MEDICINE LAKE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE NORTHEASTERN MONTANA WETLANDS DISTRICT LAMESTEER NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

Medicine Lake, Montana

ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT

Calendar Year 1986

U.S. Department of the Interior Fish and Wildlife Service NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE SYSTEM REVIEW AND APPROVALS

MEDICINE LAKE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE

Medicine Lake, Montana

ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT

Calendar Year 1986

Refuge Supervisor Review Date

Regional Orffirce Approval Date INTRODUCTION

Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge

Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge is situated on the glaci­ ated rolling plains in the far northeast corner of Montana. It is located in Sheridan and Roosevelt Counties.

This refuge lies in the highly productive prairie pothole region and has relief typical of the glacial drift prairie with relatively gentle rolling plains with occasional shallow depressions. This is basically a prairie refuge located in the transition zone be­ tween the mixed grass and short grass prairie. Native brush species consisting primarily of chokecherry, buffalo berry and snowberry are common in coulees and sandhill areas. A few old shelterbelts still remain on the refuge and these trees appear to be out of place on the prairie, but are composed of a variety of introduced deciduous species.

The climate is typical of the northern great plains, with warm summers and cold winters, and marked variations in seasonal pre­ cipitation. Precipitation averages 12 to 15 inches per year. Temperatures can exceed 1000F in the summer and drop to -450F in the winter. Spring is generally the windiest period with veloci­ ties of 20 miles per hour that are associated with passing weather systems.

The refuge encompasses 31,457 acres, which includes 13,546 acres of open water and marsh, 14,354 acres of grasslands and 3,557 acres of cultivated lands, primarily former croplands. Surrounding private ground is intensively farmed for small grain.

The refuge lies within the Williston Oil Basin, which is one of the most active oil basins in the lower 48 states. Oil explora­ tion and development is widespread on surrounding private lands.

The refuge was established in 1935 by Presidential Executive Order with the primary purpose being to provide waterfowl produc­ tion and migrational habitat.

In 1937, a Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) set up camp on the refuge and 180 men began work. During the camps four years of operation, many conservation projects were undertaken including dams, dikes, shelterbelts and fences. In addition, many of the refuge roads and buildings were constructed. The 11,360 acre Medicine Lake Wilderness Area was established by Congress in 1976. This area includes the main water body of the lake and the islands within. Also included is the 2,320 acre Sandhills Unit with its unique rolling hills, native grass and brush species. MEDICINE LAKE NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE r sec. ROOSEVELT AND SHERIDAN COUNTIES, MONTANA SCACC

'jpul ^ ^|C|| mutcm. McmoiAN

56 MED Bl i

INTRODUCTION Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS i

A. HIGHLIGHTS

B. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS 1

C. LAND ACQUISITION

1. Fee Title Nothing to report 2. Easements Nothing to report 3. Other Nothing to report D. PLANNING > 1. Master Plan Nothing to report 2. Management Plan Nothing to report 3. Public Participation Nothing to report 4. Compliance with Environmental and Cultural Resource Mandates Nothing to report 5. Research and Investigations 1 6. Other Nothing to report E. ADMINISTRATION

1. Personnel 3 2. Youth Programs 5 3. Other Manpower Programs Nothing to report 4. Volunteer Programs 5 5. Funding > 7 6. Safety 7 7. Technical Assistance Nothing to report 8. Other Nothing to report F. HABITAT MANAGEMENT 1. General 7 2. Wetlands 7 3. Forests Nothing to report 4. Croplands 8 5. Grasslands Nothing to report 6. Other Habitats Nothing to report 7. Grazing 9 8. Haying Nothing to report 9. Fire Management 10 10. Pest Control .^....11 11. Water Rights 11 12. Wilderness Areas 12 13. WPA Easement Monitoring Nothing to report ii

G. WILDLIFE Page 1. Wildlife Diversity 12 2. Endangered and/or Threatened Species 12 3. Waterfowl 14 4. Marsh and Waterbirds 17 5. Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns and Allied Species 18 6. Raptors 18 7. Other Migratory Birds 18 8. Game Mammals 19 9. Marine Mammals Nothing to report 10. Other Resident Wildlife 19 11. Fisheries Resources 19 12. Wildlife Propagation and Stocking Nothing to report 13. Surplus Animal Disposal Nothing to report 14. Scientific Collections 20 15. Animal Control 21 16. Marking and Banding 22 17. Disease Prevention and Control 22 ^ H. PUBLIC USE 1. General 22 2. Outdoor Classrooms - Students Nothing to report 3. Outdoor Classrooms - Teachers Nothing to report 4. Interpretive Foot Trails Nothing to report 5. Interpretive Tour Routes 23 6. Interpretive Exhibits/Demonstrations Nothing to report 7. Other Interpretive Programs 23 8. Hunting 23 9. Fishing 24 10. Trapping 25 11. Wildlife Observation 25 12. Other Wildlife Oriented Recreation Nothing to report 13. Camping Nothing to report 14. Picnicing 25 15. Off-Road Vehicling 1 Nothing to report 16. Other Non-Wildlife Oriented Recreation.... Nothing to report 17. Law Enforcement 25 18. Cooperating Associations Nothing to report 19. Concessions Nothing to report

!. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES 1. New Construction 25 2. Rehabilitation 27 3. Major Maintenance Nothing to report 4. Equipment Utilization and Replacement 28 5. Communications Systems 2 8 6. Computer Systems Nothing to report 7. Energy Conservation Nothing to report 8. Other Nothing to report iii

J. OTHER ITEMS Page

1. Cooperative Programs 28 2. Other Economic Uses 30 3. Items of Interest Nothing to report 4. Training 31 5. Credits 31 K. FEEDBACK 31

L. INFORMATION PACKET inside back cover

1. Lanfesteer National Wildlife Refuge 1 1. A. HIGHLIGHTS

Some relief from drought, but we'll take more. (Section B).

Other portion of Bruce's Island burned. (Section F-9).

Documented more nesting piping plovers. (Section G-2).

Botulism die-off highest in five years. (Section G-17). Ducks Unlimited projects. (Section J-l).

B. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS

The 1985-86 winter was again relatively snow free. January was mild for this part of the country. However, we were remin­ ded that we live in the northern Great Plains when a -400F temperature occurred 20 February. Then winter decided to let go and-the last week of February we recorded 500F temperatures which resulted in early runoff. March continued mild with a 750F recording. Medicine Lake became ice-free 29 March.

April showers in the form of six inches of wet snow occurred 13 April and was followed by -40F on 15 April. Moisture continued to fall in May and we observed a lush, green spring compared to the tan landscape of the past few years.

Summer continued with welcome precipitation. The total at the end of July was 9.25 inches compared to 4.61 for the same period in 1985. The highest temperature of the year was 980F occurring on 19 August.

Instead of the hot, dry falls of the past few years, we exper­ ienced comfortable, soil saving, prairie restoring, crop produ­ cing precipitation. We exceeded the average annual precipitation of 14.3 inches in October.

Medicine Lake froze 9 November. The 1986-87 winter's deepest snow depth was only three inches recorded 18 November. The only snow remaining at the end of the year was in shaded areas and the remains of drifts. We did not record any precipitation for December. However, we ended the year with 15.45 inches of pre­ cipitation, 1.15 above the average.

D. PLANNING

5. Research and Investigations Medicine Lake NR-82: Northeast Montana Groundwater Study

The study was conducted from 1982 through the spring of 1985 by the U. S. Geological Survey in cooperation with the Montana Bureau of Mines and Geology, U. S. Bureau of Indian Affairs, and the U. S. Fish & Wildlife Service. The primary objective of the investigation was to describe the groundwater resources of the area including occurrence, recharge, movement, dis­ charge, well yields, water-level fluctuations, and water qual­ ity. The secondary objective was to inventory wells and to case test holes that could be monitored after this study to determine potential effects of continued or changed ground­ water withdrawals on water levels and water quality of the affected aquifers. The study area overlays the ancestral Mis­ souri River valley from near Homestead to the North Dakota line. Medicine Lake NWR and nine WPA's are within the study area. Three test wells were drilled near the north end of No. 12 Lake. These wells were installed to assess the vertical hydraulic gradient that might be causing upward seepage into the lake, to detect vertical changes in water quality related to lake evapo­ ration, and to allow aquifer characterization by pump testing and long-term water level monitoring.

Our concern is withdrawal from this aquifer via irrigation by central pivot systems. We have not received a final report but preliminary results estimate pumpage for irrigation increased from 16 acre-feet in 1975 to 4,150 acre-feet in 1984. The pre­ liminary report stated "water levels in the aquifer declined slightly (about two feet or less) from June 1982 to April 1985." Reasons for the decline were "groundwater withdrawals from nearby irrigation wells or less than normal precipitation during the past several years, or both." Medicine Lake NR-85. Ecology of Canada geese of Medicine Lake National Wildlife Refuge (61530-6).

A two year Master of Science study was initiated in 1985. The study was conducted by Harry S. Denson, a graduate student from Montana State University. Cooperating and funding agencies in­ clude the Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks and the USFWS.

