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The Case of Albania During the Enver Hoxha Era
Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe Volume 40 Issue 6 Article 8 8-2020 State-Sponsored Atheism: The Case of Albania during the Enver Hoxha Era İbrahim Karataş Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree Part of the Eastern European Studies Commons, Policy History, Theory, and Methods Commons, Religion Commons, and the Soviet and Post-Soviet Studies Commons Recommended Citation Karataş, İbrahim (2020) "State-Sponsored Atheism: The Case of Albania during the Enver Hoxha Era," Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe: Vol. 40 : Iss. 6 , Article 8. Available at: https://digitalcommons.georgefox.edu/ree/vol40/iss6/8 This Peer-Reviewed Article is brought to you for free and open access by Digital Commons @ George Fox University. It has been accepted for inclusion in Occasional Papers on Religion in Eastern Europe by an authorized editor of Digital Commons @ George Fox University. For more information, please contact [email protected]. STATE-SPONSORED ATHEISM: THE CASE OF ALBANIA DURING THE ENVER HOXHA ERA By İbrahim Karataş İbrahim Karataş graduated from the Department of International Relations at the Middle East Technical University in Ankara in 2001. He took his master’s degree from the Istanbul Sababattin Zaim University in the Political Science and International Relations Department in 2017. He subsequently finished his Ph.D. program from the same department and the same university in 2020. Karataş also worked in an aviation company before switching to academia. He is also a professional journalist in Turkey. His areas of study are the Middle East, security, and migration. ORCID: 0000-0002-2125-1840. -
Albania=Schipetaria=Shqiperia= Shqipnija
ALBANIA ALBANIA=SCHIPETARIA=SHQIPERIA= SHQIPNIJA Republika e Shqiperise Repubblica d’Albania Tirane=Tirana 200.000 ab. (Valona fu capitale dal 1912 al 1920) Kmq. 28.748 (28.749)(28.750) Rivendica il Cossovo=Kossovo Rivendica alla GRECIA l’Epiro Meridionale Rivendica al MONTENEGRO: Malesja, area di Tuzi, Plav e Rozaje Rivendica alcuni territori alla MACEDONIA Dispute per le acque territoriali con MONTENEGRO Dispute per le acque territoriali con GRECIA Compreso Isola SASENO=SASAN (6 Kmq.) Compreso acque interne (Kmq. 1.350 – 5%) Movimento indip. in Nord Epiro=Albania Meridionale (minoranza greca) Movimento indip. in Illiria=Illyrida=Repubblica d’Illiria (con altri territori della Macedonia) Movimento indip. macedo-albanese Ab. 2.350.000---3.600.000 Densità 103 Popolazione urbana 39% Incremento demografico annuo 0,9% Coefficiente di natalità 24% Coefficiente di mortalità 5,4% Coefficiente di mortalità infantile 4,4%° Durata vita media 69 anni U. – 72 anni D. Età media 26 anni (35% >14 anni – 9% >60 anni) LINGUA Ufficiale/Nazionale Tosco=Tosk=Albanese Tosco=Albanian Tosk Ciechi 2.000 Sordi 205.000 Indice di diversità 0,26 Ghego=Albanese Ghego=Ghego Albanese=Albanian Gheg=Gego=Geg=Gheg=Sciopni=Shopni= Gheghe=Guegue (300.000) - Mandrica - Scippe=Ship=Cosovo=Cosovaro=Cossovo=Cossovaro=Kosove - Scutari=Shkoder - Elbasani=Elbasan=Elbasan-Tirana=Elbasan-Tirane=Tirana=Tirane Greco (60.000) Macedone=Slavico=Slavic=Slavico Macedone=Macedone Slavico=Macedonian Slavic (30.000) Romani Vlax=Vlax Romani (60.000) - Romani Vlax Meridionale=Southern Vlax -
