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The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered

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Crump_PROEF (all).ps Front - 1 T1 - Black The Warsaw Pact Reconsidered Inquiries into the Evolution of an Underestimated Alliance, 1960-1969 Een nieuwe visie op het Warschaupact Een onderzoek naar de ontwikkeling van een ondergewaardeerde alliantie, 1960-1969 (met een samenvatting in het Nederlands) Proefschrift ter verkrijging van de graad van doctor aan de Universiteit Utrecht op gezag van de rector magnificus, prof. dr. G.J. van der Zwaan, ingevolge het besluit van het college voor promoties in het openbaar te verdedigen op vrijdag 10 januari 2014 des middags te 2.30 uur door Laura Carolien Crump geboren op 11 augustus 1978 te Amsterdam Crump_PROEF (all).ps Back - 1 T1 - Black Promotoren: Prof. dr. D.A. Hellema Prof. dr. J. Hoffenaar Crump_PROEF (all).ps Front - 2 T1 - Black To my husband Kenneth Gabreëls my most beloved ally Crump_PROEF (all).ps Back - 2 T1 - Black Cover Illustration: Foundation of the Warsaw Pact, 14 May 1955, Warsaw File: Bundesarchiv Bild 183-30483-002, Warschau, Konferenz Europäischer Länder http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Bundesarchiv_Bild_183-30483- 002,_Warschau,_Konferenz_Europäischer_Länder....jpg Cover Illustration (back): Map of Europe showing NATO and the Warsaw Pact (ca. 1973) http://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:NATO_and_the_Warsaw_Pact_1973.svg Crump_PROEF (all).ps Front - 3 T1 - Black Contents Contents Abbreviations Chronology of Events Note on Translations Introduction: Reconsidering the Warsaw Pact 1 A New Approach towards the Warsaw Pact 2 The International Constellation 5 New Cold War History 8 Research Strategy 11 Alliance Theory 13 Conceptualisation and Strategy 16 Looking Ahead 19 Part I: Embryonic Emancipation 1 The Warsaw Pact in Its Infancy 25 The New Course 27 The Foundation of a Multilateral Alliance 30 The Foundation of a New Kind of Foreign Policy 34 The Warsaw Pact in Practice 37 The Echoes of Khrushchev’s Secret Speech 41 The Polish Road to Emancipation 43 Equality on Moscow’s Terms 46 Albanian Reaction to the Thaw 51 The Polish Push for Reforms 53 Demilitarising Romania 56 Further Demilitarisation 57 Ulbricht and the Second Berlin Crisis 59 Conclusion: An Alliance by Default? 63 Crump_PROEF (all).ps Back - 3 T1 - Black Contents 2 The Warsaw Pact in the Shadow of the Sino-Soviet Split 67 Communist Unity under Pressure 68 Albanian Defiance 71 The Albanian Fourth Party Congress 74 The Confrontation of David and Goliath 77 Albanian Emancipation and WP Multilateralisation 81 Albanian Exclusion 84 Sino-Romanian Rapprochement 88 The Mongolian Application 91 Romanian Mediation 95 The Romanian Declaration of Independence 100 The Aftermath 103 The Impact of Romanian Independence 105 Conclusion: Emancipation and Multilateralisation 108 3 The Warsaw Pact Compromised by the German Question 112 Warsaw Pact (Dis)Harmony on the German Question 114 Brinkmanship versus Caution 117 The Warsaw Pact as Ulbricht’s Instrument 120 Raising the Stakes Again 122 Driving Himself up the Wall 127 The German Question in Nuclear Terms 132 The Ulbricht Doctrine 135 The Denouement 140 The Seeds of Multilateralisation 144 Conclusion: Manoeuvres in a Multilateral Arena 148 Part II: The Dynamics of Dissent 4 Warsaw Pact Reforms and Westpolitik 153 The Crisis in Context 155 The PCC’s Paralysis 160 The Romanian Change of Direction 163 Allied Arguments 166 The Romanian Rebuttal 169 Romania’s ‘Triple Yes!’ 171 A West German Move 176 The Romanian Method Revisited 178 ‘Some’ against ‘Others’ 181 The Success of the Romanian Strategy 184 Crump_PROEF (all).ps Front - 4 T1 - Black Contents The Aftermath 187 Division on the German Question 191 Conclusion: The Warsaw Pact’s Transformation 194 5 Gaullism in the Warsaw Pact: Ceausescu’s Challenge 199 The Vietnam War 201 The Nuclear Question 203 Playing the Chinese Card 206 Bilateral Preparations 209 PCC Clashes 212 The Alliance Inside Out 215 Closing Ranks on Vietnam? 219 The Polish Move 222 The Romanian Countermove 224 ‘One’ against ‘Six’ 226 Lessons for the Future 231 Vietnam Revisited 233 Consultations on Non-Proliferation 237 Non-Proliferation under Pressure 239 Romania under Pressure 241 Conclusion: Romania Reconsidered 246 Part III: Crisis and Consolidation 6 The Limits of Emancipation: The Prague Spring 253 The Historical Context 256 The Six in Dresden 259 Echoes from Dresden 263 Moscow in May 267 The Romanian Reaction 269 The Decline in Relations 271 Warsaw: The Point of No Return? 274 The Romanian Interpretation 279 Soviet-Czechoslovak Estrangement 282 A Multilateral Solution? 