The objectives of the study are; 1) to determine annual produc­ tivity factors (nesting locations, pairing activity, hatching success, predation factors, and developing census methods, 2) evaluate summer family group movements through neck collaring, and 3) determining fall movements, migration and mortality fac­ tors by analyzing neck collar and banding information.

In 1985, 299 nests were located with apparent nest success of 62%. Four-hundred-twelve (412) geese were banded and yellow neck collars were placed on 176 of these birds. The majority of resident birds left by mid-September. In 1986, 308 nests were located with apparent nest success of 71%. Two-hundred-one (201) geese were banded and neck collars were placed on 94 of these geese. Resident birds began to depart in late September. We are to receive the final report in June, 1987. 3.

E. ADMINISTRATION

Photo by JKF

Back Row: Bolstad, Kampen, Stroops, Snellman

Front Row: Fuller, Quarne, Nelson, Martin

1. Eugene D. Stroops, Refuge Manager GS-12 PFT 2. Steven P. Brock, Ass't. Refuge Manager GS-9 PFT Transferred 5/31/86 - Alamosa-Monte Vista NWR, Colorado 3. Thad L. Fuller, Ass't. Refuge Manager GS-11 PFT EOD 9/28/86 4. Stephen J. Martin, Wildlife Biologist GS-9 PFT 5. Joan E. Quarne, Refuge Clerk GS-4 PFT Kermit E. Bolstad, Automotive Mechanic WG-10 PFT John E. Snellman, Maintenance Worker WG-8 PFT Carl S. Kampen, Maintenance Worker WG-7 PI 4/12-6/7 - 8/16-10/25 9. Dennis C. Nelson, Motor Vehicle Operator WG-6 PI 3/30 - 12/20 10. John T. Ensign, Biological Technician GS-6 Temporary 4/1 - 12/8 11. Lyle L. Hancock, Range Aide GS-4 Temporary 3/17 - 10/31 12. Ronald S. Hicks, Range Aide GS-5 .. Temporary 4/28 - 10/24 Photo by SJM John Ensign, Biological Technician

Photo by SJM Lyle Hancock & Ronald Hicks, Range Aides 5.

Number of Employees Permanent Full-time Part-time Temporary Total FTE

FY-86 6 2 3 8.6 FY-85 6 2 3 8.0 FY-84 6 2 1 7.4 FY-83 5 2 0 6.7 FY-82 5 2 0 6.6 Hancock and Hicks seasonal range aide positions were funded under the emergency fire suppression subactivity. Steve Brock decided four years of drought was enough and de­ parted 31 May for Alamosa-Monte Vista NWR. The May Monthly Activities Report, authored by Brock, expressed thoughts con­ cerning his hitch at MLNWR; "his public expertise, competence, and pleasing personality will be missed, not only by those of us fortunate enough to have worked with him, but by the local populace as well."

Thad Fuller EOD 28 September as the assistant manager. He spent almost 10 years at Crosby, North Dakota managing the Wet­ land Management District. Manager Stroops approved the transfer only because it was a cheap move (81 miles).

2. Youth Programs The Youth Conservation Corps program completed its fifth year of operation. The program started 2 June and ended 15 August. Medicine Lake High School enrollees were Tom Ator and Cal Cart- wright; Shawn Elvsaas and Traci Erickson were the enrollees from Froid High School. Victor Iverson from Medicine Lake was hired as crew leader and was paid by the Montana Department of Labor. Major YCC projects included; assistance with avian botulism clean-up, removal of one-half mile of old fence and replacement with new three-strand barbed wire fence, scraping and painting of the pump house, lumber storage building, and trim on Quarters #8, and removal of rocks that would create havoc with a mower along seven and one-half miles of refuge roads. Other projects were; maintenance of recreation area, building a fence around gravesite at Homestead Unit, washing and cleaning vehicles, jani­ tor duties in the refuge office building, lawn and shelterbelt maintenance, and litter pick-up along Highway 16 and the Lake Grade road.

4. Volunteer Programs The refuge participated for the fourth year in the Student Con­ servation Association program. Elizabeth Parsons, Purdue Uni­ versity, arrived 12 May for her 12-week appointment. Jennifer Turner, University of Arizona, started 2 June, and Layne Krum- wiede. University of Montana, started 30 June. Turner and Parsons experienced non-work related accidents resulting in termination during August. Parsons dislocated her right knee­ cap while dancing at a local pub and Turner received injuries in a single vehicle rollover accident on the refuge entrance road. Local Montanan Krumwiede stayed healthy and finished his appointment.

The SCA's assisted with nest searches, pair counts, colonial bird surveys, botulism clean-up, duck banding, and fencing.

Photo by SJM Parsons, Krumwiede, Turner - SCA's 5. Funding

Medicine Lake NWR and Northeast Montana WMD have combined funding^ Special appropriation funding accounted for 40 percent of our 1260 funding. Table 1. Medicine Lake NWR and NE Montana WMD funding, 1982-86.

Activity FY-82 FY-83 FY-84 FY-85 FY-86

1260 223,000 252,000 308,000 335,000 408,000 6860 8,000 8,000 8,000 8,000 8 ,000 1520 9,000 7,000 7,000 7,500 8610 3,000 8 ,500 9,100 5,500 66,000 38 ,200* 30,950* TOTAL 231,000 272,000 397,500 397,300 459,950 BLHP 271,000 121,260

*These funds were carried over from the previous FY. 6. Safety

Formal structured safety meetings included topics on welding prac­ tices, tornadoes, fire fighting equipment, and vehicle operation. Informal discussions were held at job sites concerning possible hazards to be encountered.

Erin McFadden, Division of Engineering, Region 3, completed dam safety inspections on dams at Medicine Lake, Homestead, and Lame- steer to comply with required provisions of the Dam Safety Act. Off-duty time accidents were discussed in Section E-4. These were the only accidents this year.

F. HABITAT MANAGEMENT 1. General

The effects of drought on residual cover is reflected in low robel readings. March readings averaged 0.63 decimeters in dense nesting cover (DNC) and native prairie was 0.2 dc. DNC readings from 1980-85 averaged 1.6 dc and prairie average was 0.65 dc. Spring run-off was limited, but only three impoundments were substantially below management levels. Conditions improved throughout the year as precipitation climbed over the annual average during October. We even observed green growth this fall, unfortunately it was crested wheatgrass.

2. Wetlands

The 1985-86 winter was the fifth consecutive year of snowpack being inadequate to recharge refuge impoundments. We entered the year with a deficit of 33,488 acre feet. Run-off from all sources was 22,665 acre feet compared with 10,015 last year. Operational levels were reached only in No. 10 Lake and Sayer Bay. Katy's Lake continued its decline in water levels be­ cause we were not able to raise No. 12 Lake enough to flow into Katy's Lake. Homestead Lake was about one-half foot be­ low operational level with waters from Big Muddy Creek run-off However, we released water in August because of the botulism die-off. The refuge water deficit at freeze-up was approxi­ mately 15,000 acre feet. To document changes in water quality, water chemistry is per­ formed (Table 2). Readings are taken during spring run-off and again after ice-up.

Table 2. Comparison of fall water chemistry readings, 1982- 1986, Medicine Lake NWR.

Salinity Conductivity v Impound Loca- Parts/1000 Micromhos/Centimeter ment tion 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986

M.Lake 1A 1.0 1.2 1.5 1.5 1.3 1200 1300 1300 1600 1500 M.Lake IB 1.0 1.0 1.5 1.2 1.0 1200 1300 1600 1200 1150 Gaf.Lk. 2A 1.0 2.0 2.5 2.0 1.5 1300 1200 2100 1800 1900 Gaf.Lk. 2B 1.2 1.2 2.0 2.0 1.3 1350 1400 2150 1800 1900 #10 Lk. 3 1.5 1.5 2.5 2.2 1.9 1700 1600 2600 2300 2010 Dp. Lk. 4 2.0 2.5 3.2 0.2 1.5 2125 2500 3100 500 2400 #12 Lk. 5 0.7 0.7 1.7 3.2 2.0 900 1000 1750 3100 2050 Katy's 6 3.0 3.7 10.5 10.0 9.0 3300 370010000 9500 8300 #11 Lk. 7 1.7 2.0 4.0 4.5 2.1 2000 2100 3650 4200 2250 Homest. 8A 1.2 1.5 2.5 3.5 1.5 1600 1575 2500 3100 1420 Homest. 8B 1.5 1.5 3.0 6.5 1.2 1750 1625 3100 6000 1280 Sayer 9 2.5 2.5 1.5 2600 2500 1720

All readings after impoundments frozen.

4. Croplands

. V The cooperative farming program on the refuge includes six per­ mittees farming 701 acres (Table 3). These crops provide food for both migrant and resident species of wildlife. Yields of 25 bushels for winter wheat, 30 bushels for barley, and 15 bushels for spring wheat approached normal production for north­ eastern Montana. The refuge's share of small grain crops is one- third when harvested. If we require harvest, our share is one- fourth. The refuge received a no-till drill in September. Per­ mittees were allowed to use this drill for seeding winter wheat. Table 3. Cooperative farming program. Medicine Lake NWR, 1986.

