First Secretary of the Central Present are also members of the Comrade Enver Hoxha, as the greatest as a hero among heroes. This is the Michael Hamilton, of Denmark, Claus Enver Hoxha was awarded by the Committee of the Party and Presi­ Centra! Committee of the Party, the man the Albanian soil has produced final moment. The guard of honour Riis Clausen, of Ireland, Liam Dig- People's Assembly. Innumerable wre­ dent of the Presidium of the People's Presidium of the People's Assembly until today, as the founder of the presents arms. Party and state leaders nam, of Canada, Hardial Bains, of aths of fresh flowers, wreaths coming Assembly, Comrade Ramiz Alia, Com­ and the Government, leading cadres of new Albania, our beloved leader, our again carry on their shoulders the Portugal, Eduardo Pires, of Spain, Raul from all over Albania, are carried by rades Adil Çarçani, Hajredin Çeliku, ministerial departments, various cen­ dear comrade, brother and teacher. hearse with the body of their dear Marco, of Sweden, Nils Anderson, of students of the «Enver Hoxha» Uni­ Hekuran Isai, Lenka Çuko, Manush tral institutions, mass organizations, After Comrade Ramiz Alia's speech, comrade and teacher, the glorious Trinidad Tobaggo, Winston George, versity of Tirana. People lining either Myftiu, Muho Asllani, Pali Miska, Rita organs of the Party, the state power funeral tunes fill the whole square. leader of the Party and the people, paid homage and laid wreaths. side of the boulevard weep over the Marko, Simon Stefani, Besnik Bekteshi, and the economy from all the districts As the procession begins to move Comrade Enver Hoxha. The coffin with After paying homage, they offer loss of the legendary leader of the Foto Çami, Llambi Gegprifti, Prokop of the country, People's Heroes and towards the Cemetery of the Martyrs the body of Comrade Enver Hoxha is their condolences to Comrades National Liberation War and the he­ Murra, Qiriako Mihali, Vangjel Çërra- Heroes of Socialist Labour, military- of the Nation, the slogan «Party, Enver descended into the grave. Sobs and Ramiz Alia, Adil Çarçani, Lenka roic leader of the construction of so­ va, Haki Toska, Shefqet Peçi, Spiro men, members and relatives of mar­ — we are always ready», is shouted weeping grow louder. Çuko, Manush Myftiu, Foto Çami, and cialism. Koleka, Xhafer Spahiu, Pilo Peristeri, tyrs' families, etc. in one powerful moving voice. There is deep pain in every chest. to Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha. Com­ When the procession comes abreast Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha, the In these solemn moments of pro­ It is 12.30. Comrade Enver Hoxha «There will be no death for Com­ rade Ramiz Alia and Comrade Nexh­ of the premises of the Central Com­ wife and collaborator of Comrade found grief, Comrade Ramiz Alia takes comes to the Cemetery of the Martyrs rade Enver Hoxha, only his birthday mije Hoxha thank them in the name mittee of the Party, people hold their Enver Hoxha, and members of his the floor. He speaks with profound of the Nation to remain there for ever will remain,» says Comrade Ramiz of the Party for their sincere frater­ steps with a flutter in their hearts. family mount the tribune. respect about the life and activity of as the Commander among partisans, Alia to Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha. «Men like him do not die. There is Earth from the mother land which grave. Marble slabs carrying the gol­ for them. And Albania will flourish, Comrades Rita Marko and Pali Miska, mass organizations, all departments only one date: 1908, the rest does not he loved so much, earth from his den letters: «ENVER HOXHA 1908- Albania will prosper, as you wanted in the name of the Council of Mi­ and various central institutions, the count.» birthplace, from his Gjirokastra which 1985». Party and slate leaders, Com­ it! Goodbye, Comrade Enver!» nisters by Comrades Adil Çarçani and Party Committee and the Executive «We have a good leadership, we he loved so much like the rest of rade Nexhmije Hoxha and members Then, innumerable wreaths are laid Manush Myftiu, in the name of the Committee of the People's Council of have a good Party,» says Comrade Albania, from the courtyard of his of Comrade Enver Hoxha's family, over the grave. The wreath in the General Council of the Democratic Tirana district, the inhabitants of the Nexhmije Hoxha. «You tempered it, dear home, is thrown into the gra­ touch with trembling hands these gol­ name of the Central Committee of the Front of Albania by Comrade Simon Palorto quarter of Gjirokastra, in the you trained it, Enver. Now you have ve... den letters which glow with eternal Party, carrying the inscription «To Stefani and Muho Asllani, in the na­ name of economic enterprises, agri­ come to join your comrades of the Meanwhile, work is suspended in light, which will remain cherished the founder of the Party and the lea­ me of the National Committee of the cultural cooperatives and institutions time of war. They will have their all the work and production centres der of the people, our dear Comrade Veterans of the War of the Albanian which bear the name of Comrade General Commander close by them, for ever. Enver Hoxha», was placed by Com­ People by Comrades Shefqet Peçi and Enver Hoxha, in the name of the ap­ but they do not rejoice at your coming of our socialist Homeland for five The National Hymn is executed. rade Ramiz Alia and Comrade Lenka Hajredin Çeliku, in the name of the paratus of the Central Committee of here today. You fought for more than minutes. The whistles of factories, en­ Fists are raised. Çuko. Comrade Nexhmije Hoxha, the the Party and the basic organization 40 years and now you are here to gines and ships give a painful shriek. In these moments, when everyone Ministry of People's Defence by Com­ wife and collaborator of Comrade of the Party in which Comrade Enver join your comrades. Long live the A twenty-one gun salute is fired in is overwhelmed with grief, Comrade rades Hekuran Isai and Prokop Mu- Enver Hoxha, laid the wreath with Hoxha militated, and many other or­ Party! We must have our Party the capital and a five gun salute is Ramiz Alia says: rra. Wreaths were also laid by the the inscription «To my companion of gans. strong!» fired in the cities of Gjirokastra, Vlo- «Rest in peace, Comrade Enver, be­ children, sisters and relatives of Com­ life and war — Nexhmije». In the «He will live with the Party, with ra, Kruja, Korça, Peshkopia, Shkodra, cause the people and the Party, with rade Enver Hoxha's family. After this ceremony, the guard of name of the Presidium of the People's the people, eternally,» says Comrade Kukës, Berat, Durrës, and Elbasan. you always at heart and in mind, Wreaths are laid at the grave of honour parades to the tune of a mi­ Assembly, the wreath was laid by Ramiz Alia. Red marble slabs are put over the will march on the road you defined Comrade Enver Hoxha in the name of litary march. HOMAGES PAID TO THE GRAVE OF THE BELOVED AND GLORIOUS LEADER

The people pay homage to the grave of Comrade ENVER HOXHA

Thousands and thousands of people their heartfelt sorrow over the loss In the morning of April 18, Party Murra, secretary of the Central Com­ for ever!» says Comrade Ramiz Alia «We'll carry it higher and higher, from all over the country, veterans of the beloved leader, their boundless and state leaders, Comrade Ramiz Alia, mittee of the Party, Vangjel Çërrava, to the people who had come to pay Comrade Ramiz!» comes the reply of the war and work, workers and love and gratitude for the Party, and First Secretary of the Central Commit­ paid homage to the grave of our be­ homages. from mothers, veterans, workers, cooperativists, intellectuals, military- take the solemn pledge that, with the tee of the Party and President of the loved comrade, leader and teacher, «Long live the Party!» they reply young men and women. «We'll put men, young men and women, mem­ teachings of the Party and Comrade Presidium of the People's Assembly, Comrade Enver Hoxha. as one. all our forces to it. Long live the bers of «Pioneers of Enver» Organi­ Enver Hoxha in their hearts and and Comrades Adil Çarçani, member Comrade Ramiz Alia, Comrade Adil «We have a strong Party,» continues Party-people unity!» zation, go up to the Cemetery of the minds, they will march always forward of the Political Bureau of the Cen­ Çarçani and the other comrades placed Comrade Ramiz Alia. «We have a «Our strength lies in the unity,» Martyrs of the Nation. With deep on the road of the revolution and tral Committee of the Party and bouquets of flowers at the grave of strong people, a heroic youth, a won­ says Comrade Ramiz Alia. «It has grief and weeping, they honour and the building of socialism. Chairman of the Council of Ministers, Comrade Enver Hoxha. derful working class. Comrade Enver been and will always be the source Hoxha has left us many lessons, has of strength. The more united are we, respect the memory of the brillant In the morning of April 17, Com­ members of the Political Bureau of The Party and state leaders observe silence and honour with raised fists left us a strong and flourishing Alba­ the people and the Party, communists, and immortal work of Comrade Enver rade Nexhmije Hoxha, the wife and the Central Committee of the Party, the unforgettable memory of Comrade nia. Our people are linked closely non-party people, veterans, the youth, Hoxha. They lay bouquets of flowers collaborator of Comrade Enver Hoxha, Hekuran Isai, Manush Myftiu, Rita Enver Hoxha, the legendary leader of with the Party. Now the duty of all all of us, the better it will be, the at the grave of the dear leader of the Marko, the candidates of the Political and other members of his family, the National Liberation War and heroic of us is to carry forward this great strong will Albania become, more suc­ Party and people. In the book close Bureau of the Central Committee of came to pay their homages to his leader of the construction of socialism. work of the Party, this great work of cesses will we have in all fields. Long by the grave they express in writing the Party, Foto Çami and Prokop grave. «Comrade Enver Hoxha will live Comrade Enver.» live the Party!» BANNER OF STRUGGLE AND INSPIRATION THE SORROW STILL EXISTS, BUT THE STRENGTH INCREASES

The builders of the «Enver Hoxha» The Central Committee of the socialist Homeland flourish and pro­ order to keep Albania just as Com­ at Batra of Martanesh. «United to a hydro-power station at Koman write: sper,» write the teachers and pupils rade Enver Hoxha left it to us: free man around them, we will enhance Party has received thousands of «The warm hand of Comrade Enver letters and telegrams from work­ of the «Ismail Qemali» general mid­ and independent, prosperous and flou­ our revolutionary mobilization and vi­ Hoxha has accompanied us, the buil­ dle school in Laç. «The work of Com­ rishing, strong and inviolable.» gilance further, will fulfil and over­ ers and cooperativists, women ders of the big projects of light, in rade Enver Hoxha,» they stress, «will The brigadier of the «Hero of So­ fulfil all the tasks of the plan of and intellectuals, militarymen every step. We will mobilize ourselves be the guiding compass in our work.» cialist Labour- brigade in the «Enver the current year. The Party-people and pioneers, young men and more than ever to build the hydro- «The parting with Comrade Enver Hoxha» seaport of Durrës, Petrit Ja- unity is our source of strength.» station as quickly as possible and women, veterans and social acti­ Hoxha is one of the greatest sorrows kupi, called together his friends and «The entire population of Tirana, with quality, and will fulfil the our people have felt during their told them: «What did the Party say? communists, veterans, workers and vists, workers of education and pledge we made to Comrade Enver whole existence,» write the coopera- Enver Hoxha has only the day of his cooperativists, soldiers and officers, science, many collectives and Hoxha two years ago that we will have tivists of the Greek minority of Jor- birth!» And so did the comrades tell writers and artists, working people individuals from all over the Ho­ the first turbine functioning by No­ gucat village in the Upper Dropull, one another — He has only the day of of education, culture and science, vember 29 this year.» Gjirokastra district. «His name and his birth. And after they thrashed youth, pupils and students,» says the meland, in which they express «The instructions Comrade Enver work will be enshrined in our hearts out their opinions, they announced letter of the Plenum of the Party their great sorrow, as well as Hoxha gave us during his visits and as long as we live and will always that on October 16, on the birth­ Committee of Tirana district, «are their great determination, and cordial meetings with the people of mobilize us to accomplish the tasks, day of Comrade Enver Hoxha, they experiencing deep and unprecedented pledge to the Party, its Central our district will always remain fresh to overfulfil the plans, to temper our would fulfil the plan for the year grief, because the most beloved Lea­ Committee, with Comrade Ramiz and important tasks for us,» the let­ unity with the Party and the frater­ 2007. der of our Party and people, Com­ ter of the Plenum of the Party Com­ nal Albanian people, to strengthen our «We will remain for ever loyal to rade Enver Hoxha, has gone from us. Alia at the head, that they will mittee of Shkodra district says among revolutionary vigilance.» the teachings of the Party and the im­ At work, in their homes, or on the march resolutely on its glorious other things. «And the firm pledge «At these moments of profound mortal work of Comrade Enver Hoxha streets, people talk to one another road, on the road of the immortal will always come out of our hearts: grief,» write the communists and the on the army and defence, on the mi­ with tears in their eyes. Nobody wants work of Comrade Enver Hoxha. we will always be loyal soldiers of people of the town of Koplik, «we litary art of people's war, which he to believe that the architect of the the Party, loyal to its great cause pledge with one voice that here, on created and left us as the most po­ new Albania, the glorious leader, and the immortal teachings of Com­ the border, we will always be around werful weapon,» say in their letter Comrade Enver Hoxha, has closed his rade Enver Hoxha!» the Party and its Central Committee. the communists, the cadres and work­ eyes and his heart has ceased to beat. The telegram of the Plenum of United to a man, we will honourably ing people of the Ministry of People's For 45 years Tirana, like the whole of the Party Committee of Skrapar di­ accomplish all the political and eco­ Defence. They point out, «We will al­ Albania, has been roused by the po­ strict says amongst other things: «The nomic tasks on the basis of the pro­ ways be ready to carry out all the werful voice of Enver Hoxha. For 45 whole of Skrapar, from the white- gram of the Party, the teachings and tasks that will be assigned to us, to years these streets, these doorsteps of haired elderly to the little children, all work of Comrade Enver Hoxha.» cope with any situation, however dif­ humble homes, these squares of the the Party organizations, say with con­ «The work of Comrade Enver ficult it may be, defending the free­ reborn, flourishing Tirana, have heard viction: 'Enver Hoxha lives and will Hoxha,» write the cooperativists of dom and inviolability of our socialist his footsteps. The mothers of Tirana live for ever.' The ideals of the Party, Vranisht-Tërbaç in Vlora district, Homeland, and even lay down our will never forget their beloved son. the teachings of Comrade Enver «comprises an entire epoch which will lives in their interests, if need be.» The houses and hearts of the people Hoxha, his work will always be for live as long as Albania exists. The The workers of the geological ex­ stood open day and night for the great leader of the underground strug­ us a banner of struggle on the road name of Comrade Enver Hoxha is pedition at Qafë Prush of Tropoja gle. Comrade Enver Hoxha will al­ of socialism.» engraved in the consciousness of every district write, «We will forge ahead re­ ways be amongst us as the banner «We will turn our sorrow into one of us. This we saw in these days solutely on the glorious road of the of struggle and living inspiration of strength, will increase our vigilance when the grief of a whole people rose Party, the road of the immortal work the tribunes of congresses in the plants and energies to achieve good results like a gigantic avalanche. Comrade of Comrade Enver Hoxha.» and combines, seething with life, in in lessons, to grow up as revolutiona­ Enver Hoxha and the Party have «We have trust in our brave Party our family joys and people's mani­ ries of the Party, capable of carrying taught us to be strong, therefore we and its unshakeable Central Com­ mittee,» say in their letter the workers festations, in the wise words of ve­ forward the revolution, and make our will turn our great and profound grief into strength, communist courage, in of the «11 Heroes» chromium mine terans and children's poems.» 24 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 25

plete studies and designs for the in­ at Bulqiza participate in this mass The cooperativists of Krutja, Lush- dustrial projects of the 8th Five-year movement with the following targets: nja district, will carry out the valu­ CHAMPIONS OF THE APPLICATION Plan, 1986-1990, and other projects to fulfil the annual plan of chromium able instructions and teachings Com­ needed by our economy, with good ore extraction on 16 October, the rade Enver Hoxha gave during his OF THE TEACHINGS quality and at lower cost; to carry birthday of Comrade Enver Hoxha, visits to their economy, by further out studies and designs for all the and quicken and speed up work so strengthening the unity around the OF COMRADE ENVER HOXHA industrial projects to be built during as to ensure a two years' reserve at Party and its Central Committee, with the coming live-year plan relying the end of year. comrade Ramiz Alia at the head, en- The greatest honour we can render chanical engineering plants, 85 in the Coming out in support of the re­ entirely on our own forces, no matter The workers of the «Hero of So­ hancing the revolutionary vigilance, to the work of Comrade Enver Hoxha foundries and 65 per cent in the for­ volutionary movement «Champions of how difficult and complicated this may cialist Labour» copper wire plant in and accomplishing all the tasks on a is to march on his road, to work and ges and thermic processing section; the application of the teachings of be; to advance the schedule of stu­ Shkodra decided unanimously to sup­ broad front. This year they will take fight like him. will complete within May the new Comrade Enver Hoxha», the pupils dies, designs, estimates from 3 to 4 port the revolutionary movement of in l,600 quintals of bread grain The workers of the «Enver Hoxha» factory for quartz sands processing and teachers of the «Asim Zeneli» months; to improve studies and de- the «Enver Hoxha» autotractor com­ above plan, overfulfil the plan of the autotractor combine, just like all our which will meet the needs of the secondary general school were the first signs by employing contemporary bine. They pledged to fulfil the plan­ production of sunflower, cotton, vege- people and the whole Party, pledged mechanical engineering industry of to take the initiative to extend this methods; to further deepen the techni- ned indices rhythmically and on a tables, milk and meal, reducing ex- to Comrade Enver Hoxha that they the country and those of export; until movement to the sectors of education cal-scientific revolution, while ever broad front. This year total industrial penditure 3 per cent and increasing will honourably keep the beloved na­ 16 October 1986 we will study, design and culture, knowledge and education better applying innovations in science output will grow 838 thousand leks income 5 per cent. me of their collective and raise it and build with our own forces the work. The first objective this collec­ and technology. and exports will rise 201 thousand The cooperativists of Zhareza will higher. On 20 April, at an enlarged factory for the production of ferro- tive set itself is to strengthen the In the waive of this revolutionary leks above plan. An important ob­ ***** the tasks in agriculture and meeting the workers and communists silicium which will meet the local work for the patriotic and revolutio­ movement the working people of Sa- jective of the scientific work of this livestock-raising on a broad front, achieve this year the productivity of of the combine came out with con­ needs and reduce imports by 3 million nary education of the younger gene­ randa district pledge that they will plant is the extension of studies on wheat planned for 1989 and that of crete proposals. From this meeting the dollars a year; by 16 October 1986 ration by mastering the teachings of accomplish all the tasks on a broad the improvement of the technology of maize planned for 1988, or 80 quintals revolutionary movement to win the we will turn out new types of rubber Comrade Enver Hoxha and taking front and overfulfil the planned tar­ production and the designing of new part in social activities. The move­ lofty title «Champions of the applica­ wheel tractor which will work on the gets: all the economic enterprises will lines and sections. It will turn out per hectare. ment aims to raise the ideo-scientific tion of the teachings of Comrade standard 100 H.P. Albanian engine.» complete the 10-month plan of indu­ 45 new articles by the end of the The collective of the «New Alba- level of teaching methods and discipli­ Enver Hoxha», with well-defined di­ Concrete tasks have also been set in strial output on October 16, and give year. nia» Film Studio will produce films rections and objectives, was launched. nes, to enhance revolutionary vigilan­ to 10 million leks above the annual of a high ideo-artistic level and mi- the field of the socialist attitude to­ The workers of the pig-iron plant in «Four are their main objectives,» write ce, military preparation, to enliven the plan. They will turn out 425 thousand **ancy, which will better embody the wards work and property (which com­ the «Steel of the Party» metallurgical the working people of this combine cultural, artistic and sports activities leks worth of export goods above plan, figure of our new man. During this prises the third objective), as well as combine also take part in the move­ in their letter: further and to organize the folklore without counting here electric power. year they will turn out 14 feature in the field of physical-military train­ ment. They will overfulfil this year's festival of the school every 16 Octo­ The workers of agriculture will over­ films, 80 documentary films, 16 car­ «First, we will work and fight as ing (which comprises the fourth objec­ plan by 6 million leks, turn out 520 ber. fulfil the plan of the production of toon films. There are thousands of revolutionaries, at high rates, as Com­ tive). more tons of pig-rion and 9 thousand bread grain by 13,760 quintals. They such engagements. The broad masses rade Enver Hoxha has instructed us, This initiative is supported by many The working people of the «Ali Kel- more tons of agglomerate, while cut­ will produce above plan 12,000 quin­ of working people of all sectors of and will fulfil this year's overall in­ working collectives, and is rapidly mendi» food-processing combine in ting down on the consumption of tals, of vegetables and will give ex­ work arc ever more participating in dustrial plan in all indices 5 days turning into a mass movement all over Tirana take part in the movement fuel, by 3,480 tons. port another 2,000 quintals, will pro­ the movement «Champions of the ahead of schedule; will increase work the country. with the following targets: to fulfil The workers of the «Dinamo» plant duce 2,000 and 5,000 quintals of fruit application of the teachings of Com­ productivity 1.5 per cent as against the annual production plan 5 days will realize the plan of this year 5 As soon as the vanguard collective and olives and 3,500 and 500 quintals rade Enver Hoxha». As the people the level planned for 1986; will raise ahead of schedule, to lower produc­ days ahead of schedule, turn out an of the third sector of the oil-extrac­ of milk and meat above plan. put it, «the sorrow still remains, but the level of mechanization from 92 tion costs by another 100,000 leks, to experimental 7-ton electrowaggon, a ting enterprise at Patos learned of the strength increases», the working to 93 per cent and increase the work replace several imported materials pneumatic self-loading shovel for the this initiative from the press and the The workers of the textile combine masses, under the leadership of the norms in 10 thousand work operations with locally produced ones, thereby mechanization of mines, complete the radio-television, discussions took place in Herat embraced the movement with Party and in steel unity around it, on an average of 5 per cent; will saving 240 thousand leks in hard cur­ construction of a new workshop for at every oil-well and it was unani­ the following targets to overfulfil the are turning their profound grief into lower production costs 18 per cent rency, to expand production capacities the capital repair of machinery and mously decided to support it. They overall industrial plan by 3 millions a great source of energy to make as against the level planned for 1987, and improve the supply of the market electrical equipment and set up a are taking part in this movement with leks, the plan for export by 500 thou­ Albania ever more prosperous, as will increase accumulation 3 billion with new articles, turning out 8 new new line for the production of rub­ this main objective: to fulfil the cur­ sand leks and to lower production Comrade Enver Hoxha wanted it leks above plan and profitability 3 articles by 16 October and making ber and plastic spare parts two months rent plan with the oil from the old oil- costs by 1.5 million leks. to be. per cent; will increase the net pro­ operational 3 lines for the processing wells, and overfulfil it with the oil The miners of «Todo Manço» mine ahead of schedule. duct 4 per cent and the social pro­ and gas from the new oil-wells. They of agricultural products. duct 5 per cent above plan. also pledged to overfulfil the pro­ The working people of the No. 4 «Second, continuing the work we ductivity plan by 2 per cent, to re­ Institute of Studies and Designs are have begun several years ago, we will duce expenditure per production unit turning into strength the great grief complete the concentration and spe­ and reduce cost by another 600 thou­ they experienced over the loss of our cialization of production within May, sand leks under the planned level. beloved Leader, Comrade Enver Hoxha. seven months ahead of schedule; will They set important tasks also for the They take part in the movement introduce 90 new technological pro­ development of scientific research «Champions of the application of the cesses into production, will improve work, so that it supports the new teachings of Comrade Enver Hoxha» 300 technological processes in the me­ tasks and objectives. with the following targets: to com­ • LEAFING THROUGH THE WORKS OF COMRADE ENVER HOXHA THE TEACHINGS OF COMRADE ENVER HOXHA WILL LIVE IN THE MINDS AND HEARTS OF THE PEOPLE FOR EVER