284 Casting the Die 286 The Intervention 289 Paving the Way for ‘Normalisation’ 291 A Crumbling Coalition 294 Normalisation under Pressure 296 Conclusion: Irreversible Multilateralisation 301 Crump_PROEF (all).ps Back - 4 T1 - Black Contents 7 Closing Ranks, while Clashing with China 305 Military Reforms 308 Yakubovskii on Tour 310 General Prchlik’s Challenge 313 Reforms in the Post-Invasion Period 316 The ‘Qualitative Turning Point’ 319 The Sino-Soviet Split 323 European Security 327 Military Reforms Revisited 331 The Denouement 335 The Aftermath 337 Conclusion: The Warsaw Pact Multilateralised 341 Conclusion: The WP as Underestimated Alliance 345 Embryonic Emancipation 346 The Dynamics of Dissent 348 From Crisis to Consolidation 350 Comparison to NATO 352 Alliance Theory Revisited 355 Contributing to New Cold War History 361 Recommendations for Future Research 366 Samenvatting (Dutch Summary) 370 Bibliography 376 Archives 376 Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security 378 Published Primary Sources 380 Secondary Literature 381 Curriculum Vitae 395 Crump_PROEF (all).ps Front - 5 T1 - Black Abbreviations Abbreviations ANIC Arhivele Naţionale Istorice Centrale ale României AWP Albanian Workers’ Party CC Central Committee CCP Chinese Communist Party CCUAF Commander in Chief of the United Armed Forces (WP) CMFA Committee of the Ministers of Foreign Affairs COMECON Council for Mutual Economic Assistance COMINFORM Communist Information Bureau CPCz Communist Party of Czechoslovakia CPSU Communist Party of the Soviet Union CSCE Conference for Security and Cooperation in Europe CSSR Czechoslovak Socialist Republic CWIHP Cold War International History Project DRV Democratic Republic of Vietnam (North Vietnam) ENDC Eighteen Nations Disarmament Committee FIG APC Fondazione Istituto Gramsci, Archivio del Partito Comunista Italiano FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany) GDR German Democratic Republic (East Germany) HWP Hungarian Workers’ Party (up to October 1956) HSWP Hungarian Socialist Workers’ Party (from October 1956) Interkit ‘China International’: Eastern European institution against China MfAA Ministerium für Auswärtige Angelegenheiten der DDR MLF Multilateral nuclear Forces NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NLF National Liberation Front for South Vietnam NSWP Non-Soviet Warsaw Pact (member) NTBT Limited Nuclear Test-Ban Treaty PA AA Politisches Archiv des Auswärtigen Amtes der DDR PCC Political Consultative Committee PCI Partito Comunista Italiano PHP Parallel History Project on Cooperative Security PRC People’s Republic of China PRP People’s Republic of Poland PUWP Polish United Workers’ Party RCP Romanian Communist Party (from August 1965) RWP Romanian Workers’ Party (up to August 1965) SACEUR Supreme Allied Commander Europe (NATO) Crump_PROEF (all).ps Back - 5 T1 - Black Abbreviations SAPMO-BArch Stiftung Archiv der Parteien und Massenorganisationen der DDR im Bundesarchiv SED Sozialistische Einheitspartei Deutschlands (East German) SPD Sozialdemokratische Partei Deutschlands (West German) UAF United Armed Forces (WP) UN United Nations USA United States of America USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics WP Warsaw Pact Crump_PROEF (all).ps Front - 6 T1 - Black Chronology of Events Chronology of Events 5 March 1953 Death of Stalin 16-17 June 1953 Uprisings in East Germany 9 May 1955 Admission of Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) to NATO 10 May 1955 Soviet disarmament proposal 14 May 1955 Foundation of the Warsaw Pact (WP) 15 May 1955 Austrian State Treaty 26 May 1955 Khrushchev’s reconciliation with Tito 18-23 July 1955 Geneva summit September 1955 Establishment of diplomatic relations between the SU and FRG 27-28 January 1956 First meeting of the WP’s Political Consultative Committee in Prague 25 February 1956 Khrushchev’s Secret Speech at the CPSU’s 20th party congress June 1956 Official normalisation of Soviet-Yugoslav (diplomatic) relations June 1956 Dissolution of the COMINFORM 19 October 1956 Wladyslaw Gomulka elected first secretary in Poland 23 October 1956 Beginning of Hungarian Revolution 24 October 1956 Intervention of Soviet troops in Hungary 30 October 1956 Soviet declaration on friendship and cooperation in Eastern Europe 4 November 1956 Second intervention of Soviet troops in Hungary June 1957 Khrushchev survives the anti-party coup in Moscow 24 May 1958 Meeting of the Political Consultative Committee in Moscow 27 November 1958 Khrushchev issues a six-month ultimatum on the status of West Berlin 27-28 April 1959 Meeting of the foreign ministers of the WP countries and China September 1959 Khrushchev’s trip to the USA, meeting Eisenhower at Camp David Crump_PROEF (all).ps Back - 6 T1 - Black Chronology of Events 4 February 1960 PCC meeting in Moscow on peaceful coexistence and the German Question 20-22 June 1960 Third Romanian Party Congress in Bucharest November 1960 Moscow Meeting of international communist parties 13 February 1961 Albanian fourth Party Conference in Tirana 28-29 March 1961 PCC meeting in Moscow on Albania and the German Question
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