Acres

Spring Winter Mechanical Chemical Permittee Wheat Wheat Barley DNC(l) Fallow Fallow

Tronson 57 62 Ator 83 76 Schmitz 42 50 19 11 48 Nelson 45 46 Bolstad 47 31 Haase 22 23 38

TOTAL 249 209 50 19 95 79

(1) S^eetclover and alfalfa

The refuge seeded 193 acres to DNC type cover (Table 4). The DNC bulk mixture included; intermediate wheatgrass - 8 lbs, pubescent wheatgrass - 2 lbs, alfalfa - 2 lbs, and sweetclover - 1 lb. All seedings used a barley nurse crop (15 lbs/acre). The new Lilliston no-till drill was used for the headquarters area; the remaining areas were seeded with an International grain drill.

Table 4. Force account farming. Medicine Lake NWR, 1986.

Seeding Cover Field Location Acres Dates Seeded Seed Bed

NE^8, N. #12 Lake 34 5/14-15 DNC Mechanical fallow Headquarters 16 9/12 DNC Mechanical fallow Gopher Point 17 9/16 Alfalfa Mechanical fallow Tax Bay 70 9/16-23 DNC Chemical fallow Gaffney 56 9/24-30 DNC Chemical fallow Katy1s Lake Area 2 Fall DNC Mechanical fallow

7. Grazing Seven permittees grazed five units from 15 May to 15 September (Table 5). This was the second year of a four pasture rest rota­ 10. tion system in Unit #14. Permittees were allowed to provide labor, materials, or both, for improvements on grazing units. The refuge received $6400 in rebates from permittees.

Table 5. Grazing program. Medicine Lake NWR, 1986.

Grazing Unit Acres AUM' S

7 449 119.42 8 2320 374.85 9 515 160.47 14 1150 331.98 15 636 57.37 TOTALS 5070 1,044.09

9. Fire Management

V • The western 170 acres on Bruce's Island was burned 28 March. The eastern 207 acres was burned 29 October 1985. This island is heavily infested with crested wheatgrass and has lacked manipul­ ation for over 50 years. The primary objective of the burns was to reduce plant litter. Other goals included; increase plant vigor, encourage growth of stunted forbs, and return nutrients to the soil.

Photo by Rich Johnson - 3/6/86 Western portion Bruce's Island 11.

In October 1979, four vegetative transects, using a Daubenmire frame, were established by Area Biologist J. Malcom. These transects were sampled again in October, 1986. Differences between the fall and spring burns are not very evident, and may reflect differences of soil types more than timing of burns. The major objective of reducing litter with fire was accom­ plished. Biological Technician Ensign's report states "fire stimulated crested wheatgrass and, to a lesser extent, blue grama. Other native grasses appear to have benefitted, but their coverage is too small to make valid comparisons. Native forbs were lost, thought to be caused primarily by excessive litter layers. Brush species appear to have benefitted by the burns." 10. Pest Control Leafy Spurge

The Big Muddy Creek drainage has wide spread infestations of leafy spurge. This drainage is the main source of water for the refuge, and the potential for spreading the dreaded weed into the refuge is high. Areas along the Diversion Canal and the Sheep Creek area of Homestead have been treated for the last six years. Small patches in the Sandhills Unit have been sprayed for five years. Just under 11 acres were treated this year as follows:

Location Acres Chemical Rates/Acre Dates

Bruce 1s Island 100 ft2 Tordon 2K* 100 lb 7/10 Homestead 0.13 Tordon 2K 100 lb 8/30 Sandhills 0.33 Tordon 2K 100 lb 6/2,8/6,8/ Big Island 3.84 Tordon 2K 50 lb 5/30, 7/10 Diversion Canal 0.06 Tordon 2K 50 lb 5/28 Diversion Canal 3.3 2,4-D/amine 9.5 lb AE 6/6 Homestead 3.3 2,4-D/amine 9.5 lb AE 6/10 * Pellet form

Other Chemical Control

The refuge used 2,4-D amine to spray 31.5 acres of roadsides and 212.7 acres of croplands. Permittees sprayed 601.4 acres with 2,4-D amine to reduce competition of broadleaf weeds. One permittee used 2,4-D ester without our approval. The refuge sprayed 162.6 acres with a mixture of Banvel and Roundup for chemical fallow. Permittees sprayed 45.5 acres with Banvel and 189.5 acres using Bandmaster.

11. Water Rights

During 1985, the city of Plentywood proposed construction of Carroll Dam on one of the tributaries of Big Muddy Creek, which is the primary source of water for the refuge. The proposed 12.

dam would impound 180 surface acres with 3300 acre feet. The reservoir was to be both recreational and a municipal water supply. The FWS objected to their application for these waters.

Discussion continued through most of 1986. A hearing was held 24 September before the Montana Department of Natural Resources and Conservation concerning the application for water made by the city of Plentywood. After the meeting, counsels for the city and the FWS signed an agreement which basically stated that if the FWS decided that the run-off volume was insufficient to bring refuge pools to management levels, the city would not divert or impound any water. Also, if the FWS estimated there would be sufficient flows for refuge pools and the city impounded run-off waters, the city would agree to release those waters if the FWS was, in fact, short of water. Continued funding for the dam was put to the vote of the people in November. They favored funding the project by 53 per cent. Meanwhile, the city developed a well which met the requirements of both quality and quantity as a municipal water supply. Our latest information is that Montana DNR&C will deny Plentywood water for only recreational purposes. * -• 12. Wilderness Areas We were able to use motorized equipment after RO approval of the Wilderness Management Plan. Approximately 400 cubic yards of field stone was used to rip-rap an earthen dam at Reed's Pond in the Sandhills Unit. The two windmills were also serviced. The gearboxes were brought to headquarters for a thorough overhaul.

G. WILDLIFE 1. Wildlife Diversity No specific management activities were conducted in 1986 to pro­ mote wildlife diversity. Wildlife diversity is certainly enhanced by activities related to waterfowl production and maintenance. Diverse vegetative communities ranging from xeric grasslands to mesic wetlands provide habitat characteristics essential for species that breed on the refuge and habitats that meet seasonal needs for migrant species. 2. Endangered and/or Threatened Species No confirmed sightings of whooping cranes occurred in northeast Montana during 1986. Two sightings were reported to the refuge during October. One sighting was the misidentification of two light-colored sandhill cranes and the other unconfirmed sighting was judged to be tundra swans. Bald eagles are common spring and fall migrants on the refuge. The first sighting occurred on 18 March and the peak number occurred on 25 March with four individuals. Sightings in 1986 were down considerably from the peak of 15 birds in March 1985. Sightings of fall bald eagles, from 24 October to 12 December totaled five, one more than 1985. Peregrine falcons were sighted on two occasions, one during spring and one during fall migration. A lone adult was sighted 30 April in flight over nest dragging crews near No. 12 Lake. An immature 13. peregrine was sighted on 18 September perched in a tree along the west boundary of the Homestead Unit. Sightings of pere­ grines on 30 April and 18 September are remarkably similar to the 1985 sightings of 26 April and 9 September. Piping plovers were found nesting on the refuge during the summer of 1985. Two nests were found along the shore of Medi­ cine Lake; one at Tax Bay hatched three young. An extensive search of the refuge in June 1986 located seven breeding pairs and nine nests; two were considered renest attempts. Seven nests were located along shorelines of Medicine Lake but the only known successful nest was located on Bruce's Island, a 400 acre natural island. One young plover was sighted near the nest site and others were suspected to be in the area. The other six nests, including the two probable renests, were un­ successful, including the same nest site at Tax Bay that hatched three young in 1985. Plover nests were also noted on Katy's Lake, a 312 acre lake in the northeast corner of the refuge. One nest, with four eggs, hatched three young. A second nest pro­ duced three additional young but its location was never deter­ mined. Poor nesting success on the main lake warrants further investigation. Nest destruction by mammalian or avian predators or waveT. action due to frequent high winds are the two most likely causes of nest failure. Management activities in future years should focus on determining causes of nest failure as well as continued searches of known nesting areas, searches of new areas that have gravel and sandy beaches, and the fencing of nesting beaches located in grazing units to protect nests from livestock trampling.

Photo by SJM

Shoreline at Katy's Lake 14.

Photo by SJM Nest at Katy's Lake

Waterfowl Spring migrating waterfowl were first sighted 1 March with the arrival of Canada geese. Goose numbers peaked near mid-March with 1,000 Canada's. Few snow geese stayed on the refuge during the spring with a peak of 700+ birds 7 April. White-fronted geese were sighted on one occasion with only 25 birds present. Ross' geese, seldom seen on the refuge, were sighted on two occasions during the spring, including a flock of seven and a flock of 15 mixed with 160 snow geese. Duck migration commenced 2 March and peaked 15 April with 31,200 compared with the peak of 20,000 in 1985. The most abun­ dant dabbling ducks were pintail and mallard with 6,000 and 5,000 respectively. Abundant divers, lesser scaup and redhead were 4,000 and 3,000 respectively.