never taken, and this is not due to luck, but to the We divided the work among the comrades of the THE PARTY IN ACTION Marxist-Leninist ideology and all those who were Provisional Central Committee. In the first place, we determined to fight to the death to apply it, who had would all be engaged in the organization of the Party, decided to charge through shell-fire and bullets, through but a certain division of work was made on the basis We emerged from the Founding Meeting, at which gressive and imperialist neighbours, we learnt from the demagogy and political trickey of occupiers and of districts or sectors... we worked and fought day and night for our Communist the terror, the killings and the starvation of the time traitors, to push forward, hungry and barefooted through The most urgent tasks were: the organization of Party, formed as a party of the new type, which would of Zog, we learnt from the poverty-stricken peasant blizzards and snow to win freedom for the people, the Party, the formulation of the Resolution and the and did lead us, which educated and tempered us as who dragged himself through city streets to sell a bundle independence and sovereignty for their Homeland and First Appeal of the Central Committee of the Party, communists with its glorious Marxist-Leninist ideology, of faggots, we learnt from the poor urban labourer who to build the life which Marx, Engels, Lenin and Stalin and the organization of the Communist Youth. led us in battle, taught us how to fight properly, how broke stone all day on the roads and was paid only taught us. ...The House where the Party was founded became to think properly, how to organize properly, how to be­ 2-3 leks, about as much as the cost of a kilogram of While the Meeting was going on no external ac­ the main centre where I worked and made contact with have properly in everything. We would serve this party bread at that time. cident occurred. The enemy detected nothing of what the main comrades. We organized the many other mee­ all our lives. The Meeting armed the Party with a For us, the young communists of town and country­ was being done. There were families near the house tings in other bases. The small house where the Party clear, militant, Marxist-Leninist program, a program side, workers, craftsmen, peasants, field hands, porters where the Meeting was held that sensed something, was founded, had to look quiet, so it would not be which, in broad outline, responded to the more imme­ and students, all these things were wounds on our were aware that people had gathered there, stayed in­ noticed by the enemy and the spies, where surveillance diate tasks which were set before us. With this program backs, bullets in our hearts and lessons implanted in side during the day and came out into the yard only and searches were savage. The movements of comrades we launched ourselves into action. In the course of the our minds. This whole situation, you might say, com­ at night to get some fresh air or for some necessity, in and out of that house were controlled and by ap­ work and the struggle we would be strengthened, the prised the basis of our Marxist-Leninist ideology. The but they never said a word. They all kept the secret. pointment, not only for reasons of security, but also Party would be strengthened, the militant program of Party taught us this better. It told us that we must Indeed, we learned that one old man sat at the gate because we who worked there were up to our necks our Party itself would be better elaborated and com­ take up this weapon, fight with it and then we would of his house at night and guarded the road in the in work. Even by day we were obliged to work in pleted. certainly win life, win the new world. And in fact darkness. semi-darkness in the office, which was the room in This program, which right from the start to this that is what happened. If you build the house on ...In those difficult days of fascist terror, as I men­ which the Meeting was held, because outside, from day, has been continually complete and strengthened, sound foundations it will never collapse. tioned above, around the base where the Meeting took the colomns supporting the steps to the far end of has been and still is a program of struggle and work, That is what occurred with our Communist Party, the place, we had placed guards who observed and investi­ the house we had hung two blankets and had arranged for the good of the Homeland and the people. We, the history of which is not like a fairy tale which grand­ gated everything. In silence, watching for any suspi­ a small place where we could go out, rest, and get first communists, were sons and daughters of this people mother tells her young grandson on a winter night, cious movement, gripping the grenades and revolvers some fresh air, without being seen by the neighbours. and the troubles and desires of our people, the struggle sitting by the fire. No, it is a glorious, vivid, revolu­ in their pockets, those marvellous sons and daughters, Hence, for us underground workers in the house this which they had waged against their oppressors, were tionary creation, formed, embued, and constructed step mothers and fathers of the people, performed a glo­ small corridor was a sort of «boulevard» where we not unknown to us. Written and unwritten history had by step with an iron Marxist logic. Our Party was rious task. Obviously, they were among the bravest and could stretch our legs and get a little fresh air to taught us these things. Our families had fought and neither an adventurous undertaking which would be most trusted people, completely at one with us. Like clear our heads. were fighting in these events, and this class struggle, swept away by the first storm, nor a game of children us and hundreds and hundreds of others they partici­ Every night until late we worked on the biographies the struggle of different influences, armed clashes and building sand castles. The communists who founded pated in the great work, in the immortal deed of the of the comrades, noting their good points and their efforts with the pen and books had surrounded us when and built up their Party through bloodshed and colos­ Founding of the Party. They were among the finest, pa­ shortcomings. This was necessary for the setting up we were rocked in our cradles. sal sacrifices may have been young in age, but the triotic and revolutionary sons and daughters of the peo­ and organization of cells. The cells had to be mixed, We, the future communists, grew up in the midst people from whom they had emerged were an ancient, ple, the first communists who served the Party from the with comrades from different groups. Although we did of this fire, these struggles, these physical and spiritual intelligent, wise, brave, and courageous people. And the day it was born, vigilantly, valiently, until the end not have many women comrades we decided to set up sufferings of our people, and we, the sons and daughters ideology they embraced was of the class to which the of their lives. cells with women comrades only, especially in Tirana, of this people, were tempered and taught in this great future belonged, was the compass of that colossal force After the Founding Meeting, we, members of the and we did set up one... But, we soon had to allocate school of hardships and struggles. We learnt from which would raise the world in revolution and head it Provisional Central Committee, held a series of meetings several of the women comrades of this cell, who were the illegal struggle of the Renaissance fighters, from towards socialism and communism. Therefore, the foun­ one after the other to decide on important measures more resolute on the new line of the Party, to other their brave deeds, and their writings, we learnt from dations of our Communist Party were not built on sand, to put into practice the decisions we had taken. The cells in which elements from the «Youth» Group raised the sufferings of the people during the First World War, they were built on steel and concrete. One false step decisions had to be formulated in «The Resolution», objections to the line and created political and organiza­ we learnt from the resistance to and fight against ag­ could have endangered everything, but such a step was had to be analysed and put into practice. tional confusion. In other districts, indeed for a long 28 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 29

Through this Appeal and others which the Party when we were tired we would break off the discus­ time in some of them, we had cells made up only or to me when hours had passed without a break. «Shall issued later, through leaflets and communiques, it cal­ sion, lie down and sleep for two or three hours, then mainly of women. As we decided at the Founding we sing a song?» led on the entire people to rise against the occupiers, carry on the discussion again. Not infrequently, espe­ Meeting, immediately after it we had to study and He accompanied his songs with the mandoline, but and our people responded to the Appeal of the Com­ cially when the debates had to do with mistakes, views allocate the comrades who would be elected or co- the Labëria songs I sang not only could not be accom­ munist Party of Albania. However, it could not be ex­ held by this one or that, we used other forms. When opted to the regional committees. We of the Central panied by the mandoline but need a second voice and pected that on the Appeal of the Party the people would we saw that someone was not convinced by what Committee appointed the political and organizational a descant; the labçe song needed three people, whereas rise to their feet and take up the rifle immediately. the comrades said, we would adjourn the meeting while secretaries while the other members were to be ap­ we were only two, one from Shkodra, the other from For this the Party had to wage a persistent struggle, one or two comrades of the leadership took the "uncon­ pointed on the spot, when the delegates of the Central Gjirokastra. We were in tune in our communist ideas, using all forms, from propaganda by word of mouth, vinced- aside and spoke to him more intimately and Committee went there. but riot in music. leaflets, demonstrations, the elimination of enemy frankly. In this way the work continued to advance. The preparation of the delegates who were to go «Teach me to sing the second voice,» said Qemal. agents, armed at lacks, from the smallest with guerilla Along with this voluminous and intensive work, to the districts to organize the Party, to appoint the «Oh,» I replied, «the labçe has never had music units to the biggest with çela and other detachments we had to make ever more frequent contacts with Anas- committees, to explain the importance of the Founding teachers, apart from the people. Sit, listen and learn it». later. tas Lulo and Sadik Premte, because they continued to of the Party, to explain the principles, decisions and We laughed. All this work and struggle had to be organized. For maintain personal connections with the former com­ tasks of the Founding Meeting, was an immense and «We are more civilized,» teased Qemal. this strong organization and brave people were requi­ rades of the old group and strengthened these con­ very intensive job which took us many days and nights. We finished the draft of the whole Resolution, but red, people who felt and, at the same time, understood nections to the detriment of the organization of the We had to go over and over everything, to be clear it took us many more days to revise it, take out this that this struggle would be bloody, hence, required sa­ line of the Party. Several times we quarrelled with about and remember everything. We had to make very bit, add that bit, this shortcoming or mistake must be crifices, organizing ability and political maturity. In Qorr, until I threatened him, «Either you stop all anti- few written notes and never carry lists of comrades stressed here, that directive must be made clearer and struggle the people had to learn the various fighting party and group actions, or we shall take stern mea­ in our pockets. The instruction of the Party was: «The more complete and so on and so forth. tactics, which were dictated by the situation, the strength sures to punish you.» Anastas lied, denied, promised, communist must not fall alive into the hands of the The Resolution was to be a basic document, the of the occupier and the fighting methods the occupier and twisted. Many times I confronted him with former enemy,» if he were taken by surprise «no word to principal document in which the whole past of the employed. Hence, it had to be understood that the comrades of his group and was able to break his grip the enemy», «giving the police information is conside­ Albanian communist movement would be synthesized, war that we were going to wage was neither an ad­ on these comrades and win them over to the Party. red betrayal and will be punished by the Party.» the future line of the Party and the people, its militant venture, nor a romantic undertaking: the enemy had However, sometimes I tailed in my efforts, because All the delegates, some legal others illegal, were program, would be formulated accurately and clearly. to be fought without mercy, without compromise, we Qorr was a tough and wily anti-party element, clever sent to different centres, with everything I mentioned We had to make a synthesis of everything that had would never spare the enemy, just as the enemy would in pursuit of his evil aims. above, to organize regional conferences of the Party, been said in the many contributions made during 6-7 never spare us. Therefore, the slogan of the Party was: We had to keep up the active fight against the open from which the Party committees would emerge. As I days and nights of discussion and to eliminate every «We must not fall alive in the hands of the enemy.» and camouflaged Trotskyites all the time. In the Pro­ said, Qemal and I stayed in Tirana to assist in the or­ alien concept and define everything that had to be All these things were achieved through struggle visional Central Committee, when it met, in the Tirana ganization here and to organize the connections with defined. and sacrifice, through political and organizational work Regional Committee, and in the basic organizations to the districts, but also to formulate the Resolution and When we got stuck over one problem or another, and militant propaganda. But in the history of our which I went, I presented and explained the line, al­ to write the Appeal, as had been decided at the Meeting. called in those comrades of the Central Committee who Party the First Appeal occupies a special place. It ways stressing the danger of Trotskyite and factional The Resolution is well known and is the first basic do­ were in Tirana and consulted with them. We read them was a document of immense importance which made ideas and the old group spirit. First of all, I advised the cument of the Communist Party of Albania. The entire entire paragraphs, cleared up everything that had to a deep impression on the people. comrades that they should fight heart and soul for Party had to study it and organize itself and fight in be cleared up and continued with the job. But, as At the same time, during this period, under cover the unity of the Party against factions, against groupings all directions on the basis of it. is known, for Qemal and me the formulation of the of darkness I would go to the newly formed cells and and I explained how the groupings operated in practice. During this period Qemal and I got to know each Resolution was only one of the many great tasks of later, when the Tirana Regional Committee was for­ Then, I explained the great issue of communist disci­ other better. Qemal was a kind-hearted, cheerful fellow, those days. med, I, who was charged with leading this committee, As everyone knows, just 7-8 days after the ending pline and secrecy; I explained the problem of the cell profound in his thinking and frank in character, cul­ would get together with the members of it. Meetings of the Founding Meeting of the Party, the Communist and democratic centralism. I always insisted on these tured, and a brave and resolute communist. He loved were organized nearly every night and, we must not Youth was founded. Both Qemal and I were charged things, because otherwise, the enemies would disrupt music and song. He had a sense of humour and when forget, in deep secrecy. From the cells we received re­ with the task and mobilized to organize all the work the Party as an organization. And the Party waged a we were resting after tiring work, I would see Qemal ports about the situation in the capital, the movements for this important event, too. We both took part in great heroic and successful struggle in this direction... playing with small wooden or metal toys, or even of the enemy, the sympathizers, the actions that had this meeting from the beginning to the end. In the ...Meanwhile, Qemal, for his part, worked intensively glass marbles such as children play with, just to relax to be carried out, the leaflets which had to be written, heat of this work we also wrote the Resolution. It was for the organization of the youth. Likewise, all the a little. This communist had the youthful spirit, that and thousands of problems. The Communist Party of written in the course of the struggle and our active other comrades who were members of the Central Com­ is why, as long as he lived, he fought with great ardour Albania was throwing itself heroically into the struggle. participation in the events which were taking place, re­ mittee, worked for the formation of the Party in the for the Party and the youth. The youth and the people were being rallied around it. sulted in the introduction into the Resolution of some districts. The couriers brought us good, encouraging, There was so much work we had no time to think of We set about drafting the Resolution and the Ap­ events which belong to the period immediately after exalting news. peal because we had to finish them quickly. They had ourselves, as the saying goes. the Founding. Later, at a meeting of the Provisional The struggle against the occupiers and traitors was to be printed and sent to all corners of the country. Central Committee, about the end of November, after This whole period of intensive work has remained assuming a great, unprecedented impetus. The enemy was This, too, the technical aspect, was a colossal problem. discussion, the Resolution was approved and I under­ indelible in my memory. Now, you might say, we con­ shaken. This struggle was to grow and be extended step Only someone who lived through those difficult mo­ took to arrange the printing of it. tinued the Party meetings among the masses, in life. by step until the entire Albanian people took part in ments could imagine how difficult the problem was, After we finished the Resolution, Qemal went to Usually the meetings were held at night and went on it. And day by day they would take part in this strug­ because now it. seems as if the printing and distributing the districts on the work of the Party and the Youth. as long as necessary. In the discussions someone would gle more mobilized and conscious, because for the first of -illegal material could have been done quite easily. I carried on drafting the first important programmatic begin to speak, express his opinions, someone else would time in their history they had a leadership loyal to the The enemy watched, searched, caught, imprisoned, kil­ Leaflet of the Party to the people: «The First Appeal interrupt, ask questions, debates would take place, then people, to their ideals and aspirations for the future, led and hanged comrades. of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the first speaker would continue. The meetings ended they had their own Party, the Communist Party of There were days and nights when our heads nearly Albania to the Albanian people, after the formation of when all the issues which had been presented or had Albania. burst. the Party». The Appeal was soon ready, but it was emerged from the discussion had been settled. Thus, the (From the book When the Party Was Born — Me­ meetings could go on until the morning. Sometimes «We've worked enough, Enver,» Qemal would say printed and distributed in December 1941. moirs) 30 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 31 ON THE DEMOCRATIC FRONT THE SOURCE OF STATE POWER OF ALBANIA (Notes) December 23, 1968

— «The Democratic Front is a militant organization — «The Conference of Peza laid the foundations of According to our Marxist-Leninist theory, state power med this state power into the state of the new capitalist which, under the leadership of the Party, unites the the National Liberation Front and the people's power. does not stem from laws, whether they are debated and class. Elections for the Supreme Soviet, the Seim, or entire Albanian people, organizes and mobilizes the It affirmed the leading role of the Communist Party voted on at the People's Assembly, the Supreme Soviet, even those for the courts of justice, the appointment and working people in the struggle for the defence of free­ of Albania in the National Liberation War, which mar­ the Seim, or the bourgeois parliament. The true source dismissal of top officials, are allegedly done by the dom and independence won at the cost of bloodshed ked its first major politicial victory and legitimized the of people's state power is in the masses of the people, in people, or within some limits which are described as and sacrifices, works tirelessly for the construction of vulnetary unity of the broad masses of the people, the their actions, in their direct and continuous control from democratic «in theory», but in fact all this is formal, the new, socialist, life and for the education of the broad bases of which had been laid in the struggle against below, in their initiative. and is devised solely to preserve false democratic ap­ masses with boundless love for the Homeland, with the the occupiers. The CPA was the architect of this unity In the bourgeois order, the strength and source of pearances, whereas in reality and in essence they are ideal of socialism and communism!» and the direct and single leadership of the Front. The state power lies in the administration, the top officials, that anti-democratic, anti-popular and against the dictatorship of the proletariat. — «The Democratic Front is the bearer of the out­ Front had at its foundations the alliance of the working is, in the whole structure of the bureaucratic apparatus. This whole procedure is aimed to eleminate the role of standing freedom-loving traditions of our people, is the class with the peasantry.» We Marxist-Leninists say that the state belongs to the people when it stems from the people. Therefore, to the working class and the working masses, to eleminate continuer of the relentless efforts of the progressive — «The Democratic Front of Albania has done a prevent our people working in the apparatuses from their will and control from below, on the one hand, and Albanian patriots and democrats of all times for the major work for the strengthening of the unity of the becoming bureaucratized, because they are our people, to strengthen the repressive bourgeois dictatorship, on the union of the people in struggle for a free Albania, in people around the Party, for the patriotic education and the sons and daughters of workers and peasants, they other hand. defence of the unity of the nation against the attempts mobilization of the working people for the fulfilment of should be replaced from time to time, should circulate The modern revisionists preach about the road of of the imperialist and chauvinist powers to partition the the tasks of the state plan, especially in the countryside. and be placed under the direct and special control of the parliamentary struggle not because they proceed from country, for a better life and social justice, in defence In the future, too, this organization of the masses, with state of the people. It must be understood in practice the need of using this road at a given moment in the of the mother tongue and our ancient culture.» traditions and authority, should fight to ensure that the that office workers are not and cannot be unmovable changing political situations in order to fight and expose — «With this organization the Party has realized the political, ideological and moral unity of the people is and that they can be dismissed and divested of their the bourgeoisie, to sharpen the contradictions and the most powerful unity in the history of our people, un­ tempered continuously, that the active role of the masses functions when the masses of the people demand class struggle, to reach the stage of the armed struggle precedented as to its proportions, its force of organization in the construction and defence of socialism, in the go­ this. and enable the proletariat to seize power, but because and its high political consciousness.» verning of the country, in the strengthening of the social If the problem of state power, the source of state their political, ideological and organizational views coin­ — «Our Democratic Front is not an amorphous, lifeless control and in the development of the socialist democracy power, is seen from this angle, that is, with a Marxist- cide with those of the bourgeoisie, because their final organization. On the contrary, it is an organization of is constantly increased.» Leninist eye, it is easy to distinguish the real content aims, regardless of the forms and names which they stick of the state power from its form. In our socialist country, to these forms, are identical with those of the bour­ great political dynamism which considers any problem — «The 5th Congress of the Democratic Front of Al­ where the dictatorship of the proletariat is in power, the geoisie. with a revolutionary eye and finds the most suitable bania was a brilliant manifestation of the steel unity essence of the problem of state power is the main thing, Therefore, the question of the sovereignty of the forms to resolve it in a revolutionary manner.,» of the people around the Party, of the determination whereas in the capitalist and revisionist countries the people, the question of the worker control, control by the — «The Democratic Front is led by the Party of of the workers, peasants, intellectuals, all our working main thing is the form, and the real essence of the masses, the line of the masses, the correct and rigorous Labour of Albania, that is, by the vanguard of the people, to carry forward the cause of socialism in Al­ state power is the law established by the class in power waging of the struggle against bureaucracy, the correct working class and expresses such opinions and such as­ bania.» and not the power of the people. In bourgeois and re­ implementation of norms regarding the appointment and pirations and carries out such policies as are to the «The problems that were discussed, the opinions that visionist democracy, the law established and voted on in dismissal of office workers and the progressive reduction benefit of the Albanian people, while exposing and com­ were expressed, and the proposals that were made here the parliament, or in the Supreme Soviet, allegedly in of their wages to the level of wages of people working bating everything that might harm our socialist Home­ are of a very great importance, because they will help "democratic forums- elected by the people, is the main in production, the drafting and discussion of laws before land. The political struggle of the Democratic Front raise the work of the organization of the Party, the thing, but, in fact, this law defends the interests of the they are voted on by those elected, these are great prin­ coincides fully with the policy of the Party, with the po­ enthusiasm of the people, their all-round mobilization at bourgeois and revisionist dictatorship. In that case, nei­ ciples which our Party has defended and will continue licy of our socialist state.» work to a higher level. Our duty, comrade delegates, is ther the will, nor the control by the masses have any to defend persistently, these are the principles which our — «Where does the Democratic Front draw all this to take the revolutionary and militant spirit and the power over the law, which is imposed from above, by Party has developed and will continue to develop in the light of the Marxist-Leninist theory and its rich theo­ force and maturity? Precisely from the fact that the confidence expressed here to the broad masses of the the dictatorship of the bourgeois and revisionist class and its bureaucracy, which is made up of the anti-popular ar­ retical and practical experience which triumph in the content of this organization is truly democratic, that it people, to all the corners of Albania, to every city, med force, and top officials are completely in the service day-to-day struggle for the construction of socialism. is a broad organization of the masses which is led by village, quarter and family, so as to give fresh vigour a Marxist-Leninist Party and which represents perfect of the bourgeoisie and its dictatorship and are appointed As true Marxist-Leninists, we must expose the Soviet, to all the work in agriculture, industry, education, cul­ democracy, the genuine democracy of the pro- when they do its bidding and dismissed when they Titoite and other modern revisionists, who, in order to ture and defence, so as to fulfill and overfulfil the tasks letariat.» fail to. avoid self-exposure, strive to preserve the forms of the in all fields.» The degeneration of modern revisionists, from the revolutionary state power, which they have divested of its Titoites to the Soviet Khrushchevites, is seen also in revolutionary content and have substituted anti-revolutio­ their stand towards the question of the dictatorship and nary, bourgeois ideas for this content. the real state power of the people. For their deceitful ends, they have retained the forms of the practice of this state power, but have utterly divested it of its Marxist- (Taken from the book Leninist content; hence, in essence, they have transfor- For the People's State Power) 32 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 33