Ligjvënësit Shqipëtarë Në Vite
LIGJVËNËSIT SHQIPTARË NË VITE Viti 1920 Këshilli Kombëtar i Lushnjës (Senati) Një dhomë, 37 deputetë 27 mars 1920–20 dhjetor 1920 Zgjedhjet u mbajtën më 31 janar 1920. Xhemal NAIPI Kryetar i Këshillit Kombëtar (1920) Dhimitër KACIMBRA Kryetar i Këshillit Kombëtar (1920) Lista emërore e senatorëve 1. Abdurrahman Mati 22. Myqerem HAMZARAJ 2. Adem GJINISHI 23. Mytesim KËLLIÇI 3. Adem PEQINI 24. Neki RULI 4. Ahmet RESULI 25. Osman LITA 5. Bajram bej CURRI 26. Qani DISHNICA 6. Bektash CAKRANI 27. Qazim DURMISHI 7. Beqir bej RUSI 28. Qazim KOCULI 8. Dine bej DIBRA 29. Ramiz DACI 9. Dine DEMA 30. Rexhep MITROVICA 10. Dino bej MASHLARA 31. Sabri bej HAFIZ 11. Dhimitër KACIMBRA 32. Sadullah bej TEPELENA 12. Fazlli FRASHËRI 33. Sejfi VLLAMASI 13. Gjergj KOLECI 34. Spiro Jorgo KOLEKA 14. Halim bej ÇELA 35. Spiro PAPA 15. Hilë MOSI 36. Shefqet VËRLACI 16. Hysein VRIONI 37. Thanas ÇIKOZI 17. Irfan bej OHRI 38. Veli bej KRUJA 18. Kiço KOÇI 39. Visarion XHUVANI 19. Kolë THAÇI 40. Xhemal NAIPI 20. Kostaq (Koço) KOTA 41. Xhemal SHKODRA 21. Llambi GOXHAMANI 42. Ymer bej SHIJAKU Viti 1921 Këshilli Kombëtar/Parlamenti Një dhomë, 78 deputetë 21 prill 1921–30 shtator 1923 Zgjedhjet u mbajtën më 5 prill 1921. Pandeli EVANGJELI Kryetar i Këshillit Kombëtar (1921) Eshref FRASHËRI Kryetar i Këshillit Kombëtar (1922–1923) 1 Lista emërore e deputetëve të Këshillit Kombëtar (Lista pasqyron edhe ndryshimet e bëra gjatë legjislaturës.) 1. Abdyl SULA 49. Mehdi FRASHËRI 2. Agathokli GJITONI 50. Mehmet PENGILI 3. Ahmet HASTOPALLI 51. Mehmet PILKU 4. Ahmet RESULI 52. Mithat FRASHËRI 5. -
Kalendari I Kujtesës 2021
KALENDARI I KUJTESËS 2021 TË DHËNAT PERSONALE EMËR, MBIËMER TELEFON ADRESA FAX VENDI E-MAIL IDMC - Instituti për Demokraci, Media dhe Kulturë është një organizatë e pavarur, jo- © IDMC 2020 fitimprurëse dhe joqeveritare me qendër në Tiranë. IDMC promovon zhvillimin e vlerave Institute for Democracy, Media & Culture demokratike, rolin dhe impaktin e medias e të kulturës brenda dhe jashtë vendit. IDMC Address: Bardhok Biba Street, Entrance A, synon të promovojë vlerat demokratike duke shërbyer si një Think Tank, duke inkurajuar Trema Building, 11th Fl., Apt. 36, Tirana, Albania sondimin e opinionit publik për çështje të ndryshme të politikbërjes. Si dhe përmes www.idmc.al mbështetjes dhe motivimit të brezit të ri drejt formave të reja të pjesëmarrjes politike. Duke marrë si shembull Shqipërinë, ku reflektimi mbi të shkuarën e saj totalitare nuk Kalendari i Kujtesës botohet me mbështetjen e ka zënë në këto 25 vjet vendin që meriton, IDMC ka si mision që përmes aktiviteteve Fondacionit Konrad Adenauer në Tiranë. sensibilizuese ta inkurajojë brezin e ri të njohë historinë dhe të reflektojë mbi të shkuarën për një të ardhme më të sigurt demokratike. Konrad Adenauer Stiftung Address: “Dëshmorët e Kombit” Blvd. Twin Tower 1, 11th Fl., Tirana, Albania www.kas.de/albanien/ Për kalendarin online kanë punuar disa autorë. IDMC falënderon historianin Uran Butka, i cili përpiloi versionin e parë më 2016 me 130 data përkujtimore. Gjatë vitit 2020, kalendari online u pasurua me rreth 65 data të reja përkujtimore për periudhën kohore 1944–1992 nga historiani i ri Pjerin Mirdita, drejtor i Muzeut të Dëshmisë dhe Kujtesës në Shkodër. -
Marxism- Leninism Teaches That the People Are the Creators of History Enver Hoxha