Breeding pair counts have been used to estimate duck production on the refuge since 1969. Estimates were based on the number of duck pairs and best guess estimates for hatching success and average brood size to flight stage. Although modern day waterfowl researchers question the validity of using pair counts to estimate production, the estimates derived are probably within the range of 50% or "Class C" data as required by the refuge inventory plan. Recent changes in the FWS placing emphasis on National Species of 15.

Special Emphasis (NSSE) necessitate the development of more ac­ curate methods to estimate production and evaluate management practices that attempt to increase NSSE. A duck nesting study that was initiated in 1985 to determine nest densities and hatching success of mallard and pintail, two upland nesting NSSE, continued in 1986.

Nest dragging was initiated 21 April and concluded 20 June. Cable chain drags were used in fields accessible by vehicle and foot searches were employed on islands. Nest searches were conducted on 239 acres of dense nesting cover (DNC) and 349 acres of native grassland (NGL). Island searches were conducted on 13 natural and 45 man-made islands and four peninsulas of 203 acres.

Table 6. Species composition and Mayfield success of located duck nests per habitat type, MLNWR, 1986.

DNC NGL ISLAND TOTAL

SPECIES N % M N % M N % M N % Gadwall 43 34 72 35 26 63 76 41 83 154 34 Mallard 21 17 43 23 17 23 46 25 63 90 20 B.W. Teal 4 3 45 34 25 57 1 .5 100 39 9 N. Pintail 30 24 29 13 9 57 24 13 48 67 15 N. Shoveler 20 16 32 28 20 26 7 4 72 55 12 Wigeon 3 2 100 0 0 0 5 3 65 8 2 L. Scaup 4 3 32 4 3 60 17 9 100 25 55 Redhead 9 5 35 9 2 Canvasback 2 1 100 2 .5 TOTALS 125 99 46 137 100 43 187 100 74 449 100

A total of 449 nests of eight species of ducks were located (Table 6). Mayfield nest success (50% method) was 46% and 43% for DNC and NGL respectively compared to the 34% and 22% in 1985. Island success, 74%, showed a 2% increase from 1985. Small sample sizes for peninsulas precluded any major statements regarding success but generally peninsulas had similar nest densities but higher success than upland fields. Some peninsulas with good quality cover approached island nest success. Nest densities for DNC aver­ aged .29 nests/acre, a slight increase from 1985. NGL nest densi­ ties averaged .37 nests/acre, a large increase from the .23/acre in 1985. Islands exhibited a wide range of densities from .02 nests/acre to 7/acre. Of 449 located nests, 77 were destroyed by predators. At 68 of these nests, notes were recorded concerning predation characteris­ tics. At 32 nests evidence was collected to point to specific predators. Table 7 summarizes these "best guess" attempts at classifying predation. Nest losses attributed to predators in 1986 were similar to those found in 1985. 16.

Table 7. Nest losses attributed to specific predators, MLNWR, 1986.

N % Red fox 9 13.2 Striped skunk 14 20.6 Avian (crows, gulls) 3 4.4 Raccoon 3 4.4 Badger 2 2.9 Weasel 1 1.5 Unknown 36 53.0

After several years of nest dragging the conclusion has been reached that the lack of suitable, secure nesting cover is the major factor that limits waterfowl nest density and success on MLNWR. Three years of drought have severely limited annual growth of vegetation, especially DNC, that is important to nes­ ting ducks. Adequate spring run-off and spring moisture are pre-requisites for improving duck nest densities and success.

Nest densities and success by habitat type, as determined by nest dragging, were used to estimate duck production in 1986 (Table 8). Although small, sample sizes and the limited area searched, preclude high statistical confidences, the estimates are believed to be more accurate than estimates derived from pair counts. Table 8. Duck production estimates from nesting study data, MLNWR, 1986.

Gadwall 5,600 Blue-winged teal 4,500 Northern shoveler 2,750 Pintail 2,200 Mallard 1,450 American wigeon 500 Lesser scaup 2,000 Redhead 400 Ruddy 150 Canvasback 80 TOTAL 19,630

Canada goose production estimates were determined by an aerial survey flown 2 May. Estimates are based on the number of nests observed or pair activity that indicates a nest, plus a 15% visibility factor, times an average of four goslings per nest. During 1986, 173 nests were estimated with a production of 795. This estimate was approximately 3% greater than 1985. .The second year graduate study of "Canada Goose Ecology on Medicine Lake" revealed the presence of 308 nests, almost 44% more than the aerial survey. Hopefully the completed study will evaluate 17.

these differences and provide the refuge with the most accurate and cost effective method to estimate Canada goose production.

Fall duck numbers were up slightly in 1986. Peak duck numbers occurred in mid-October with 30,000 compared to 26,000 in 1985.

Fall goose numbers were similar to 1985 (Table 9) with the ex­ ception of snow geese. The peak of 3,000 snow geese was the most ever sighted on the refuge during fall migration.

Table 9. Fall peak goose and swan numbers, MLNWR, 1986.

Year Canada Snow White-Front Ross' Tundra Swan 1986 1200 3000 500 300 1985 1200 10 600 300 1984 800 550 500 3 350 1983 1200 15 1750 800 1982 1176 9 725 300 1981 1710 240 1390 735

Artificial nesting structures were placed during November at the following locations: Deep Lake 1 No. 10 Lake 2 W. of No. 10 2 French1s Coulee 1 4. Marsh and Waterbirds White pelicans nesting on a 247 acre natural island in the main lake, experienced a 39% reduction in production in 1986. The reasons for this decline are unknown although estimates of the adult population were down 45% from last year. Double-crested cormorant nesting alongside pelicans and on a small (less than one acre) island experienced poor production, down 81% from 1985. Other marsh and waterbird production is shown in Table 10. Table 10. Major marsh and waterbird production, MLNWR, 1981-86.

Year Pelican Cormorant Gr. Bl. Heron W. Grebe Eared Grebe 1986 1100 85 27 450 375 1985 1800 435 25 250 600 1984 2600 400 60 250 600 1983 1500 262 90 250 400 1982 2500 112 80 * * 1981 2630 920 190 250 450

* No data available 18.

5. Shorebirds, Gulls^ Terns and Allied Species

California and ring-billed gulls nest on four islands on the main lake. Total gull production was estimated at 3400, down 25% from 1985. Franklin's gulls nested on the refuge during 1985 but nesting by this species was not documented in 1986.

Caspian terns also nested for the first time in 1985 on Gull Island but only one adult returned this year.

Long-billed curlews have been suspected nesters on the refuge but no nests have ever been found. One pair of curlews were sighted in August that exhibited behavior characteristics of chick defense but the suspected young were not detected. On 5 August a flock of 100 curlews were sighted feeding on mud flats along Katy's Lake. Species that are known to nest on the refuge include American avocet, marbled godwit, willet, upland sandpiper, killdeer, spotted sandpiper, black tern, common tern, Forester's tern, Wilson's phalarope and common snipe. 6. Raptors

Raptors that nested on the refuge this year included northern harrier, Swainson's hawk, great-horned owl, short-eared owl and burrowing owl. Short-eared owls returned to nest on the refuge after a two-year absence, apparently in response to the abundance of microtus spp.

The first known refuge nesting of an American kestrel was docu­ mented this year with the discovery of a kestrel pair that nested in a cavity in a cottonwood tree. Subsequent visits to the site revealed one young that successfully fledged.

Other raptors sighted on the refuge included golden eagle, turkey vulture, prairie falcon, rough-legged and red-tailed hawks.

An impressive migration of Swainson's hawks were observed on 28 September when 998 birds were counted in a one-hour period as they flew over the refuge in a southeasterly direction. The National Wildlife Federation, Mid-Winter Bald Eagle Survey was conducted 13 January. Eleven golden eagles were sighted. 7. Other Migratory Birds Mourning doves nest on the refuge but are limited in numbers due to the shortage of trees. Refuge shelterbelts and CCC tree plantings provide the majority of nesting habitat. Production was estimated at 100.

— 19.

8. Game Mammals

The Montana Department of Fish, Wildlife and Parks conducts annual pre and post hunting season aerial flights to census white-tailed deer. Results of the pre-season flight were 409 deer on the refuge with an average of 5.3 deer/square mile. The buck/doe ratio, 39 bucks/100 does, was down con­ siderably from the 86/100 during September of 1985. The 66 fawns/100 does ratio was slightly better than the 55/100 in 1985. It is presumed that low fawn numbers are due to the three-year drought and lack of grass in the spring of the year which left does in poor condition. A single buck pronghorn antelope was sighted along the refuge entrance road in early November. Antelope were once common on the refuge but are now sighted irregularly at 2-3 year intervals. 10. Other Resident Wildlife

Sharptail grouse dancing ground counts conducted during April revealed 19 active grounds. A total of 167 males were coun­ ted, a decrease of 12% from last year. Ring-necked pheasant population indices are determined by crow counts conducted on three auto census routes totaling 40 miles. The total number of crows per stop decreased 47% from 1985.