lations but the vacillations will occur among the wave- against imperialism and modern revisionism of all trends, THE REVOLUTION - THE ONLY rers, whereas amongst those who are resolute and apply they will certainly overcome all the difficulties they will the Marxist-Leninist theory correctly, who have a proper encounter on their road, however great they may be. view of the interests of the proletariat of their own Properly applied, Marxism-Leninism and its immortal WEAPON TO DEFEAT country, of the world proletariat and the revolution, principles will inevitably bring about the destruction of there will be no vacillations. However, when the waverers world capitalism and the triumph of the dictatorship of see that the comrades are standing firm on their revo­ the proletariat, by means of which the working class THE STRATEGY OF THE ENEMIES lutionary Marxist-Leninist opinions, they will be further will build socialism and march towards communism. strengthened in their fight. If the Marxist-Leninists apply the Marxist-Leninist Reproduced from the book OF THE PROLETARIAT theory correctly and with determination, on the basis of Imperialism and the Revolution the present international conditions and the national conditions of each country, if they ceaselessly strengthen ______AND THE PEOPLES proletarian internationalist unity in merciless struggle * K. Marx and F. Engels, The Manifesto of the Com­ munist Party, Tirana 1974, p. 13, Alb. ed.

All the enemies, the imperialists, social-imperialists these parties have taken up and raised high the banner and various revisionists, together or separately, are figh­ of Marxism-Leninism and the revolution, which the ting to mislead progressive people, to discredit Marxism- revisionists have rejected and trampled in the mud. On THE REVOLUTION AND THE Leninism, and especially to distort the Leninist theory them devolves the burden of opposing the glorious of the revolution, to suppress the revolution and any kind Leninist strategy of the revolution, the great theory of of popular resistance and national liberation struggle. Marxism-Leninism, to the global strategy of world impe­ PEOPLES The arsenal of the enemies of Marxism-Leninism rialism and revisionism. On them devolves the burden of is large, but the forces of the revolution are also colos­ making the masses fully conscious of the objectives and Marx showed with scientific argument the necessity for social and national liberation, to carry out the revolu­ sal. These are the forces which are stirring, clashing the right road of the struggle and the sacrifices it de­ for the destruction of capitalist society and the construc­ tion; the bourgeoisie, to preserve its domination and sup­ and fighting with the enemies of the revolution and which mands, of uniting, organizing, guiding and leading them tion of a more advanced society, socialism, and then press the revolution. The bourgeoisie gathers around itself have ruined the peace of mind of the capitalist world and to victory. communism. Developing Marx's thought, in his book the most ominous, regressive and criminal forces, while world reaction and are making life impossible for them. We Marxist-Leninists, who are in the forefront of the Imperialism, the Highest Stage of Capitalism, Lenin the proletariat strives to win all the revolutionary, prog­ «A spectre is haunting Europe — the spectre of titanic struggle which is being waged today between the showed that the present epoch is the epoch of impe­ ressive forces over to its side. communism. All the Powers of old Europe... have proletariat and the oppressed peoples who aspire to free­ rialism and proletarian revolutions. This is the epoch Marxism-Leninism teaches us that the struggle between entered into a holy alliance to exorcise this spectre.»* dom, on the one hand, and the savage rapacious impe­ of the destruction of the old capitalist order, colonialism the proletariat and the bourgeoisie builds up continuously This observation of Marx and Engels is still valid to­ rialists, on the other, must thoroughly understand the and imperialism, of the seizure of state power by the and will certainly be crowned with the victory of the pro­ day. Imperialism, social-imperialism and modern revi­ aims, tactics, methods and forms which the common proletariat and the liberation of the oppressed peoples, letariat and its allies. But for this struggle to be crowned sionism think that the danger to them from communism enemies and the individual enemies of each country the period of the triumph of socialism on a world with success, the proletariat must be organized, must has been eliminated, because, thinking that the heavy employ in the fight. We cannot see this thing properly scale. have its own vanguard party, must make the broad masses blow which the revolution has suffered from the revi­ if we do not base ourselves firmly on the Marxist- This means that today we are living in the epoch of the people conscious of the necessity for revolution, and sionist betrayal is irreparable, they are underestimating Leninist theory of the revolution, if we do not see that of the replacement of the old exploiting society, which lead them in the fight to seize state power, to establish the strength of Marxism-Leninism, and overestimating in the present situation there are a series of weak links is intolerable for the majority of mankind, for the op­ its own dictatorship, to build socialism and communism, the material, suppressive military and economic potential in the capitalist world chain, as there will be in the pressed and exploited, with a new society in which the the classless society. they have at their disposal. This is only an illusion of future, at which the revolutionaries and the peoples must exploitation of man by man is done away with once and There are many hot-heads in the world, with good or theirs. carry out ceaseless activity, an unrelenting and coura­ for all. It was precisely from these fundamental teachings evil intentions, who think that the revolution can be car­ The world proletariat is gathering its forces. From geous organized struggle to break the links one after and its Marxist-Leninist analysis of the process of world ried out at any time, at any moment, at any place. their own experience, the proletariat and the freedom- another. This, of course, requires work, struggle, sacri­ development today that our Party proceeded when, at its But such people are mistaken. The revolution cannot be loving peoples are gaining a clearer understanding, day fices and self-denial. Led by the interests of the revolu­ 7th Congress, it put forward the thesis that the world is carried out at any time and at any place, according to by day, of the treachery of the Titoite, Khrushchevite, tion, the courageous peoples and individuals can and will at a stage in which the question of the revolution and one's wishes. The revolution breaks out and is carried Chinese, «Eurocommunist» and other modern revisionists. face up to the large forces of imperialism, social-impe­ liberation of the peoples is a problem demanding solu­ through at that link of the capitalist chain which is the Time is working for the revolution, for socialism, and rialism and reaction, which are linking up with one tion. weakest. For the revolution to break out and triumph, the not for the bourgeoisie and imperialism, not for modern another, setting up new alliances and seeking a way out The struggle of the proletariat against the bourgeoisie appropriate objective and subjective conditions must exist, revisionism and world reaction. The fire of the revolution of the difficult situations created for them. It is the re­ is a stern, merciless struggle which goes on continuously. and the favourable moment must be found for launching is burning everywhere in the hearts of the oppressed volutionaries, the Marxist-Leninists, the struggle of the Confronting each other stand two great social forces. into revolution The main thing is that, when they start peoples who want to gain their genuine freedom, de­ peoples on all continents, in all countries, that create On the one side stands the capitalist-imperialist bour­ the revolution, the broad masses of the people, with the mocracy and sovereignty, to take power into their own these difficult situations for the regressive forces. geoisie, which is the most ferocious, deceitful and blood­ proletariat at the head, must be determined and prepa­ hands and to set out on the road of socialism, destroying The communists everywhere in the world have no thirsty class known to history. On the other side, stands red to carry it through to the end. imperialism and its flunkies. reason to fear the baseless myths which have predo­ the proletariat, the class totally dispossessed of the means Lenin stresses that the revolution is carried out by That phenomenon of the time of Lenin, when the minated in revolutionary thought for some time. The of production, ruthlessly oppressed and exploited by the the people of each country, that it is not exported. This breakaway from the Second International was followed communists must fight to win over those who make mis­ bourgeoisie, which is at the same time the most advanced does not mean that the Marxist-Leninists, wherever they by the creation of new Marxist-Leninist parties, is ta­ takes, in order to help them mend their ways, making class of society which thinks, creates, works and produces, are militating, should not feel themselves in solidarity, king place today. The revisionist betrayal has brought great efforts to this end without, of course, falling into but does not enjoy the fruits of its toil. should not be linked with one another by the purest about the setting up and strengthening of genuine com­ opportunism themselves. In the process of the principled Each of these classes strives to rally forces around feelings of proletarian internationalism, and should not munist parties, as it is bound to do, everywhere, and struggle, in the beginning there will be some vacil­ itself and prepare them for its own aims: the proletariat, assist the struggle of the proletariat and peoples of other ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 35 34 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY great loyalty and consistency, follows and implements This constitutional norm, which expresses a great histo­ countries for their liberation. On the contrary, all com­ Lenin and Stalin on the revolution in the concrete con­ the Marxist-Leninist theory in the conditions of our ric victory attained in our country, on one hand, af­ munists, all proletarians, all the revolutionary forces in ditions. country. firms the important thesis of principle that so­ the various countries are duty bound to assist the revo­ However, a great deal of confusion has been created The originality of our Constitution lies in the things cialism can be built only on the basis of this scientific lution in each particular country and all over the world, around these teachings, and especially, around the Lenin­ in which it differs from the constitutions of other ideology, and, on the other hand, bars the way to the through propaganda, agitation, material aid, the example ist theory on the revolution, many mines have been laid countries. This originality does not split the unity of spread in our country of alien ideologies and all the of their determination and selflessness, and by faithful by the Titoite, Soviet, «Eurocommunist», Chinese, and the people but strengthens it; does not weaken their theories of the modern revisionists about «ideological plu­ adherence to Marxism-Leninism. Of course, success in other modern revisionists, who have taken it upon vitality but invigorates it; does not incite moral and ralism», «the free circulation» of reactionary ideas and the utilization of this assistance depends, first of all, themselves to mislead people on the issue of the revo­ political degeneration, but, on the contrary, exalts, cultures, which are weapons of the political counter­ on the preparation of the proletariat and its party, on lution and to prevent its outbreak. strengthens and tempers the soul and pure virtues revolution and ideological aggression, which prepare the the development of the revolutionary struggle in this or Today, when this question is put forward for solu­ of our man, love for one's comrade, loyalty to the so­ ground for armed military aggression. that country. tion, it is an imperative duty for the Marxist-Leninists cialist Homeland, the sense of justice. It exalts work as In the present conditions of world development, In the Manifesto of the Communist Party Marx and to dispel the fog the revisionists have spread about the a means of education and the creation of material bles­ when imperialism and social-imperialism are doing their Engels show that the interests of the proletariat and the revolution, to unmask their manoeuvres and deliberate sings for the man who struggles, inspired by the desire people of one country are inseparable from the inte­ misrepresentations about this problem, to expose their utmost to dominate the people, when the ideologists in to raise his individual and family well-being and that rests of the proletariat and peoples of the entire world. counter-revolutionary, chauvinist, hegemonic intentions, their service are spreading the most monstruous «theo­ of society as a whole, considering these questions as As Lenin teaches us and life has confirmed, the re­ and to ensure that the teachings of Marxism-Leninism ries» about the subjugation of nations, the defence of volution triumphs in each country individually. There­ on the revolution are understood and aplied correctly. closely and firmly linked in unity and concentrated state sovereignty, the independent position of the state fore, this triumph depends, first of all, on the working voluntarily in most democratic forms. The originality in all fields, assumes first-rate importance. The majority class and its revolutionary party of each country, on Reproduced from the book of our Constitution lies in the important fact that the of the peoples of the world today are making great ef­ their ability to implement the teachings of Marx, Engels, Imperialism and Revolution Party of Labour of Albania is the leadership in our forts and forcefully opposing colonial laws and neo-co- country, and without this there could be no free Alba­ lonialist domination, the rules, practices, customs, the nia and no socialist society. unequal agreements, old and new, established by the Historical experience has proved that the ideas bourgeoisie to preserve its exploitation of the peoples, of genius of the great teachers of Marxism-Leninism its odious distinctions and discriminations in interna­ on the undivided leading role of the Party of the tional relations. The two superpowers are striving in THE CONSTITUTION working class, on the state of the dictatorship of the every way to preserve and perpetuate these laws because proletariat, and the class struggle are basic principles they are trying to plunder the wealth of other coun­ OF OUR SOCIALIST COUNTRY for the construction of socialist society. They must be tries, to ensure privileges for themselves and to enslave kept firmly in mind until all internal and external, ob­ other peoples. The progressive peoples and the democra­ jective and subjective causes for the emergence of re­ tic states that are not reconciled to this situation and IS AN EXPRESSION visionism and the restoration of capitalism have been struggle to establish national sovereignty over their re­ completely eliminated, hence until communism has fi­ sources, that struggle to strengthen their political and nally triumphed on a world scale. Proceeding from economic independence, and for equality and justice in OF THE WILL OF OUR PEOPLE these teachings of principle, the draft-Constitution international relations, enjoy solidarity and full sup­ sanctions that the People's Socialist Republic of Alba­ port of the Albanian people and state. nia is a state of the dictatorship of the proletariat, (FROM THE SPEECH AT THE MEETING OF THE PEOPLE'S The People's Socialist Republic of Albania which, as which expresses and defends the interests of all the the draft-Constitution proclaims, resolutely upholds the ASSEMBLY OF THE PSR OF ALBANIA ) working people, which ceaselessly carries on the re­ principle of self-determination of nations and the volution, upholding the class struggle, and that the December 27, 1976 exercise of complete national sovereignty, rejects any Party of Labour of Albania, the vanguard of the form of limitation of sovereignty in any field whatever. working class, is the only leading political force of In sanctioning this stand, which stems directly from pression of the will of the Albanian people themselves, the state and society. At this session of the People's Assembly I shall the line of our Party, the draft-Constitution proclaims: and nobody else. It is the fundamental law, the basis dwell on some of the essential problems of principle With the raising of these fundamental Marxist-Lenin­ «Nobody, apart from the organs expressively defined in on which the entire life of the people is carried on. of the draft-Constitution. ist principles to constitutional norms at a time when this Constitution, can exercise the sovereignty of the On one hand, this Constitution corresponds to the The draft-Constitution of the People's Socialist Re­ the modern revisionists have flagrantly distorted them, people and any of its attributes in the People's Socia­ concrete reality of our country, a reality attained public of Albania -is a synthesis which reflects our we are not only performing a great service to our list Republic of Albania and in its name.» With this pro­ through blood, toil and sweat, and, on the other, it socialist reality and its trend of development, the line Homeland and the Albanian working class and people, vision of the laws we not only give a firm reply to opens to socialist Albania brilliant and sure perspec­ of the Party and tits revolutionary teachings and expe­ but are also demonstrating in our practice the ever the false bourgeois «theories» that consider sovereignty tives from every viewpoint. rience, and is pervaded from end to end by the Marxist- fresh creative power of Marxism-Leninism, and de­ as an «anachronistic concept», a «source of evil in the Clarity is its characteristic feature, and this is Leninist ideology and the basic principles of scientific fending the unshakeable principles of the dictatorship world today», etc., but we also categorically refute the apparent in every article that deals with problems of socialism. And this is why the content of the draft has of the proletariat, the immortal ideas of scientific so­ «theory» of the Soviet revisionists about "limited so­ the structure and superstructure, organization, or the not only been approved by the masses of our working cialism. vereignty», in favour of the «supreme interest» of the rights and duties of Albanian citizens. Our people, of people, who have found in it the faithful expression of The draft-Constitution also sanctions another very so-called socialist community. whatever social origin and cultural level, interpret and the correct line of our Party during the ceaseless deve­ important idea that in the People's Socialist Republic lopment of the socialist revolution and the construc­ implement the articles of the Constitution as indivi­ Every state that respects itself and others has its of Albania, Marxism-Leninism, the ideology of the tion and defence of socialism, but has also aroused a duals and collectively in the great interests of the norms which guide it in its friendly relations. These working class and of its Party, is the ruling ideology. positive response in the world at large. socialist society that is being built under the leader­ norms differ according to the world outlook of each The Constitution of our socialist country is an ex­ ship of the Party of Labour of Albania which, with 36 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 37