C Introduction, A.Hamza & F.Ruda C R R I I S “Marxism-Leninism Teaches that the People is the Creator of History“ S I was published in Zëri i Popullit (The Voice of the People), the official I S S Marxism- 1 th newspaper of the Labour Party of Albania in Nr. 90 (2359) on the 14 & of April 1956. It was published a day before the Tirana Conference of & the Communist Party (15th-16th April 1956), which was a very important C C R political development for the Labour Party of Albania. At that time, the R I country was still holding a very pro-Soviet position, however, trying I Leninism TeachesT T I to situate itself with regard to the Soviet Union after Tito’s attempt to I Q renormalize relations with the Soviet Union and Khrushchev’s visit in Q U Belgrade just a year before. U E E At this Conference, Enver Hoxha was nearly voted out, or more that the People / precisely, the Tirana Conference was about to vote out the Albanian Troika / of Enver Hoxha- Mehmet Shehu2- Beqir Balluku.3 Balluku was presiding Volume 3 / Volume 3 / Issue 1 over the Conference, when the critiques of the Politburo reached its Issue 1 peak. When the situation was “electrified,” as Hoxha himself described it, Balluku called Hoxha, who was on holiday in the southern town of are the Creators Vlora, and suggested to come back to Tirana immediately, as he was about to be voted out. Enver came back and delivered two speeches. In the first one (given on the 15th of April), he addressed the delegates in a very soft and moderate tone, trying to reconcile with his critics, whereas on the morning of the 16th his tone was much harsher and he denounced of History many delegates, who were then later executed. -
1 LIGJVËNËSIT SHQIPTARË NË VITE Viti 1920 Këshilli Kombëtar I
LIGJVËNËSIT SHQIPTARË NË VITE Viti 1920 Këshilli Kombëtar i Lushnjës (Senati) Një dhomë, 37 deputetë 27 mars 1920–20 dhjetor 1920 Zgjedhjet u mbajtën më 31 janar 1920. Xhemal NAIPI Kryetar i Këshillit Kombëtar (1920) Dhimitër KACIMBRA Kryetar i Këshillit Kombëtar (1920) Lista emërore e senatorëve 1. Abdurrahman Mati 22. Myqerem HAMZARAJ 2. Adem GJINISHI 23. Mytesim KËLLIÇI 3. Adem PEQINI 24. Neki RULI 4. Ahmet RESULI 25. Osman LITA 5. Bajram bej CURRI 26. Qani DISHNICA 6. Bektash CAKRANI 27. Qazim DURMISHI 7. Beqir bej RUSI 28. Qazim KOCULI 8. Dine bej DIBRA 29. Ramiz DACI 9. Dine DEMA 30. Rexhep MITROVICA 10. Dino bej MASHLARA 31. Sabri bej HAFIZ 11. Dhimitër KACIMBRA 32. Sadullah bej TEPELENA 12. Fazlli FRASHËRI 33. Sejfi VLLAMASI 13. Gjergj KOLECI 34. Spiro Jorgo KOLEKA 14. Halim bej ÇELA 35. Spiro PAPA 15. Hilë MOSI 36. Shefqet VËRLACI 16. Hysein VRIONI 37. Thanas ÇIKOZI 17. Irfan bej OHRI 38. Veli bej KRUJA 18. Kiço KOÇI 39. Visarion XHUVANI 19. Kolë THAÇI 40. Xhemal NAIPI 20. Kostaq (Koço) KOTA 41. Xhemal SHKODRA 21. Llambi GOXHAMANI 42. Ymer bej SHIJAKU Viti 1921 Këshilli Kombëtar/Parlamenti Një dhomë, 78 deputetë 21 prill 1921–30 shtator 1923 Zgjedhjet u mbajtën më 5 prill 1921. Pandeli EVANGJELI Kryetar i Këshillit Kombëtar (1921) Eshref FRASHËRI Kryetar i Këshillit Kombëtar (1922–1923) 1 Lista emërore e deputetëve të Këshillit Kombëtar (Lista pasqyron edhe ndryshimet e bëra gjatë legjislaturës.) 1. Abdyl SULA 49. Mehdi FRASHËRI 2. Agathokli GJITONI 50. Mehmet PENGILI 3. Ahmet HASTOPALLI 51. Mehmet PILKU 4. Ahmet RESULI 52. Mithat FRASHËRI 5. -
The Ideas of Marxism-Leninism Will Triumph on the Revisionism