The decrease in indices for male grouse and pheasants noted this year is believed to be a result of the lowered breeding population due to several years of extreme drought. Gray partridge were the only upland game bird that apparently increased in numbers during the drought. Numerous coveys of 10-15 birds were frequently sighted throughout the refuge. 11. Fisheries Resources

Fishery management activities are centered on the establish­ ment of a predatory fish population to help control carp and at the same time provide sport fishing opportunities. A sizeable northern pike population has been established in Medicine Lake and is believed to be the result of a success­ ful stocking in the 1970's.

To gain additional understanding of the northern pike fisher­ ies, a trap and tag study was initiated in 1985 by Frank Pfeifer, USFWS, Valley City, North Dakota. During four days of trapping, 998 spawning northerns were captured, tagged, measured and released. In March 1986, 874 northerns were trapped, including 25 tagged during the previous year. These tagged fish showed good annual growth with the average female growing 3.3 inches and gaining one-pound-nine-ounces. Males grew an average of 2.4 inches and gained 12 ounces. A mark- 20. recapture analysis of these data resulted in a total population estimate of 33,000 northern pike. Based on the average weight of the 998 fish tagged in 1985 and the 30,000 population esti­ mation, the standing crop of adult northern pike is 15 lbs/ acre. Fishery biologists indicate this is quite high for a predator population and believe it is responsible for depres­ sing carp population.

Evidence that northerns may be depressing carp numbers is based on additional data on pike stomach contents and small mesh trap net results. During August, 29 northern pike were captured and stomach analysis conducted. Forty-eight percent were empty, 31% contained minnows and 21% contained carp. This means that 40% of the fish that had anything in their stomachs had preyed on carp. Four, 3X4 foot, small mesh traps caught only a few young-of-the-year carp.

Productivity of the northern fishery continues to be a mystery. Attempts to capture young-of-the-year northerns in 1985 and 1986 have been unsuccessful. Whether northern pike are self- sustaining or need to be periodically stocked is still unknown. During trapping operations in March of 1986, 136 quarts or ap­ proximately eight million eggs were taken and transported to the Montana State Hatchery in Miles City. Hatching success ap­ proached 50% and was judged to be good since the hatchery per­ sonnel had little experience in northern pike fish culture. This information indicates that pike from Medicine Lake produce viable eggs but the survival of eggs and the subsequent hatching and survival of young may be a problem. Continued emphasis in future years will be placed on attempting to ascertain the suc­ cess of northern pike spawning in Medicine Lake.

Over-winter survival is a major obstacle in fishery management at Medicine Lake. The lake has experienced periodic, major winter dieoffs which are presumed due to low dissolved oxygen levels (DO). DO sampling was initiated in the winter of 1985 to monitor oxygen levels throughout the winter. DO levels in Janu­ ary 1986 ranged from 6-8 ppm and dropped to 2-8 ppm in two sampled locations on Medicine Lake. These DO levels were ade­ quate to carry over fish until ice breakup in February and no evidence of winterkill was noted.

14. Scientific Collections Results of a second year Lead Shot Monitoring Program by the USFWS, National Wildlife Health Lab were received in 1986. The NWHL final report for the 1985 study stated: "Four (4%) of 97 livers collected from ducks on Medicine Lake NWR had lead con­ centrations above normal background levels ( 2 ppm, wet weight). Hunter-killed birds accounted for 76 of these livers, and 21 were collected during an avian botulism die-off and trapping operation in September. Ingested lead shot was found in one (1%) of the 100 gizzards examined. Refuge personnel conducted several searches for sick and dead waterfowl; five carcasses suitable for necropsy were found, none of which were diagnosed as lead poisoned." The prevalence of elevated liver lead con­ 21. centrations during the 1985 collection period was lower than that found in 1984 when elevated lead levels were found in 21% of 72 dabblers killed during the hunting season on the refuge. The use of nontoxic shot for waterfowl hunting is gradually becoming a reality across the nation. The State of Montana's current proposal for state-wide implementation to use of steel shot in 1988 is now out for review. The refuge received a request and agreed to assist Dr. Robert Eng, Montana State University, Bozeman, Montana, with the capture of 250 immature lesser scaup for release at Canyon Ferry Lake, located south of Helena, Montana. The objective of the study was to release young-of-the-year birds that would return to Canyon Ferry to nest during the 1987 and subsequent nesting seasons. The flightless scaup were captured in August, with the use of drivetraps, banded and transported 500 miles and released without a single mortality. 15. Animal Control

Mammalian predator trapping efforts were expanded in 1986. Pre­ dator removal is authorized by the Refuge Predator Management Plan approved in April 1985. The plan allows the kill-trapping of red fox, striped skunk, raccoon and coyote to increase success of nesting waterfowl. Force account trapping utilizes wooden cubby sets and 220 Conibear traps baited with salvaged carp or canned cat food. These types of traps are successful in trapping skunks and raccoons but canids are seldom caught. Very few foxes are present on the refuge and the high coyote population is believed responsible for keeping foxes at low numbers.

The number of cubby sets was expanded from 20 to 75 in 1986. A temporary range-aide was employed to devote full time to the placement, movement and monitoring of the traps from 10 March to 9 June. A total of 4600 trap-nights eliminated 42 skunk and 18 raccoon. Traps were placed on upland sites throughout the refuge as well as on one island. Upland trapping removed 41 skunk and 18 raccoon and a single skunk was trapped on Bruce's Island. Non-target animals taken included five mink, two long-tailed weasel, one badger, one feral cat, one Richard­ son's ground squirrel and four magpie. The number of predators taken was surprisingly low considering the additional number of traps utilized and the length of trapping period. Relatively low number of animals captured is probably related to the un­ usually low predator populations on the refuge in 1986. No foxes were trapped this year and were rarely seen on the refuge. Raccoons were seen infrequently and the lack of tracks or signs found along wetlands and beaches indicates low population numbers. Striped skunk numbers were also depressed and endemic rabies in northeastern Montana is presumed responsible. 22. 16. Marking and Banding The 1986 pre-season mallard banding quota for Zone 21 (Western North and South Dakota and Montana) was 4000; 1000 of each sex and age class. Medicine Lake was requested to band as many as possible. A total of 540 were banded including; AHYM-277, AHYF-77, HYM-127 and HYF-59. Additional ducks banded included; 11 pintail, 103 gadwall, 59 blue-winged teal, 12 wigeon, one black duck, 207 lesser scaup, 71 redhead, four ring-necked ducks, one canvasback and one ruddy duck. Dr. Robert Eng, Montana State University, banded 250 lesser scaup (see G. 14), 10 great-horned owlets and one young willet. 17. Disease Prevention and Control Avian botulism occurs annually on the refuge and 1986 was the worst in five years. The outbreak occurred during the week of 19 August and continued until 15 September. Intensive searches were made on all major impoundments to remove sick and dead birds in an attempt to keep a major outbreak from occurring. The cleanup patrols may have kept the outbreak from spreading throughout the refuge but a major dieoff did occur. A total of 5064 birds were picked up which included nearly 4300 waterfowl. Ninety-two percent of the total were found on the Homestead Unit a traditional "botulism hotspot". Green-winged teal comprised over half of the total number of waterfowl. H. PUBLIC USE 1. General Public use totaled 4415 visits in 1986, compared with 4830 in 1985. Hunting and fishing accounted for 72% of the total visits The display located at headquarters was moved to the entrance of the recreation area along Montana Highway 16.

Photo by TLF New location of display at recreation area. 10/23/86 23. 5. Interpretive Tour Route A refuge self-guided tour route of 14 miles gives an explana­ tion of refuge management to the general public. The tour explains and identifies wildlife and its associated habitats, the importance of cropland and a historical perspective of the area. The tour begins at the refuge headquarters and includes stops at a 100 foot observation tower and a museum that in­ cludes mounted birds and a display of artifacts. School groups visits to the refuge totaled nine for the year, with over 250 students visiting the refuge for conducted tours. 7. Other Interpretive Programs The refuge has been hosting a youth Hunter Education at the refuge since 1964. Twenty-three students completed the course which included five evening sessions and a Saturday field day. Refuge staff members Bolstad, Brock and Martin shared in the training.

v

Another group passes through the program - 4/86

8. Hunting An estimated 75 white-tailed deer were harvested on the refuge. On opening day two hunter check stations were established with personnel from the refuge and Montana Department of Fish, Wild­ life and Parks (MTDFWP). A total of 84 hunters checked 13 deer, a success of 15%. An additional 17 deer were harvested by 18 24. other hunters who were encountered moving around on the refuge or on the adjacent private sandhills. Pheasant hunters harvested 162 birds on opening day similar to the 161 birds in 1985. A pheasant check station run by MTDFWP revealed the following information; 117 hunters (90 non-resident, 27 resident), 503 hunter hours, 22 unretrieved birds, 1.4 birds/ hunter, and 3.1 hrs/bird. Some type of hunting dog was used by 70% of the pheasant hunters that were checked on the refuge. Waterfowl hunting interest was low again in 1986. Early depar­ ture of resident Canada geese prior to the hunting season left little opportunity for goose hunting. Interest in duck hunting by local residents continues to be low and most duck hunters are non-residents who hunt ducks while visiting the refuge for pheas­ ant hunting. 9. Fishing Northern pike fishermen experienced good luck using setlines through the ice in January and February. The average weight of fish caught was five pounds, and the largest fish weighed at refuge headquarters was 16 pounds. Summer^fishing was also judged to be good. The summer fishing season was highlighted by the Medicine Lake Commercial Club's first annual fishing derby held on 28 June. Ninety-eight fisher­ men entered the contest and 40 northerns were weighed by tourna­ ment officials. Prizes donated by local merchants were awarded to 20 fishermen. The largest fish caught was a 12 pound 7 ounce northern.