state. None can impose its norms on another. A thing the defence of the country and the victories achieved that is agreeable or suitable to one regime may not be have found a warm response in the hearts of the he­ agreeable or suitable to another. No state leaves its roic and patriotic Albanian people. «Even if we are a OUR PARTY AND PEOPLE opinions and viewpoints in obscurity, without expres­ hundred years old, when the Party sounds the alarm, sing them, even in critical and polemical form, to­ we shall turn out without feeling our years, standing WILL RAISE wards another state. It is logical that there should be as straight as the rifles in our hands with which we truly sovereign slates, like ours, that have not agreed shall defend our Homeland,» wrote some veterans, fired and do not agree to obey the «conductor's baton» and with enthusiasm and patriotism, after acquainting them­ OUR TRIUMPHANT FLAG no other. selves with the Constitution of the People's Socialist Re­ If there are some who want to accept the «conduc­ public of Albania. HIGHER AND HIGHER tor's baton» or «the big stick», that is their affair, but To defend the independence of the country in the our Constitution and our ideology allow and oblige us economic field, to keep the socialist economic order and FROM THE MESSAGE OF GREETING ON THE OCCASION to oppose such pressures that violate the interests of the socialist ownership of the means of production in- our socialist state and its peoples. violated, the draft-Constitution affirms that in the OF THE 40th ANNIVERSARY Our Constitution sanctions in a clear-cut manner People's Socialist Republic of Albania the granting of OF THE LIBERATION OF ALBANIA that no one can give himself the right to exercise so­ concessions, the setting up of foreign economic and fi­ vereignty and seek «aid» in order to justify any inter­ nancial companies and institutions, or participation in All the blessings which we have created and are tions, made the plains flourish, beautified hills and vention in Albania on the part of its imperialist, revi­ joint ventures with the bourgeois or revisionist capitalist enjoying during the years of socialism stem from the mountains with terraces, planted forests up to the Alps, sionist, reactionary, or other enemies. In this way we eli­ monopolies and states, as well as taking credits from National Liberation War of the people led by the Com­ and developed the livestock-farming and agriculture minate the possibility of attempts to disguise and justify them, are prohibited. munist Party, which has always been enlightened by of which Naim sang with such passion, filled the country with schools, cultural and scientific institutions, wiped the aggression that US-led imperialism and Soviet so­ US imperialism and Soviet social-imperialism and Marxism-Leninism — its unerring guide. Guided by their lackeys express «concern» about how socialist this ideology from the time of its creation, the Party out the illiteracy, the darkness and backwardness of cial-imperialism, which conduct an aggressive policy, Albania will live and develop relying on its own for­ was able to imbue and temper the new man of socialist the past, and brought the light of learning, develop­ want to practice. Practice of this kind, which the peo­ ces without taking credits from the capitalists. Albania with the patriotism of centuries, to unite and ment and scientific progress everywhere. Socialist Alba­ ples and history must never forget, are the occupation of We shall advance on the basis of our own strength. mobilize the whole people in the sacred war for nia today is the only country in the world which is buil­ Czechoslovakia by the revisionist Soviet Union in l968, freedom, to lead them on such a course that, besides ding socialism entirely with its own forces, without ac­ Time and the undeniable reality of our country, the and the aggressive wars and the rapacious interventions winning their freedom, the people took power in their cepting credits from anyone and without being indebted great achievements in the economy, education and cul­ which US imperialism has perpetrated in Asia, Africa, own hands, established the people's state power and set to anyone, a country without taxes, without inflation ture have confirmed this determination. Latin America, the Middle East, etc. to work to make our beloved Albania a flourishing gar­ and unemployment, a country where schooling and the We have different concepts about aid in the form Of great importance for the preservation and streng­ den, the free country of free people. medical service are free of charge. Every corner of Alba­ of credits that a state receives from abroad. On one nia has been transformed to its foundations, the life thening of our independence, the defence of the Home­ We fought and triumphed, the whole of Albania hand, there is the aid granted by a fraternal socialist of our long-suffering people has changed radically and land and the victories of the revolution is the principle was raised to its feet during the National Liberation state and, on the other, the credits provided by the im­ has become secure, enlightened and prosperous. Above expressed in the draft-Constitution that the territory War. All our villages became nurseries of partisans. perialists, social-imperialists and capitalists. The former The whole people was able to unite firmly around the all, during this whole process, the Party united all the of the People's Socialist Republic of Albania is ina­ is fraternal disinterested aid, free of political pressure, Party, drove the barbarous foreign invaders from our people more firmly and made them conscious of their lienable and its borders are inviolable. Nobody has the great and decisive role in history. not linked with passing circumstances, whereas the aim soil once and for all, overthrew the power of the feu­ rights to sign or to accept the capitulation or occupa­ of credits provided by imperialism, social-imperialism dal lords, beys and capitalists, and punished the traitors This beautiful Albania which you, my Party, have tion of the country in the name of the People's Socialist as they deserved. Many of the finest sons of this built amidst so many storms, struggles and intrigues, and world capitalism, in whatever form they are given, Republic of Albania. Any such act is condemned as people fell with honour on the field of battle, but they this happy life which we enjoy today, this new man is to violate the freedom, independence and sovereignty treason to the Homeland. Thus, from the constitutional became torch-bearers and today all over Albania their whom you formed, are your glorious works which you viewpoint as well, any act that would legalize the ca­ of the peoples of different countries, by putting them remains rest in monumental cemeteries to which the achieved through the strength of your people, through pitulation of the country to the enemy is invalid. under continuous political pressure. people go continually to pay the greatest homage, be­ your determination and maturity, and through your The provisions of the draft-Constitution affirms the Our country has never accepted and never will ac­ cause the blood they shed cemented the foundations of mind enlightened by Marxism-Leninism, without holding the new Albania. categorical stand of our Party and our people that the cept such enslaving credits which are nothing else but out your hand to foreigners. Not only has the aid of foreigners been very restricted, but as experience has establishment of foreign bases and the stationing of forms of neo-colonialism. All the foreigners who visit our country bow with respect before the graves of our heroes and say with proved, although provided under the disguise of pro­ foreign troops within the territory of the People's Socia­ Our new Constitution leaves no way open to equivo­ conviction and admiration that these people have letarian internationalism, in essence it had an ensla­ list Republic of Albania is prohibited. This principle is cation or interpretation to the detriment of the freedom, fought, have shed their blood and that war has been ving imperialist character. Believing that it did not have independence, sovereignty, and defence of the Homeland. of vital importance to Albania, for it clearly and une­ waged on every inch of this soil. an enslaving character, the Albanian people and the At the same time, it does not infringe upon the rights quivocally expresses the determination of the Albanian After Liberation you, my people, continued the Party of Labour of Albania accepted this aid in order people and their sovereign right to defend their coun­ of any other state. The Constitution does not allow any struggle heroically. The Party led you in even greater, to set the country on its feet again. But when we saw try. At the same time, this constitutional norm also ex­ state or individual to meddle in the internal affairs of even more difficult battles, the battles for socialism that with the aid that they provided the Titoites, the presses the principled, internationalist, friendly foreign our country and, vice-verca, does not allow our state which you had to win through toil and sweat, through Soviet revisionists and those of the countries of Eastern Europe, and Mao Zedong's China had ulterior, hostile, policy followed by socialist Albania, with the aim that its of the dictatorship of the proletariat to interfere in the knowledge and determination. Day by day, you are enslaving aims, or intended to turn Albania into an territory will never, and under any circumstances, be internal affairs of any other country. working, triumphing and advancing without laying down the rifle and without bending the knee to old enemies appendage dependent on them, so that it would lose its used as a base for aggression against other countries A socialist state like ours with its most democratic or to new ones in all kinds of disguises. freedom and independence, we tore the mask from them and peoples. Constitution cannot fail to be on good friendly terms The Party, the people and socialism, filled Albania and told them bluntly and clearly that socialist Alba­ The juridical norms of the Constitution dealing with with the peoples of the world. with great factories, combines and hydro-power sta­ nia, the Party of Labour of Albania and the Albanian 38 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 39

people were not for sale for a handful of rags, or for sion through blockades...» However, they are gravely can never agree to allow the working class, the most always kept the class struggle ablaze, and it is pre­ a few rubles, dinars or yuan, just as they had not sold mistaken, as they have always been mistaken, because advanced class in the world to which the future be­ cisely this great and revolutionizing motive force which themselves to the Anglo-American imperialists for their they have not known and have not wanted to know the longs, to take power. On the contrary, every day the has made our small Homeland unshakeable «either by handout of rags or for their pounds sterling and dollars. history of the Albanian people, the manly character of enemies of the peoples and the proletariat are pre­ the cannon, or the bomb», as the folk song says, that For 40 years on end, my valiant Albania, you have the Albanian, have not wanted to recognize what lofty paring sugar-coated poison pills and forging new chains is, either by revisionism, capitalism, or reaction. kept the honoured flag of Marxism-Leninism flying, meaning the freedom, independence and sovereignty of of enslavement, therefore, only by fighting against the We have many friends and admirers in the world. just as through the centuries you have kept the flag the Homeland has always had for the Albanian. As the old system of the power of capital can the peoples Our friends are all the peoples of the world who have of freedom flying, the red flag with the two-headed capitalists, imperialists and reactionaries they are they and the proletariat triumph step by step and take a great love and respect for Albania, speak with admi­ eagle, to which you added a five-pointed star, the star have thought and still think that nothing can withstand power into their own hands. The Party of Labour ration about our country and our socialist reality, and of freedom, the star of socialism and communism. their economic and military strength and their ideology. followed this course and thus the Albanian people want to know where we find this strength, because Not for one moment during the 40 years of life in But, you see, the peoples, whether big or small, have were liberated, and so socialist Albania has been built they still do not understand how this reality has been socialism have you, my people, with the Party of Labour the strength to resist enemies. The peoples who fight and is advancing. achieved. Therefore, it is our duty to make the victo­ at the head, allowed the new perfidious and powerful always triumph; the enemies are quite unable to destroy In all your actions, heroic Party, you have had a ries of the Party of Labour, the Albanian people and enemies to conquer you. Once again you drew the sword, the Marxist-Leninist parties which stand unwaveringly lofty aim, and have always proceeded cautiously but socialist Albania known in all their aspects to the which was now keener-edged, tempered in the fires of on their principles. Marxism-Leninism, which guides Without fear. Your stand has never been one of craw­ peoples, to explain them not only with the present, but repeated battles, and forged on the anvil of history. With the proletariat, the genuine communist parties and the ling, you have never been opportunist, but neither have with all the glorious past history of the Albanian peo­ this sword you, my Party, mercilessly struck down the peoples who are demanding liberation and their rights, you been sectarian, you have always marched for­ ple. These victories are like a steel chain, the links of imperialists and reactionaries, struck down the mo­ is invincible. ward on the Marxist-Leninist course. Your sole aim which are the revolutionary events inseparable from dern revisionists of all hues, and compelled those secret The struggle against Soviet revisionism and all mo­ throughout has been the good of the peoples. You have each other, which represent, at different stages, the revisionists, who, for their own hegemonic aims, seemed dern revisionism is one of your most brilliant epics, my sincerely loved the genuine Marxist-Leninists, have de­ permanent ideals of the freedom, independence, demo­ to be, and from time to time posed as if they were, Party. This heroic struggle is an honour and pride for fended them to the end, and will always defend them cracy, and unity of our nation, of our well-being, cul­ Marxist-Leninists and our friends, to throw off their you, the working class of Albania, for you, the Alba­ in this way. You have always stated your opinions ture and ceaseless progress. We must explain to our disguise. With these stands and your lofty example, you, nian people, for you, our socialist Albania! All the states openly, gently when necessary, but you have raised brothers and admiring friends that this chain of the my Party, performed your internationalist duty and, at of the world, of whatever regime, all the peoples, all your tone when this has been required. With those life of the Albanian people has achieved unprecedented the same time, told others that the struggle against the the political currents, friendly and hostile, cannot but who have made mistakes, you have tried patiently to toughness at the present day, thanks to Marxism-Le­ revisionist currents must not cease, that there could be admit that you are completely free, independent, and correct them, have advised them wisely, and at the ninism which we are trying to understand profoundly no agreement or compromise with them, because they stand as firm as granite. same time, you have listened attentively to any va­ in all its aspects and to faithfully apply its principles were renegades and traitors. The word of our Party, Our socialist Albania, you withstood the furious luable advice and have learned from it. You have sup­ in the conditions of our country and the international its clear thinking, its courage and determination, shone waves of enemies and did not yield. Your just, cou­ ported their correct actions, but when they have been situation. wrong you have criticised them. This is the course forth and became beacon-lights for the peoples and rageous, revolutionary, Marxist-Leninist stands have We have not permitted the principles of our foreign you have always followed, but when the cup has been revolutionaries in the world. made numerous friends and admirers from all countries policy to be subordinated to the momentary changes filled, and you have been convinced that there is no You, my socialist Homeland, led by the Party of rally round you; even though you were small, the in the world situation. We always take the international way other than that of struggle, you have not been Labour, waged this heroic struggle with astonishing vi­ world proletariat looked and looks to you with hope political and economic situation into account, but in afraid but have declared war on enemies and have gour, and your powerful voice was listened to because and trust, because in your course and determination it our relations with other states, in our stands, we have never ceased this struggle. you rose resolutely against Titoism which was unmasked sees its great ideal, Marxism-Leninism, the struggle always been guided by the Marxist-Leninist principles in the eyes of the whole world as an ideological and po­ for the revolution, the struggle for the overthrow of the We have never retreated or made any concessions because they are the key to the correct understanding litical agency of American imperialism and world reac­ reactionary forces which oppress and exploit it, ac­ to enemies. History has taught us this, we have learned and assessment of world events, circumstances that tion. Over a long period you have always struggled and complished and invincible. You have told and tell the it not only from our own sufferings and hardships but arise, the intrigues and aims of imperialism towards raised your voice against American imperialism and all proletariat and the peoples the truth, and the truth also from those of all the peoples of the world, from the aspirations of the revolutionary forces, the peoples the reactionary bourgeoisie of the world which seeks to has extraordinary importance. The truth gives you vi­ their countless struggles during the centuries. and the proletariat of each country and the whole keep the peoples and the proletariat of the whole world gour, does not allow you to fall into the abyss and break Marxism-Leninism has opened our eyes with the world. under its heel, and in the same way you have raised your neck, illuminates the way, opens new paths, conclusions drawn from the analyses which it has Because of all these things, when the red-letter days, your voice against the Soviet social-imperialists who are causes mighty forces to emerge from the bosom of made of the development of society through the class the 28th and 29th of November, draw near, socialist struggling for world hegemony, to oppress the peoples the people to overcome all the enemies, all the dif­ struggle. It teaches us that the class struggle is the Albania celebrates in the full meaning of the term. by threatening them with the force of arms, and atomic ficulties, and all the intrigues. motor of society, which keeps you alive, gives you Everywhere there is rejoicing over the work, the achie­ bombs. Later your powerful voice was raised to the With their stands and opinions, socialist Albania strength, gives you victory. If you extinguish this strug­ vements and the fine new life. The whole people sing skies of this troubled world against the practice and and the Party of Labour of Albania have given and gle the bourgeoisie and capitalism will strangle and en­ about and rejoice over the great victories that have been theory of Mao Zedong and the entire Chinese leadership give heart and confidence to all and tell the proletariat slave you, and our people have never liked slavery. On achieved in all fields, the new socialist life, the secu­ which betrayed Marxism-Leninism and set out on and the peoples: stand as we stand, fight as we fight, the contrary, our people have always fought against rity and great and clear prospects for the future. the revisionist course to make China an imperialist because you will triumph as we have triumphed and the grip of slavery. Therefore, our Party has never I feel boundless satisfaction when I see on the TV, world superpower. are triumphing. Our victory is certain, our victory is a ceased the class struggle, either internally or in the hear on the radio, or read in the papers about the great Infuriated by the just stands, the determination and common victory, therefore, we must close our ranks international arena, and never will cease it, even for construction work that is going on all over the Ho­ the courage of a small people and a valiant Party, the in the heat of the war against enemies. Open fire a moment. For 40 years on end our people and Party meland, about the triumphs and successes which have imperialist and revisionist enemies left nothing unsaid on the revisionists, betrayers of the working class have resolutely opposed and combated everything old been achieved, one after the other, in all fields. It against us. They speak and write angrily and with evil and the peoples, open fire on the imperialist plans and conservative, opportunist and liberal, all those warms my heart when I see our tireless and skilful who have tried openly or secretly to divert us from aims, «What is this people, what is this Party which is of big world capital, because only in. this way can workers and specialists building dams, constructing our correct course, we have fought any force or ideo­ making such a clamour, what are these stubborn crea­ the freedom, independence and sovereignty of the machinery, and setting modern plants and combines in logy which has aimed to infect the consciousness of our tures who are not afraid to oppose powerful states?! Homeland be won, and the revolution develop and action with competence and skill; when I see the people, to hinder our march towards better days, to­ They must be crushed, they must be liquidated, they triumph. All the talk about taking power by means cooperativists in the plains, the hills and the mountains, wards the present and the more secure future. We have must be brought to their knees, starved into submis­ of reforms is poppycock. The bourgeoisie and capitalism carefully cultivating the crops and getting yields of 40 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY world level; when I see the great army of of our permanent concern to ensure that our Party our new socialist intelligentsia, the pupils and stu­ is always at the head, as our tested guide. dents, bending over books, or in laboratories, working THE PARTY - on sketches and designs; when alongside men, eve­ We have lived through the past 40 years as revo­ rywhere, I see the Albanian girls and women whom lutionaries know how to live, build and defend. In the Party drew into life, working and singing, producing these years of the epoch of the Party our dear Alba­ and managing, and raising healthy happy children, nia has been transformed to its very foundations, has THE LEADING FORCE known that growth, that renewal, that all-round de­ the future of the Homeland. The whole of Albania is velopment which it had not experienced for whole in movement, in development, in consistent progress. centuries. Everything about it is new and healthy, its Today every inch of it is the scene of construction appearance and content, its life which is flourishing OF THE PEOPLE'S and creation, and a school, and a barricade insur­ and gaining new dimensions, the new man endowed mountable to the enemies, and a stage where our peo­ with the lofty virtues of the communist ideology, hap­ ple, the creators of everything, sing to the Party, their py and proud about what has been achieved, convin­ life, to freedom and socialism. STATE POWER ced and conscious about the continuity of our course, The people themselves, with the Party at the head, of our efforts, our honour and prestige. have created such a situation, that is why when they During the coming decades the people and Party, by PETRO LALAJ, PETRO SHAPO are working and rejoicing, especially when they come firmly united, as always, will do even more for this to celebrations, our people express with astonishing dear land, for this country of eagles. Hence, let us force the fine pure feelings which inspire them to guard what we have achieved as the apple of our eye, All the events - great or small, in the life even greater deeds. let us go on consistently to develop it further, to leave and activity of the people's state power, all the degrees For us, the soldiers of the Party, there can be no the coming generations an Albania ever stronger, al­ greater satisfaction than this, when we see you, our ways red, like the undying flame of the hearts and and stages of its development and strengthening are linked people, masters of your own fate, happy, contented, and ideals of communists and partisans, an Albania which with the indivisible leadership of the Party free in a sovereign and independent Albania, in an will live and progress through the centuries. I am Albania transformed into an impregnable fortress, and convinced that the people and the Party will raise our with ceaseless socialist development. The satisfaction triumphant flag higher and higher, will raise the ho­ THE FOUNDERS OF THE REVOLUTIONARY THEORY OF THE WORKING the proletariat. The revisionist dege­ and pride which we feel is the fruit of the great vic­ nour, prestige and name of socialist Albania higher CLASS — MARX, ENGELS, LENIN AND STALIN, ARGUED WITH SCIENTIFIC tories we have achieved, of our uninterrupted efforts, and higher in the world. neration of the party -in the Soviet ARGUMENT THE ABSOLUTE NEED FOR THE PARTY OF THE PROLE­ Union and in the other former social­ TARIAT AND ITS LEADING ROLE TO OVERTHROW THE STATE POWER ist countries paved the way for the OF THE BOURGEOISIE, TO ESTABLISH THE DICTATORSHIP OF THE PRO­ degeneration of the dictatorship of the LETARIAT AND TO BUILD THE SOCIALIST SOCIETY. proletariat and socialism and the res­ THE TRIUMPH OF THE PEOPLE'S REVOLUTION, THE ESTABLISHMENT OF toration of capitalism in these coun­ THE DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT AND THE SUCCESSFUL CONS­ tries. TRUCTION OF SOCIALISM IN ALBANIA ARE A BRILLIANT VINDICATION OF THE TRUTH OF THE MARXIST-LENINIST THEORY APPLIED IN REAL * LIFE AND A CLEAR EVIDENCE OF THE CAPACITY OF THE PLA, WITH * * COMRADE ENVER HOXHA AT THE HEAD, TO DEFEND AND APPLY MARXISM-LENINISM CREATIVELY IN ALL FIELDS, INCLUDING THAT The founding of the CPA, by Com­ OF THE PARTY AND ITS LEADING ROLE IN THE STATE. THE RICH rade Enver Hoxha, as a revolutionary EXPERIENCE OF THE STRUGGLE FOR THE DEFENCE AND STRENGTHEN­ party of the working class built on ING OF THE PEOPLE'S STATE POWER AND ESPECIALLY OF THE STRUG­ sound Marxist-Leninist organizational GLE AND ACTIVITY OF THE PLA IN THE CONDITIONS OF THE IMPERIAL­ and ideological bases, was a decisive IST-REVISIONIST ENCIRCLEMENT CONSTITUTE A NEW CONTRIBUTION turning-point in the history of the OF GREAT THEORETICAL AND PRACTICAL VALUE TO THE TREASURY Albanian people and their liberation OF MARXISM-LENINISM. struggle. Here, in this great historic As the many-years history of our of the people's state power, the func­ event, lie the roots of the glorious socialist state shows, the leadership tion and perfection of all the organs epic of the Anti-fascist National Libe­ of the PLA has decisive importance and organisms that make it up — ration War, here lie the roots of its for the fate of the people's state power. from the lowest to the highest, as victory and of the triumph of the revolution, from here begins the strug­ With the indivisible leadership of the well as their efficiency and militancy. gle for the creation of the new peo­ Party are linked the emergence and The leadership of the Party is an the whole process of the growth ple's state power, here lie the roots of inexhaustible source of vitality and and development of the people's state all the victories in the construction of strength for the people's state power. power. With the leadership of the socialism in the PSR of Albania. Negation in theory and weakening Party is also linked the whole activity With its resolute struggle and hero­ and elimination in practice of the ism, with its persistent and tireless ______leading role of the party spells death work, with its efforts and sacrifices, Prof. PETRO LALAJ, Doc. PETRO • SHAPO — Teachers at the «V. I. Lenin» to the party and the state power of the CPA won the trust and unreserved Higher Party School ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 43 42 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY

to discredit the communists by all The Party nipped in the bud any defeat for the modern revisionists support of the insurgent Albanian peo­ there was creativeness and originality the working class, democracy for the manner of fabrications and slanders, opportunist view, right or left, that and imperialists who had placed great ple and, within a short time, became both in the order of creation of these people, would be established in Alba­ to isolate them from the masses and emerged now and then in the period hopes in him. the inspirer, organizer and the only organizational forms and in their resi­ nia.»2 eventually destroy them altogether. of the Anti-fascist National Libera­ All these numerous and great, savage leading political force of the Anti-fasc­ lient employment, as well as in the Thus, with the liberation of the The enemy knew that it could not tion War. Had they not been fought and cunning external and internal ist National Liberation Movement. harmonization and co-ordination of the country, the fundamental question of lead astray and destroy the National against and wiped out right at the enemies tried by all manner of means The revolutionary qualities and vir­ process of the work and struggle. In the revolution, the question of the Liberation Movement, the National first signs of their emergence, they — openly or in disguise, through tues that characterized the Albanian the history of the Albanian people, state power, was solved completely Liberation Front and the national would have become widespread and violence and terror, by means of dema­ communists manifested themselves in which is rich in struggles for freedom in favour of the oppressed and exploit­ liberation councils without first des­ caused great trouble. gogy or cunning, by intrigues and all their greatness and strength because and independence, there is no such ed, in favour of all the working troying the CPA. Neither the Albanian After Liberation, new opportunists plots, with flattery or threats to de­ they had adopted the most advanced variety of organizational forms, such people led by the working class and feudal lords nor their traitor orga­ emerged who backed down and capi­ ceive the PLA and lead it astray, to and the most revolutionary ideology, dynamic growth, such degree of effi­ its vanguard, the Communist Party nizations — the Balli Kombëtar and tulated before the bourgeois-revisionist bring it to its knees and destroy it. the ideology of the working class — ciency and perfection as in the Na­ of Albania. Our people's state power the Legaliteti, who had openly joined pressure and opposed the Party and Nevertheless, the Party and its leader, Marxism-Leninism. The ideology the tional Liberation War. which emerged immediately after the forces with the German nazis its revolutionary line. All these hostile Comrade Enver Hoxha, stood always Albanian communists embraced «was The National Liberation War and liberation of the country carried out could stem the tide of the National elements and groups had one peculia­ firm as a granite rock in the gravest the ideology of that class to which the whole system of its organizational the functions of the dictatorship of Liberation War and prevent the build­ rity in common: none of them dared and most complicated situations. They the future belonged, was the pivot of forms were subject to the one aim: the proletariat, served as a weapon ing of the new state power under openly oppose the Marxist-Leninist combated their both open and disguised that colossal force which will arouse to liberate the country, to destroy in the hands of the working class and the leadership of the Party. Nor was line of the Party but each of them, enemies successfully. the world in revolution and lead it the state power of the occupiers by its party to smash completely the re­ the policy and diplomacy of the Anglo- in its own manner, tried in refined to socialism and communism. Hence, armed force and to build the new sistance of the overthrown exploiting The Party and the people's state American allies who tried to elimi­ forms and by subtle methods to distort the bases of our Communist Party democratic people's power instead. classes, to destroy their economic power were forged, steeled and made nate the CPA from the leadership the line of the Party and replace it were not built on sand, they were built Illuminated by the teachings of Marx- power, to draw the broad masses of invincible in this protracted life-or- of the war, to wrest the state power with an opportunist revisionist line on steel and reinforced concrete.»1 ism-Leninism, the Party posed and small producers of the city and coun­ death struggle. from the hands of the Albanian peo­ which was intended to bring about The rapid growth of the authority solved the question of state power try on to the road of socialism, to ple and impose a new yoke on them the degeneration of the Party, the and the enhancement of the leading with great wisdom, in accordance with build the new socialist order and * people's state power and socialism in role of the Party was also influenced the concrete historical conditions of constantly strengthen the defence po­ — that of the foreigners and the * * Albania. However, no matter how by the new organizational forms which the country. tential of the Homeland. local exploiting classes, more success­ ful. refined the methods and activities of enabled and encouraged the further The whole process of the emergence, The Party and the people's state The Party and Comrade Enver New extremely dangerous enemies the enemy, the Party uncovered and mobilization of the masses and gave growth and strengthening of the new power are closely linked with and Hoxha have resolutely and persistently — the Yugoslav Titoite revisionists, smashed them in time. It has never ever more vigour to the anti-fascist state power during the Anti-fascist indivisible from each other. Without struggled to form and implant a the Soviet and Chinese revisionists allowed hostile activities in the Party war. With the initiative and under National Liberation War developed the Party and its leading role the correct Marxist-Leninist conception of and others, were added to the long to develop into opposing ideological the leadership of the CPA a number under the leadership and constant care people's state power cannot exist and the leading role of the Party in the series of external enemies who tried trends and factions, as has occurred of organizations and organisms of the of the Party. All the events — great develop, it degenerates and goes to­ state and in the whale life of the in vain to deceive our Party and lead with the revisionist parties of the Anti-fascist National Liberation Move­ or small, in the life and activity of wards its unavoidable destruction. country, to have it understood in both it away from its revolutionary road. East and West. ment, such as the Albanian Communist the people's state power, all the That is what Marxism-Leninism theory and practice not only as some­ Like the Anglo-American imperialists, Having no basis or support in the Youth, the National Liberation Front, degrees and stages of its development teaches us. That is what has been thing static, fossilized, given once and they never reconciled themselves to Party or among the people, all the the national liberation councils as and strengthening are linked with the proved by the historical experience for all time but as a vivid, dynamic the existence of the state of the hostile and plotting elements and organs of the war and the first organs indivisible leadership of the Party. of the PSR of Albania. On its road, development and which is realiz­ dictatorship of the proletariat in Al­ groups that were exposed and smashed of the new state power, the guerrilla The indivisible leadership of the the Party has come up against many, ed constantly, every day, and is bania and the victories of the Alba­ in the years of the people's state units, the partisan detachments, the Party gave the liberation war of our external and internal enemies who, tempered and perfected in the fire nian people in the construction of power and the socialist construction regular National Liberation Army, and people its unexampled dimensions, its separately or jointly, have tried to of the revolution and socialist cons­ socialism. pinned their hopes on foreign inter­ many others were formed. In the drive and fierceness, its new revolu­ prevent the establishment of the peo­ truction. vention, were linked with the foreign process of the struggle these organi­ tionary content and its rates of deve­ ple's state power or overthrow it. For The leading role of the CPA in the The leading role of the Party is powers and became despicable tools zational forms were developed, expand­ lopment, deepened it and transformed this purpose the enemies attacked first National Liberation War, in the state ensured and realized through the esta­ and in the socialist construction grew of the Yugoslav and Soviet revisionists ed, struck deep roots and extended it into a people's revolution which led the Party and its leading role. They blishment of correct and sound rela­ in fierce struggle not only with the and the imperialists. The links of the all over the country. not only to national liberation but also knew that without attacking, displac­ tions between the Party and the peo­ external enemy and Albanian reaction, traitor groups of Koçi Xoxe, Bedri The activity of the Party in finding to social liberation, the liberation of ing and eliminating the Party they ple's state power. The relations bet­ but also with anti-Marxist and anti- Spahiu and Tuk Jakova, Liri Belisho- and creating such organizational forms the workers, peasants and all the other could not destroy the people's state ween the Party and the state power Party elements. The views and activi­ va and Koço Tashko, Beqir Balluku as suited the conditions of our country working people from oppression and power. have been always the object of parti­ and his collaborators as agents of the was based on the teachings of Marx- exploitation. Comrade Enver Hoxha ties of the Trotskyites and oppor­ Against the communists and their foreigners are common knowledge. cular and constant care on the part ism-Leninism as well as on the tradi­ writes, «This would be the last strug­ tunists within and outside the Party Party were directed the persecutions The uncovering of the treacherous of the Party. tions of the liberation wars of our gle with the triumph of which not were not less dangerous. The Party and the fascist terror and the fire of activity of the archagent Mehmet The Party constitutes the leading people and on the experience of the only the fascist occupiers, but also combated these liquidationist enemies the demagogy of the propaganda appa­ Shehu and his collaborators was a nucleus, the soul and brain of the revolutionary liberation movement of feudalism and the bourgeoisie would mercilessly and eventually smashed ratus of the fascist occupiers and victory for the Party and a grave system of the dictatorship of the other countries. In all this activity be destroyed and the dictatorship of them. their Albanian quislings who tried proletariat. As Comrade Enver Hoxha 44 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 45 pointed out, «The Party does not place of the Homeland. That is why we though they are organs of coercion in The leading role of the Party in pie's state power of which the main ple in state affairs, in the government itself or remain in the leadership by guard this state power like the apple their nature, these organs do not place the state and everywhere is realized, ones are: placing cadres under the of the country. chance. It secured its leading role of our eye and continuously strengthen themselves above the masses, but base perfected and raised to a higher degree control of the people, rotation of cadres, These are some of the main direc­ through its correct line and its per­ it in struggle against the dangers themselves on them and are subject through the strengthening and temper­ work in production for employees tions of the struggle and activity of sistent struggle and work to put this which threaten it — liberalism and to their control. They persistently fight ing of the Party itself and, at the same and cadres, lowering higher salaries, the PLA for ceaselessly enhancing its line into practice. Basing itself on bureaucracy.»4 to eradicate any manifestation which time, through the constant strengthen­ giving priority to moral over material leading role in the state and in the the theory of the most advanced class The relationship between the Party is incompatible with the profoundly ing and tempering of the people's incentives, direct worker and peasant life of the country, for establishing of society — the proletariat, on the and the state power is correctly built democratic and popular character of state power, the whole system of the control, etc., etc. These measures have sound relations between the Party and Marxist-Leninist doctrine, on the laws and sound when the principles which our state power. dictatorship of the proletariat. prevented the degeneration and bu­ the people, for strengthening and steel­ of the materialist development of so­ stem from the leading role of the On the other hand, the leadership In analysing the causes of the dege­ reaucratization of employees and cadres ing the unity of the Party, the state ciety, the Party has a broad range Party in the system of the dictatorship of the Party has always been against neration of the modern revisionists, and the creation of privileged strata and the people. of vision, an elaborated and scientific of the proletariat and the peculiari­ all methods of duplicated leadership, with the Soviet revisionists at the and castes. Among the measures for opinion. It sees clearly in any situa­ ties of the work and activity of the the replacement or displacement of head, and drawing lessons from their the revolutionization of the people's tion, understands the present, foresees Party and the state are rigorously the organs of state power by the betrayal, the PLA has set out state power the definition of roads * * the future and knows how to anti­ applied. organizations of the Party. on the course of the further and for the constant strengthening of the cipate events, by defining and always The PLA has resolutely applied the The Party works and strives for uninterrupted revolutionization of its organs of state administration, and The years gone by after the libe­ applying a revolutionary strategy and Marxist-Leninist doctrine on the lead­ the organs of the people's state power ranks. It has worked out and imple­ especially, for the establishment of ration of the Homeland and the ing role of the proletarian party aga­ tactic which express the interests of and all the levers of the Party to mented a whole system of measures a correct ratio between state and triumph of the people's revolution inst the attacks of the modern revi­ the working class and the working become fully aware of the necessity for the organizational, political and executive organs based on constitu­ on November 29, 1944 show that the masses.»3 sionists and has enriched it further. of the implementation of the line of ideological strengthening of its ranks, tional norms occupy a particularly im­ people's state power is strong and With its revolutionary example and the Party in their individual sectors, for the constant preservation and The Party leads in the state and portant place. The constant enhance­ indestructible, that it was able to experience it has proved in practice to carry out the functions, tasks and tempering of their unity, for the revo­ everywhere, in policy and ideology, ment of the role of the state organs cope with any difficulty and obstacle, and substantiated in theory that the responsibilities they are charged with lutionization of the basic organiza­ in the economy, education, culture and and people's councils, in particular, to withstand all the storms of history science, in the army and in all the indivisible leadership of the party in a revolutionary manner and in a tions and forums of the Party, for is directly linked with the defence and — the savage waves of imperialism other sectors of the life of the country. of the working class is neither a revolutionary spirit of initiative. the enhancement of the vanguard strengthening of the democratic cha­ and modern revisionism, and to emerge The Party co-ordinates and harmonizes subjective desire nor an accedent, but The leadership of the Party in the role and example of the communists, racter of our state which has its roots triumphant because it is led by a the activity of all the links of the a historical necessity, a general law state and in the whole system of the of their militant spirit so as to bar in the people and belongs to the peo­ truly Marxist-Leninist revolutionary system of the dictatorship of the prole­ of the revolution and socialist cons­ dictatorship of the proletariat is realiz­ for ever all paths to the bourgeois- party as the Party of Labour of ple. These organs carry out their tariat so that every link performs truction. At the same time it has ed through the whole pyramid, from revisionist degeneration and the PLA Albania is. activity in close connection with the with precision and sense of responsi­ exposed the falsity of the present the centre to the base. Only such to remain always a strong party on working masses. Our socialist demo­ bility the tasks it is charged with revisionist «theory» of political and a leadership at all levels, from above the positions of Marxism-Leninism cracy, without which the dictatorship ______and the whole system functions in ideological pluralism, has uncovered its to below and vice-versa, guarantees and socialism. 1 Enver Hoxha, When the Party Was of the proletariat cannot be imagined synchrony and with high efficiency. bourgeois and counter-revolutionary the full mobilization and activation of In fighting to eradicate the causes Born, Tirana 1983, p. 225, Alb. ed. and strengthened, is broadened through 2 Enver Hoxha, Works, vol. 42, p. 60, With its organs of state administra­ essence. the organs of the people's state power, of bureaucracy and liberalism, the the enhancement and perfection of the Alb. ed. tion, the people's state power occupies The sole leadership of the Party the constant enhancement of their role PLA has worked out a whole series 3 Enver Hoxha, Report to the 8th participation of the masses of the peo­ Congress of the PLA, pp. 09, Eng. ed. a particular place and constitutes one in the state and everywhere has in the construction of socialism and of measures to revolutionize the peo- 4 Enver Hoxha, Report to the 8th of the main links in the system of nothing in common and is incompa­ the defence of the country. Congress of the PLA, p. 97, Eng. ed. the dictatorship of the proletariat. It tible with the method of commandeer­ The Party has called on the lead­ • plays an active and irreplaceable role, ing. The leadership of the Party is a ing organs of the state administration, conveys and implements the line of political and ideological leadership. It the economy, culture, education and the Party in one of the more decisive is based on the methods of conviction, defence to radically improve their fields of activity — that of the admi­ clarification, the mobilization and en­ work and method of leadership, to nistration of the country which is couragement of the initiative of the put it wholly on scientific bases, to done without oppressors and exploiters organs of the people's state power, base their activity on scientific analyses and against them, and with the broad on its ability and capacity to open and studies both for the present and participation of the people. Without up clear perspectives to them and the future so as to define as clearly the people's state power the revolu­ broaden their horizon. and precisely as possible the targets tion cannot be carried forward and The Party has always striven for of our five-year and longer-term plans deepened, socialism cannot be built. the organs of the state administra­ and to ensure, always relying on our Comrade Enver Hoxha said, «The tion not only to involve themselves own forces, more rapid rates of ad­ people's state power is the greatest vance towards the complete construc­ in technical, economic, agrotechnical, victory and the most powerful weapon tion of socialist society and to gua­ military and other problems, but also of the working masses for the cons­ rantee the defence of our socialist solve them in the spirit of the ideology truction of socialism and the defence Homeland. and political line of the Party. Al­ dictatorship of the proletariat is in- production there is and can be no dispensible during the whole historical state planning and regulation of the THE ROLE OF THE STATE period of transition from capitalism to economy on a national scale. The communism. The functions of the state capitalist private ownership of the in the process of the construction of means of production divides the pro­ IN socialism are in constant expansion. ducers whose fundamental interests It also carries out the functions of are in constant mutual contradiction. the organization and management of As a result anarchy and competition THE DEVELOPMENT the economy. are the inevitable sequels of capital­ The modern revisionists have risen ism. Comrade Enver Hoxha said. «The against the dictatorship of the prole­ present crisis is the crisis and failure OF OUR SOCIALIST tariat, try to reject it as a political of state monopoly capitalism. The rule which is allegedly historically mechanism of the state monopoly re­ outdated. According to them, the transi­ gulation of the economy has not only tion to socialism can be done through proved to be powerless against crises, ECONOMY «peaceful evolution», because the but has been transformed into another dictatorship of the proletariat func­ factor increasing the economic diffi­ tions only until the construction of culties. Thus, it has been proved that by HASAN BANJA, BUJAR KOLANECI the economic base of socialism and the intervention of the monopoly state, then it is transformed into «the state the capitalist programming, are unable With the further development and strengthening of the whole people» and «the dying to eliminate competition, to ensure away of the state» begins, especially, full employment of the population and of the socialist economy, with the constant perfecting of the in the field of the economy. to eliminate the obstacles to extended socialist relations of production, with the increase of the conscious Abandonment of the teachings of social reproduction.»3 activity of the working masses in the government of the country Marxism-Leninism on the role and and in the management of the economy, the economic- functions of the socialist state in the * development of the economy enabled * * organizational and cultural-educational function of the socialist the modern revisionists, in the coun­ state assumes a further development and extension tries in which they are in power, The socialist economy which is based to go over to an economy of the on the socialist social ownership of capitalist type in the form of «self- the means of production and the joint out on the road of socialism through work of the members of society, can THE GREATEST CHANGE IN THE HISTORICAL DESTINIES OF THE state. The ever increasing activity of administration» or state monopoly ca­ ALBANIAN PEOPLE, THE TRANSITION FROM THE FEUDAL-BOURGEOIS collectivization. function and be managed as a unified the state of the dictatorship of the pitalism. ORDER TO THE COMMUNIST ORDER, WITH SOCIALISM AS ITS FIRST With the abolition of the feudal- and indivisible system only in a plann­ proletariat in the field of the economy Just as groundless are the preach­ PHASE. COULD NOT BE DONE WITHOUT THE NEW STATE OF THE bourgeois relations and the establish­ ed manner, from a single management includes now the organization and cen­ ings of the ideologists of the bour­ DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT WHICH WAS BORN IN THE HEAT ment of the new, socialist relations centre. In the conditions of socialist OF THE ANTI-FASCIST NATIONAL LIBERATION WAR, ON THE RUINS tralized management of the social pro­ geoisie who pass off the capitalist in production the productive forces society in which class distinctions con­ OF THE OLD STATE POWER. «THE DICTATORSHIP OF THE PROLETA­ duction according to a single and gene­ nationalization of the means of pro­ developed at rapid rates, the road tinue to exist and the class struggle RIAT,» SAYS COMRADE ENVER HOXHA, «IS THE POWERFUL AND DECI­ ral state plan; the rapid development duction as a step forward in the ma­ was opened to the socialist industria­ goes still on both on the internal SIVE WEAPON TO CARRY THE SOCIALIST REVOLUTION FORWARD, TO of the productive forces and the cons­ nagement and organization of social lization and modernization of agricul­ and on the external plane, only the ITS COMPLETE AND FINAL VICTORY. IT IS THROUGH THE DICTATOR­ tant perfectioning of the socialist rela­ production. The ideologists of the bour­ ture. A new historical phase presented socialist state can be the single centre SHIP OF THE PROLETARIAT THAT THE VITAL TASK OF THE REVOLU­ tions of production; the establishment geoisie and modern revisionism, pro­ TION, THE ALL-ROUND DEVELOPMENT OF THE SOCIALIST ECONOMY itself to our country — the phase of of the organization and management and implementation of such a distri­ ceeding also from the relatively favou­ AND CULTURE, THE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT OF THE CONS­ the complete construction of socialist of the socialist economy. bution of the social product as to rable development of the capitalist TRUCTION OF SOCIALISM AND OF THE CLASSLESS COMMUNIST SOCIETY society which is still continuing. The theoretical Marxist-Leninist ensure its direct social use on the economy after the Second World War, IS ACHIEVED.»1 As Comrade Enver Hoxha pointed thought and the practice of our social­ scale of the whole economy; the esta­ hastened to declare that the inter­ With the people's state power, under structure and superstructure of society. out «...Wielding with wisdom and ist construction have proved that in blishment and application of a unified vention of the bourgeois state to heal the leadership of the PLA, the work­ Foreign capital, which plundered the consistency the political power we had the ulcers of capitalism would ensure the conditions of a truly socialist system of statistics, accounting and ing class and the other working masses assets of the nation and exploited the created and won through war, the the «crisis-free» development of the economy, as our economy is, the main working masses, was eliminated in the control of production and distribu­ carried out all those deep-going revo­ Party also instructed us and led us capitalist economy. and essential questions of its develop­ lutionary transformations of a demo­ economy of the country. The capitalists tion, the realization of the aim of on the correct road to win economic ment such as rates, dimensions and cratic and socialist character in the and the big landowners were expro­ socialist production which is the ever In the reality, state monopoly capi­ power so as to place the economy, proportions of the extended socialist economic base which were accompanied priated and the main means of produc­ better fulfilment of the ever growing talism emerged and developed as a too, in the service of the people and reproduction, territorial distribution of with qualitative changes in the class tion went over to the state, to the material and cultural needs of the means to strengthen the bases of in the hands of the people.»2 the production forces, problems which working people. The Land Reform working people, of the economy and capitalist society, of the bourgeois have to do with the narrowing of The socialist system of the economy ______distributed the land according to the the defence of the Homeland. state, to oppress and exploit the work­ the essential differences between city Prof. HASAN BANJA — Director of the principle «the land belongs to him created a completely new situation and It has been proved both in theory ing people even more ruthlessly. In the and country, between mental and phy­ Institute of Economic Studies who tills it». The small producers set posed new tasks before the socialist BUJAR KOLANECI — Vice-chairman and practice that the state of the conditions of the capitalist mode of sical work, exercise of control on of the State Planning Commission ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 49 48 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY

and cultural-educational functions tant truth, it is at the same and more a profoundly popular cha­ the amount of work and consumption, cially, such key branches as the power nition of the needs of society and which are and remain its exclusive time necessary to say that socialism racter. The broader and more concrete etc., are established and defined by and mining industry, the mechanical their co-ordination with the possibili­ attributes. No bourgeois or revisionist should defend itself against the threat the participation of the masses in the socialist state in a planned man­ engineering industry, ferrous and non- ties which our economy constantly state can ever exercise these functions, of the emergence of bureaucracy and judgements, analyses, confrontations ner, from one single centre. These ferrous metallurgy, etc. creates for their fulfilment at any because the private ownership of the its degeneration, because the socialist and debate, the more correct the questions cannot be left to the market Consistently implementing its policy given period constitutes one of the means of production is the basis on state itself is not immune to such generalizations and the tasks posed and its spontaneous forces, as the of basing the economy of the country fundamental problems of the planned which it relies and which divides a malady. All this is achieved, as for increasing the efficiency of leading modern revisionists claim, because this on its two legs, industry and agri­ development of the economy. The and alienates the producers among the experience of our country shows, work in the development of the social­ would open the road to anarchy, culture, the socialist state has devoted drafting of plans by every branch themselves. Here lies the source of when the party of the working class ist economy. misuse of the national assets, dispro­ particular attention to the problems and unit of the economy, by every those socio-economic phenomena which stands unwavering in power and reso­ portions and class polarizations. of the high and steady rate develop­ forum and link of the people's power, As a whole, the system of state characterize the capitalist, bourgeois or lutely implements the principles of management and organization of our In order to carry out its economic- ment of socialist agriculture. This key is a broad and deep-going political, revisionist economy such as anarchy Marxism-Leninism, when the principle economy, as well as the mechanism organizational and cultural-educational branch of the economy developed on economic and social activity without and spontaneity, crises, competition, of democratic centralism is applied of its functioning built in accordance functions the socialist state concen­ the basis of large-scale modern pro­ which the extended socialist repro­ unemployment, inflation, price rises, without hesitation as the unalterable with the requirements of the eco­ trates in its hands the credit system, duction makes an irreplaceable contri­ duction and construction on the basis increasing costs of living for the work­ principle in the management of the nomic laws of socialism, have appro­ wages and prices, hard currencies and bution to the feeding of the people, of self-reliance cannot be carried for­ ing masses, etc. socialist economy, when the class priately responded to the aims of a precious metals, follows and imple­ the industrialization of the country, ward. That is why the Party has struggle is consistently waged in the genuinely socialist society and eco­ ments a unified and centralized policy and the development of the national constantly demanded that the stale The enemies of socialism, and the field of the economy, too. nomy. It has played and continues in the creation and use of socialist economy. This was made possible as plans for the development of the revisionists of various hues in parti­ to play a major role in increasing accumulation and investments, in the a result of the implementation of the economy should respond to the stage cular, have always tried by all manner A whole complex of organs and social production, the national income remuneration according to work done, policy of the Party for the socialist reached and the need for its perspec­ of «arguments» to reject the economic organisms with well-defined functions, and socialist accumulation, in the etc. Control of these levers of the transformation of agriculture. The slate tive development, that they should role of the state in socialism. They competences and responsibilities has fullest possible implementation of the functioning mechanism of our economy makes a particularly important contri­ be well based and co-ordinated. This claim that if the main means of pro­ been set up for the application of principle of self-reliance. Through the has enabled the strengthening of the bution to the modernization and inten­ calls for the ever more efficient appli­ duction are transformed into state pro­ the principle of democratic central­ functioning of this system of manage­ role of the socialist state in the ma­ sification of agricultural production cation of scientific methods of plann­ perty and if the economy is managed ism in the management and develop­ ment and the economic mechanisms nagement and development of our through investments to increase the ing, of the Marxist-Leninist dialectical by the socialist state in a centralized ment of the economy. Comrade Enver which underly it, our economy and economy in the right road, the harmo­ fertility of the land, to raise the level methods of norming and balancing manner according to a unified and Hoxha said, «The problem is about socialist order have been strengthened nization of the general interests of of mechanization of farming work, to and, especially, of the general balanc­ general state plan, the bureaucracy the constant strengthening and syn­ and developed uninterruptedly. society with the interests of the indi­ extend the irrigation network, to ing of the economy as the highest sets in automatically, the state is chronized operation of this system, so vidual and the group, of the interests develop fruit-growing, to supply agri­ degree of planning, as well as of transformed into an organ and force that everyone carries out with preci­ With the further development and of the perspective with those of the culture with chemical fertilizers, insec­ statistical, mathematical and compu­ in itself which allegedly stands above sion the tasks he has been charged strengthening of the socialist economy, moment. On this basis, according to ticides and selected seeds, through terized methods. society, which abolishes democracy and with and all together implement the with the constant perfecting of the stifles the initiative of the masses. the economic policy of the Party, the agrarian credits, the training at cadres In this field, the state organs have aim and the program of the Party.»4 socialist relations of production, with According to the Yugoslav revisionists, socialist state directs the whole process and specialists, etc. to resolve tasks of great complexity In this context rigorous account the increase of the conscious activity «socialism and the state, socialism of socio-economic development of the The centralized management of the because planning, in its whole pyra­ and control, full implementation of of the working masses in the govern­ and state property are irreconcilable country on the road of socialism. economy on the basis of a unified mid, is not something simplistic and competences, increased feeling of indi­ ment of the country and in the mana­ notions» and «the dominant role of the vidual and collective responsibility, the gement of the economy, the economic- Proceeding from the principle of general state plan, as our historical mechanical, but a work of great res­ state in the management of the econo­ struggle against indifferentism so as organizational and cultural-educational self-reliance, our country has created experience shows, represents the ponsibility and high qualification. It my lasts only for a short period», to bar all paths to the emergence function of the socialist state assumes an independent many-branched and highest and most efficient form of paves the way for the economic and during a «transient phase» which de­ of liberalism and alien manifestations a further development and extension. complex economy with industry as the stale management which responds to social development of the country over pends «on the interests of the mo­ which the revisionists and the bour­ In these conditions the creative and leading branch and agriculture as the the needs of a genuinely socialist a given period. The plan represents ment», such as the narrow economic geoisie use as a means to bring about conscious work for the construction basic branch. Socialist industrialization economy. Moreover, it represents the the unity of the mutual links between base or the major economic difficulties the inner degeneration of socialist of socialism, the planned manage­ is among the greatest achievements of only regulating mechanism which is the different branches and sectors of of the beginning which, when over­ society, assume particular importance. ment of the economy through finding our country, and it has developed into objectively indispensable for the deve­ the economy and culture, between come, make the organizational and and deciding the best variant of its an unstoppable process and become lopment of the socialist economy as its parts and indices, both in nature The strengthening of democratic cen­ management role of the socialist state development, the work for the all- a decisive factor for the general ad­ against the law of value and the and in value, the unity of the develop­ tralism is accompanied with the un­ in the economy totally unnecessary. round education of the new man, etc., vance of the country on the road of spontaneous market forces which re­ ment of the production forces and compromising implementation of the occupy an ever greater place in the socialism. The multi-branched heavy main the characteristic of the capitalist the perfection of the relations of pro­ The whole historical experience has line of the masses in the management activity of the socialist state. Any and light industry, which is based on economy. duction, is the fruit of deep-going tech­ proved that the socialist system does and development of the economy. The departure from such a stand leads our natural assets, extends over the nical, economic and social studies. not produce bureaucracy, because the more our country advances on the The planned development of the sooner or later to anarchist and liberal whole territory of the country. Major socialist state is the state of the free road of socialism the more the role economy on the basis of the require­ The socialist state carries out an positions, to the destruction of the quantitative and qualitative changes workers and peasants which take an of the masses increases in the planned ments of the objective economic laws all-round activity of essential impor­ dictatorship of the proletariat and the have taken place in its structure, with active part in the government of the management of production and the of socialism remains an important tance for the management and deve­ degeneration of the socialist economy priority being given to the production country and the management of the whole economic life of the country, direction of the activity of the social­ lopment of the economy through the and society. of the means of production and, espe­ economy. While affirming this impor­ thereby giving state management more ist state. Recognition and correct defi­ exercise of its economic-organizational 50 • 2 (81), 1985 2 (81), 1985 • 51

* * internal and external factors, from income of the state, etc. Our Party well-thought and effective solution of the more rational employment of the and Comrade Enver Hoxha have never the socialist economic system in accord The management of the economy by assets of the country. The revision of allowed the emergence in our social­ with the teachings of Marxism-Lenin­ the socialist state has always been plans is aimed at further increasing ist economy of such relations based ism and the concrete historical condi­ seen and treated in a dialectical production, raising productivity, lower­ on economic categories as are not in tions of our country. In a synthetized manner, in close connection with the ing costs and, in general, improving the nature of the socialist system of manner this is apparent in the major phase reached and the perspectives the efficiency of the economy. the economy and the socialist rela­ achievements of which the main ones opened to the development of the In the conditions of the imperialist- tions of production such as the ave­ are: high and steady rates of increase production forces and the perfection revisionist encirclement and the dee­ rage profit rate on capital, interpreta­ of the social product and the national of the socialist relations of produc­ pening economic crisis of capitalism tion of efficiency from the position of income. In 1983, as compared with tion. our state faces also the task of the economism, interest on capital or the 1950, the total social product has At present life calls for further further deepening of the implementa­ so-called pay on funds, etc., which are increased 12.7 fold, the total industrial improvements in the planning system, tion of the principle of self-reliance practised on a large scale in the eco­ production 37.4 fold and the total agri­ especially, in order to reflect and ma­ as one of the fundamental laws of the nomy of the bourgeois and revisionist cultural production 4.4 fold; meeting terialize in the plan all those cooperat­ socialist construction and the defence countries. the needs of the extended socialist ing links between enterprises, coope­ of the Homeland. Here we must keep The Marxist-Leninist concept of the reproduction with the sources of inner ratives and districts as well as eco­ ablaze the fight against the bourgeois- effectiveness of production in socialism financial accumulation without any nomic branches so as to harmonize revisionist propaganda which tries to occupies a central place in the com­ credit or economic «aid» from abroad, always correctly the different econo­ distort the revolutionary essence of plex and planned employment of eco­ with power sources and primary mate­ mic and financial planned indices this principle by calling it «sliding nomic levers. The aim of the social rials from industry and agriculture, which express in a concrete manner into the position of narrow national­ production, the ever better fulfilment balancing export with import, so as the requirements of the economic laws ism» and «self-isolation in the na­ of the increasing needs of the whole to neutralize the imperialist-revisionist in every cell and link of the economy. tional shell». society, lies at the foundation of this pressure and blockade and the in­ The problem today is that plans should The fundamental question here has concept. From this stems also the fluence of the world capitalist crisis be drafted in many variants through been and remains the building and orientation of our Party about the on the economy of our country; occu­ the ever broader use of advanced constant strengthening of an inde­ efficiency of production which is based pation with work of the constantly methods and modern computer tech­ pendent socialist economy on the part on the thesis that important though growing active population, guarantee­ nique, that studies should be broadened of the socialist state. Ensuring political bread and steel, oil and cement, ing and further improving the well- and deepened, that methods of work independence opens the road for the textiles may be, financial sources are being of the people at a time when and management of all state organs strengthening of economic indepen­ just as important and necessary, be­ the population growth rates of our should be further improved, as well dence, whereas the latter consolidates cause if these are reduced or dry up, country are among the highest in as the organization and management the dictatorship of the proletariat fur­ the former will necessarily be reduced, Europe. In 1933, as compared with of affairs on their part. ther, which is achieved when the eco­ too. This constitutes the abc of the 1950, the growth of the social product An important problem in the state nomy is based on our inner resources Marxist-Leninist doctrine on the effi­ has been 5.5 times higher than the management of the economy remains and is not geared to the credits and ciency of production in socialism. In growth of the population. the keeping of correct ratios between economic «aid» from the imperialists socialist society any increase of the All these taken together constitute the drafting and implementation of or modern revisionists. Practice has social product and the national income those solutions and achievements which the plan, because no matter how good fully proved that accepting credits is accompanied with the absolute the socialist system of our economy the plans may be, only their imple­ and incurring huge debts not only growth of accumulation and the im­ has ensured and which could not mentation has decisive importance. leads to forfeiting the political and provement of the well-being of the even be imagined in the past. They The state of the dictatorship of the economic independence of the country people, is equivalent to the real rais­ also represent the historical expe­ proletariat is faced with major tasks that takes them, but also poses a ing of the efficiency of the economy, rience of the construction of social­ in the process of the implementation major threat to its neighbours as in general. This kind of efficiency ism in Albania. of the plan. Important is the fact well. «It is known that when you ensures the ceaceless and high-rate ______that the plan, being a law, must have pawned your title-deeds and have development of the socialist economy, be implemented with precision in all nothing to redeem them,» Comrade the increase of accumulation, the im­ 1 Enver Hoxha, Report to the 7th Con­ its quantitative and qualitative, tech­ Enver Hoxha teaches us, «a day comes provement of the well-being of the gress of the PLA, Tirana 1976, p. 17, when the creditor takes not only the people, as well as the strengthening Eng. ed. nical, financial and economic indices, 2 Enver Hoxha, Laying the Founda­ both in kind and in value. house but also the ground on which of the political and economic inde­ tions of the New Albania, Tirana it has been built.»5 pendence of the country. 1084, p. 485, Alb. ed. In this process the whole system of 3 Enver Hoxha, Report to the 8th The reality of socialist Albania state organization resolves with resi­ Our economy deftly employs such Congress of the PLA, Tirana 1981, clearly shows the strength and the lience the many problems that emerge economic levers as costs, prices, wages p. 179, Eng. ed. 4 Enver Hoxha, For the People's State from the further discovery of inner and salaries, money, credits, net income Power, Tirana 1984, p. 647, Alb. ed. reserves, from the operation of new of enterprises and centralized net ______5 Enver Hoxha, For the People's State Engineering industrial Power, Tirana 1984, p. 679, Alb. ed. assembly base in Tirana with the accomplishment of collectivi­ At present our country has 1/5 of a zation, with the strengthening and hectare per capita of population, at a extension of the material-technical ba­ time when our neighbours and most THE ROAD se of agriculture, especially with the of the other countries of Europe have increase of the number of tractors 3/10 or even half a hectare per head and other farming machines, and with of population. Therefore, although prio­ OF THE INTENSIVE DEVELOPMENT the strengthening of draught power rity is given to the development of in agriculture, even though priority agriculture on the intensive road, was given to the road of intensive work is still going on for the increa­ development, the work to increase se of the surface of land under culti­ OF AGRICULTURAL PRODUCTION the acreage of land under cultivation vation, especially the arable land, was never abandoned. In the years which is gained mainly from the de­ after the liberation of the country graded bush and woods zones, from by STAVRY MITEZI about 480 thousand hectares of new the coastal zone, from river beds, etc. land have been opened up, of which The major changes made in agriculture, the placing about 380 thousand are allocated to • of agricultural production on the basis of large-scale socialist field crops and about 100 thousand to fruit-growing, vineyards, olive-gro­ The possibilities for opening up new production, created the possibilities ves and citrus plantations. lands are increasingly reduced. There­ for its development in breadth and depth, the increase With the extension of the acreage fore, the main road to cope with of arable land and with the intro­ the large-scale increase of agricultural of yields per hectare of land sown and per head duction of new cultures, the structu­ production remains the road of hus­ of livestock, as the main road for the increase of agricultural re of agricultural production was im­ banding the land and continuously in­ production today and in the future proved. It is worth noting that against creasing its fertility by means of sys- 96 per cent of the acreage that the tematization, the application of advan­ cereal crops occupied in the first ced technology in its ploughing, com­ high rates, but also a wide range of years after Liberation, now they oc­ bined manuring, etc. In the given OUR PARTY HAS ALWAYS CONSIDERED THE DEVELOPMENT OF savage imperialist-revisionist block­ agricultural products, not only its de­ cupy about 50 per cent, whereas in­ conditions, the intensive development AGRICULTURE AS ONE OF THE MAIN DIRECTIONS OF THE GENERAL ade, the work to secure the means ne­ velopment in breadth, but also in dustrial crops, potatoes, vegetables of agriculture constitutes an objective ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY. THEREFORE, cessary for the socio-economic deve­ depth, i.e., both on the extensive and and forage crops occupy an important necessity, because, as Lenin has point­ THE PROBLEMS OF ITS GENERAL DEVELOPMENT, THE ADVACEMENT lopment of the country with our own on the intensive road. place in the sown surface. In this ed out, «The intensification of agri­ OF OUR SOCIALIST COUNTRYSIDE, HAVE BEEN THE OBJECT OF ITS forces cannot be understood without manner, our agriculture extricated culture is not an accidental thing, is GREAT ATTENTION AND CARE. the development of agriculture, without These two roads of development of our agriculture have been followed itself once and for good from single- not a local, sporadic phenomenon, THE SOCIALIST TRANSFORMATION OF OUR AGRICULTURE, THE making it capable of securing the ne­ throughout the years of the existence crop direction, which is characteristic but a phenomenon common for all TECHNICAL PROGRESS AND MODERNIZATION OF THE COUNTRYSIDE, cessary products for the people and of our people's state power. Although of every country with backward agri­ the civilized countries.»2 CONSTITUTE ONE OF THE OUTSTANDING ACTIVITIES OF THE PARTY, industry. they have their distinguishing features, culture. The structure of bread grain THE PEOPLE'S STATE POWER AND OUR WORKING MASSES. ALBANIA, The experience of the socialist cons­ The intensification of agriculture we never find them separated from production, too, has been improved WITH A RESTRICTED AGRICULTURAL AREA AND A SMALL POPULA­ truction of our country shows that with priority in the plains does not one another during all the practice in the direction of the increase of TION, WITH THE PRONOUNCED BACKWARDNESS INHERITED FROM THE the uninterrupted development of agri­ justify the slackening of attention to­ of the development of agriculture, on wheat, which previously occupied about PAST AND BESET BY SAVAGE ENEMIES, SUCCEDED IN SOLVING, WITHIN cultural production and of the coun­ wards the intensive development of the contrary, even when one of them 20 per cent of the quantity of bread A SHORT PERIOD OF TIME, VERY COMPLICATED PROBLEMS OF A tryside, in general, constitutes an im­ agriculture in the hilly and mountain has developed with priority, the other grain, and now occupies 70 per cent POLITICAL, IDEOLOGICAL, ECONOMIC AND SOCIAL CHARACTER IN THE perative for the strengthening of the zones. While giving priority to the road has not been abandoned, there­ of them. COUNTRYSIDE AND PROCEEDS TOWARDS COMPLETING THE CONSTRUC­ dictatorship of the proletariat and the intensification of the development of fore both of them have complemented TION OF SOCIALIST SOCIETY THERE. alliance between the working class The major changes made in agricul­ agriculture in the state sector, steps each other. Until the beginning of the have been taken for the intensifica­ The Party of Labour of Albania of the basic branches of the economy, and cooperativist peasantry in any ture, the placing of agricultural pro­ '60s, when the material-technical base tion of agricultural development also has stuck to the principle that in or­ our Party bases itself on the fact that country in which socialism is built. Be­ duction on the basis of large-scale so­ of agriculture was still weak, and the in the cooperativist sector. der to create a strong national econo­ this branch ensures the agricultural sides this, it shows also that, above cialist production, created the possibili­ extensive road of development gained The Party has devoted special care my, in general, and to carry out the and livestock products needed to feed all, the main supporting base of this ties for its development in breadth priority, leading to the increase of to the gradual preparation of the ma­ complete construction of socialist so­ the population, ceaselessly creates and development is the socialist transfor­ and depth, the increase of yields per production mainly through the opening terial-technical base needed for sup­ ciety with success we must have not strengthens the material base of pri­ mation of the countryside, as one of hectare of land sown and per head of up of new lands, steps were taken porting the intensification of agricul­ only a developed and powerful in­ mary materials required by the light the fundamental questions of the re­ livestock, as the main road for the towards the intensive development of ture, and has studied and correctly de­ dustry, but also an advanced agri­ and food-stuffs industry and absorbs volution and one of the general laws increase of agricultural production to­ agriculture. In this manner, during the fined the fundamental directions and culture. Comrade Enver Hoxha said, most of the working people of the of the socialist construction, as an day and in the future. Nevertheless, period 1956-1960, about 44 per cent the order of priorities of the develop­ «Strong reliance of the national eco­ country in useful social work. The im­ objective necessity for every country the extension and cultivation of new of the increase of total agricultural ment of individual elements of this nomy, both on industry and on agri­ provement of the material and cultural which builds socialism. lands has been and remains a constant production was ensured through the base. All the work for the intensifi­ culture, is a permanent principle, an level of the population, in general, is duty, an indispensability to make up increase of yields per hectare of land cation of agriculture has been studied indispensable condition for the its connected with the improvement of • for the continuous occupation of agri­ sown with field crops and from the cultural lands by developing lands and considered as a process planned rapid and harmonious development, the economic, social and cultural situa­ The high rates of general economic increase of the productivity of live­ allocated to constructions, to the exten­ in harmony with all the human, ma­ for the increase of its degree of self- tion of the countryside, in which about development of the country and the stock. After the '60s, with the conti­ sion of roads of communication, reser­ terial and natural elements and fac­ activity.»1 2/3 of the population of the country need for gradually raising the stan­ nuous investments made in agriculture voirs, etc., as well as for restricting tors. In estimating agriculture as one lives. The building of socialism, the dard of living of the working masses by the state and with the financial the process of the reduction of the In the framework of all the factors defence of the independence of the always require, in agriculture, too, not ______means created by the peasantry itself, arable land per capita of population. that contribute to the rapid develop- STAVRI MITEZI — Specialist of Agri• Homeland in the conditions of the only the increase of production at culture 54 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 55 merit of intensification of agriculture, 1970 to 47 per cent, and in 1984 to Special attention is attached to the The extension of the area sown with duction than they are in a position the gradual transition from the pro­ a role of first-hand importance has 65 per cent of the total arable land. training of cadres and specialists of field crops, the improvement of the to give in the present condition. perty of the group to the property of been played by the radical transfor­ At present, nearly all the plains area agriculture, the development and en­ structure of sown surface, the scienti­ This is the reason why the Party, the whole people.»3 mations which have been made in the of the country has been put under couragement of agricultural disciplines, fic management and organization of in the framework of the measures The first stage of this program, field of economic relations in the irrigation and the irrigation capacity the creation and extension of scienti­ production, especially through concen­ for the development of the hilly which is being applied in the current countryside — beginning with the Land in the hilly and mountainous areas fic research institutions covering all tration, specialization and co-operation, and mountainous zones, attaches great five-year plan, covers more than 100 Reform and continuing with the com­ has extended markedly. In the last 20 sectors of agriculture. The extension and the harmonization of all the fac­ importance to the increase of the thousand hectares of land in the area plete collectivization of agriculture, years only, an additional area of about of scientific activity and the intensi­ tors at play in the increase of pro­ acreage under cultivation and the of the coastal plains. The objective with the merging and continuous en­ 120 thousand hectares has been added fication of research work have been ductivity per unit of sown surface and intensification of agriculture even in target for this year is to take in largement of agricultural economies to the surface under irrigation. The in­ crowned with success in the local pro­ per head of livestock, this has been the above-mentioned regions. This is about 43.5 quintals of wheat per hec­ and their transformation into modern vestments which the state is making duction of high productivity seed the main road which our Party has one of the greatest achievements of tare, 61,5 quintals of corn per hec­ economies of extended socialist pro­ at present to extend irrigation in the strains, the improvement of animal pursued for the development and in­ the Party in the overall development tare, 17.5 quintals of cotton per hec­ duction. However, these transformations hilly and mountainous areas are 2-3 breeds, the application of new achie­ tensification of agriculture. This road of the country and the consolidation tare, 24 quintals of sunflower per of the economic base of the country­ times greater than those made for vements of science and technology, as departs widely from the one-sided de­ of the socialist order in the country­ hectare, 2,760 litres of milk from each side have been accompanied with ma­ the plains zone. well as the perfecting and implemen­ velopment and narrow specialization side. milk cow, 950 kg of meat from each jor transformations of the material- With the level reached in the system tation of advanced technologies in aimed at immediate profits which is Thanks to the great investments sow, etc. technical base of agriculture, especially of drainage and irrigation, the condi­ agriculture. followed in the capitalist, bourgeois which have been made in land de­ At the present stage, there are with the increase of the number of tions are created for the normal deve­ In the last three five-year plans, and revisionist countries, for the in­ velopment schemes and in the mate­ many agricultural economies, sectors tractors and farming machines, with lopment of field crops and fruit-grow­ especially, the intensive agricultural tensification of agriculture. rial-technical base of agriculture, as and brigades in this zone which take the increase of investments for irriga­ ing, from which steadily growing yields production developed with priority. In In the conditions of the complete well as other measures that have in such high yields that have excee­ tion and land — improvement schemes, are taken even in bad years, as re­ this manner, e.g., in the 5th Five- establishment of social ownership of been taken parallel with these, high ded even the forecasts for 1985. the chemization of agriculture, etc. gards weather conditions. This featu­ year Plan, 56 per cent of the increase the means of production, when the yields have been taken also in the Thus, for example, in 1983 many agri­ In 1984, the draught power in agricul­ re of our socialist agriculture was in agricultural production was ensured absolute rent of the land which leads mountainous zones. In 1984, e.g., from cultural cooperatives took in 71 quin­ ture increased more than 5 fold over manifested once again in the last from the increase of yields of agri­ to great expenditure for the purchase about 39 thousand hectares sown with tals of corn per hectare in all the the 1960 level. As a result of the two years when, despite the condi­ cultural crops and the productivity of or hire of the land, has been liquida­ wheat, an average of 32 quintals of area sown with this crop, and some strengthening of the mechanical base tions of the long and intensive drought, livestock, and the remaining 44 per ted, the deepening of the process of wheat per hectare was taken in in of them took in even 95 quintals per and the raising of the degree of qua­ the biggest ever harvest was collected. cent was ensured from the extension intensification of agriculture is not the whole zone. At present, the moun­ hectare. Whereas the yields of wheat lification of agricultural workers, the Up till the beginning of the '60s, the of the area under cultivation. In the restricted by any obstacles and limi­ tainous regions of Dibra, Pogradec, in the last two years, in about 8 complex mechanization of work pro­ growth and strengthening of the ma­ 6th Five-year Plan, 1976-1980, the ra­ tations of investments for the develop­ and Kolonja, only, produce as much thousand hectares of plains in the cesses in agriculture is growing more terial-technical base of agriculture had tios of the increase of agricultural ment of productive forces and techni­ wheat as the whole country produ­ district of Korça have been 52 quin­ and more with each passing day, some sporadic disproportions, especial­ production were respectively to 72 and cal progress in agriculture. In the ced in 1938, whereas the yields of tals per hectare, and in Lushnja, Fier especially in the cultivation of maize, ly, between the degree of mechani­ 28 per cent, and in the 7th Five-year conditions of our socialist construction wheat taken in the mountainous dis­ and Durrës, the yields from 60 per cotton, sugar-beet, the production and zation, improvement plans and irri­ Plan, 90 and 10 per cent. By pursuing this process has been carried out in trict of Skrapar are 2.8 times as high cent of the area sown with wheat ensillaging of animal feed, etc. Most gation schemes, on the one hand, and this course, in the period of the 7th a planned and organized manner, in as those reached at a national level has been over 43 quintals per hec­ of the farming machines needed are the minimum dose of chemical ferti­ Five-year Plan, the increase of pro­ compliance with the demands of the in 1960. There are numerous examples tare. Yields higher than the 1983 produced locally, and nearly 100 per lizers, on the other. However, with the ductivity per head of livestock ac­ economic laws of socialism, in which of the rapid development of the hilly- forecasts have been attained by ma­ cent of spare parts for them are se­ development of industry, the produc­ counts for 89 per cent of the increase the society determines both the aim mountainous regions, along with the ny agricultural economies for other cured within the country. From 1960 tion of chemical fertilizers, including of production, and 85 per cent of the and the size of production, the roads plains zone. They concern not only crops, such as sunflower, vegetables, to 1984 the level of mechanization nitrogenous and phosphatic fertilizers, increase of production in fruit-grow­ and means needed to realize it. This of bread grain, but also livestock, fruits, vineyards, etc., as well as in per unit of land has increased 4.7 fold, increased and this contradiction was ing was ensured from the increase explains why the increase in agricul­ fruit-growing, etc., and result from livestock products. whereas the surface of arable land has overcome. At present, our industry of productivity. tural production in our country has the combination of the extensive road The continuous improvement of the increased 57 per cent. provides about 520 kg of chemical been achieved mainly through the with the intensive road of develop­ relations of production, the streng­ Big investments for land improve­ fertilizers, or 145 kg of active matter • strengthening of the material base, the ment. thening of the material-technical ba­ ment schemes and systematization and per hectare of arable land, or nearly Guided by the principle of self-re­ intensification of work on every unit In the implementation of the tasks se, the narrowing of the distinctions for the extension of the irrigation ca­ as much as is used in most of the liance in the work for the develop­ of land under cultivation, the impro­ set by the 8th Congress of the PLA between town and countryside, have pacity have played a specially great countries of the world, which boast ment of the country and the construc­ vement of structure in every branch for the deepening of the process of created the conditions and possibili­ role in the conditions of our country developed agriculture. tion of socialism, our Party rejected of agricultural production, the ever intensification of agriculture, in ge­ ties for the strengthening of the so­ with great precipitations and high The development of chemical indus­ the suggestions and foiled the efforts better exploitation of the agricultural neral, and the raising of the effecti­ cialist attitude towards work and pro­ humidity in spring and autumn and try in our country created the possi­ of the Khrushchevites who wanted land, with the aim of ensuring the veness of expenditure, special atten­ perty, for the creation everywhere intensive heat of summer. In this bilities for a more rapid advance in us to condition the intensification of highest possible production with the tion is given to the priority intensi­ of an atmosphere of great mobiliza­ manner, from land improvement sche­ combating pests, weeds, etc. At pre­ our agriculture by the so-called spe­ least expenditure. The extension of fication of agricultural production in tion for the carrying out of the tasks mes the arable land has been exten­ sent, the production of this industry cialization and co-operation within the arable surface and taking in of the most fertile plains of the country of the intensification of agriculture. ded with 50 thousand hectares of new is in a position to fulfil all the needs the socialist community, a thing which high yields from them, this is during a ten-year period. «The aim land and 200 thousand hectares of of the country for sulphur, copper would have put our agriculture on a the process of intensive development, of this action is to increase agricul­ 1 Enver Hoxha, Report to the 6th land were improved. A great step for­ sulphate, lindan, zineb, sevin, calcium one-sided development course. Their especially, in the hilly and moun­ tural and livestock production in the Congress of the PLA, ftp. 73-74, ward has been made in the extension polysulphur, sulphasol, zynoxevin, etc. aim was to place our country to the tainous zones in Which there are still areas in which the work and invest­ Alb. ed. of the irrigation capacity of the coun­ In the future, the line and range of economic dependence of the countries zones with low grade woods, degra­ ments yield greater and more rapid 2 V.I. Lenin, Collected Works, vol. 22, try. Against 10.5 per cent, which the these substances are envisaged to ex­ in which the revisionists are in power, ded pasture grounds, etc., which, after results. This will also create favou­ p. 46, Alb. ed. area under irrigation was in 1938, in tend further, with a view to stepping especially, to the dependence of the deforestation and sowing with field rable conditions for a more rapid de­ 3 Enver Hoxha, Report to the 8th 1960 it increased to 29 per cent, in up the chemization of our agriculture. economy of the Soviet Union. crops, will turn in much more pro­ velopment of the cooperatives and for Congress of the PLA, p. 37, Eng. ed. THE CHARACTERISTIC FEATURES OF THE ANTI-FASCIST NATIONAL LIBERATION WAR OF THE ALBANIAN PEOPLE by SOTIR MANUSHI