THE IDEAS OF MARXISM-LENINISM WILL TRIUMPH ON THE REVISIONISM W9 mo «853 19 6 2 (5x mm THE IDEAS OF MARXISM-LENINISM WILL TRIUMPH ON THE REVISIONISM 1962 >0 I .. THE DECLARATION OF THE CENTRAL COMMITTEE OF THE PARTY OF LABOUR OF ALBANIA At the 22nd Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union N. Khrushchev publically attacked the Party of Labour of Albania. N. Khrushchev’s anti-marxist slanders and attacks serve only the enemies of com¬ munism and of the People’s Republic of Albania — the various imperialists and Yugoslav revisionists. N. Khrush¬ chev, laying bare the disputes existing long since between the leadership of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union and the Party of Labour of Albania openly in the face of the enemies, brutally violated the 1960 Moscow declaration which points out that the disputes arousing between the fraternal parties should be settled patiently, in the spirit of proletarian internationalism and on the basis of the principles of equality and consultations. Publically attacking the Party of Labour of Albania, N. Khrushchev effectively began the open attack on the unity of the international communist and workers’ move¬ ment, on the unity of the socialist camp. N. Khrushchev bears full responsibility for this anti-marxist act and for all the consequences following from it. The Party of Labour of Albania, guided by the in¬ terests of the unity of the world communist movement and the socialist camp, with great patience, ever since our disputes arose with the Soviet leadership, has striven to solve them in the correct marxist-leninist way, in the way outlined by the Moscow Declaration. -
Albania Life #32 (#2 1985)
The electronic version of the book is created by http://www.enverhoxha.ru CONTENTS Editorial 1 Official Announcement 4 Medical Bulletin 9 The Funeral 10 The Funeral Oration, by Ramiz Alia 12 The Plenum of the Central Committee 26 Official Messages of Condolence 27 National Mourning 29 An Interview with Enver Hoxha 30 Memorial Meeting 34 British Press - Lies and Speculation, by Steve Day . 35 Albanian News 37 Current Literature 41 Albanian Society Meetings 44 More Unpublished Correspondence 45 Future Meetings 46 Film Show 47 EDITORIAL We are devoting this issue of ALBANIAN LIFE to Enver Hoxha, who died on April 11th. A telegram of condolences was sent to Albania by the Secretary, and this and the reply are printed below. Extra copies of this Memorial Issue are available from the Secretary at 50p, including postage. BIOGRAPHICAL NOTE Enver Hoxha was bom on October 16th, 1908 in the southern Albanian town of Gjirokastra. After receiving primary education in his native town, he attended the French high school in Korça, where he became involved in the revolut• ionary movement. After graduating from the high school in 1930, he was awarded a scholarship to university by the Albanian govern• ment and in the following year at the age of 23 he enrolled in the School of Engineering at the University of Montpell• ier in France. While at university, Hoxha joined the Communist Party of France and, as a result of his political activities,in February the Albanian government suspended his scholarship, so that he was forced to move to Paris to find work. -
AND INFORMATIVE REVIEW / TIRANA Nr