Photo by SJM Derby youth winner-12 lb. northern 25

Winter fishing in November and December was judged to be poor. Water clarity was adequate for spear fishing for the first time in three years on the main lake. Approximately 75 fish were speared from seven ice houses during December; the largest a 14 pound tagged northern.

10. Trapping Ray Norton, a Medicine Lake resident, trapped the refuge period­ ically for 23 years. His "catch" on the Homestead Unit in 1986 included; three beaver, three raccoon, four red fox, and 12 muskrat. Ray passed away on October 1, the day before his 84th birthday. A new public trapping program was initiated on the refuge during the fall of 1986. The program establishes six trapping units on the refuge and a $50.00 permit fee with a rebate allow­ ance of $3.00 for each striped skunk and raccoon caught, applied back to the permit fee, up to a total of $50.00. Specific con­ ditions include monthly reports of animals caught and quotas of beaver by unit. Only two individuals inquired about the program and one agreed to trap three of the established units. Animals caught include; three skunk, four raccoon, two badger, four fox, two coyote, and four beaver.

11. Wildlife Observations

The refuge has two observation blinds that are placed near dis­ playing grouse during spring courtship. Newspaper announcements of this opportunity to observe and/or photograph sharptails failed to generate any interest and no requests for the blind were received.

14. Picnicing

The refuge picnic area located at a fishing access on Medicine Lake received use similar to 1985. An estimated 100 visitors used the site. 17. Law Enforcement One law enforcement case was made. Violation Date Fine Officer

Trespass in closed area 10-26-86 * Fuller

* Disposition unknown I. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES 1. New Construction

One half mile of three-strand, barbed wire fence was built near headquarters.

A new equipment storage building was built in 45 days. This 122' X 36' building has dirt floors, lights and outlets for every stall, and a four-foot concrete apron in front of all doors. Cost for this building was $38,093.

Photo by EDS Almost there - September

r^C£,;

Photo by SJM There! - October 27.

An additional four-foot culvert and CMP riser water control structure was installed at the inlet of Gaffney Lake. This second culvert and structure will allow for greater volumes of water to flow into Gaffney during spring runoff.

2. Rehabilitation The following work was done on refuge housing: Quarters #1 two new windows, rain gutter, double door front entrance and sunroom. Quarters #2 new door, picture window and painting. Quarters #8 build extra bedroom, install window and steel siding.

Photo by EDS

Quarters #1 - new front entrance

The boathouse was shingled with cedar shakes. A fresh coat of paint was applied to the pump house, oil house, lumber storage building and boathouse. Field rock from refuge neighbors was placed on Sheep Creek and Breeser dikes at the Homestead Unit and Merganser Pond. 28.

4. Equipment Utilization and Replacement The refuge disposed of a 9-foot hydraulic dozer blade, a 1978 Dodge 1/2 Ton 4X4 pickup, and a 1966 five-ton GMC dump truck through an excess property sale. Two Lilliston Model 9680 no-till drills with hydraulic hitch set-ups were purchased. We are able to seed 21 feet a pass. Problems with incorrect parts and factory assembly have been corrected by company representatives. In April the refuge acquired a Honda TRX 250, 4-wheel all ter­ rain vehicle (ATV) for nest dragging and various other uses. 5. Communication System In 1985 we installed a repeater system on a private tower in Plentywood. This system was not satisfactory; consequently we installed our own tower at Goose Lake WPA, five miles south of Westby. This system is working well with clear communication between the refuge and the wetland district. Two 100-watt mobile radios were purchased to replace the two 55-watt units. Transfer of the excess units was made to Lake Ilo NWR, North Dakota. J. OTHER ITEMS 1. Cooperative Programs There were two Duck's Unlimited projects ongoing this year. One was completed the first of the year and another started in Novem­ ber. Katy's Lake Island Rip-rapping the island was completed in February. DU purchased 1800 rose and snowberry seedlings which were planted in April on a one-half acre plot.

Photo by SPB Katy's Island after rip-rapping. 29

Lake Creek Flats

A wetland development project in cooperation with Ducks Unlimi­ ted was initiated in November. The area. Lake Creek Flats, is a subirrigated wetland meadow with old meandering oxbows that provide water areas only during years of above average precipi­ tation. The project will open up mesic areas and provide open water areas for breeding duck pairs and islands for nesting. Development plans call for construction of brood-pond complexes dugouts and potholes. Brood-ponds will be comprised of six islands placed in a checkerboard arrangement with motes of water surrounding each island and the complex as a whole. Each brood-pond will be approximately 300 X 400 feet. Ten dugouts will be constructed; each 165' X 65' X 61 deep. Thirty blasted potholes will be excavated, each a minimum of 1500 square feet and 6 feet deep. Unseasonably mild winter weather created problems for heavy equipment needed to construct the brood-ponds and dugouts. By years end the 30 blasted potholes were finished, but only one brood-pond and one dugout were completed. Construction activi­ ties should be at an end sometime in February 1987.

s

Photo by SJM Photo by SJM Thar' she blows! All this for ducks? 30.

2. Other Economic Uses

During the latter part of 1985, 320 mineral acres north of No. 11 Lake (SW^14 and SE^13) were leased due to BLM's determina­ tion of drainage from Service lands. Development of this lease began early this year and consisted of two wells on refuge lands. Major restrictions were that development had to be above the 1970 contour which reduced the lease to about 90 surface acres. This 1970 foot contour should prevent any wetland associated problems. Both wells were to be produced using submersible pumps. The well in Section 13 (1-13) was producing by the end of March and the well in Section 14 (1-14) produced in April. However, neither well produced in the same zone as the private wells just north of the refuge. These private wells were believed by the BLM to be draining from the refuge. Problems began to occur with the submersible pumps during April. In July both pumps were replaced with smaller units. Numerous breakdowns occurred throughout the year and Hunt Energy Corporation made frequent requests to change the submersible pumps to conventional pumping units. Submersible pump failures were due to shallow depth of wells, high salt concentrations, large volumes of natural gas, and lack of a large volume of downhole fluid. Both wells were not producing in December and during the last part of the month Hunt Energy was issued permission to change to conventional pumps.

Photo by EDS Production site with submersible pump 31.

4. Training January Quarne: 16-hour small purchases correspondence course.

February Stroops: workshop on conservation reserve program, 20-21 Brock : holistic resource management, 25-27 April Stroops: law enforcement, 3/31-4/4; predator sorkshop, 17 Brock : law enforcement, 3/31-4/4; 40-hour supervisory, 14-18 Bolstad: law enforcement, 3/31-4/4 Ensign : 40-hour prescribed burning workshop, 14-18 Hancock: 40-hour prescribed burning workshop, 14-18 Martin : peregrine falcon workshop, 24; predator workshop, 17

May

Bolstad evaluating a contractor's performance, 19-23 Ensign piping plover workshop, 7 Hicks piping plover workshop, 7

June Quarne : basic procurement, 9-13 Stroops: steel shot ballistics seminar, 2-4 November

Fuller "Pinch hitter" flight training, 12-13

5. Credits Brock wrote the introduction. Martin authored sections G and H with Ensign providing data analysis and some text for G-3. Fuller is responsible for the remainder of the text. Stroops edited, Quarne typed and arranged the report. K. FEEDBACK

I want to thank all those responsible for the relocation service. My move from Crosby, North Dakota involved selling a home in a town of about 1,500. Approximately 30 homes were on the market when we moved. Some comparable homes have been on the market for almost two years. Although I gladly would have accepted more money, I consider the price fair, especially when considering the market in Crosby. A potential financial hardship was eliminated with the relocation service. LAMESTEER NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGE Wibaux, Montana

The 800 acre easement refuge is 20 miles southeast of Wibaux, 160 miles south of Medicine Lake NWR. The Service has no con­ trol of upland, only water and hunting rights. Pumping for irrigation from the reservoir is allowed when sur­ plus water is available. Since enforcement of hunting right regulations was impractical, the refuge was opened to hunting in 1981. The landowner con­ trolled access. The Service had to reapply for water rights in 1985. We were granted 647 acre-feet this year, but the final decree is still pending. x - Stroops visited the refuge 30 October. The water level was the best it has been for many years at this season. The recent pre­ cipitation in September has provided recharge of subsoil moisture and some fallow fields showed evidence of surface run-off. The reservoir water level was within ten inches of the top of the structure. There was no evidence of cattle trespass on sides of the dam. lo Moobc J«.iw, 132 imlf . (o Moobe Jdw, 101 miles To Moose J.iw, 107 miles M.S I REVIEW AND APPROVALS