Although our people's revolution was out: «In describing the general fea­ in the beginning of the organized in its transformation into a popular tures of our people's democratic revo­ anti-fascist resistance, was altered. revolution they saw the end of their carried out in the framework of the national lution, they fail to point out, for in­ Right to the end of the war, the rule. Therefore, they made common liberation, anti-imperialist, anti-fascist stance, the original way in which this main enemy remained the foreign in­ cause with the German occupiers revolution was carried out in our vader. As a result, the struggle against against the National Liberation Front. and anti-feudal tasks, it opened the road country, which, without doubt, deve­ foreign occupiers was always the first For them the main enemy was the for ist own transformation loped in a manner different from the priority. National Liberation Front and not into socialist revolution and the socialist revolution, we might say, in Czechoslo­ In the western bourgeois historio­ the occupiers. Comrade Enver Hoxha vakia, Rumania, or Hungary».1 graphy the thesis that the civil war explains: «For reaction and its trai­ construction of the country The characteristic features of the between the National Liberation Mo­ tor organizations the main contradic­ Anti-fascist National Liberation War vement and the reactionary organiza­ tions became those with the Com­ of the Albanian people were deter­ tions of the Balli Kombëtar and Le- munist Party and the National Libera­ THE ALBANIAN PEOPLE WERE AMONG THE FIRST TO PUT UP AN mined in the objective and subjecti­ galiteti prevailed in Albania in the tion Front. They turned these con­ ARMED RESISTANCE TO AGGRESSION IN THE EXTREMELY DIFFICULT ve, internal and external, conditions. course of the Second World War, has tradictions into antagonistic contra­ AND COMPLICATED CONDITIONS WHEN THEY WERE BETRAYED BY THE gained circulation. Since the time of dictions, attacking us with arms in RULING CLASSES AND DEPRIVED OF ALL OUTSIDE HELP AND SUPPORT. the war, the leader of the Albanian joint actions with the occupiers... at THE ALBANIAN PEOPLE BEGAN THEIR WAR AGAINST FASCIST OC­ people, Comrade Enver Hoxha, rejec­ a time when the National Liberation CUPIERS BEFORE THE OUTBREAK OF THE SECOND WORLD WAR. BUT * * ted this thesis. He has emphasized: Front did its utmost not to allow the THIS WAR ENTERED A NEW HIGHER PHASE, ASSUMED AN ORGANIZED «There are no internal quarrels and contradictions with the Balli Kombë- CHARACTER ON A NATIONAL SCALE AND HAD ITS CLEAR PLATFORM The Anti-fascist National Libera­ less so a civil war in Albania. There tar and Legaliteti to become an­ ONLY AFTER THE CREATION OF THE COMMUNIST PARTY OF ALBA­ tion War of the Albanian people was is only one quarrel and one war: war tagonistic contradictions.»3 In these NIA, ON 8 NOVEMBER 1941. THE FORMATION OF THE PARTY WAS A transformed into an anti-imperialist against the occupier, in the first pla­ circumstances, our National Liberation LANDMARK IN THE HISTORY OF THE ALBANIAN PEOPLE WHO HAD people's democratic revolution. This ce, and against its traitor tools.»2 War was directed not only against IN THE PARTY A RELIABLE, LOYAL AND REVOLUTIONARY LEADER­ constitutes the fundamental feature of The National Liberation Front of the foreign enemy, but also against SHIP. THIS EVENT MARKED A REAL CHANGE IN THE NATIONAL LI­ this war. This revolution was a rela­ Albania has always been against frat­ the local enemy. It was carried out BERATION WAR. tively long, uninterrupted process ricidal war and the transforming of and aimed both against the one and Naturally, the Anti-fascist Natio­ sis of the general and the specific which, in its continuation, carried out the National Liberation War into a the other enemy. For victory to be nal Liberation War of all the peoples for each country it is impassible to a series of increasingly radical politi­ civil war. achieved, both sides, which were inex­ suffering under fascist occupation reach correct and all-sided conclu­ cal transformations which created the It is obvious that in the time when tricably connected with one another, had to be fought. constituted one single revolutionary sions. Various foreign authors have premises for socio-economic transfor­ our country languished under the mations in the life of the country. process directed against the same ene­ carried out such studies which lack fascist jackboot, it was more than However, this does not necessarily From the beginning to the end, the ever necessary to unite and mobilize mies, which was aimed at achieving in this aspect. A debate devoted to lead to the conclusion that the strug­ war against the fascist occupiers did the whole Albanian people in the gle of the National Liberation Front their national liberation from fascist the social revolutions of the 40's of slavery and establishing a people's not go beyond the bounds of the Na­ war against the occupiers, who used against the Balli Kombëtar and Le­ the 20th century was organized re­ democratic order in favour of the tional Liberation War. But the situa­ every imaginable means to encourage galiteti was a civil war, in spite of cently in this spirit. The participants working masses. Precisely in the con­ tion that was created objectively, and a fratricidal war in order to split the the fact that it contained in itself in the debate raised problems which text of this single revolutionary pro­ in particular, the profound social dif­ unity of the people in the National elements of this war, both in content come into opposition with the reality cess must be sought the specific fea­ ferentiation that followed in the cour­ Liberation Front, and consequently, and in form. tures of the anti-fascist war of each of our country. In a criticism of such se of the war for the liberation of liquidate the National Liberation Mo­ The struggle of the National Libera­ country. a manner of the treatment of our the country, put on the agenda the vement. The reactionary landowners tion Front against traitor organiza­ Without making a rigorous analy- reality, Comrade Enver Hoxha, the need for radical socio-political trans­ and bourgeoisie were also interested tions which collaborated with the leader of the National Liberation War formations. This does not mean that in sparking off a civil war, because occupier, cannot be labled a civil ______SOTIR MANUSHI — Reader at the of the Albanian people, has pointed the platform, which had been adopted in the National Liberation War and war, because it did not constitute a «V. I. Lenin» Higher Party School 58 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 59 war in itself, but was part of the the national liberation and the esta­ piers and the traitors of the country. However, the fact that the Congress ranteed the victory of the people. war against the occupiers. The Natio­ blishment of the people's state power. Therefore, the decisions of the Con­ of Përmet did not explicitly liquida­ * * The organization of the armed nal Liberation Front fought against In Albania, the question of state gress of Përmet cannot be taken se­ ted the monarchy and did not pro­ struggle required also the training of the reactionary landowners and bour­ power was not solved through an in­ parately from all the revolutionary claim the Republic, does not mean, as Along with the solution of the the armed forces, the formation of geoisie, not because they were ex­ stant action, but gradually, through war which our people waged until is claimed, that monarchy was main­ question of state power in Albania, the National Liberation Army. With­ ploiting classes, but because they some stages. The new Albanian state the time was ripe for the Congress tained. The monarchy was maintained the other forms of the war and orga­ out the creation of a real popular were collaborators and tools in the was born in 1942 and went through of Përmet to foe convened. In the fra­ by the occupiers and the reactionary nization — the National Liberation army the general armed uprising was hands of the occupiers. The Commu­ a dialectical process of growth, de­ mework of this war emerges the classes of the country. The struggle Front and the armed uprising -— were inconceivable. nist Party of Albania never laun­ velopment and strengthening, until its great importance of these decisions of the Albanian people against them also determined in an original form The necessity of the creation of the ched slogans for war against land­ triumph. The new situations that which crowned with success the ef­ was pervaded through and through by in the time of the National Libera­ National Liberation Army, as a regu­ owners and the bourgeoisie. were created during the war put on forts of the Albanian people for the anti-monarchic trends and con­ tion War. The National Liberation lar people's revolutionary army, was In this manner, seeing that right the agenda the further strengthening creation of the new state power. victions. The popular revolution was Front was created and strengthened dictated by the great strategic tasks up to the end of the war the main of the power of the national libera­ The creation of the state of people's not only an anti-imperialist demo­ in the heat of the war against the which faced the Albanian people in enemies remained the fascist occu­ tion councils as the only legitimate democracy in Albania marked, in fact, cratic revolution, but also an anti- fascist occupiers and the traitors of the time of the war. With this army piers, and since the main war effort state power of the people in Alba­ the liquidation of monarchy. The the­ monarchic revolution. Therefore, we the country, on the basis of the anti­ the country would be liberated com­ was directed against them and the nia. «The strengthening of the na­ sis that the monarchy was maintained are justified in reaching the conclu­ fascist revolutionary platform which pletely with its own forces, national struggle against landowners and the tional liberation councils means the in order in Albania up till January sion that by condemning monarchy, was adopted at the Conference of Pe­ independence would be won, the de­ bourgeoisie was subordinated to the strengthening of our war, means 11, 1946, when the People's Republic the Congress of Përmet liquidated it za in September 1942. mocratic people's state power would struggle against foreign enemies, it bringing the liberation of our people of Albania was proclaimed, is alto­ not only de facto but also de jure, The union of the Albanian people be established. There is no doubt is obvious that the struggle against and Homeland closer.»4 And this is gether baseless. The Anti-fascist Na­ and created the new state which was in the National Liberation Front was that this army would become the ar­ the Balli Kombëtar, Legaliteti and understandable. The tasks of the na­ tional Liberation War, its transforma­ a republic in form, although this, for a direct voluntary union of the mas­ med support of the new state. Inter­ other reactionary forces and group­ tional liberation councils at that time tion into a profound popular revolu­ the reasons we mentioned above, was ses of the people, and not a coalition national experience has shown that ings, cannot be described as a civil could not be separated from the tasks tion, the setting up of the revolutio­ not put explicitly in any of the acts of political parties and organizations. there is no stale, including the revo­ war. of the armed struggle; indeed, they nary people's state power of the na­ of the new state. The only political party in the Front, lutionary state, which can stand on The fact that the reactionary clas­ could not be solved without a revo­ tional liberation councils, etc., all this That our new state was a republic the Communist Party of Albania, was its feet without its armed support. ses allied themselves to the occupiers lutionary state. For these reasons the was not in the nature of a monarchy. in form as early as in the Congress the leader and architect of this union. Both in the creation and in the and were destroyed together with setting up of the people's state power It is understandable that in the time of Përmet, this can be seen also in Hence, this unity in the National growth and strengthening of the Na­ them is an important objective factor was a necessary condition for the of the National Liberation War, when the functions and tasks with which Liberation War was achieved from tional Liberation Army, the principle which favoured the transformation of successful development of the Natio­ national liberation was raised as a the Anti-fascist National Liberation below, by the broad masses of the of self-reliance has been applied in a the National Liberation War into a nal Liberation War. question of primary importance, from Council vested the Standing Commit­ people. This, certainly, does not mean conscious manner. Only in this way popular revolution in Albania. The people's state power in Albania which the solution of other tasks de­ tee which represented the Council that no efforts at all were made to was it possible to ensure the triumph of was not established in peaceful forms, pended, and when in the struggle to between its sessions. It was precisely mobilize and unite with all the anti­ the uprising, the popular revolution. but with mast revolutionary methods. achieve this objective the participa­ the Standing Committee of the Anti­ fascist political trends from above. All the major difficult problems of It was not the result of grafting on tion of all the anti-fascist forces of fascist National Liberation Council The experience of the National Li­ the people's armed struggle, such as * * or combination with the landowner- the country without distinction as to which carried out the functions of beration War of the Albanian people the training of military-political ca­ bourgeois state, but an entirely new classes and political convictions was head of state, those funcions which showed that the unity which is rea­ dres, the equipment of the army and state. Therefore, over the question of required without excluding from this were attributed to the Presidium of lized directly from below, by the mas­ the insurgent people, the supply of the state power, a life-and-death struggle even those strata with some the People's Assembly later. ses of the people, and which has a weapons, munition, clothing and food slight shade of monarchic opinions, Another important feature of the struggle was waged between the Na­ The proclamation of the People's single revolutionary leadership is al­ for the fighters, were solved on the the National Liberation Front judged National Liberation War of the Alba­ tional Liberation Front, on the one Republic of Albania on January 11, ways a strong and stable unity, vital basis of this major principle. hand, and the occupiers and their that the only right thing to do was for the present and for the future nian people consists in the original 1946 by the Constituent Assembly le­ The National Liberation Army, with ways that were followed for the es­ tools, on the other. to allow the people to decide on the of the revolution. more than 70 thousand fighters, po­ form of government after Liberation. gitimized a situation that existed prac­ tablishment of the people's state po­ After developing from a lower to a The union of the Albanian people werfully supported by the people, It was precisely from these considera­ tically even in the period of the Na­ wer in Albania. The question of state higher stage, the new people's demo­ in the National Liberation Front was under the leadership of the Commu­ tions that the Congress of Përmet tional Liberation War of the Albanian power, Lenin has pointed out, is the cratic state was created at the 1st an organized union of the broad mas­ nist Party of Albania, carried out its judged not to proclaim the country people. most important question of every re­ National Liberation Congress which ses of working people in Albania. The historic mission with success. It dro­ a Republic there and then. But no In this manner, in the course of volution. The Anti-fascist National Li­ was convened in Përmet in May 1944. undivided single leadership of the ve from the Albanian soil the occu­ one can deny the fact that this Con­ the war, without waiting for the end CPA gave the union of the people in pation forces, destroyed the old poli­ beration War, too, as a popular revo­ With the decisions of this Congress and of the Anti-fascist National Li­ gress adopted a definite stand towards of the war, the state of the fascist the National Liberation Front its per­ tical order and all the reactionary lution, would not but lead to the beration Council which emerged from the future form of government. It occupiers and the landowner bourgeoi­ fect organization, its profoundly re­ forces and organizations which had raising and solution of this problem, this Congress, the question of state firmly condemned the monarchic re­ sie was demolished and the new de­ volutionary and fighting character, made common cause with the oc­ except that in the concrete circum­ gime of Zog, demanding that «it power was solved in general. Natu­ mocratic state of the national libe­ and realized the leading role of the cupiers, and became the shield that stances in which our war was waged, should not be permited to repeat it­ rally, this does not mean that the ration councils was set up in its pla­ working class and the unbreakable defended the newly established state. this could not be the only important self.» alliance of this class with the pea­ question of state power in Albania ce, indeed, when the necessary condi­ The simultaneous solution of three question of the revolution separated was definitively solved with the de­ santry, which constituted the steel In this manner the Congress of tions were created the Democratic Go­ tasks: the unity of the people in from the question of the national li­ cisions of this Congress. In the first foundations of this unity, gave it the Permet condemned monarchy, on the vernment was formed and the new the National Liberation Front, the beration. Therefore, the strategic aim place, it was solved through the ar­ high political consciousness of the in­ one hand, and took into consideration organization of the general armed of the National Liberation War in Al­ Albanian state of the people's demo­ surgent masses, the sound organiza­ med struggle which the Albanian peo­ uprising of the people and the crea­ bania contained in itself the demand the internal and external situations of cracy was built according to the will tion of these masses, and finally gua­ ple waged against the fascist occu­ tion of the regular National Libera- for the solution of two great tasks: that time, on the other. of the people. 60 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY tion Army, the destruction of the cialist revolution after the liberation mocratic state in Albania in the first political state of the occupiers and of the country. period after the liberation of the the landowner-bourgeois classes, and The experience of our country de­ country was not a socialist state be­ NATIONAL LIBERATION the setting up of the new state power monstrates that the socialist state can cause, at that time, the bourgeois-de­ of the national liberation councils, emerge directly from the national li­ mocratic measures predominated, is constituted a decisive factor for the beration war. This is something new totally unacceptable. The carrying out of reforms of a democratic character MOVEMENTS - triumph of the revolution. Failure to in the theory and practice of the re­ solve even one of these tasks might volution. In this manner, although before those of a socialist character jeopardize the triumph of the revo­ our people's revolution was carried were carried out, in no way negates lution. out in the framework of the national the socialist content of the revolution REFLECTION liberation, anti-imperialist, anti-fascist, and the people's state power. The ex­ anti-feudal tasks, it opened the road perience today has shown that the for its own transformation into so­ carrying out of the bourgeois-demo­ cialist revolution and for the socia­ cratic tasks is an absolute premise OF THE HATRED * * list construction of the country. for the realization of the socialist Finally, one of the features of the Our new historiography finds that tasks. This was clearly shown also National Liberation War of the Alba­ the thesis that the orientation for the by the experience of the October So­ OF THE PEOPLES nian people consists also in the fact socialist revolution in Albania was is­ cialist Revolution. In the first period that, with the complete liberation of sued in February 1946, is entirely after its triumph, the democratic the country, the anti-imperialist de­ groundless. This thesis confuses two tasks prevailed. Indeed, only the so­ mocratic revolution was transformed different concepts, that on the deepen­ cialist revolution can carry the bour­ AGAINST into socialist revolution. ing of the socialist revolution and geois-democratic tasks through to the The Albanian people, Jed by the socialist construction with that on end. working class and the Communist the orientation for the socialist revo­ The fact that the character of the THE IMPERIALISTS Party, won the decisive political bat­ lution. Not February 1946, but the li­ state in Albania did not change du­ tle against the exploiting classes in beration of the whole country and ring the reforms which it carried out, the conditions of the liberation war the establishment of the people's state whether they were of a democratic by PASKAL MILO against the occupiers and traitors. power, the state of the working class or of a socialist character, clearly This war was ceaselessly transfor­ led by the Communist Party, can be shows that our state was, from the med into a socialist revolution on ac­ considered generally as the transition beginning, a dictatorship of the pro­ The peoples have never reconciled themselves to the foreign count of the forces that motivated it, line from the democratic revolution letariat which was born in the Natio­ the leadership and the direction of to the socialist revolution. nal Liberation War and the people's occupiers. Their fiery patriotic feelings have inspired them to rise development which it followed objec­ In our country, the first stage of revolution which the Albanian people against the usurpers of their land, tively. the revolution prepared the condi­ carried out. The new situation created in Alba­ tions for embarking on the second no matter how great or strong they may be. This nia after the Congress of Përmet in stage, whereas the second stage con­ 1 Enver Hoxha, Works, vol. 14, p. 29, struggle remains indispensable for any the last months before Liberation, as sisted in the development of the first Alb. ed. people that cherish the ideals of freedom and national independence a result of the successive victories of stage of the revolution. The first sta­ 2 Enver Hoxha, Works, vol. 2, p. 273, the National Liberation Movement ge ended with the liberation of Al­ Alb. ed. against the occupiers and their col­ bania, and immediately after this, 3 Enver Hoxha, Reports and Spee­ laborators and the defeat of the reac­ the second stage, the stage of the so­ ches 1967-1968, Tirana 1969, pp. 164- THE ANTI-IMPERIALIST NATIONAL LIBERATION MOVEMENTS OF senal of the propaganda means of the tionary state and the organized for­ cialist revolution, began. 165. THE PEOPLES ARE AN INTEGRAL PART OF THE WORLD REVOLUTIONA­ superpowers and other imperialist po­ ces of exploiting classes, prepared the Our new historiography considers 4 Enver Hoxha, Works, vol. 2, p. 20, RY PROCESS. TOGETHER WITH THE MOVEMENT OF THE WORLD PRO­ wers, have always tried to cover up that the thesis that the people's de­ Alb. ed. terrain for the transition to the so­ LETARIAT THEY PRESENT ONE OF THE MAIN FRONTS OF THE ANTI- the true causes which impel the peoples -IMPERIALIST STRUGGLE IN THE PRESENT TIME. IN HIS ANALYSIS OF of Asia, Africa and Latin America to THE INTERNATIONAL SITUATION IN GENERAL AND THE ANTI-IMPERI­ rise in national liberation and anti- ALIST NATIONAL LIBERATION WARS IN PARTICULAR, COMRADE ENVER -imperialist wars. They have put into HOXHA CAME TO THE CONCLUSION THAT «...A GENERAL AWAKENING circulation such views as present these OF THE OPPRESSED PEOPLES, A STRENGTHENING OF NATIONAL FE­ wars as revolts of backward and under­ ELINGS, AND A GREATER DESIRE TO BE FREE, INDEPENDENT AND SO­ VEREIGN CAN BE SEEN TODAY. THE PEOPLES' LIBERATION MOVEMENTS developed peoples, wars of a religious HAVE GROWN IN EXTENT AND ENHANCED THEIR QUALITY, THEIR character, etc. The imperialist and re­ ANTI-IMPERIALIST, ANTI-SOCIAL-IMPERIALIST AND ANTI-NEO-COLO- visionist bourgeoisie distorts the inner NIALIST CHARACTER HAS BEEN STRENGTHENED.»1 economic and socio-political motives of the anti-imperialist liberation wars There are profound economic, poli­ the peoples to take up arms and rise and refuses to acknowledge their main tical, social and ideological causes for in struggle against imperialism and cause — the imperialist and social- ______social-imperialism. The bourgeois and -imperialist interference and occupa- PASKAL MILO — Candidate of His• revisionist ideologists, the whole ar­ torical Sciences 62 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY ALBANIA TODAY 2 (81), 1985 • 63 tion, the savage plunder, oppression The peoples have never reconciled Latin America is not the struggle for gressive elements, in alliance with the the past year the Philippino patriots ration wars. So, from the beginning of and exploitation by the superpowers themselves to the foreign occupiers. national liberation and the defence of poor peasantry demanding land, will carried out more than 3,500 actions this war Washington has spent more than and the other great capitalist powers. Their fiery patriotic feelings have in­ freedom and national independence, but create the conditions in which the and armed attacks against the forces 300 million dollars in military aid for The peoples that have risen now in spired them to rise against the usur­ the «non-capitalist road of develop­ fighting proletariat must hurl itself into of the Marcos regime and wiped out the Duarte regime. American aid for struggle for national liberation have pers of their land, no matter how ment» or «socialist orientation». By struggle, and the genuine party of the more than 1,600 soldiers. The Salvado- the anti-popular dictatorship in Gua­ for centuries been under colonialist and great or strong they may be. This applying offensive labels to these strug­ proletariat, the genuine leadership of rian liberation forces have killed or temala is envisaged to reach 70 million imperialist rule. The great impe­ struggle remains indispensable for any gles, the bourgeois propaganda tries to the state, and the genuine popular ar­ wounded 5,000 soldiers of the Duarte dollars in 1985, the double of what rialist powers and the capitalist and people that cherish the ideals of free­ distort their true character, to present my will emerge, an army which will dictatorship and now control 70 per the United States has given this coun­ colonialist states have exploited these dom and national independence. them as terrorist expressions of the serve the people and not the new cent of the territory of the country, try so far. Beginning from this year, peoples to the marrow, killed and mas­ Today the flames of the national li­ revolt of some groups which supposedly theocratic bourgeoisie, this time cloak­ while the units of the resistance figh­ the United States will give the Marcos' sacred them, kept them in centuries- beration wars or wars to defend na­ are isolated from the people and ope­ ed in allegedly democratic forms.»2 ters of Guatemala have put out of ac­ regime in the Philippines 900 million -long backwardness by all manner of tional independence from imperialism rate against their interests. The present national liberation wars tion 1,200 troops and agents of the dollars of military aid over a period means. This policy, although in new and social-imperialism have spread al­ The fact that some country may have of the people in the countries of Asia, secret police. of five years. As always, Washington forms, is being continued by the Uni­ most all over the world. In Europe, the groups operating by putschist and Africa and Latin America have gone The national liberation wars are di­ continues to give large amounts of ted States, the Soviet Union and the people of Northern Irland are fighting adventurous methods cannot conceal through a further qualitative upsurge. rected in the first place against impe­ military aid to Israel to enable this other neo-colonialist powers after the against the British colonialists. In the the mass popular character of these This is apparent in the growth of the rialism, social-imperialism and neo­ stale to carry out the mission American Second World War. By various me­ Middle East, the Palestinian people are ever growing movements. Some figures revolutionary and political conscious­ colonialism. Although in conflict over imperialism has assigned to it in the thods, the developed capitalist coun­ continuing their armed struggle to re­ are sufficient to prove that: according ness, in the ever more correct defini­ their political, strategic and economic Middle East. American aid for Israel tries rob the developing countries of turn to their homeland occupied by to information from the foreign press, tion of the aim and tasks of this war. interests, the two superpowers — the will amount to 3,7 billion dollars in about 90 billion dollars each year. Only the Israeli Zionists. The Lebanese pat­ in the Philippines about 12 thousand At present national liberation move­ United States and the Soviet Union, the financial year 1986. The Soviet the net profit from direct invest­ riots, the progressive forces that fight men militate in the ranks of the peo­ ments are directed not only against as well as the other imperialist pow­ Union, too, is lavish in aid to its reac­ ments of foreign capital in Africa was for the liberation of southern Lebanon, ple's army, in Guatemala the number the foreign imperialist and social-im­ ers are united in the attempts at tionary clients under the disguise of in excess of 22 billion dollars in the are fighting against the same enemy. of the fighters in the patriots' units perialist oppression, but also against suppressing the national liberation mo­ the so-called internationalist assistance. period 1974-1984. The African count­ In Asia, national liberation wars are was 9 thousand last year and in East­ the local landowning-bourgeois cli­ vements that are developing in diffe­ In Afghanistan the Soviet social-im­ ries lose more than 11.2 billion dollars successfully being waged in Afghanis­ ern Timor this figure was 6.8 thou­ ques and reactionary forces linked with rent countries and regions of the world. perialists have already spent tens of each year as a result of inequal trade tan, the Philippines, Eastern Timor, etc. sand in the same year. The patriotic and sold to the imperialist and neo- For this purpose the imperialists and millions of rubles to stamp out the with the imperialist and social-imperia­ Namibia and Azania continue to be forces that fight against the Soviet so­ -colonialist great powers. social-imperialists employed old and struggle of the Afghani patriots. Mos­ list states. On the same continent, the centres of the struggle for freedom in cial-imperialist occupiers in Afghanis­ The national liberation movements new, open and disguised methods, po­ cow has sold and continues to sell capitalist multinational and other com­ Africa. The front of the people's li­ tan amount to some tens of thousands. are inflicting ever more heavy losses litical and diplomatic methods up to weapons to such reactionary regimes panies control 90 per cent of the mi­ beration movements is even broader Workers, peasants, young people and on the enemy and extending the li­ military aggression. as that of Indonesia, thereby contribu­ ning of chromium, 85 per cent of pla­ in Latin America. On that continent, intellectuals militate in these forces. berated territories. According to sour­ Notorious allies of the two super­ ting directly to the suppression of the tinum, 70 per cent of diamonds, 60 the peoples of Salvador, Guatemala, It is true that the proletariat and its ces from the Afghan liberation for­ powers and neo-colonialists against the national liberation movements. By per cent of magnesium, etc. Honduras, Chile, and others are fight­ revolutionary Marxist-Leninist party do ces, during five years of the Soviet national liberation movements are feu­ means of its military aid the Soviet ing to shake off the hated twofold not lead these movements. However, As a result of this systematic and occupation of their country they have dalism, the big bourgeoisie and the rea­ Union also aims to put under its con­ yoke of American imperialism and the carrying the national democratic and all-round plunder, oppression and ex­ put 30 thousand Soviet soldiers out of ctionary circles, in general. All these trol some national liberation move­ local fascist dictatorial regimes. In the anti-imperialist revolution through to ploitation, the level of the socio-econo­ action, or damaged 7 thousand tanks, are closely linked by mutual interests. ments in order to extend its influence same region, the Nicaraguan people the end depends on the hegemonic mic development and the standard of armoured vehicles and troop carriers The local reactionary cliques in po­ and to penetrate into those countries have risen to defend their national in­ role of the proletariat and the Marx­ living in those countries remain very and brought down or destroyed on the wer are obedient servants of the im­ and, if the occasion presents itself to dependence against the Somoza gangs ist-Leninist communist party. Comrade low. Hunger has reached catastrophic ground... perialist and neo-colonialist powers use them as a means of blackmailing and the interference and plots of the Enver Hoxha said, «The wars for proportions. According to UNO data, and blindly carry out the orders and its rival — the United States, or to United States. national and social liberation, whether In Northern Ireland during the years 570 million people in the countries of dictate of the metropolis. As a reward sacrifice them on the altar of the Ame­ in the Middle East, Africa or else­ 1969-1984 the liberation forces have Asia, Africa and Latin America suffer This short survey of the geographi­ for their services they are kept in rican-Soviet counter-revolutionary co­ where, are wars with a national li­ wiped out about 2,400 British soldiers from lack of food. Only within 1985, cal extension of the national libera­ power with the assistance of the wea­ llaboration. That is how the Soviet re­ beration and imperialist character. Al­ and local mercenaries in their pay. 5.5 million people starved to death in tion movements in the world is the pons of the imperialists and social- visionists have done in the Congo, the though, for one reason or the other, In South Lebanon, in the period from 24 African countries. In the developing best refutation of those bourgeois-re­ -imperialists. Dominican Republic, with the Arab the proletariat is not at the head of October 1982 to 1984, more than 100 countries there are 800 million illitera­ visionist views which in one way or Military assistance to the puppet peoples, etc. tes, 1.5 billion people have almost no another deny or ignore the liberation the masses of the people in these wars armed attacks have been launched regimes and aggressor states occupies Military aid to reactionary govern­ possibility of receiving medical aid struggles of the peoples. According to and does not have its own party, against the forces and objects of the an important place in the strategy of ments is the first step of the open im­ and more than 300 million are partial­ the Soviet revisionists, the main trend in the revolutionary situations that Israeli invaders and more than 600 the United States and the Soviet Union perialist and social-imperialist inter­ ly or totally unemployed. in the countries of Asia, Africa and will be created in the future, the pro­ enemy soldiers have been killed. In for the suppression of the national libe­ vention to suppress the national libe- 64 • 2 (81), 1985 ALBANIA TODAY