POLITICAL AND INFORMATIVE REVIEW / TIRANA Nr. rt (17), 1e74 f IULY-AUGUST L. #: F:. ,, +#" 4 .,E { * THE FINE ARTISTIC TRADITIONS ARE CAREFULLY PRESERVED AND DEVELOPED IN SOCIALIST ALBANIA. ON THE FRONT PAGE: THE MYZEOE DANCE SKILFULLY EXECUTED BY THE GROUP OF GIRLS OF THE HIGH TYPE COOPERATIVE OF POJANI, ON THE WONDERFUL BACKGROUND OF THE BUTRINTI LAKE, EVOKING A MOMENT FROM THE ANCIENT HISTORY OF OUR COUNTRY. THE ENVIRONMENT OF NEW ALBANIA IS ALWAYS FRESH, BEAUTIFUL AND ATTRACTIVE. IT IS MADE SUCH ALSO BY THE TIRELESS WORK OF OUR MEN. IN TIIE PHOTO ON P+GE FOUR: THE TERRACES OF THE RMERA IN THE BEAUTIFUL ALBANIAN SOUTH, BUILT BY THE HAND OF OUR YOUTH. A snapshot'of the mechanicaI repair section at the machine and tractor station in Shkodra. TOlIIENIS: The working closs of Albonio - o leoding force of sociolist society 2 nma MARKo The leoding role of the Porty in the Notionol liberotion Army I nrro {nwo Wellbeing for oll the working people tr ? oenwslt GIIRETI Some problems ol contemporory foreign literoture I8 f,rom the lile of the country 28 The notionol question ond revisionism 38 eunn HoxHA aDeideologisotionr, or reideologisotion? 4 6 sgmuer pffilumms Further evidence of the exponsionist snd hegemonistic oims of the two superpowers 5? Press review 56 T}IE WORKIilG CT A TEADII{G FORC 0r s0clAHsT s0 by RllA MARKO With the triumph of the people's revolution in Albonio the working closs beconne the moin leoding force of our society. The role of the trode unions, os PoYYeIful levers of the porty for the unitY, educotion ond mobilisotion o people s of the working in oll fields a of the sociolist construction ol U the country \ e o 5. -
"THE MARXIST-LENINIST" (Weekly Magazine Number 7, April 14, 1985)
The electronic version of the magazine is created by http://www.enverhoxha.ru APRIL 14, 1985 THE MARXIST-LENINIST PAGE 1 COMMUNIQUE With profound sorrow, we learned that on triumph of the revolution and socialism in April 11, 1985 at 2:15 a.m., the most beloved Albania and the defence of the homeland, and and respected Comrade Enver Hoxha, First for the cause of the proletarians and oppressed Secretary of the Central Committee of the Party peoples of all lands. He will always be of Labour of Albania, Chairman of the General remembered, loved and respected for his Council of the Democratic Front of Albania outstanding contribution to these great causes. and Commander-in-Chief of the Albanian To honour the memory and work of Comrade Armed Forces, passed away. Enver Hoxha, the Communist Party of Canada The Communist Party of Canada (Marxist- (Marxist-Leninist) will hold solemn meetings all Leninist) deeply mourns the death of Comrade across the country, beginning with the Enver Hoxha. Comrade Enver Hoxha will live Memorial Meetings in Montrealand Toronto on in our hearts forever, his life and work inspiring April 21, 1985. us and illuminating our path, the path which is opened up by the teachings of Marx, Engels, Political Bureau of the Lenin and Stalin to which Comrade Enver Hox Central Committee, ha made a great contribution. Communist Party of Comrade Enver Hoxha lived and worked for Canada (Marxist-Leninist) the cause of the Albanian people, for the TELEGRAM to the Central Committee of the Party of Labour of Albania from Comrade Hardial Bains, First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Canada (Marxist-Leninist) Central Committee Democratic Front of Albania and Commander- Party of Labour of Albania in-Chief of the armed forces. -