NORTHEAST MONTANA WETLANDS MANAGEMENT DISTRICT

Medicine Lake, Montana

^ -•

ANNUAL NARRATIVE REPORT

Calendar Year 1986

Refuge Supervisor Review Date

Regional Office Approval Date INTRODUCTION

NORTHEAST MONTANA WETLAND MANAGEMENT DISTRICT

The Northeast Montana Wetland Management District (NEMWMD) is lo­ cated in the extreme northeastern corner of Montana. It is bounded on the north by Canada, on the east by North Dakota, on the west by the Fort Peck Indian Reservation and on the south by the Missouri River. The district is located in Sheridan, Roose­ velt and Daniels counties. This three-county management district was entirely glaciated and could be considered a continuation of the prairie pothole region of the Dakota's. The northern portions of Sheridan and Daniels counties have terrain common to the glacial Missouri coteau, with very hilly landscape, dotted with many shallow depressions. Native vegetation is of the mixed grass prairie type. This dis­ trict lies in the transition zone between the tall grass prairies to the east and the short grass prairie of central Montana. Cool season grasses predominate with scattered shrub communities. Trees exist only in planted shelterbelts. The climate is typical of the northern great plains, with warm summers, cold winters and marked variation in seasonal precipita­ tion. Precipitation averages 12 to 15 inches per year. Tempera­ tures can exceed 100° in the summer and drop to -45° in the winter. Spring is generally quite windy with velocities of 20 miles per hour occurring about 15 percent of the time. Winds may occasionally exceed 50 miles per hour with passing weather sys­ tems. The Wetland Management District is responsible for the management of 41 separate waterfowl production areas (WPA's) totaling 9,165 acres. These WPA's vary in size from four acres to 1,657 acres. An additional 7,674 acres of privately owned wetland acres are protected from drainage, burning and filling by perpetual wetland easements. Acquisition first started in 1969, and though it has slowed down in the early 1980's, easement and fee title tracts are still being acquired.

Some of the 41 separate WPA's are adjacent to larger meandered (state owned) lakes which are not included in this figure. The WPA's contain 2,625 acres of native grassland, 2,052 acres of dense nesting cover and 1,113 acres of introduced grasslands. There are 331 acres of cropland which are cooperatively farmed primarily to reduce waterfowl depredations on adjacent private lands. This wetland district lies within the Williston Oil Basin, which is one of the most active oil basins in the lower 48 states. Oil exploration and development is widespread throughout the area. The majority of WPA tracts were acquired without the underground mineral rights. This resulted in reservations for development of the subsurface right by the owner or their assigned third party. For this reason, seismic oil exploration and well development is common on these WPA tracts. 1 INTRODUCTION Page

TABLE OF CONTENTS i

A. HIGHLIGHTS 1 B. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS 1 C. LAND ACQUISITION 1. Fee Title 2 2. Easements 2 3. Other Nothing to report D. PLANNING 1. Master Plan to report 2. Management Plan to report 3. Public Participation to report 4. Compliance With Environmental and Cultural Resource Mandates to report 5. Research and Investigations.., to report 6. Other to report

E. ADMINISTRATION

1. Personnel 2 2. Youth Programs Nothing to report 3. Other Manpower Programs Nothing to report 4. Volunteer Program .Nothing to report 5. Funding Nothing to report 6. Safety Nothing to report 7. Technical Assistance Nothing to report 8. Other Nothing to report F. HABITAT MANAGEMENT 1. General 2 2. Wetlands 3 3. Forests Nothing to report 4. Croplands 3 5. Grasslands Nothing to report 6. Other Habitats Nothing to report 7. Grazing Nothing to report 8. Haying Nothing to report 9. Fire Management Nothing to report 10. Pest Control 4 11. Water Rights Nothing to report 12. Wilderness and Special Areas Nothing to report 13. WPA Easement Monitoring 4 ii

G. WILDLIFE Page

1. Wildlife Diversity 4 2. Endangered and/or Threatened Species 4 3. Waterfowl 5 4. Marsh and Waterbirds 6 5. Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns and Allied Species 6 6. Raptors 6 7. Other Migratory Birds 8 8. Game Mammals 8 9. Marine Mammals Nothing to report 10. Other Resident Wildlife 8 11. Fisheries Resources Nothing to report 12. Wildlife Propagation and Stocking Nothing to report 13. Surplus Animal Disposal Nothing to report 14. Scientific Collections Nothing to report 15. Animal Control 8 16. Marking and Banding Nothing to report 17. Disease Prevention and Control Nothing to report H. PUBLIC USE

1. General 8 2. Outdoor Classrooms - Students Nothing to report 3. Outdoor Classrooms - Teachers Nothing to report 4. Interpretive Foot Trails Nothing to report 5. Interpretive Tour Routes Nothing to report 6. Interpretive Exhibits/Demonstrations Nothing to report 7. Other Interpretive Programs Nothing to report 8. Hunting 8 9. Fishing Nothing to report 10. Trapping 9 11. Wildlife Observation Nothing to report 12. Other Wildlife Oriented Recreation.. Nothing to report 13. Camping Nothing to report 14. Picnicing Nothing to report 15. Off-Road Vehicling Nothing to report 16. Other Non-Wildlife Oriented Recreation....Nothing to report 17. Law Enforcement Nothing to report 18. Cooperating Associations Nothing to report 19. Concessions Nothing to report !. EQUIPMENT AND FACILITIES 1. New Construction Nothing to report 2. Rehabilitation Nothing to report 3. Major Maintenance Nothing to report 4. Equipment Utilization and Replacement Nothing to report 5. Communications Systems Nothing to report 6. Computer Systems Nothing to report 7. Energy Conservation Nothing to report 8. Other Nothing to report iii

J. OTHER ITEMS Page

1. Cooperative Programs 9 2. Other Economic Uses 9 3. Items of Interest Nothing to report 4. Credits 9 1.

A. HIGHLIGHTS Piping plover nest located: G-2

Oil exploration activity slow: J-2

E. CLIMATIC CONDITIONS Although the northeast corner of Montana returned to normal in precipitation amounts, complete recovery from the three to five year drought has not happened.

Photo by JTE Robel reading in DNC, Goose Lake WPA - 7/15/86

We are still suffering grasshopper damage in some parts of the WMD. Soil conditions this fall were favorable enough to be op­ timistic about DNC seedings. 2. C. LAND ACQUISITION

1. Fee Title

We had a few nibbles but no bites. Rich Johnson, realtor at CMRNWR, optioned 320 acres adjoining International Marsh WPA (formally Outlet Marsh WPA). We are trying to develop and ex­ pand this WPA with the aid of Ducks Unlimited (see Section J-l). Table 1. Total fee acres by county as of 12/31/86 - NEMWMD.

County Number Tracts Number WPA's Total Acres

Daniels 5 3 646 Roosevelt 2 1 179 Sheridan 68 37 8,340 Totals 75 41 9,165

W'

2. Easements

None acquired.

Table 2. Total easement acres by county as of 12/31/86 - NEMWMD

County Number Easements Wetland Acres

Daniels 6 262 Roosevelt 10 1,007 Sheridan 107 6,405

Totals 123 7,674

E. ADMINISTRATION

1. Personnel Operational funding and personnel are incorporated with the Medi­ cine Lake NWR. No separated program is work-planned for the WMD. F. HABITAT MANAGEMENT

1. General

Table 3 summarizes habitat managed. These acres include BLM and Montana state school lands in addition to FWS lands. 3.

Table 3. Habitat types as of 12/31/86 - NEMWMD.

COUNTIES Acres Habitat Type Daniels Roosevelt Sheridan Total

Wetlands (1)

Type 3 3 6 316 325 Type 4 161 473 634 Type 5 1040 1040 Type 6 160 875 1035 Streams 6 6 Subtotal 3040

Upland^

Native prairie 379 123 2315 2817 Est. prairie 30 30 Prairie brush 12 6 287 305 DNC 62 47 2487 2596 Tame 26 1018 1044 Subtotal 6792 Shelterbelt 9 9 Roads 31 31 Trails 2 11 13 Oil well sites 2 2 Building site 2 2 Totals 645 342 8902 9889

(1) Based on Stewart & Kantrud, 1971.

2. Wetlands The rain has returned the soil to liveable condition, but all types of wetlands still show the effects of drought. Water levels on almost all permanent-type wetlands are very low and all temporary-type wetlands are dry. We are hoping for a heavy snowfall this winter and a rapid melt this spring.

4. Croplands The food plots on Wigeon Slough, Goose Lake, and Erickson WPA were phased out this year. The seeding this spring was accom­ plished with an International Harvester small grain drill; the fall seedings were done with the new Lilliston no-till drills (Table 4). 4.