ration movements. When all the so- beration movements figure genocide, knowledge, demonstrate once again the called peaceful means and methods mass extermination, scorched earth tac­ inhuman nature of imperialism, social- have not yielded the results hoped tics, alteration of the demographic map -imperialism and the reactionary regi­ for the two superpowers intervened of a country by violence, etc. These mes in their service. They have torn directly with their military forces. The fascist and inhuman methods were the mask off Washington. Moscow and history after the Second World War used by the American imperialists in all the neo-colonialist powers which knows many such cases. In order to Vietnam, are being used today by the have raised demagogy to a system to maintain their neo-colonial rule, the Soviet social-imperialists in Afghanis­ cover up their policy of ruthless and superpowers and the other imperialist tan, by the Israeli Zionists in the occu­ savage oppression, exploitation of the powers constantly increase the occupa­ pied Arab territories, by the South- countries and peoples of Asia, Africa tion forces, the number of «advisers» African racists in Namibia and Aza- and Latin America. and the military and police forces of nia. About 75,000 innocent inhabitants The national liberation wars are a reactionary regimes: thus, the Soviet of Afghanistan have died as result of the phenomenon in constant development. troops in Afghanistan have increased persecutions and punitive expeditions of They reflect the hatred and indigna­ from 100,000 in December 1979 to the Soviet occupiers and the puppet army tion of the peoples against capitalist 140,000 in 1984. The British occupiers during the five years of occupation. exploitation and imperialist yoke. They have doubled their military and police More than four million Afghans have are another expression of the crisis forces in Northern Ireland during the fled their country and two million and decay of capitalism. As Comrade last ten years. The fascist regime of others have abandoned the combat Enver Hoxha pointed out, «These wars South Africa keeps 110,000 occupa­ areas and taken refuge in the cities. confirm that imperialism is heading tion troops in Namibia. In 1984 there In the Philippines more than 5,000 for, the abyss, that it is no longer ca­ were 1,500 American «advisers» in people have been killed since 1972. pable of stopping the revolutionary Salvador and Honduras. Washington when the state of emergency was pro- drive of the peoples who dare to rise has reckoned that for the partisan claimed, in Eastern Timor 200,000 peo­ against it and are not intimidated by movement in Salvador to be stamped ple, or 33 per cent of the population the imperialist powers and their tools out an army of 120,000 men is needed have died as a result of the terror of even armed interventions.»3 instead of the army of 37,000 of that the Indonesian occupiers, of hunger country now. The American congress and disease. In Salvador, during the endorsed the expenditure of 21 million last five years about 50,000 civilians dollars to levy, equip and supply an have been killed by the forces of the 1 Enver Hoxha, Report to the 8th army of 10,000 to overthrow the law­ reactionary army and police, while one Congress of the PLA, p. 175, Eng. ed. ful government of Nicaragua. million others have been obliged to 2 Enver Hoxha Reflections on the Middle East, p. 248, Eng. ed. abandon their home places in order In the arsenal of the methods of 3 Enver Hoxha. Report to the 8tn the imperialist pressures, threats to escape the terror and persecutions. Congress of the PLA, Tirana 1981, p. for the suppression of the national li­ These facts, which are common 177, Eng. ed.