Einkommens- Und Sozialunterschiede in Jugoslawien
Seite 196 Wissenschaftlicher Dienst Südosteuropa Heft 12 Kadri Hazbiu, Ko?o Theodhosi, Manush Myftiu, Kommunisten (Miladin Popovic und Dusan Mugosa) Mehmet Shehu, Ramiz Alia, Rita Marko und Spiru verdankt, die während der italienischen Besatzungs Koleka. Politbüro-Anwärter sind: Petrit Duma, Pilo zeit mehrere albanische kommunistische Gruppen Peristeri, Xhafer Spahiu und — als einziger Neuling auf einer illegalen Konferenz zu einer Partei ver — Pirro Dodbiba. ZK-Sekretäre sind: 1. Enver Hod einigten. Die 20 Vertreter der diversen Gruppen scha, 2. Haki Toska, 3. Hysni Kapo, 4. Ramiz Alia. wählten damals ein aus zehn Mitgliedern bestehendes („Zeri i Popullit“, 8. 11. 1971.) provisorisches Zentralkomitee mit Enver Hodscha Der VI. Kongreß (1.— 8. 11. 1971) galt als „Jubi an der Spitze. Allein dieser hat sich bis heute be läumskongreß“, da die APA vor 30 Jahren gegrün hauptet, die übrigen neun ZK-Mitglieder der Grün det wurde. Unerwähnt blieb allerdings, daß sie ihr dungszeit sind von der Bildfläche verschwunden. Entstehen der Initiative zweier jugoslawischer (Quellen: Im Text angeführt.) Die „neue Klasse" — ein akutes Problem Einkommens- und Sozialunterschiede in Jugoslawien „Die große Mehrheit der Werktätigen, die Kom von Monopolstellungen, Renditen, durch Ausschal munisten inbegriffen, ist davon überzeugt, daß die tung marktwirtschaftlicher Gesetzmäßigkeiten, ad sozialen Unterschiede ein derartiges Ausmaß erreicht ministrative bzw. bürokratische Eingriffe usw. eli haben, daß die sozialistische Entwicklung gefährdet miniert werden -
Enver Hoxha. Obras, Ed
La versión electrónica del libro fue creado por http://www.enverhoxha.ru ENVER HOXHA Las tramas anglo-americanas en Albania Memorias de la Lucha de Liberación Nacional INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS MARXISTA-LENINISTAS ADJUNTO AL CC DEL PTA CASA EDITORA «8 NËNTORI» TIRANA, 1982 «LAS TRAMAS ANGLO-AMERICANAS EN ALBANIA» es un nuevo libro de la serie de Memorias del camarada Enver Hoxha correspondiente a la época de la Lucha de Liberación Nacional. Se reflejan en él acontecimientos vividos e impre siones personales, acompañados de conclusiones aleccio nadoras para cualquier época, sobre la actividad hostil, abierta o camuflada, de la burguesía anglo-americana contra nuestro Movimiento de Liberación Nacional, nuestra revolución popular y contra Albania socialista. En ese enfrentamiento aparecen claramente: por un lado, los planes diabólicos, los esfuerzos, las maniobras y las acciones concretas del imperialismo anglo-ameri- cano destinados a poner a Albania bajo su égida y, por otro, la vigilancia y la lucha resuelta del Partido Comu nista de Albania, de su Secretario General, camarada Enver Hoxha, dirigente del Ejército y del Frente de Liberación Nacional de todo el pueblo albanés patriota, para descubrir, desenmascarar, frustrar y desbaratar la táctica y la estrategia imperialista contra Albania. Estas Memorias han sido escritas por el autor en 1975 y ven ahora la luz en albanés y en varias lenguas extranjeras. 3 I UN POCO DE HISTORIA Albania, objeto de regateos del «león britá nico». Disraeli y Bismarck: «No nos interesamos por unas cuantas chozas albanesas». Zogu — la política de «puertas abiertas». Chamberlain y la ocupación fascista de Albania. La coalición anti fascista.