Table 4. Seeding on NEMWMD, 1986.

Vegetation WPA Acres Seeded Date Seedbed

Big Slough 142 DNC (1) 5/15-20 Chemical fallow Goose Lake 62 DNC 9/17-24 Wheat stubble Goose Lake 52 DNC 9/17-24 Chemical fallow Erickson 86 DNC 9/30-10/17 Wheat stubble Erickson 86 DNC 9/30-10/17 Chemical fallow Westgard 34 DNC 10/21 Wheat stubble Wigeon Slough 20 DNC 10/22-23 Wheat stubble Wigeon Slough 25 DNC 10/22-23 Chemical fallow

Total 507

(1) Intermediate wheatgrass - 8 lb, pubescent - 2 lb, alfalfa, 2 lb, sweetclover - 1 lb, bulk rate. 10. Pest Control

We treated 163 acres with Banvel and Roundup for seedbed prepara­ tion. Thirty (30) acres of Canadian thistle were sprayed with 2,4-D amine at Flaxville WPA. 13. WPA Easement Monitoring The easement surveillance flight was conducted 3 December. The northeast corner of Sheridan County was not completed because of low ceiling. No violations were noted. G. WILDLIFE

1. Wildlife Diversity The management of the wetland district for waterfowl production is conducive to other species of wildlife. The juxtaposition of wet­ lands, uplands and agricultural fields provide habitats for vari­ ous resident and migrant birds as well as numerous mammalian spe­ cies. Diversity of habitats is an integral part of wildlife diversity within the district.

2. Endangered and/or Threatened Species Bald eagles, peregrine falcons and whooping cranes are known to occur in the district during spring and fall migration, but none were sighted in 1986. Piping plover searches were conducted in the district for the first time this year and a successful nes­ ting attempt was documented. A pair of breeding birds and a nest with four eggs was found on Dog Leg WPA 2 June. The area was revisited 9 July and three young plovers were sighted. Piping plover surveys were also conducted on Melby, Parry, Big Slough, Goose Lake and Wigeon Slough WPA's but no birds were sighted. Three additional lakes, of non-service ownership, were also searched without sighting a plover.

Photo by JTE

Piping plover nest at Dog Leg WPA - 6/86

3. Waterfowl Drought conditions in the wetland district were less severe in 1986 than the three previous years but water conditions, number of breeding pairs and nesting habitats were poor. Breeding pair counts were slightly better for dabblers this year but fewer divers were present during the breeding season. Dabblers in­ creased 24% and divers decreased 15% from 1985. Production es­ timates for all duck species based on pair counts totaled 2400 compared with 2100 in 1985. An experimental predator trapping program was initiated on Goose Lake and Big Slough WPA's in 1986. Two fields on each WPA had predators removed, one field on each was left untrapped and used as a control Erickson WPA also served as a control. Pred­ ator trapping, with conibear cubby sets, was initiated 10 April and completed 23 June. A total of 19 skunks and five raccoons were removed from the trapped fields. Nest dragging results re­ vealed that trapped fields within a WPA had roughly 2.5 times the nest density and 3.3-10 times the Mayfield hatch rate un- trapped fields had (Table 5). No statistically significant differences were determined between trapped and untrapped hatch rates, but sample sizes were small. Cumulatively, nest densities in untrapped fields are similar to 1985 values; Mayfield hatch rate is one-third the 1985 value. Although other factors have an influence, predator trapping does appear to positively influence waterfowl nest density and success.

On Erickson WPA nest density in 1986 increased 1.5 times and Mayfield success increased 12 times over 1985 values. Comparing the efficiency of predator trapping between WPA's does not appear to be a valid approach. The three WPA's are 9-14 miles distant. Predator influences can vary drastically over this distance. Comparing the effects of predator removal within a restricted area (e.g. on individual WPA's) is a more realistic way to as­ sess the effects of predator removal. Hatch rates for trapped fields on WPA's in 1986 are comparable to values derived for the MLNWR. This dearth in the number of nests is probably the result of poor water conditions that ex­ isted in northeast Montana again this year.

Artificial nesting structures were placed on the following WPA's: Goose Lake - 3, Jerde - 3, Bolke - 1, Parry - 1, Pintail Marsh - 2, State Line - 2, and Hanson - 1. 4. Marsh and Waterbirds Common nesters include eared, horned and western grebe, American bittern, black-crowned night heron, and sora and Virginia rails, but census data are not collected for these species. Sandhill cranes were observed in fall migration as they flew southward over the district. 5. Shorebirds, Gulls, Terns and Allied Species

Common nesters include American avocet, marbled godwit, upland plover, willet, common snipe, killdeer and black tern. Census data are not regularly recorded for these species. Additional species numerous during migration include long-billed dowitchers, greater and lesser yellowlegs, Wilson's phalaropes and miscellaneous sandpipers.

6. Raptors Northern harrier, Swainson's hawk, ferruginous hawk, burrowing owl, short-eared and great horned owl are known to nest within the district. Golden eagles and prairie falcons are pccasionally sighted during the year and during migration, merlin, American kestrel, gyrfalcon, rough-legged hawks, accipiter spp and snowy owls may be sighted. Table 5. Summary statistics for waterfowl nests on northeast Montana waterfowl production areas, 1986 .

Predators Nests/ Mayfield WPA Status* Removed Nests Successful Destroyed Abandoned Acre Success(

Goose Lake T 15 13 8 4 1 .093 43

Goose Lake NT 5 2 2 1 .038 13

Big Slough T 9 11 6 5 0 .102 30 Big Slough 3 0 3 0 .043 3

Erickson** NT 11 10 1 0 .50 86

* T = trapped, predator removal

NT = not trapped, no predator removal

** Erickson WPA used as control, no trapping occurred 8

A spring raptor count is conducted annually throughout the dis­ trict and includes three WPA's. Sixteen raptors were sighted on the 60-mile auto route, the same as in 1985. Raptors sighted included northern harriers, Swainson's and ferruginous hawks and burrowing and great-horned owls.

7. Migratory Birds

Mourning dove nesting appears to be limited to WPA's that have old shelterbelts. Dove production was estimated at 50 for 1986.

8. Game Mamma1s White-tailed deer numbers are believed similar to 1985 with 300- 400 deer present. Deer are scattered throughout the district but are most abundant on WPA's with extensive DNC plantings. Two lone pronghorn antelope were sighted adjacent to Mallard Haven WPA during May. Antelope were once a common big game ani­ mal in northeast Montana but severe winters during the 1970's are believed responsible for nearly wiping them out. 10. Other Resident Wildlife Sharptail grouse, ring-necked pheasants and gray partridge are common on WPA's that contain native prairie, DNC and old shelter- belts respectively. Census data are not recorded for any of these species. 15. Animal Control

Mammalian predators were trapped on two WPA's in conjunction with a waterfowl nesting study (G-3).

H. PUBLIC USE

1. General Public use in the wetland district is almost exclusively related to hunting. Public use on the district is difficult to measure and was estimated at 1,000 visits in 1986.

8. Hunting White-tailed deer are the most commonly hunted species. WPA's with extensive DNC plantings are typically the areas that contain the highest number of deer and are consequently hunted the heaviest. Goose Lake and Erickson contain good numbers of deer and are most commonly hunted by non-residents attempting to fill antlerless tags. Hunting pressure throughout the district is considered light especially after opening day. Upland game bird and waterfowl hunting opportunities also exist throughout the district but few WPA's receive more than an occa­ sional hunter. 9.

10. Trapping

Public trapping is allowed on all WPA's but no known trapping occurred in 1986. J. OTHER ITEMS

1. Cooperative Programs Some progress has been made on International (formally Outlet) Marsh WPA. The FWS presently owns 507 acres of land bordering Saskatchewan. Ducks Unlimited would like to develop this area as their first joint international project in connection with their 50th anniversary in 1987. With DU building a dam and water control structure, the Service will have to acquire about 810 additional acres, either in fee title or with a flowage easement. The RO granted approval for this acquisition and realtor Rich Johnson started working on acquisition in February. An agreement to purchase 320 acres was signed in July. The Srpux-Assiniboin Tribes of the Fort Peck Reservation claim all waters passing through the Reservation. The FWS is trying to obtain a Memorandum of Understanding concerning our use of these waters. Meetings were held throughout the year with pro­ gress made, but no agreement.

During October, RO engineer, Bruce Mortenson, surveyed the area for developing topographic maps. 2. Other Economic Uses All of the WPA tracts were purchased without sub-surface mineral rights. The mineral owner reserves the right of access for the exploration and development of minerals. As surface owners, we are able to place some stipulations on the exploration and devel­ opment procedures. A Special Use Permit is issued listing all conditions that we require. Only two permits were issued for seismic exploration compared to 10 last year. In April a seis­ mic line crossed Wigeon Slough, and in November a line crossed Big Slough WPA.

5. Credits Brock wrote the introduction. Martin authored sections G and H with Ensign providing data analysis and some text for G-3. Fuller is responsible for the remainder of the text. Stroops edited, Quarne typed and arranged the report.